Test 9@testseries4exams
Test 9@testseries4exams
Test 9@testseries4exams
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TEST 9
ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY
MAX MARKS: 120 MAX TIME: 1.5 hours
2) How does the regionalisation of party system in India has impacted Indian
politics?
3) What are the weaknesses of human rights movements in India and how
human rights activists can strategise themselves?
4)
a) Impact of coalition politics on the institution of Prime Minister.
b) Supreme Court’s view with regards to discretionary power of Governor
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Several evidences prove this phenomenon like India being only country where judiciary has
power to review Constitutional Amendment Acts, the presence of Collegium system which
rules out executive interference in judicial appointments, Kesavananda Bharti Case (1973)
which forbids the legislature to pass any amendments that alter the “basic structure of the
constitution”, and is itself a judicial innovation. With the introduction of “Public Interest
Litigations” and diluting the locus standi, judicial sovereignty is at its optimum level.
Provisions in the constitution such as “contempt of court” and intricate impeachment
procedures of judges are some other evidences of Judicial sovereignty in India.
2) How does the regionalisation of party system in India has impacted Indian politics?
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Professor Yogendra Yadav terms such changes as parties going through institutionalization and
deinstitutionalization at the same time.
This trend was largely intensified after 1989, with the emergence of multi-party system and
extremely competitive party system.
MP Singh says that extremely polarized multi-party system has emerged with problems like
horse trading, defection, muscle, money power.
3) What are the weaknesses of human rights movements in India and how human
rights activists can strategise themselves?
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aptly called human rights industry, the attack of the post-modernists and relativists who
undermined the basic premise of human rights by emphasising differences. In words of Haksar,
perhaps the biggest weakness of the human rights movement in India has been its inability to
challenge in any substantial way the growth of the Hindu fascist forces and their systematic
attack on human rights values and democratic norms. She further adds that zero tolerance
towards terrorism has resulted in zero tolerance towards human rights.
However, some scholar who call PM as Primus Inter Pares (first among equals) deny such
arguments like Rajni Kothari who believed that PM like Indira Gandhi facilitated with her
Kitchen Cabinet distorted democratic Institution of PM and make PMO excessively powerful
which was undesirable.
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Recently, Supreme Court in Arunachal Verdict (Nabab Tuki case, 2016) gave following views:
and doesn’t leave any doubt that Governor is mere figure head. Governor can’t unilaterally
summon Assembly or send messages. Discretionary action of Governor is thrashing of
Constitution as Governor is not elected representative but only nominee. Governor is not
ombudsmen of Legislature, nor are mentor of Speaker and what happens within four walls of
political party not the concerns of Speaker. Governor to keep itself away from horse trading,
manipulation as Governor is not the conscience-keeper of the “Legislative Assembly” and that
he had to stay away from the business of the Assembly
5) What is politicisation of caste? How Rajni Kothari explains the interaction of caste and
politics India?
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6) Explain the interaction between democratic politics and ethnicity with reference to at
least case studies.
It was the ideology of Hindutva that was said to have inspired the most notable incidents of
Hindu-Muslim violence in recent times, the Mumbai riots (1992, 1993) and the Gujarat riots
(2002). In the studies of William Crowne for region of Gujarat, VHP and Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in Gujarat played a fundamental role in cementing intra-Hindu
solidarity by providing resources for poor slums. The VHP and RSS were very active in the
fields of health and education, running mobile doctors and schools services.
The subsequent willingness of the urban poor to support the Hindutva cause and an effective
grassroots campaign in slums attracted many poor people to take part in the religious
spectacles to emphasize their support. Gujarat has today become the hub of Hindutva and the
bastion of BJP since 1998.
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The times of 1970s-1990s are popularly called Twilight zone of Indian politics as it was the
decade of greater politicization, awareness, along with sense of betrayal & loss of faith in
elites which resulted into assertion by sub-altern class. Consequently, it led to rise of bullock
capitalist and Ruralization of Parliament. However, minorities, women didn’t become more
representative but led to rise of youth as JP movement, Sanjay Gandhi Youth Congress
became popular.
Since 90s which Professor Yogendra Yadav calls as second democratic upsurge, the number of
educated MPs increased, but OBCs were still in majority. There was limited change with
respect to women, minorities representation, but led to increasing number of criminals.
These 2014 General Elections comprises of more number of educated MPs and around 75%
graduates, 42% post graduates. But there are also much higher non-matric pass, and 58% MPs
are first timers. The women representation is highest ever (62), along with highest number of
MPs who have pending criminal case.
A study by Devika Malik and Rohit Malik says that the percentage of MPs without secondary
education has decreased from 23 per cent in 1952 to 3 per cent in 2009. The percentage of
graduates has increased from 58 per cent in 1952 to 79 per cent in 2009 (This includes MPs
with post-graduate and doctorate degrees). More MPs have post-graduate degrees than in
1952. The percentage of post-graduates has increased from 18 per cent to 29 per cent.
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Professor Ananda Chakravarty writes that caste, communal groups have played more
prominent role than associational Pressure Groups. Government of India has accommodated
certain Pressure Groups but projected some as illegitimate who have failed to reconcile &
hence got alienated.
Stanley Kochanek said that Pressure Groups politics started changing from State dominated
pluralism to more autonomous politics under forces of Liberalization & Globalization since
1991.
Robert Hardgrave was of the view Pressure Groups acted as agents of modernization, provided
reservoir of political leadership, and played role in political awareness.
After 1991, due to "rolling back of State", NGOs have occupied the vacuum. This has increased
space for growth of civil society activism. Rajni Kothari says that after 1990s, Pressure Groups
are more diffused in society which has increased their relevance.
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8)What are the weaknesses of Indian environmental movement? Explain with reference to
Narmada Bachao Andolan.
Environmentalism is not an election issue in India, and unlike West, India lacks Green party.
Civil society which led Narmada Bachao Andolan lacked expertise understanding of the
complex aspects of environment. There was lack of social discipline among protestors in
Narmada Bachao Andolan, where gradually protests turned violent and faced wrath of State.
Charges of corruption got alleged and mis-management became the faultlines of Narmada
Bachao Andolan.
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