1.1 Hevea Brasiliensis
1.1 Hevea Brasiliensis
1.1 Hevea Brasiliensis
( Industry Crops )
AGR 2602
Pengenalan kepada tanaman-tanaman
meliputi :
Sifat-sifat botani
Ekologi dan pengaruh sekitaran
Pembiakan dan pengeluaran benih
Kepentingan ekonomi
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The Rubber Tree
Division : Magnoliophyta
Family : Euphorbiaceae
Genus : Hevea
Species : Hevea brasillensis
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History
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European contact with rubber began when
Christopher Columbus observed waterproof
containers and watched ball games in Haiti. He
returned to Europe with rubber balls (1493).
In 1615, a book was published in which told
that the natives obtained gum from trees.
Rubber was used for waterproofing of clothing,
shoes, and kitchen items.
In 1734, the French astronomer de la
Condamine observed how natives collected and
condensed the "juice" (latex) from the bark of
a tree to produce rubber.
The name "rubber" was presumably coined in
1770 by the famous chemist Joseph Priestley
(discoverer of oxygen), who realized that the
substance could erase (rub out) pencil marks.
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In 1736, de la Condamine called this product
caoutchouc. The report on rubber making and the
samples stirred great publicity in France and the
rest of Europe, creating an immediate demand for
rubber.
The first innovative use of rubber was in 1823 by
an English inventor (Hancock) and a Scottish
chemist (Macintosh), who were able to dissolve
crude rubber and then laminate a thin layer of
rubber to a fabric, and thereby manufacture the
first waterproof (the raincoat). At the same time,
"gumshoes" were imported to New England as
footwear for seafarers;
In 1839, Goodyear revolutionized the rubber
industry by inventing vulcanization, which
eliminated the disagreeable physical properties of
rubber by combining natural rubber with sulfur and
lead through a heat curing process.
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The rubber industry got its biggest business boost
by the development of tires, for bicycles and
especially for automobiles. Dunlop marketed the
pneumatic tire in 1888, and the automobile was
invented in 1895.
In 1876, Henry A. Wickham, an English
adventurer, succeeded in delivering 70,000 seeds
of Hevea to the Kew Gardens London for
propagation, of which 2397 seeds germinated.
In 1877, 22 seedlings were sent from Ceylon to
Botanic Gardens, Singapore, where they grew
strongly, and the technique of tapping was
developed. From there Hevea plants were
introduced to Malaysia, Sumatra, and West Java
(only two plants).
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By 1900, most of the
techniques and agricultural
practices required to
establish large plantations
had been developed.
One key technique was
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The plant
Euphorbiaceae family are mostly monoecious
herbs, shrubs, and trees, sometimes succulent
and cactus-like, and comprise one of the
largest families of plants with about 300
genera and 7,500 species
The tree can reach a height of over 30m; older
trees yield more latex. The latex occurs in
latex vessels in the bark, mostly outside the
phloem.
These vessel spiral up the tree in a right
handed spiral which forms an angle of about
30 degrees with the horizontal.
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Latex, as found in nature, is the milky sap of
many plants that coagulates on exposure to
air. It is a complex emulsion in which proteins,
alkaloids, starches, sugars, oil, tannins, resins
and gump are found.
Stems smooth and straight; trunk unbranched
up a long way and then with much-branched
leafy canopy; bark grayish.
Taproot well-developed
Leaves - alternate, trifoliolate, stipulate,
petioles 7.5–10 cm long
leaflets obovate, apically acuminate, entire, basally
acute, penninerved, 10–15 cm long, 3–6 cm broad,
elliptic-lanceolate in outline
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Flowers
Flowers numerous, monoecious, creamy, yellow
or green, in axillary pubescent panicles, sweet-
scented, small;
female flowers apical, the more numerous
petals absent;
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The inflorescence is a panicle of separate
staminate and pistillate flowers borne in the
axils of basal leaves of new shoots that grow
out after wintering.
Pistillate flowers are terminal to the central
stem and other major branches of the
inflorescence.
Staminate flowers have two rings of five
stamens each borne on a stalk.
Pistillate flowers have a compound ovary with
three locules topped by three sticky, sessile
stigmas.
Pistillate flowers then open for a period of
three to five days after which the rest of the
staminate flowers open.
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Pollination is primarily through insects,
specifically midges and thrips. Wind appears to
play no role.
Fertilization occurs within 24 hours after
pollination. Unfertilized pistillate flowers
quickly wither and die
Hand-pollination for breeding purposes
Fruit a 3-lobed, 3-seeded ellipsoidal capsule,
each carpel with 1 seed; seeds ellipsoidal,
variable in size, 2.5–3 cm long, mottled
brown, lustrous, weighing 2–4 g each.
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The Ecology
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Hidup subur pada kawasan loamy soil yang
baik pengairan, dilindungi tumbuhan asli atau
penutup bumi kekacang dan melindungi dari
hakisan.
Getah tahan penyakit, kemarau, pH tinggi,
serangga (insects), laterite, low pH, curam
(slopes), virus, dan waterlogging.
Getah adalah tanaman Asian, di mana Asia
menghasilkan 92% daripada getah asli dunia
di Malaysia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, South
Vietnam
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Cultivation
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Penutup bumi ditanam bersebelahan
pokok getah untuk menghalang air
hujan pada tanah curam dan menolong
menyuburkan tanah melalui pengikatan
nitrogen.
Standard horticultural techniques,
seperti nursery rootstocks (tunggul)
dan grafting (mencantum) diatasnya,
hand pollination, dan vegetatif
propagation (cloning) untuk hasilkan
pokok seragam juga diamalkan.
Hujan tahunan sekitar 2,500 millimetres
(100 inches) adalah diperlukan.
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Southeast Asia adalah sesuai untuk tanaman
getah dan juga sebahagian South Asia dan
West Africa.
Penanaman Hevea di Brazil, tempat asalnya,
telah hampir dimusnahkan oleh blight diawal
abad ke 20.
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Morfologi
Akar
Akar tunjang : membenam jauh dalam
tanah terhenti bila jumpa air –menyalur air
melalui proses osmosis
Akar jalur besar: tumbuh bhg tepi akar
tunjang (lebih kecil) – menguat kedudukan
pokok dan menyedut air (tekanan tugor)
Akar sisi : tumbuh ditepi akar jalur besar –
menguat cengkaman dan menyalur air
(tekanan tugor dan osmosis)
Akar rerambut : akar terkecil dan aktif,
tumbuh tepi akar sisi – hisap air dan
makanan kpd pokok.
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Batang
Ada empulur (medula): yg dilindungi tisu
keras (kayu/xilem)
Kulit gubal (kulit hidup): menebal hala
kekayu, jadi kayu; menebal kekulit, jadi kulit
saluran susu
Kulit saluran susu : ada banyak saluran susu
dengan kedudukan melingkar dari bawah
kiri keatas kanan 3.70
Kulit sel batu : menutup kulit saluran susu,
keras dan melindungi saluran susu
Kulit hijau : diatas kulit sel batu dan
menstabil kulit dibawahnya (supaya
bertenaga) kerana ada klorofil
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Kulit gabus : disebelah luar; sebagai dinding
pelindung
Mata tunas (pada batang atau ranting) :
dipanggil tunas sisik dan tunas ketiak. Tak
keluar tunas dipanggil tunas pendam,
dahan hasil drp tunas ketiak dan tunas sisik
adalah tunas ketiak selepas gagang
daunnya luruh
Daun hidup dihujung gagang dan gagang
(petiol) gugur dimusim panas; elak pokok
kekurangan makanan dan air; stahun sekali.
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Bunga
Bunga berjambak dihujung ranting berdaun
Tiap jambak bercabang (paksi) dan ada
bunga jantan dan betina
Bunga betina : dihujung paksi saja, bunga
jantan diseluruh bhg jambak
Bunga jantan > bunga betina
Kedua bunga : ada lima keping ranggi
warna kuning bentuk loceng- bunga betina
lebih besar.
Bunga getah : bau menarik, debunga dan
stigma melekit
Pendebungaan : biasanya oleh serangga
Gagal pendebungaan : bunga betina layu,
gugur dalam masa 2 minggu
Berjaya : ovarihevea
menjadi buah dan gugur 27
brasilliensis
dalam masa 4-5 bulan
Biji
Ada 3-5 biji dalam satu buah
Embrio hasil gabungan sel jantan dan
betina
Menurunkan sifat kedua-dua bunga
itu
Embrio membesar menjadi pokok
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Kulit –terbahagi 3
Kulit lembut (flom) – barisan sel-sel
menengah, dinding berlubang2 (salur latex)
Kulit keras – ada tisu lembut dan
bergumpal2 sel, juga ada salur latex (tak
teratur)
Kulit gabus – penyatuan feloderm dan
felogen menjadi kulit sel keras (dalam) dan
gabus (luar)
Pokok klon : kulit gabus tebal, (30% drp
ketebalan kulit), pokok cantum : 10%
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Semaian
Membiak benih getah secara;
Seksual
Pendebungaan
Semulajadi
Tampang
Keratan
Tot
Lenturan
Cantuman sanding
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Cantuman biji
Tisu didik
Cantuman tunas
Tunas perang
Tunas hijau
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Pendebungaan –proses di mana
debunga dari jantan dibawa ke stigma
bunga betina
Melalui angin/ serangga
Sifat berbeza antaranya
Sesuai untuk mendapatkan biji untuk pokok stok
(bijinya banyak)
Pendebungaan tangan
Dibuat 5-8 minggu sebelum bunga kembang
Cepudebunga drp debunga klon dikehendaki
didebungakan kepada stigma bunga betina
Akan berputik 5-10 hari lepas pendebungaan
Bulan ke 4 disalut dengan jala –supaya tidak
terbang
Kejayaan : 5-15% , seorang pekerja mampu
membuat 120 kuntum sehari
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Penyediaan biji benih
cambah
Biji benih segar dari klon terpilih
(sebagai pokok penanti);
PB5/51, RRIM623, RRIM 712, RRIM 901, PB
217, PB 235 dan GT 1
Diambil dari kaw. ditetapkan (pungutan
pertama dibuang) ambil pungutan
seterusnya.
Biji segar berkilat (berat 220 biji= 1kg)
Musim gugur Ogos – Sept dan Feb. – Mac
Hendak simpan lama bungkus dengan
belapik abuk kayu 20% kelembapan atau
abuk arang 20% kelambapan
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Batas cambah
Batas dibuat drp tanah gembur, pasir
sungai atau abuk kayu (tiada kimia)
Saiz 15cm tinggi x 100 cm lebar
1 meter prs = 1000 biji
3 jenis batas
Kekal (dibuat dg konkrit)
Separuh kekal (kotak papan)
Sementara (naikan tanah)
Bina para 100-150 cm tinggi, atap daun kelapa
30% telus cahaya.
Biji disusun rapat2 (selapis) dgn dada kebawah
(mudah akar ulung keluar) dan ditimbus
separuh biji.
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Mengubah
Siram batas cambah
Cabut benih (hari ke 14 - 21) bila terbit
akar ulung (2.5 cm), guna kayu kecil.
Semai dlm polibeg (secepat mungkin)
Akar ulung kebawah (saiz polibeg 15cm x
33 cm)
Guna 2 biji/ polibeg (jarak 5 cm)
Lebihkan 15 – 20% semaian dari keperluan
Biarkan benih subur saja (buat
penakaian yang taksubur) dibulan
pertama dlm polibeg
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Baja bila berumur 3-5 bln
baja lepas ansur – ‘kokei nugget’ 6gm ( 2
minggu lepas cambah)
baja foliar – ‘Byfolan’ dicampur racun kulat
Baja foliar – ‘Urea’ pada pokok kekuningan
daun
Kawalan perosak (tikus & siput) dgn
umpan dan serangga dgn Rogor 40,
Thiodan35 dll.
Kawalan penyakit
Odium – sulfur,
Collectotrichum – Daconil, Antarcol
Siram 2x sehari (secara
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Cantuman
Faedah
Hasil latex lebih tinggi
Hasil seragam
Kurang kerja dan belanja menanam
dan menjaga
Mudah dikenali
Dapat memilih klon yang sesuai
dengan tanah dan kawasan
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Jenis cantuman
Cantuman muda/ hijau
Rekaan H.R Hurov (Sabah 1958, Malaya
Tinley 1960)
Mata tunas : dari ‘bush nursery’ (umur 5-
6 minggu) 1 kaki dgn 3-4 mata tunas
Pokok penanti : berumur > 6 bulan
(hijau) dan 2½ bln (muda)
Musim sesuai : sepanjang musim
Dicantasan lepas 3-4 minggu (20-25cm
dari tapak cantuman.
Buang tunas liar.
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Cantuman perang (biasa)
Rekaan Van Helten (Sumatra 1917),
Milsum (Malaya 1919/20) dan
diperbaiki Mann (1926)
Mata tunas : 12-18 bln, kulit perang
2 ela (1.8m) dgn 20-30 mata tunas.
Pokok penanti : berumur 10-18 bln
(3 in lilitan dari 4 in paras tanah)
Musim sesuai : Mac –April dan Ogs –
Jan (waktu pagi), elak musim
kemarau
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Mengubah
Setelah mencapai 2-3 tingkat daun
(daun hujung keras sepenuhnya)
Untuk benih lanjutan (5-6 pusaran
daun)
Ubah kedalam polibeg 25cm x 51cm (11 kg
tanah)
Mengubah benih lanjutan (tanpa
polibeg)
10 hari sebelum ubah – pangkas batang 275
cm dari tanah (rawat luka)
Cabut secara manual atau ‘back-hoe’
Gunting akar sekeliling akar tunjang 60 cm,
buang akar tunjang bercabang. (TC)
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The disease
About 90 species of fungi are known to attack
Hevea trees, the most prevalent ones being are
Colletotrichum heveae (leaf spot),
spongy rot),
Sphaerella heveae (rim bright),
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It is also attacked by Bacterium albilineans, and
parasitized by Loranthus spp.
Nematodes isolated from Hevea brasiliensis
include: Helicotylenchus cavenessi, H.dihystera,
H. erythrinae, Meloidogyne incognita acrita,
M.javanica, Pratylenchus coffeae, P. brachyurus.
Insect pests include the following species:
Scale insects (Aspidiotus cyanophylli and
Parasaissetia nigra).
White ants cause serious damage to trees at
all ages.
Snails can be serious pests to young trees.
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Three types of root disease, classified as -
white,
red, and
brown,
panel necrosis,
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Stem disease – consisting of
pink disease,
dieback
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Special knives are used to cut the proper
depth and angle. Latex is collected through a
small spout fixed in the bark in cups placed at
end of cut, large enough to collect one-day's
flow.
An average tapper can tap 200–300 trees in 3
hours. Then the tapper empties the cups into
large pails or buckets, sometimes adding a few
drops of dilute ammonium solution to prevent
coagulation.
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Yields and Economics
Average prewar yields for unselected trees was
about 300–450 kg latex/ha; and 700–2,000 kg
latex/ha for improved plantings. Average
number of tappings per year is 120–140 in
India, 160 in Malaysia.
With trees cultivated at a density of 375 to 450
per hectare (150 to 200 per acre),
approximately from hybrid verity rubber 3,500
to 4,500 kilograms of rubber can be produced
per hectare per year
Rubber yield can be increased by treating the
bark below the tap with yield-stimulating
mixtures containing plant hormones and
selective weed-killers with hormone properties,
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The latex coagulates with the aid of
acetic acid, formic acid.
Three major Asian producers
Malaysia,
Indonesia, and
Thailand
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Hevea is prone to many diseases
South American Leaf Blight caused by Michocyclus
ulei. This disease is native to the Amazon and
continues to limit the growth of the rubber industry
in Brazil.
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Function and usage
Cured rubber used for all types of rubber
products.
Seeds are source of Para Rubber seed oil,
recommended for manufacture of soap. (seeds
can be eaten as a famine food after
processing.
Kernels (50–60% of the seed) contain 40–
50% of a semi-drying pale yellow oil, used in
soap making, paints, varnishes, and is
effective against houseflies and lice.
Car tires have 12.5-28% natural rubber
(higher in radial tires), truck and bus tires 50-
75%, and aircraft tires 90-100%, whereas soft
bicycle tires are synthetic only.
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NR
Latex
Cuplump
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