English Composition
English Composition
English Composition
They have broken the pane. She has not washed the clothes. We have won the match. The students have delivered the messages. She has completed the homework. He has called the family. Have you smashed the ball? I have seen this car somewhere.
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I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks.
I have met many people since I came here in June. I have flown on an airplane many times.
We/you/they/I
Have+3rd verb+complement/object
We have lost the car. You have sent the computer. They have waited for their friends.
2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7.
8.
9. 10. 11.
12.
13. 14.
Karen____________ me an e-mail. ( send) Dave and Pat ___________________the museum. (visit) I ________________ at the pet shop. (be) They _____________________already their rucksacks--bag. (pack) Ahmad ____________________ here three days ago. (arrive) Marcus ___________________an accident. ( have) We _________________the shopping for our grandmother. (do) I ____________________________just my bike. (clean) Last January I ____________ snow for the first time in my life. (see) Emily_________________ her room. ( paint) Lisa and Colin__________________ to a concert. (go) My friends______________________ smoking. (give up) We _________ the students for the last two years. (know)
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Simple Past
It shows an action or activity which started & ended at a particular time in the past .
Present Perfect
Present Perfect shows an action that happened at unclear time near to the present; as, 1. They have knocked the door. 2. I have bought this car for 3000 dollars.
1. We knocked the door yesterday. 2. I bought this car for 3000 dollars
last year.
If a sentence contains When and has the simple past in both sentences, the action in the When clause happens first.
I stood under a tree when it began to rain. when I dropped my cup, the coffee spilled on my lap. when I knocked the door, I saw Ahmad. My father came when I watched the movie.
2nd verb+complement/object
Hamid went to university at 8:00am. They watched the movie last night. Did Hamid go to university at 8:00am? Did they play the game last Friday? Hamid didnt go to university at 8:00am on Friday. She did not laugh yesterday during the program at supper time.
Exercise
Fill the Past Tense (2nd Verb) or Past Participle (3rd) from the given list
see fall Saw Fell seen fallen
I _____him there in the zoo yesterday. The bundle ___ upon him last year and was found hurt .
drink
sting scatter say freeze Weep Know Dream
drank
stung scattered said froze wept knew Dreamed /dreamt
drunk
stung scattered said frozen Wept Known Dreamed/ dreamt
strike
do shake swim
struck
did shook swam
Struck
Done Shaken swum
(be, not) very powerful. Early computers were often quite expensive and customers often (pay) thousands of dollars for machines which actually (do) very little. Most computers (be) separate, individual machines
used mostly as expensive typewriters or for playing games.
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Change the following sentences into present perfect progressive: 1. I am playing tennis at 10am now. 2. They are not watching TV at 9pm . 3. What is she doing at 10pm ? 4. What are you doing when I arrive? 5. She is not sleeping when you telephone her. 6. We are having dinner when the film starts. 7. Take your umbrella. It is raining when you return. 8. You are helping him now. 9. Are you helping him later? 10. You are not helping him later. 11. I am sending you the information when I get it. 12. we are translating the email, so Mr. Smith can read it. 13. Are you helping me move this heavy table? 14. Are you making dinner? 15. I am not doing your homework for you . 12 16. She is not completing the task by the coming Friday.
PAST PROGRESSIVE
Shows an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past. I was waiting for you at 7:00pm yesterday. She was singing a song last night at 10pm. We were watching the match on the last Friday Shows two actions which were in progress in the past and did not interrupt each other. While I was cooking the rice, she was making salad. Ali was writing an essay while Ahmad was listening the songs. Shows that one action was in progress when the second action occurred. When Ali came, the teacher was teaching. While the teacher was teaching, Ali came.
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Put brackets verb into the gap and form negative/positive Sentences.
Example: Maggie _____________ volleyball. (not/to play) Answer: Maggie was playing volleyball. or Maggie wasn't playing volleyball.
She __________________ a cheeseburger. (not/to eat) 2. They __________________ pictures. (not/to paint) 3. The teacher __________________ the window. (not/to open) 4. John __________________ his bike. (not/to ride) 5. We __________________ on the computer. (not/to work) 6. Doris __________________ the news on TV. (not/to watch) 7. I __________________ the trumpet. (not/to practice) 8. The friends __________________ songs. (not/to sing) 9. Steve __________________ a cigarette. (not/to smoke) 10. Sam and Liz __________________ at a poster. (not/to look)
1.
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structure
was+verbing+object/complement Frishta was cleaning her room at 10:00 oclock. He was reading the book yesterday. She was washing the plates last night.
We-they-you
were+verbing+object/complement
They were sleeping in the dormitory last night at supper time. We were writing an essay in the last exam. You were listening the music
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Past Perfect
It shows an action or state that was completed before another action in the past.
My parents had already eaten by the time I got home. we had locked the door when she knocked. when we arrived there, they had completed the exercise. Structure: Sub + Had + 3rd (V) + Conj + Simple Past Khalid had finished school before he joined Rana. she had won the match when I called her last night.
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If either before or after is used in the sentence, the past perfect is often not necessary because the time relationship is already clear. The simple past may be used, as in (c) and (g).
(D)After the guests had left, I went to bed. Note: (b) and (c) have the same meaning; (d) and (g) have the same meaning. (G)After the guests left, I went to bed.
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Past Perfect
Past Perfect shows an action that was completed before another action, but
Past Progressive
Past Progressive shows an action that was in progress when the second action happened.
I had eaten the cookies while Ali was knocking the door.
While coming to home, She had lost the wallet on the way.
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Put in the verb in brackets into the gaps and form affirmative sentences. Example: Eddie __________ a comic. (read) Answer: Eddie was reading a comic.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
She _________________ hockey. (play) They _________________________ in the pool. (swim) It ______________________. (rain) We ____________________________________ to music. ( listen) The mobile______________________________________ . ( ring) The students_______________________________________ . (text) Max _______________________________________ with two girls. ( dance) I ______________________________________________ in front of the shop. (wait) The cat _____________________ in the basket. (sleep) He_______________________________________ Gerry's bike. ( repair)
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Change the following sentences into Past Perfect Progressive: 1. I am playing tennis at 10am now. 2. They are not watching TV at 9pm . 3. What is she doing at 10pm ? 4. What are you doing when I arrive? 5. She is not sleeping when you telephone her. 6. We are having dinner when the film starts. 7. Take your umbrella. It is raining when you return. 8. You are helping him now. 9. Are you helping him later? 10. You are not helping him later. 11. I am sending you the information when I get it. 12. we are translating the email, so Mr. Smith can read it. 13. Are you helping me move this heavy table? 14. Are you making dinner? 15. I am not doing your homework for you . 16. She is not completing the task by the coming Friday.
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Present Progressive
He-she-it-name+is+verbing+complement/object
We-you-they+are+verbing+complement/object I+am+verbing+complement/object
Present perfect
He-she-it-name+has+3rd verb+complement/object
We-you-they-I+have+3rd verb+complement/object
Since/for
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Past Progressive
He-she-it-name+I+was+verbing+complement/object
We-you-they+were+verbing+complement/object
Past perfect
Since/for
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Time Clause
A clause is a group of related words that has subject and verb.
E.g.
John escaped when the police came.
When the police came, John escaped. While she was dancing, she slept on the wet floor. She slept on the wet flour while she was dancing.
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USED TO
1. It is an expression.
It expresses a past habitual situation that no longer exists at present And after used to we can use first form of the verb.
1. 2.
3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
She used to play doll when she was in the school. He used to work in a shop. I used to play chess when I was in school. We used to disturb our neighbor at night in the village. Did you use to watch the film when you were a child? Khalid used to be our classmate. Did Khalid use to be our classmate? We used to smoke cigar while going for picnic out side the country.
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'Used to do' is different from 'to be used to verb-ing' and 'to get used to verb-ing'
2. Be used to +Verb-ing:
We use this structure to say that something is normal condition. 1. I am used to living in Kabul. (the environment is normal) 2. Ali is used to playing football. (game is normal) 3. They are used to fighting with each other. (it is normal)
4.
5.
I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I quickly got used to getting it. She has started working nights and is still getting used to sleeping during the day. I have always lived in the country but now I'm beginning to get used to living in the city. 26
Exercise
Choose the correct verb form the brackets.
1.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
The earth ____ round the sun. (moves, moved) My friends___ the Prime Minister yesterday. (have seen, saw) we____him only one letter up to now. (have sent, send) She is ____ worried about something now. (looked, looking) It started to rain while we ___ tennis. (are playing, were playing) While he ____ fast, he saw an accident. (was driving, drove) Dont disturb me. I ___ my homework. ( do, am doing) I ____ Rahim at the zoo. (saw, have seen) Hamid ___ to be a doctor. (wants, is wanting) We ___ English for five years. (study, have been studying)
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Exercise
Insert the correct tense of the given verbs: 1. I waited for my friend until he________ (to come). 2. So long as the rain______ I stayed at home. (to continue). 3. He went where he ______ find work. (can or could) 4. His health has improved since he ______ India. (to leave). 5. The baby_____ all morning. (cries, has been crying) 6. We ___________ sound last week after taking the trip. (has slept or slept) 7. They have been driving ________ morning. (for- since) 8. I ____ him since we met a year ago. (didnt see, have not seen) 9. When we went to the cinema, the film _____ (already started, had already started) 10. Hussain fell off the ladder while he _____ the roof. (is mending, 28 was mending
Exercise
1. 2.
3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Use the Present Perfect or Present perfect Progressive in the given sentences: It (snows) ____ since Friday day. I wonder when it will stop. We (have) ____ three major snowstorms so far this winter. It is ten PM. I (study) ____ for two hours and probably wont finish until midnight. She (has)___ here since last March. The phone (ring)___ for almost a minute. Why does not someone answer it? What is the matter? Your eyes are red and puffy. (cry, you) _______________ for a long time? What are you going to order for dinner? Well, I (have, never) ____ pizza, so I think I will order that. We have never been in UK _____ the last two years. (for-since). We have _________ the wallet . (lost, loose, loosing) You __________ been studying the book ________ hours. (have, has)---(for, 29 since)