THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE NUMBER OF SLEEPING HOURS AND THE

GENERAL AVERAGE IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN THE FIRST TERM OF

ABM 211 STUDENTS OF STI COLLEGE
LAS PINAS A.Y. 2018-2019

This research paper is presented to: The Senior High School faculty of STI College Las
Pinas
In partial fulfillment for the subject Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

Cumandao, Dimple

Dacallos, Evelyn

Dante, Grace Ann G

.
Denzo,Rovelaine

Flores, Joselyn

Guarin, Larra Alejah

Honrado, Shawn Theo

Magdangal, Ralph Alison

Olores, Sharief

March 2019
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter contains the introduction of the study, its statement of the problem,

hypotheses, scope and limitations, and the definition of the terms.

Introduction

Sleeping is a necessity that everyone need in order to stay or keep a healthy

lifestyle. It controls brain functions, restoring memories and keeps the immune system

work. In addition, it is a condition where in our body and mind recurs for several hours

every night, in which the immune system is inactive, the eyes closed, postural muscle

relaxed, and consciousness practically suspended. Sleeping makes our brain be at rest,

relaxes our muscles and makes our mind be at peace for a mean time.

Sleeping is as essential as food and water. It is believed to be important in many

physiologic processes including the process of experiences and the restoring of

memories. Sleeping is often working harder than they do during the day. It processes to

restore cells, process information and improve health. It improves concentration and

productivity which a study on medical interns stated. It helps for brain functioning,

emotional well-being, physical health, daytime performance and personal safety. It plays

a housekeeping role that removes toxins in our brain that builds up when we're awake.
 Mental health issues such as depression are strongly linked to the number of

sleeping hours the person have particularly for those who suffers sleeping disorders. It's

harder to concentrate and respond quickly like in school performances, class recitation,

and physical activities.

Only few takes standard sleeping time seriously and makes it as their daily

priority. Lack of sleep dumbs someone down for it plays a critical role in thinking and

learning. In addition, it shows that a chronic lack of sleep or getting lack of sleep

increases the risk of disorders including high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease,

depression and obesity.

Lack of sleep can affect a student's performance because it affects the memory

and concentration during his school hours. It impairs attention, alertness concentration,

reasoning and problem solving, and it makes it more difficult to learn efficiently. One's

body require right amount of sleep in order to maintain proper function and health. A

human being are programmed to sleep in a right amount each night as restoring out of

bodies and mind. Getting at least 8 hour of sleep can help increase the immune system

and fight common illness.

The two interacting systems, the internal biological clock and the homeostat.

These two mainly determines the timing of the transition from wakefulness to sleep and

vice versa. This explains why we are typically awake during the day and asleep during

night time.
 The average of the first sleep cycle is between 70 minutes to 100 minutes. The

second and later cycle is about 90 minutes to 120 minutes. And the normal range of

sleeping hours is about 8-10 hours.

We always disregard the importance of sleeping. Many of us tend to stay up all

night to do things and forgot to balance things. Sleeping plays an important role to

everyone's life. Since sleeping is essential and plays a huge role in everyone's life, this

study aims to know what it can affect when it comes to the students' academic

performance.
Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the conducted study is the following:

For the input, it is the general average grade in physical science that the students

from ABM211 obtained in the first term and it is being the dependent variable. And in this,

includes the number of the sleeping hours of the students and the independent variable of

the study.

To gather data for the process of the study, the researchers will conduct surveys

with the use of questionnaires. And for the output, using the Pearson R and the test of

significance of r for the statistical treatment, the researchers may determine if there is a

significant relationship between the sleeping hours and the general average obtained by the

students.
Statement of the Problem

In this study, the researchers aim to investigate the significant relationship between

the number of sleeping hours to their general average grade in physical science.

1. How many hours of sleep does an ABM211 student spent?

2. What is the result of their grade based on their hours of sleep?

3. What is the possible reasons why ABM 211 students having lack of sleep?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the number of sleep of the students to

their general academic grade in physical science?

Hypothesis

The hypotheses of this study is that there is no effect in the grades of the

students in the number of sleeping hours of the students.

Significance of the Study

The Researchers believes that the study will benefit to the following individuals:

Students – To be aware that sleeping hours is important and what are the effects

of it in the academic performance, physical health and lifestyle, as well as in their

mental health.
Parents – To guide and discipline the children to sleep right on time and to

educate them that sleeping is necessary.

Teachers – For them to know why the students are tardy, not participating, and

not concentrating in the lecture.

To the Future Researchers – For them to find and to know the significant and

effect of sleeping hours to the academic performance of the students.

Scope and Limitations

This study will focus on the Effects of the Sleeping Hours to the first

subject grade of the ABM students. Students from ABM211 of STI College Las

Pinas will only be the respondents to the conducted survey of the researchers.

Thus, the response for these study makes use of the survey and scopes the number

of their sleeping hours, grades in their first subject in the morning; and the reason

of being sleep deprived.

Definition of Terms

Academic performance – It is the behavior or performance of the student in his

or her study.

General average – Average of the students in the first semester.

Sleeping hours – It is the number of sleeping hours.

Subject – A branch of a certain study to gain knowledge.

 CHAPTER II
THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter examines literature related to the effects of sleeping hours in the

academic performance. The focus of this section is on related literature to the number of

sleeping hours and its effects on the academic grade or performance of the students.

Lack off sleep affects emotional health.

Getting too little sleep might be a triggering effect to emotional problems, anxiety

and suicidal thoughts among teens, according to a large study from Europe.

Based on data about the sleep habits of nearly 12,000 teens across 11 European

countries, researchers found that a student with suicidal thoughts could be predicted to

sleep about 36 minutes less each night compared to counterparts with no suicidal

thoughts. For teens with severe emotional problems, the amount of sleep lost would be

about 30 minutes, on average, each night.

"This is not a very large effect," study author Laura Mandelli told Reuters Health

in an email. Mandelli is assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Bologna in

Italy. (Raven K. 2014).

Being Sleep deprived affects school performance

According to Romeo Ranoco (2010), lack of sleep is affecting the school

performance of students in different parts of the world. Results of questionnaires given to

the teachers as part of international science, math and reading tests taken by children in

2011 said students in the US are the sleepiest. The Sydney Morning Herald reports that

sleepiness held back learning of 73 percent of US students, based on results of the

questionnaires released in December. The study looked into the sleep deprivation of

students from 50 nations.

Australian students are the fifth most-sleep deprived students in the world. The

consequences of the lack of sleep, attributed to late nights, and was that students from 17

nations outperformed year 4 Aussie pupils in math tests. Students from 21 countries did

better than the Australian students in science and from 26 nations in reading.

The data are deemed as a wake-up call for Canberra, said School Education

Minister Peter Garrett, and place doubt if the goal set by former Australian Prime

Minister Julia Gillard for Aussie students to be in the top 5 internationally in math,

science and reading by 2025 is attainable.

Norman Hart, president of the Australian Primary Principals Association, said that

late nights caused Aussie students to lack of sleep and even disruptive school behavior. In

the US, the American Academy of Pediatrics blames the very early start times of middle

and high schools to sleep deprivation that affects the kids’ health, safety and academic

success.

For school year 2011-12, less than 20 percent of middle and high schools started

at the recommended time of 8:30 am, based on data published by the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention after a review of almost 40,000 schools. Starting school at 8:30

am or later provides adolescents to get the recommended 8.5 to 9.5 hours of sleep daily.

Lack of sleep is linked with several health risks such as being overweight, alcoholism,
smoking and drug use.

The report said that average start time of US schools was 8:03 am, while 75 to

100 percent of schools in 42 states begin before 8:30 am. As a result of the survey, in

2014, the American Academy of Pediatrics urged middle and high school administrators

to change their opening times to not earlier than 8:30 am.

Getting enough sleep is not an assurance of topping the performance tests since

Azerbaijan youth, who were the least sleepy, were lagging in test results compared to

other nations. Meanwhile, Finnish students who were sleep-deprived performed better

than students from Azerbaijan.

Sleep Disorder affects Academic Performance

Rasekhi (2016) concluded that, people need to understand the role of sleep and

have to take adequate sleep of 6-8 hours per day for health and wellbeing.

In his study, medical students are exposed to a significant level of pressure

because of their academic demands. Thus, they are at increased risk for sleep disorders.

This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of sleep disturbance among medical

students and investigate any relationship between sleep disorder and academic

performance.

A high prevalence of sleep disorder was found in this population, specifically

among female students. Analysis of the relationship between sleep disorder and academic

performance indicates a significant relationship of PSQI scores with marital status,

habitat, smoking, physical activity, and academic performance.

 As the sleeping period increased, the academic achievement of the students was

negatively affected. The academic success was low in children who felt sleepy

throughout the day. (Unalan, D. 2013)

Relationship of sleep to Academic Perfromance

In the study conducted of a student, it showed that the relationship between the

amounts of sleep a person gets and their performance academically correspond to one

another quite well. This summative and the statistical data as well as research within it

proves that the less sleep a student has will typically result in lower grades. Whereas

getting the right amount of sleep (but not too much) can positively influence their

performance. The key is to get your required amount of sleep each night. For teenagers,

that is anywhere between 8.5 to 9 hours of rest. Out of the students surveyed at Iroquois

Ridge High School, 34% claimed to be getting the proper amount of sleep. Adolescents

would greatly benefit from having a regular, consistent sleeping pattern throughout the

week, including the weekend. Meaning they go to sleep and wake up at the same time

every day. This helps their body clock run by routine. Not getting enough sleep can result

of a number of illnesses which in turn, will affect not only the student’s marks but their

health as well. 63% of students surveyed said they got less than the recommended length

of rest time. In both Figure 5 and Figure 6, it is evident that this took a negative toll on

the student’s alertness as well as grades in school. Due to not getting enough rest during

the week, teenagers often catch up by sleeping in on weekends. Contrary to popular

belief, it is not possible to make up for lost sleep whether it’d be by napping or sleeping
in on weekends. Getting too much sleep can cause Hypersomnia which leaves victims

feeling drowsy all day after having 10 or more hours of sleep the night before. Only 3%

of surveyors stated to be getting more sleep then they need. However, in correlation to

alertness and marks, it did not seem to have much of a negative impact. If the subject

were to be discussed and researched even further, conclusions as to what chemicals are

released when they body is at rest can be drawn. With this information, medication and

cures for sleeping disorders can be created to help those who suffer. Generally speaking,

sleep and performance seem to go hand in hand. Teenagers need to set up their body

clocks so that there is a set routine, with consists of falling asleep and waking up at the

same time every day. Ultimately this will result in better academic performance as well as

health.

The Link Between Sleep Quantity and Academic Performance

In Megan Lowry's study entitled The Link Between Sleep Quantity and Academic

Performance for the College Student (2010), six variables were assessed from the

participants' surveys: sleep quality, academic success, and four different aspects of sleep

deprivation as assessed by our self-created questions. The first 15 questions were scored

according to the Groninger Sleep Quality Questionnaire (Leppamaki et al., 2003) to

obtain a sleep quality score. The first question was not scored, according to the scoring

procedures of the questionnaire (Leppamaki et al, 2003). Students were given one point

for every answer of “false” on questions 8, 10, and 12 and one point for every answer of

“true” on the remaining 11 questions. A score of 0 meant that the student had the best
quality of sleep. Questions 16-19, our self-created questions, measured the student's sleep

deprivation with open-ended numerical responses. The students' GPAs were also

measured with open-ended numerical responses. Correlations were calculated between

GPA and the other five variables in our study. The students who slept for more hours on

an average night tended to obtain slightly better grades. Also, the average number of days

per week that students got less than five hours of sleep was found to be weakly, but

significantly negatively correlated with GPA. Thus, as the average number of days per

week a student got less than five hours of sleep increased, GPA decreased. No correlation

was found between students’ GPA and the number of all-nighters students have

experienced in the past year, the number of days students got less than five hours of sleep

in the pastweek, and the students' scores on the Groninger Sleep Quality Questionnaire.

Decreased sleep has an impact on students’ academic performance

In the study conducted by Joshy Abraham and Jaimy Scaria (2015), students are

exposed to a substantial level of pressure due to academic stresses. They are not able to

sleep most of the time due to the number of assignments, examinations and other

academic responsibilities. A literature search was conducted in the year of 2014 to

understand about the academic performance of nursing and medical students. The results

of this review clearly indicate that there is still insufficient evidence to enable us to make

a judgment as to whether the sleep can have an impact on the academic performance of

students. Majority of the studies shows that decreased sleep has an impact on students’

academic performance. Majority of the students is at risk of insomnia, and has an impact
on their academic performance. So the teachers and the institution should have some

programs and activities to improve the sleeping pattern so that students can perform

better in their personal and professional life.

Sleep Durations and Patterns

The aim of the study conducted by Harvey, et.al (2016) was to assess the

association between sleep duration and sleep patterns and academic performance in 16–

19 year‐old adolescents using registry‐based academic grades. A large population‐based

study from Norway conducted in 2012, they surveyed 7798 adolescents aged 16–19 years

(53.5% girls). The survey was linked with objective outcome data on school performance.

Self‐reported sleep measures provided information on sleep duration, sleep efficiency,

and sleep deficit and bedtime differences between weekday and weekend. School

performance [grade point average (GPA)] was obtained from official administrative

registries. Most sleep parameters were associated with increased risk for poor school

performance. After adjusting for sociodemographic information, short sleep duration and

sleep deficit were the sleep measures with the highest odds of poor GPA (lowest quartile).

Weekday bedtime was associated significantly with GPA, with adolescents going to bed

between 22:00 and 23:00 hours having the best GPA. Also, delayed sleep schedule during

weekends was associated with poor academic performance. The associations were

somewhat reduced after additional adjustment for non‐attendance at school, but remained

significant in the fully adjusted models. In conclusion, the demonstrated relationship

between sleep problems and poor academic performance suggests that careful assessment

of sleep is warranted when adolescents are underperforming at school. Future studies are

needed on the association between impaired sleep in adolescence and later functioning in

adulthood.
Sleep is Essential

According to Hamed, et al., (2015), sleeping is a natural repetitive state of rest for

the mind and body which is essential to life. Sufficient sleep is extremely important for

one’s mental and physical health, but sleep loss is a remarkable problem in modern

society. The objective of their study was designed to encourage students to seek healthier

sleep habits, by using academic success as an indicator. A cross-sectional study conducted

among different studying levels of Ajman University of Science and Technology (AUST)

undergraduate medical students during February 2015 to April 2015. Inclusive of all 200

registered medical students were selected for this study. A standard questionnaire that

contained questions on demography, sleep habits, academic performance and ideal sleep

was used to collect data. Out of 200 students, 190 responded, giving a response rate of

95%,where 74% were female and 19% resided on-campus. Including weekdays and

weekends averagely, 48% respondents slept for 6-8 hours, 22% for <6 hours and 30%

slept for >8 hours. An average of 35%respondents had infrequent day-naps, 23% frequent

and 19% had no day-naps at all. Respondents who slept >6 hours were observed to have

significantly higher academic performance. It is concluded that people need to understand

the role of sleeping and have to take adequate sleep of 6-8 hours per day for health and

wellbeing.

Sufficient Sleep Durations

The objective of the study of Hirshkowitz, et.al (2015) was to conduct a

scientifically rigorous update to the National Sleep Foundation’s sleep duration

recommendations. The National Sleep Foundation convened an 18-member

multidisciplinary expert panel, representing 12 stakeholder organizations, to evaluate

scientific literature concerning sleep duration recommendations. We determined expert

recommendations for sufficient sleep durations across the lifespan using the

RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method.

Sufficient sleep duration requirements vary across the lifespan and from person to

person. The recommendations reported here represent guidelines for healthy individuals

and those not suffering from a sleep disorder. Sleep durations outside the recommended

range may be appropriate, but deviating far from the normal range is rare. Individuals

who habitually sleep outside the normal range may be exhibiting signs or symptoms of

serious health problems or, if done volitionally, may be compromising their health and

well-being.

Shochat et al. (2014) propose that despite the fact that a vast amount of time in

adolescence is spent learning and improving education, there is a large gap in research

examining the relationship of sleep to academic functioning and performance. Brown et

al., Chen et al.(2014), and Hershner and Chervin (2014) suggest that there is a connection

between quality of sleep and students’ academic performance. Giannotti et al., propose

health concerns that can present in sleep-deprived students, which include depression,

fatigue, and difficulties with attention, concentration, decision making, learning, and

facilitating memories. Orzech et al. (2011) discuss how daytime sleepiness results in

decreased attention and concentration, which negatively impacts learning and memory

recall in students. Chen et al. (2014) states that many different variables in the students’
sleep environment, such as intrusive light or noise, may have an effect on their quality of

sleep. The sleep duration the student is able to obtain determines the amount of rapid eye

movement (REM)sleep cycles, memory consolidation and learning the student receives

(Hershner & Chervin, 2014). Milner and Cote (2008) and Gomes et al. (2011) discuss

how sleep schedule irregularity and napping can affect student’s quality of sleep by

delaying the body’s natural circadian rhythm and homeostatic sleep drive. Finally, Brown

et al. (2006) discuss how reversing the lack of knowledge regarding behaviors and

lifestyle choices that hinder or promote sleep is promising because the distribution of the

information can improve students sleeping habits. Hershner and Chervin (2014) and

Brown et al. (2006) agree that a sleep education program should be implemented to

improve sleeping habits and hygiene of students. (Raley H, et.al 2016)

To identify sleep patterns and frequency of daytime sleepiness and to assess the

association between sleep duration and academic performance among student

pharmacists. A cross-sectional design was used. An anonymous self-administered paper

questionnaire was administered to first-year through third-year students at a pharmacy

school. A majority of student pharmacists had suboptimal durations of sleep, defined as

fewer than 7 hours. Adequate sleep the night prior to an examination was positively

associated with student course grades and semester GPAs. (Zeek, M. et.al 2015)

Results of being Sleep Deprived

Latest studies show that teens just aren’t getting enough sleep and this has far-

reaching consequences. When teens don’t get enough downtime, they suffer from
physical ailments, poor academic performance, and mental health and behavioral issues.

We all know that young children need sleep and routines and so we have bedtimes. But,

as children get older, we tend to forget that their brains and bodies are still growing and

that they need more sleep than adults.

Studies show that teenagers need 9-10 hours of sleep. Without proper sleep,

memory and the ability to concentrate as well as higher cognitive functioning is severely

affected. This means that when your teen pulls an all-nighter to study for exams, they are

setting themselves up for a poor performance on exam day.

A survey found that 60% of high school students suffered from extreme daytime

fatigue which caused them to regularly fall asleep in class. They attributed this to the

average of 6.5 hours of sleep that the students we getting.

Lack of sleep also reduces the efficacy of immune systems and that leaves

students vulnerable to all the illnesses they are exposed to at school. Missed school days

also contribute to poor academic performances.

“Phase Delay”

One of the reasons teens tend to stay up late is biological. Sleep researchers Mary

Carskadon, at Brown University, and Bill Dement at Stanford found that at certain times

of our life, our biological clocks keep us up and make us resistant to sleep. This

phenomenon is called ‘phase delay’ and occurs before and during puberty. That means

that your poor teen doesn’t feel in the least bit sleepy despite the fact that they really need

their rest.
Ways to have a healthy sleep

One way to encourage students to sleep is by taking a melatonin supplement just

before bed, by encouraging exercise and healthy eating and by getting your teens to avoid

computers, games and academic tasks at least two hours before bedtime.

A Harvard study discovered that the brain continues to learn even after you fall

asleep. This is when it consolidates information and works through processes or steps you

have learned the day before. Have you ever found that you were struggling with

something, but then after a nap or a good night’s sleep, you suddenly got the hang of it?

That’s because while you are sleeping, your brain was working on the problem without

the noise and distractions of the day. (Tutor Doctor, 2014)

References:

http://jhealthscope.portal.tools/?page=article&article_id=31641

http://www.rroij.com/open-access/the-effect-of-sleeping-pattern-on-the-academic-

performance-ofundergraduate-medical-students-at-ajman-university-of-science-
andtech-.php?aid=66449

http://web.csulb.edu/~atesoro/effects_of_sleep.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jsr.12373

https://rdw.rowan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2009&context=etd

http://iosrphr.org/papers/v5i6/G0506030033.pdf

https://www.sleephealthjournal.org/article/S2352-7218%2815%2900015-7/fulltext

https://madridge.org/madridgeadmin/uploads/articles/1591883220MJN-2016-RS103.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4571043/

http://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/library-health-news/3976-poor-sleep-

linked-to-teen-mental-health-problems

www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/sleep-deprivation-and-effects-on-academic-
performance.php

https://sites.oxy.edu/clint/physio/article/TheLinkBetweenSleepQuantityandAcademic.pdf

http://www.ibtimes.com.au/students-lack-sleep-due-late-nights-early-start-school-affect-
test-performance-3-key-subjects
 CHAPTER III

THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the research design. This represents the research design, locale of

the study, population of the study, sampling design, research instrument and statistical

treatment of the study.

Locale of the Study

The study will be conducted in STI Academic Center Las Pinas that is located Las Pinas

Campus, Alabang–Zapote Road, Las Piñas, 1740 who's Miss Griselda S. Gutierrez is the

principal and Miss Richiel Cotejar is the Senior High School Assistant principal.

Research Design

The method used in this study is quantitative research where the researchers will be

dealing statistical methods, computations, and mathematical techniques to prove this study

conducted, and the research design that were used is correlational, for the researchers used

two variables to asses and understand the statistical relationship between the two. The

researchers used this design for us to know the relationship of the sleeping hours to the

general average grade in physical science of the ABM211 students in the first semester.
Population

The subject of this study is the students from ABM211 with a total of 38 students, and

the general average in physical science for the first semester.

Sampling Design

Convenience sampling will be used in this research. Since the researchers also came

from ABM strand, the subject and respondents of this conducted research will also be the

ABM students from another section.

Research Instrument

The research instrument of this study is questionnaire. The researchers will use a survey

method to collect the information and gather the data.

Levels of Measurement

There are two variables used in the study. The number of sleeping hours being the

dependent variable and it is interval in measurement. And the general average being the

independent variable and being nominal in measurement.

Statistical Treatment

This study will be using statistical treatment in data analysis with the formula of

Pearson R, where the formula will be:

We, the researchers will also be using the significance test of r. Where the formula will

be:

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers first made survey questions and it was validated by Sir Dave Caparas,

Sir Jaime Villafuerte, Maam Faye and Sir Bayani Marquez . After the validation, we

conducted a 15 minute survey to ABM211 with a total of 38 respondents during their lunch

break and vacant time. The researchers took 2 weeks to complete the survey.

After collecting all the data, we tallied and tabulated the survey. The result would

hopefully be credible if sleep has a significant relationship to the academic performance of

the students of ABM211.