Why MIMO?

MIMO is all about multi-antenna solutions We are aiming for multi-layer transmissions If we have multiple antennas, we can transmit several layers, different streams of information all using the same bandwidth and same frequency separated by space

Why MIMO?
MIMO techniques have emerged as a solution to provide higher data rates by exploiting the multipath characteristics of the wireless channel If we send a radio pulse towards a receiver, then because of multi paths, it is going to arrive at different times If we have 2 signals 90 degrees out of phase => when they arrive, we could get strong additive receive signals and in other places we get a weak composite one. This effect is known as fast-fading With MIMO, we can use that to our advantage

Smart antennas
Smart antennas provide the next substantial increase in throughput. The peak data rates tend to be proportional to the number of send and receive antennas, so 4X4 MIMO is capable of twice the peak data rates as 2X2 MIMO systems. By smart antennas we refer to adaptive antennas such as those with electrical tilt, beam width and azimuth control which can follow relatively slow-varying traffic patterns Intelligent antennas can
form beams aimed at particular users or steer nulls to reduce interference and finally Multiple-Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna schemes

Shannon-Limit
802.16 is an IEEE standard for WiMAX providing a high bit rate solution => cellular technology needs to keep up with other technologies offering high rates The problem is that we are faced with what we call shannon-limit:
The max bitrate = BW * Log2(1+SINR)

Theoretically, we cant go above that max bitrate but there is a way to cheat

Shannon-Limit
If we are just looking to improve SINR, then the gain will be less and less

Instead, we can have 2 signal streams both at lower SINR & overall capacity can surpass the Shannon limit At low SINR: approximate linear increase in rate Sharing SINR between streams -> linear increase in rate At high SINR: log increase in rate

MIMO & Modes

Output Input Single SISO SIMO (Receive diversity)
Mode 1,7

Single

Multiple

Multiple

MISO (Transmit diversity)

MIMO

Mode 2,7

Mode 3, 4, 5, 6

7 modes of MIMO on DL
Mode 1 - single antenna port (port 0) Single data stream (=codeword) is transmitted on one antenna and received by either one (=SISO) or more (=SIMO) Mode 2: transmit diversity Transmission of the same information stream on multiple antennas (2,4) The information stream is coded differently on each of the antennas using SpaceFrequency Block Codes Used by common, control and broadcast channels

7 modes of MIMO on DL
Mode 3: open loop spatial multiplexing
2 information streams (= 2 code words) are transmitted over 2 or more antennas (up to 4) No explicit feedback from the UE although a Transmit Rank indication (TRI) transmitted by the UE is used by eNB to select the number of spatial layers OL-SM provides better peak throughput than transmit diversity

Conditions:
No feedback from UE UE moving fast eNB cycles through a fixed pattern of precoders Due to high mobility, eNB doesnt know which precoder is best

7 modes of MIMO on DL
Mode 4: closed loop spatial multiplexing
Two information streams are transmitted over 2 code words from N antennas (up to 4) Pre-coding Matrix Indicator (PMI) is fed back from the UE to the eNB The feedback mechanism allows the transmitter to precode the data to optimize transmission so that the signals can be easily separated at the receiver side into original streams The highest performing mode of MIMO

Conditions:
UE is stationary UE suggests to eNB which precoder matrix to use

7 modes of MIMO on DL
Mode 5: MU-MIMO
This mode is similar to CLSM but the information streams are targeted at different UEs
Multiple UEs share the same resources

Each UE will experience the same data rate but the overall network data rate is improved The number of UEs is limited by the number of spatial layers (1 spatial layer per UE)

7 modes of MIMO on DL
Mode 6: closed loop rank 1 with pre-coding:
A single code word is transmitted over a single spatial layer Considered a fall-back scenario of CL-SM and is associated with beamforming

Mode 7: single-antenna port (port 5)

Beamforming mode A single code word is transmitted over a single spatial layer A dedicated reference signal (port 5) forms an additional antenna port and allows transmission from more than 4 antennas

Explaining Spatial Mux

In this example, each transmit antenna transmits a different data stream. This is the basic case for spatial multiplexing.

Explaining Beamforming
This is an example of beamforming We have 2 antennas and 1 receiver We are trying to maximize the receive signal at the antenna We do that by adjusting the phase and amplitude of the signal going to each antenna This is achieved by using precoding

Explaining Precoding
The precoder is a complex matrix W Rows correspond to complex antenna weights Columns correspond to layers a1 and a2 are antennas. s1 and s2 are 2 separate streams of data Both antennas are going to use to the same frequency (=reusing the bandwidth) We need to adjust the amplitude and phase of the different layers going to the different antennas We need to make sure that the radio load that comes out is separate enough so that the receiver can pick out 2 completely different streams: this is done by weighing The number of rows corresponds to the number of antennas The number of columns corresponds to the number of layers The values in the matrix are the weights for antenna port 1 and port 2 (row wise)

Matrix Algebra
a refers to the signal h is the transfer function (channel estimate) and is changing the amplitude and the phase of the signal y is what is received (probably affected by h)

With this MIMO example, we have 2 sending/receiving

antennas and 2 different signals and 4 h functions We have to estimate the channel response at pilot bits For example, if I send at a known time a 1 bit and receive a 1, then I know that the channel isnt corrupting that bit. If I receive -1, then I know the data is inverted and I can correct it accordingly and so on.

Precoding patterns
This is an example with 2 precoders 2 separate layers treated differently Example: for layer 2, 2 lobes at 90 and 270 => the UE needs to be positioned there

SU-MIMO
This is an example of SUMIMO L1 and L2 are transferred from those lobes in the eNB and received at different angles by the UE UE and eNB are both using precoder 1 Note: For a MU-MIMO, each of the layers would be targeted to a different UE

When to use CL-SM or OL-SM?

The benefits of open and closed loop SM schemes are achieved when the received signal quality (as measured by SINR) is at its highest:15 dB and higher. At the cell edge, a weak signal and low SINR reduce the benefits of SM modes
CL rank 1 or transmit diversity become more attractive

Transmit diversity is also more attractive in environments where signal scattering is low (e.g. rural areas)

UE reporting
In order for MIMO schemes to work properly, each UE has to report information about the mobile radio channel to the base station. A lot of different reporting modes and formats are available which are selected according to MIMO mode of operation and network choice. The reporting may be periodic or aperiodic and is configured by the radio network. Aperiodic reporting is triggered by a CQI request contained in the uplink scheduling grant. The UE would send the report on PUSCH. In case of periodic reporting, PUCCH is used in case no PUSCH is available.

CQI
CQI (channel quality indicator) is an indication of the downlink mobile radio channel quality as experienced by this UE. The UE is proposing to the eNodeB an optimum modulation scheme and coding rate to use for a given radio link quality, so that the resulting transport block error rate would not exceed 10%. 16 combinations of modulation scheme and coding rate are specified as possible CQI values. The UE may report different types of CQI. A so-called wideband CQI refers to the complete system bandwidth. Alternatively, the UE may evaluate a sub-band CQI value per subband of a certain number of resource blocks which is configured by higher layers. The full set of sub-bands would cover the entire system bandwidth. In case of spatial multiplexing, a CQI per code word needs to be reported.

PMI
PMI (precoding matrix indicator) is an indication of the optimum precoding matrix to be used in the base station for a given radio condition. The PMI value refers to the codebook table. The network configures the number of resource blocks that are represented by a PMI report. Thus to cover the full bandwidth, multiple PMI reports may be needed. PMI reports are needed for closed loop spatial multiplexing, multi-user MIMO and closed-loop rank 1 precoding MIMO modes.

RI
RI (rank indication) is the number of useful transmission layers when spatial multiplexing is used. In case of transmit diversity, rank is equal to 1.