Ground Water Pollution

Which is generally more polluted?
Surface Water
Which is harder to clean up? Groundwater
A major problem faced globally It accounts for the deaths of 14,000 daily
It is much more difficult to reduce because ground water can move great distance through aquifers
Affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water
Ground water pollution can be analyzed through several categories:

Physical Chemical Biological
Most involve collection of samples followed by specialized analytical tests

Government agencies have published standardized test methods to facilitate comparability of results
What Pollutes Groundwater?
Landfills
Leaky
Mines
underground storage tanks
Septic
tanks Hazardous waste - deep well injection Any pollutant in runoff that percolates
Prevention is the key

Monitor aquifers & landfills Requirements for old fuel tanks
Leak detection system Liability insurance
Stricter regulations on toxic waste disposal

Above-ground storage of toxic waste...but then you have toxic mud spills!
The fluorides belong to the halogen group Fluoride is the most electronegative of all chemical elements
Its concentration on the Earths crust is around 0.06% to 0.09%

Fluoride does not cause water to have any abnormal taste and odor and hence, it is difficult to say whether fluoride is present or not
The The The
sea atmosphere Earths crust
Rock forming Minerals(Flurospar, Cryolite, Fluoroapatite) Commercial ores Soils
Water Food Drugs: Sodium fluoride, Niflumic acid, fluoride mouth rinse Air: Aluminum, phosphate fertilizers Cosmetics: Toothpastes & Mouth Rinses Others : Bottled mineral water
There are numerous fluoride belts throughout the world where ground water contain unsafe levels of fluoride
These belts are spread about : 14 countries in Africa 8 countries in Asia 6 countries in the Americas
People forced to consume water having even up to 44mg/l Rural population is effected more compared to urban
17
states are effected
4 States: 30% districts affected 8 States: 30-50% districts affected 5 states: 50-100% districts affected
Teeth
Discoloration Chipping of the edges Pitting
Bones and Joints

Heels Pain Painful and restricted joint movement Deformities in legs Hunch back
Extreme cases
Paralysis Muscular Wasting Premature Aging
Fluoride (mg/l) Concentration 0.002 1.00 >=2 >=8 >50 >100 >120
Sources Air Water Water & Air Water &Air Food & Water Food & Water Food & Water
Effects Destruction effect on plants Prevention of dental caries Effect dental Enamel Effects Bones and Muscles Changes in Thyroid Defective Body development Changes in Kidney
F rich water
Tea
Fluoridated tooth paste
Pan
Green garlic Soya bean Potato Plants and vegetables grown in high Fluoride containing water
Supari
Onion Carrot Baking powder
Tobacco
Cabbage Corn Egg
Especially, in children
Avoid use of Fluorine rich food and water Use of diet rich in proteins, vitamin c and calcium Changing dietary habits within there available resources
Rain Water Harvesting
Nalgonda Technique was developed by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute in India in 1975 Fluoride removal depends on the flocculation, sedimentation and filtration of fluoride with the addition of aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)318H2O) and lime
It is a type of precipitation method
Aluminum sulphate is as a flocculent (150 mg/mgF or 1000mg/L or 20 times normal) In flocculation process the water is thoroughly stirred to ensure dispersal of the flocculent The reaction results in an excess of H+ ions Lime (Ca(OH)2) (5% by mass of aluminium sulphate) is added to the water to maintain a neutral pH and quick the settling of the sediment
Al2(SO4)318H2O => 2Al + 3 SO4 + 18H2O 2AL + 6H2O => 2Al(OH)3 + 6H+ F- + Al(OH)3 => Al-F Complex +extra prod. 6Ca(OH)2 + 12H+ => 6Ca2+ + 12H2O Some of the fluoride forms precipitate with calcium Ca(OH)2 + 2F- => CaF2 +2OH-
Cost-effective
Not independent of raw water Fluoride concentration, alkalinity, pH Not easy to operate by rural population Affects taste of water Adds aluminum & Total Dissolved Solids to treated water
The Nalgonda process design is complicated. The great variation in media quality and solubility and the efficiency being dependent on the raw water quality, in particular the fluoride concentration, pH and the alkalinity Adding alum as done in Nalgonda technique may not be ideal because aluminum is being incriminated in the causation of Alzheimers disease
Once contaminated, groundwater is harder to clean than surface water and the consequences can last for decades As groundwater is frequently used for the abstraction of drinking water, for industry and for agriculture, groundwater Groundwater provides the base flow for many rivers and can thus affect the quality of surface water systems
It also acts as a buffer through dry periods, and is essential for maintaining wetlands
By reducing the usage of fertilizers and pesticides in Agriculture can solve the problem. Govt. should take precautions while storing the petroleum products in the underground tanks without leaking them. Sewage of chemical factory should be strictly Monitored
Monitor aquifers and landfills

Appropriate Bore Construction

Ground Water Pollution

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Which is generally more polluted?

Which is harder to clean up? Groundwater

Ground water pollution can be analyzed through several categories:

Most involve collection of samples followed by specialized analytical tests

What Pollutes Groundwater?

underground storage tanks

Prevention is the key

Stricter regulations on toxic waste disposal

Its concentration on the Earths crust is around 0.06% to 0.09%

The The The

sea atmosphere Earths crust

Rock forming Minerals(Flurospar, Cryolite, Fluoroapatite) Commercial ores Soils

states are effected

Bones and Joints

Fluoridated tooth paste

Rain Water Harvesting

Monitor aquifers and landfills

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