Psychopharmacology

Main Psychopharmacological Drugs

Antipsychotics Antidepresants Anxiolytics Hypnotics Cognitives Psychostimulants

Overview of Antipsychotics
Conventional Antipsychotics
Chem. Group Generic Name Trade Mark Dose (mg)

chlorpromazine

Phenothiazines

CHLORPROMAZIN, LARGACTIL, PLEGOMAZIN, MEGAPHEN, THORAZIN levomepromazine TISERCIN, NOZINAN

200-800

50-400 100-600 10-40 100-600 20-100

thioridazine periciazine chlorprothixene Thioxanthes clopenthixol

THIORIDAZIN, MELLERIL NEULEPTIL CHLORPROTHIXEN, TRUXAL CISORDINOL, CLOPIXOL

Overview of Antipsychotics
Conventional Antipsychotics
Chem. Group Generic Name Trade Mark
PERFENAZIN, TRILAFON, PERATSIN PROCHLORPERAZIN, STEMETIL MODITEN
STELAZIN FLUANXOL HALOPERIDOL, HALDOL, APO-HALOPERIDOL BURONIL ORAP

Dose (mg)

perfenazine
Phenothiazines prochlorperazine flufenazine trifluoperazine Thioxanthenes Butyrophenones flupenthixol haloperidol melperone pimozide Diphenylbutyl piperidines Perathiepines

16-24
20-80 2-16 10-50 6-18 2,5-10 50-300 2-10

fluspirilen
penfluridol oxyprothepin

IMAP
SEMAP MECLOPIN

2-10
2-60 5-20

Antipsychotics of the 2nd Generation

Generic Name Trade Mark Dose (mg)

D2, D3 selective antagonists

sulpiride amisulpride risperidone ziprasidone DOGMATIL, PROSULPIN SOLIAN, DENIBAN 50-1200 50-1200 4-8 40-160

SDA
RISPERDAL, RISPEN ZELDOX

sertindole
clozapine olanzapine quetiapine zotepine

SERDOLECT
MARTA LEPONEX ZYPREXA SEROQUEL ZOLEPTIL

12-20
200-600 5-20 300-600 75-300

Antipsychotics of the 2nd Generation

Efficacy 1. Positive symptoms are influenced significantly better than placebo, and equally or more then by the classical antidopaminergic neuroleptics. 2. Negative symptoms are reduced significantly better than by placebo or classical antidopaminergic neuroleptics. 3. Affective symptoms are influenced better than by placebo or classical antidopaminergic neuroleptics. 4. They significantly reduce or prevent the cognitive impairment. The reduction is higher in comparison to classical antidopaminergic neuroleptics. 5. The treatment resistant patients with schizophrenia are improved significantly better than by placebo and at least equally as by clozapine. 6. Maintenance treatment is more effective than maintenance on placebo and at least as effective as maintenance on classical neuroleptics.

Depot Antipsychotics
Generic Name Trade Mark Mean Dose (mg) Interval

flufenazin oxyprothepin haloperidol flupenthixol

MODITEN DEPOT MECLOPIN HALDOL DEPOT FLUANXOL DEPOT

25 25 100 40 14-28 days

zuclopenthixol
fluspirilen risperidone

CISORDINOL DEPOT
IMAP RISPERDAL CONSTA

200
6 20-30 7 days !! 14 days

Rapid Tranquilizers
pro dosi (mg) pro die (mg)

chlorpromazin levopromazin (TISERCIN) haloperidol chlorprothixen zuclopenthixol (CISORDINOL ACUTARD)

100-200 50-100 5-10 100-150 50-150

800-1200 500-600 40-100 500-600 (24-72 hours)

tiapride (TIAPRIDAL)

600-1200

Indication of Antidepressants

Depressive Disturbances Affective Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Panic Disorders Eating Disorders Psychosomatic Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Alcohol and Drugs Withdrawal Symptoms Pain Syndromes Enuresis Narcolepsy

Neurotransmitter Reuptake Inhibition and Binding Affinity to Receptors

Receptors: SE Serotonergic NE Noradrenergic M H Muscarinic Histaminic

-N alpha noradrenergic

Antidepressants: Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors

1st Generation of Antidepressants (TCA, TeCA)
Generic Name Trade Mark Doses (mg) Mechanism of Efficacy

amitriptyline nortriptyline

AMITRIPTYLIN NORTRILEN

75-200 50-150 Inhibition of Serotonin and/or Norepinephrine Reuptake Followed by Increase of their Concentrations in Synaptic Cleft

imipramine

MELIPRAMIN

75-250
75-225 100-300 240-720

clomipramine ANAFRANIL, HYDIPHEN dosulepin dibenzepine PROTHIADEN NOVERIL

maprotiline

LUDIOMIL, MAPROTILINE

75-150

1st Generation of Antidepressants

Mechanism of action: Blockade of muscarine receptors Histamine H1 receptors Alpha 1 Adrenergic Receptors Alpha 2 Adrenergic Receptors
Many Side Effects Danger of Intoxication Many Interactions Prolonged Effect (after 3-6 Weeks)

2nd Generation of Antidepressants

2nd Generation of Antidepressants
Generic Name Trade Mark Mean Doses (mg) Mechanism

viloxazine

VIVALAN

100-300

Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibition

3rd Generation of Antidepressants

Generic Name Trade Mark Mean Doses (mg) Mechanism

SSRI

fluvoxamine
fluoxetine

FEVARIN
DEPREX, DEPRENON, PROZAC, PORTAL, FLOXET, FLUXONIL, MAGRILAN SEROPRAM, CITALEC CIPRALEX SEROXAT, PAROLEX ZOLOFT, SERLIFT, ASENTRA

100-300
20-60 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibition

citalopram escitalopram paroxetine sertraline

20-60 10-20 20-60 50-200

3rd Generation of Antidepressants

Generic Name Trade Mark Mean Doses (mg) Mechanism

SARI Antidepressants with Doubled Serotonergic Efficacy trazodone TRITTICO AC 4-8 100-300 NARI reboxetine EDRONAX 4-8 Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibition Increasing of Serotonin Reuptake

nefazodone SERZONE, DUTONIN

Double Serotonergic Efficacy

tianeptine

COAXIL

75

4th Generation of Antidepressants

Dual acting antidepressants Mixed reuptake inhibitors
Generic Name Trade Mark Mean Doses (mg) Mechanism

SNRI venlafaxine EFECTIN 75-375

venlafaxine ER (extended relesase)

milnaciprane

EFECTIN ER

75-225

IXEL

50-100 DNRI

Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibition

bupropione

WELLBUTRIN ZYBAN

150-300

Dopamine and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibition

4th Generation of Antidepressants

Generic Name Trade Mark Mean Doses (mg) Mechanism

Blockade of 2-adrenoceptors mianserin LERIVON, MIABENE 60-90 Increasing Synthesis and Releasing of Norepinephrine, Blockade Alpha-2 Adrenoceptors on Serotonergic Neurons and Increasing Production and Releasing of Serotonin

mirtazapine

REMERON

15-45

Other Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors hypericum perforatum JARSIN 900 Weak Inhibitor of NA, 5HT, DA

MAO Inhibitors
Non Selective and Irreversible: (IMAO A, IMAO B) phenelzine isocarboxazid nialamide tranylcypromine NARDIL MARPLAN NIAMID, NUREDAL PARNATE

Selective and Reversible moclobemide MAO A brofaromine toloxatone MAO B AURORIX CONSONAR HUMORYL

selegiline (L-deprenyl) SEPATREM, JUMEX

Other Psychotropics with Antidepressant Effect

Thymoprophylactics
lithium Antiepileptics carbamazepine of 2nd salts of valproic Generation acid Antiepileptics of 3rd gabapentine Generation topiramate lamotrigine
LITHIUM CARBONICUM, CONTEMNOL BISTON, TEGRETOL, FINLEPSIN, TIMONIL EVERIDEN, CONVULEX, ORFIRIL, DEPAMID LAMICTAL GABAPENTIN, NEURONTIN TOPAMAX

Atypical Antipsychotics - SDA

clozapine olanzapine quetiapine
LEPONEX, CLOZARIL, ALEMOXAN ZYPREXA SEROQUEL

Thymoprophylactics
Generic Name Trade Mark Doses (mg) Blood Serum Concentration

lithium carbonicum

LITHIUM CARBONICUM

900 1000

0.5 0.8 mmol/l 0.8 1.2 mmol/l

CONTEMNOL

1000 - 1500

BISTON, carbamazepine TEGRETOL, TIMONIL

valproic acid EVERIDEN, ORFIRIL,

400 - 1500

5 10 ng/ml
50 - 100 ng/ml

900 - 2000

Action Profiles of Benzodiazepines

Relief of anxiety

Anticonvulsant action

Sedation Induction of sleep

Muscle relaxation
Ansseau, M., Doumont, A., Diricq, S.: Methodology required to show clinical differences between benzodiazepines. Curr Med Res Opin 8, Suppl. 4, 108114 (1984). (Except <Dormicum> and <Dalmadorm>)

Benzodiazepine Anxiolytics
Indication: States of Anxiety Sleeplessness Withdrawal Symptoms Depressive States Epilepsy Convulsions Tetanus Neonatorum Extrapyramidal Undesirable Side Effects of Antipsychotics Premedication in Anaestesiology Panic States (Alprazolam, Bromazepam, Clonazepam in High Doses) Algidic Syndromes (Stomatodynie, Neuralgie Trigemini, Cephalgia)

Anxiolytics
Generic Name Trade Mark Form Mean Doses (mg)

Propandiol Derivates guaiphenesine GUAJACURAN drg. 200, 400 mg inj. 1 g tbl. 200 mg tbl. 400 mg 400 - 3000

Mephenoxalone DORSIFLEX, DIMEXOL meprobamate MEPROBAMAT LIVA Piperazin Derivates

hydroxyzine ATARAX

400 - 1200
800 - 2400

tbl. 10, 25 mg inj. 100 mg sir. tbl. 5, 10 mg

20 100 300 - 400

Azapiron Derivates buspirone BUSPIRON, BUSPAR, ANXIRON

15-30

Anxiolytics (Benzodiazepine Derivates)

Generic Name
diazepam

Trade Mark
DIAZEPAM SLOVAKOFARMA APO-DIAZEPAM APAURIN, SEDUXEN DIAZEPAM DESITIN DIAZEPAM DESITIN SUPP. DEFOBIN, ELENIUM RAPEDUR OXAZEPAM LIVA NEUROL XANAX XANAX SR LEXAURIN ANSILAN, RUDOTEL GRANDAXIN

Form
tbl. 2.5; 10 mg inj. 10 mg supp. 5 mg tbl. a drg. 10 mg tbl. 10 mg tbl. tbl. tbl. tbl. 0.25 mg ; 1 mg 0.25; 0.5; 1; 2 mg 1; 2; 3 mg 1; 5; 3 mg

Mean Doses (mg) 10 - 60

chlordiazepoxide oxazepam alprazolam bromazepam medazepam tofisopam

20 - 60 10 - 60 1 - 10 3 - 36 20 - 40 100 - 400

tbl. 10 mg tbl. 50 mg

K+ clorazepate
lorazepam clobazam prazepam clonazepam

TRANXENE
TAVOR FRISIUM DEMETRIN RIVOTRIL

tbl. 5; 10; 50 mg inj. 20; 50; 100 mg tbl. 1; 2,5 mg

tbl. 10 mg tbl. 10 mg tbl. 0.5 ; 2 mg gttae 10-25 mg/ml inj. 1 mg tbl. 0.25; 1 mg

15 30 50 - 300 2
20 - 60 20 - 40 1-4

ANTELEPSIN

Anxiolytics
60 50 40
32 32 24 60 60

Anxiolytic (eventually Antidepressive) Effect Inhibition

30 20 10 0
diazepam alprazolam bromazepam clonazepam clobazam
20

6 3

Hypnotics
Generic Name 1st Generation barbiturates chloralhydrate glutethimide nitrazepam flunitrazepam Trade Mark Form Mean Doses (mg) 500 1000 250 - 500 5 - 20 0.5 2 1-2 0.125 0.5 7.5 15 20 40 10 - 20 3.75 7.5 5 10 CHLORALOURAT NOXYRON NITRAZEPAM SLOVAKOFARMA FORTE ROHYPNOL

2nd Generation

tbl. 250 mg tbl. 5; 10 mg

tbl. inj. tbl. tbl. inj. tbl. tbl. 1 a 2 mg 2 mg 0.125 mg 7.5 a 15 mg 5 mg 40 mg 10 mg

triazolam midazolam
cinolazepam zolpidem

HALCION DORMICUM

3rd Generation

Other Drugs with Hypnotic Efficacy

GERODORM STILNOX, HYPNOGEN zopiclone IMOVANE tbl. 7.5 mg zaleptone SONATA tbl. 10 mg Antihistaminics (promethazine PROTHAZIN) Antidepressants (mirtazapine, trazodone) Antipsychotics Melatonins

Cognitives
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INBITORS rivastigmine donepezil galantamine EXELON ARICEPT REMINYL 8 -12 mg 5 - 10 mg 8 - 24 mg

NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS memantine EBIXA 10 - 30 mg

Nootropics
Indication: Organic Disturbances of Memory and Intellect, Primary States, Efficacy after 2-3 Months pyritinol ENERBOL 300 - 900 ENCEPHABOL piracetam NOOTROPIL, 3000 - 9000 PYRAMEM, KALICOR (Improve Rheologic Blood Quality and Cerebral Perfusion) cinarizine STUGERON 50-100 vinpocetine flunarizine natridrofuryl pentoxiphyline xanthinol CAVINTON SIBELIUM ENELBIN DUSODRIL 15- 30 10 200-300

Nootropics and Vasodilators

Ergot Alkaloids
dihydroergotoxine nicergoline SECATOXIN

Psychostimulants
Generic Name amphetamine Trade Mark Doses (mg) 5 50 5 30 12,5 50 PSYCHOTON, ADDERAL dexamphetamine DEXEDRON ephedrine EPHEDRIN

mezocarb
methylphenidate modafinil

SYDNOCARB
RITALIN, CENTEDRIN VIGIL, PROVIGIL

5 50
10 40 200 400