Grammar
Grammar
Grammar
SENTENCE
Grammar is "a set of rules and examples which deals with the syntax and the word structure
(morphology) of a language". Meanwhile, in another definition Grammar is "a science that teaches us to
speak ,to read and to write English correctly:".
Sentence is a group of words which makes a complete sense ,while in another term , Sentence is"a set
of words which gives a complete meaning ,thought or idea".
There are two types of sentences based on the sentence's predicate ; they are :
1.Verbal Sentence.
Example :
Example :
Example :
It is a sentence in which the predicate is not a verb,but it can be a noun an adjective or an adverb
preceded by " verb be." It is also called " Nonverbal Sentence"
Examples :
Examples :
a) Is Ali a dentist ?
b) Is Ali coward ?
Note :
"Predicate" is the part of a sentence ,or a clause which tells us what the subject does ,or what the
subject is,and in another term it is said that the predicate is everything that is not the subject.
Sentence's Function
There are four types of sentences based on the sentence's function ; they are :
1.Declarative Sentence.
2.Interrogative Sentence.
3.Imperative Sentence.
4.Exclamatory Sentence.
It is a sentence which is used to make a statement ,to convey an information or to express an opinion.
It declares something and ends with a period (AmE)/a full stop (Br E).
Examples :
It is a sentence which is used to ask a question and ends with a question mark.
1.W-h Interrogative.
2.Yes/No Interrogative.
3.Alternative Interrogative.
4.Tag Question.
1.W-h Interrogative
Examples :
3.Who am I ?
2.Yes/No Interrogative.
It is a question which can be answered with "Yes,or No" response. For examples :
1. Is Syifa a collegian ?
3.Alternative Interrogative.
4.Tag Question.
It is a sentence which is used to express a request ,or command or to give an advice,an instruction or a
direction.
3.Be an honest boy ,don't be liar and keep your promise. (an advice )
4. Gather your members up ! ,and order them to clean the dormatory ! (an instruction )
5.Go straight a head !,then turn left !, the the bank is next to the hotel.(a direction )
Note : If the request or command is polite or in the form of advice ,the period should be used ,but if
the request or command is forceful ,and indicates a strong emotion we should use an exclamation point.
It is a sentence which is used to express a strong ,or a sudden feeling, and an emotion such as anger
,love ,elation etc. It ends with an exclamation mark.
For examples :
1. Declarative Sentence
Examples :
a) No,you don't have permission to go out of the classroom ! (Expressing anger)
[19/12, 13:00] Ust Ferry Indra: b) I can't figure this puzzle out ! (Expressing frustration )
(Expressing elation)
2. Interrogative sentence.
Examples :
3.Imperative Sentence.
Examples :
1.Bravo !
2.Fantastic !
3.Wow !
4.Brilliant !
5. Ouch !
6.Jeepers !
7. Amazing !
8. Hooray !
9. Awesome !
10. Unbelievable !
These exclamatoy words which can stand as a sentence while they are expressing emotions or
reactions are called " Interjection ".
An interjection doesn't need a subject and a predicate ,but it can be inserted in a sentence by using a
comma.
Examples :
There are four types of the sentences According to The sentence's Structure ; they are :
1. Simple Sentence .
2. Compound Sentence.
3. Complex Sentence.
1.Statement
2.Question.
Examples :
Examples :
● Do you know Napoleon Bonaparte?
● Is Dahlia a receptionist ?
3.Request or command/Imperative
Examples :
● Study hard !
● Be careful please .
Examples :
● Don't be jealous of me !
Examples:
Examples :
4.Exclamation
Example :
2. How+an adjective+S+Predicate.
Example :
It is a sentence which contains two sentences(Independent clauses)or more joined into one by :
1.Punctuation alone.
Example :
Example :
3.Coordinate conjunction.
Example :
Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverb is an adverb which is used to join two words or more,two phrases, clauses,
independent clauses or more.
or conclude a single independent clause. In this case ,a comma (, ) are used to seperate the conjunctive
adverb from the sentence.
Examples :
When conjunctive adverb is used to join two independent clauses into a sentence,
Examples :
Example :
Example :
Example :
Coordinate Conjunctions
Coordinate conjunction which is also called Coordinator is a conjunction that is used to join or
coordinate two sentences or more ,clauses ,phrase,words or other parts of speech which are of the
same syntactic importance.
There are seven coordinators in English. The mnenomic acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember
the coordinators ; those are :For,And,Nor,But,Or,Yet,So.
Conjunctions
1. Copulative Conjunction.
2.Adversative Conjunction :
3.Alternative Conjunction :
It includes "Or".
4.Illative Conjunction :
When we want to join two sentences into one with a coordinate conjunction ,we should use a comma
before it.
Examples :
1.For
Example :
●The smart student never cheats on the test ,for he thinks it is not the right thing to do.
2.And
Example :
●Ahmad is a nice boy ,and he always obeys what his parents order.
3.Nor
Example :
●We have never been to Lombok island, nor have we visited Bali one.
4.But
Example :
5.Or
Example :
●You must do what the doctor said yesterday , or you will be sick again.
6.Yet
Example :
7.So
Example :
Examples :
a) Adjective clause
Example :
b) Noun clause
Example :
c) Adverb clause
Example :
Note :
In a) There is one dependent clause which can't stand alone as a sentence by its self ; namely, "Who
lives next to my house ", so it must be attached to an independent one ; namely ," The man is a dentis."
,and this dependent clause is named
In b) There is one dependent clause which can't alone as a sentence ; namely , "What you want ", so it
must be connected to its independent clause ; namely "I know" ,and this dependent clause is called
"Noun clause".
In c) There is one dependent clause which can"t stand alone as a sentence ; namely, " because the
weather is bad " ,so it must be connected to an independent clause ; namely, "All flights are delayed
",and it is called : "Adverb Clause ".
It is a sentence which contains two independent clauses or more and one or more dependent clauses .
Examples :
1.All classes are dismissed because the weather is bad,and the students are ordered to listen to the
announcement to know when the classes will begin again.
There are two independent clauses in the sentence above ; they are :
Chapter 2
CLAUSE
Clause is a group of words which contains one full subject and a predicate, and forms
[19/12, 13:02] Ust Ferry Indra: 2-4 The Types of Dependet Clauses
they are :
1.Adjective Clause
2.Noun Clause
3.Adverb Clause
Examples :
Note :
In (a)"The man is from Medan" is
an independent clause ,and "Who lives next to my house" is a dependent clause that modifies the noun
("the man")
independent clause and "Which is located next to the bank" is a dependent clause that modifies the
noun (the park).
Examples :
Notes :
a main clause ,and "Whom you saw yesterday" is a dependent clause that modifies the noun. ("the
man")
In (b)"The car is luxurious"is a main clause and "Which my uncle bought last month" is a dependent
clause that modifies the noun ("the car").
Notes :
Example :
"I know the man" is a main clause,and Whose car was stolen is a dependent clause that modifies the
noun ("the man").
Note :
I Me My
We Us Our
He Him His
It it Its
Example :
school.
2. l study there.
Note :
"La Tansa is a good islamic boarding school" is an main clause,and "Where I study"is a dependent clause
that modifies the noun("La Tansa").
Example :
Note :
"The day is unforgettable " is an independent clause,and "When I met my close friend :is a dependent
clause that
Example :
Note :
"The reason is cryptic" is an independent clause,and "Why she left me alone" is a dependent clause that
modifies the noun ("the reason").
"Who,Whom,Which,Whose and That " ; meanwhile,the other ones begin a relative adverb such as :
Example :
Example :
●Many people congratulated the man who won the Noble Pri
[19/12, 13:03] Ust Ferry Indra: 2.How is Tini today ? 2.I don't know how
Tini is today
3.Where did Rio 3. I know where Rio
Note :
"I wonder (1),"I don't know(2),"I know "(3) are independent clauses ; meanwhile
"Where Rio went yesterday"are dependent clauses (noun clauses )that function as an object.
or Whether ".
help or not.
a) Statement
Mariam is pretty.
the test.
speak politely.
time.
Notes :
Noun clause which begins with question word or with whether or If can be replaced by infinitive.
Examples:
stay at home.
It begins with subordinate conjunction such as because,when,where,if,as if, that, though ,although etc.
Examples:
Notes :
The adverb clause "that she attracts a lot of attention modifies the adjective "pretty.
●She studies hard in order that she can pass the test.
Notes :
The adverb clause " in order that she can pass the test modifies the adverb " hard ".
Notes :
The adverb clause " when I go to the mall modifies the verb " saw ".
Notes :
The adverb clause " I had much money modifies the verb phrase "will buy".
It is used to indicate when the action in the main clause happens by referring to a period of time ,or
another event.
now that
It is used to state a possible or a counterfactual condition,and its effect in the main clause.
Subordinate Conjunctions Examples
on condition that,
whether ...not.
It is used to make two statements one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
a) Concessive Clause.
b)Adversative Clause.
while other watching TV. Note : In all types of adverb clauses , we only use a comma
when the dependent
clause comes before the independent clause.For example : Because my father is sick ,I can't attend the
lecture.However, In adversative clause ,a comma must be used either the dependent clause comes
before or after the independent clause.
It is used to indicate the purpose of the action stated in the main clause.
Subordinate Conjunctions Examples That,In order that,● I'm saving money that
It is used to indicate the result of an action or an event stated in the main clause.
It is used to compare an attribute which is common to the subject of dependent clause and the subject
of main clause.
than I speak
everything.
Note :
Chapter 3
PHRASE
It makes a sense ,but not a complete sense,and It only adds meaning to a sentence.
According to a traditional definition, "Phrase is a grammatical unit at a level between a word and a
clause.
1. Noun Phrase.
2.Adjective Phrase.
3.Verb Phrase.
4.Adverb Phrase.
5.Prepositional Phrase.
6.Participial Phrase.
7.Absolute Phrase.
8.Appositive Phrase.
Examples :
~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Note : The words " dress ,glass and man are nouns as head words while the words "nise red ,full of
water and on the roof are modifiers.
It functions as :
a) A subject.
~~~~~~~~~~
b) An object.
~~~~~~~~~
c) An object of preposition.
~~~~~~~~~
d) A complement.
~~~~~~~~~~~
It functions as :
a) A subject.
~~~~~~~~~
b) An object
~~~~~~~~~~~
c) An object of preposition.
~~~~~~~~~~~
d) A complement.
~~~~~~~~~~~
as its head word and other related words ,and it modifies a noun or pronoun. Examples :
~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~
Note : the words "with glasses ,from East Java are propositional phrases, but they can be used as an
adjective phrase.
Examples :
1. Roy will go
~~~~
~~~~~
~~~~~~
It is a phrase which contains two words or more with an adverb as the head word and it functions as an
adverb.
Examples :
Types Examples
We occasionally can also use boht the infinitive and the prepositional phrase as the adverb phrase.
For examples :
~~~~~~~~~~~~
●The fisherman stepps onto the boat.
~~~~~~~~~
It is a phrase which contains a preposition as its head word ,an object of preposition ( a noun ,or
pronoun),and may also consist of modifiers ,and it can either function as an adjective phrase or an
adverb phrase.
Examples :
~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~
~~~~~
[19/12, 13:07] Ust Ferry Indra: 2.The match having ended,the losers cry
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Note ; Absolute Phrase resembles a clause, but it doesn't have a true finite verb.
~~~~~~~~~~
banker. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Chapter 1
PARTS OF SPEECH
In another simple definition, part of speech is " one of eight categories into which words are classified
according to their grammar function in sentences.
English words have been classified traditionally into eight parts of speech ; namely, they are :
1.Noun.
2.Pronoun.
3.Verb.
4.Adverb.
5.Adjective
6.Preposition.
7.Conjunction.
8.Interjection.
Chapter 2
NOUN
~~~~~
~~~~~
~~~~~~~~
e g : My friend is an accountan.
~~~~~~~
~~~~~~
~~~~~~
7.Appositive. e g:
It is a noun which denotes a specific person ,place,or idea begins with a capital letter.
2.Ronaldo is a famous
soccer player.
knowledge, knowledge.
It is a noun which denotes a substance that the other things are made of.
words.
Most of compound nouns are made of nouns which have been modified by adjectives, verbs
,prepositions or
other nouns.
Compound nouns are sometimes one word like : toothpaste ,bathroom ,they are sometimes
connected with a hyphen(-) such as : brother - in -law, dry- cleaning,and they are sometimes come as
two separated words like : swimming pool,
last night.
Homework. 1. I do my homework.
It is a noun which is used especially to denote a male ,or female member of a species.
a)Masculine Noun.
It is a noun which denotes a member of lifeless species that is neither male ,nor female.
People Animals
King Queen
Man Woman
Master Mistress
Monk Nun
Mayor Mayoress
Nephew Niece
Patron Patroness
Poet Poetess
Prince Princess
Steward Stewardess
Sir Madam
Tutor Tutress
Uncle Aunt
Widower Widow
Wizard Witch
People Animal
Announcer. Ant.
Baby. Bird.
Child. Cat.
Companion. Deer.
Comrade. Dog.
Dancer. Elephan.
Entertainer. Goat.
Friend. Jawk.
Follower. Insect.
Guardian. Jaguar.
Guest. Kangaroo.
Infant. Kompdo.
Journalist. Lion.
Killer. Leopard.
Lawyer. Monkey.
Adjective preceded with the article "the"can be used as noun and it often refers to a group of people
that require a plural verb,
Examples :
The expression "the rich ,the poor ,the young are commonly plural ; However,in some cases these such
expressions can have singular meaning.
Examples :
star,day,dollar ♢ US dollars
Singular Plural
Ant Ants
Cup Cups
Desk Desks
Ear Ears
Friend Friends
2.The plural noun formed by adding "es" for the noun ending in : ch,sh ,s, x , or z
Singular Plural
Box Boxes
Beach Beaches
Bus Buses
Bush Bushes
3.The plural noun formed by changing"f " to"v" and adding "es" for the noun ending in f or fe .
Singular Plural
Wife Wives
Leaf Leaves
Thief Thieves
Life Lives
[19/12, 13:10] Ust Ferry Indra: 6.Some nouns have irregular plural forms
Singular Plural
Child Children
Woman Women
Man Men
Mouse Mice
Goose Geese
Tooth Teeth
Foot Feet
Ox Oxen
Appendix Appendices Datum Data Index Indices Analysis Analyses Medium Media
Bacterium Bacteria Curriculum Curricula
Phenomenon Phenomena
Memorandum Memoranda
Parenthesis Parentheses
Singular Plural
Aircraft Aircraft
Cattle Cattle
Deer Deer
Fruit Fruit
Fish Fish
Food Food
Jeans Jeans
Knowledge Knowledge
News News
Salmon Salmon
Shrimp Shrimp
Scissors Scissors
meat,money♢ money.
Note : To express a particular quantity, some uncountable nouns may be preceded by measure words.
a bar of chocolate a bag of flour a can of cream a bottle of coke a drop of blood a
jar og honey
Baggage,Clothig,Fruit,Furniture,Food
2.FLUID : Water,Coffee,Tea,Milk,Oil,Blood
Soup etc.
Pollution,Smog etc
grass,Salt,Sugar,Wheat etc.
Arabic,Chinese,Greek,Rom etc.
Countable Uncountable
Lira Money
Song Music
Suitcase Luggage
Chair Furniture
Report Information
Tip Advice
Journey Travel
Job Work
View Scenery
The list of Quantity Expressions that can be used with countable or uncountable nouns or both of them.
Quantity Countable Uncountable
PRONOUN
Pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun or a noun phrase to avoid the repetation of a noun or
noun phrase.
Example :
Note the word "she" is pronoun that refers to the noun "Aisyah".
Types of Pronouns.
1.Personal Pronoun.
2.Reciprocal Pronoun.
3.Relative Pronoun.
4.Demonstrative Pronoun.
5.Interrogative Pronoun.
6.Indefinite Pronoun.
It is a pronoun which is used to describe a person or thing who is speaking or a person or thing whom
are spoken about.
a)Subject Pronoun.
(I,You,We,They,He,She and It )
Examples :
a)Ria buys a book .<> She buys a book.
~~
~~
●The word "she and he "are subject pronouns that refer the personal nouns "Ria and Roy".
b)Object Pronoun.
Examples :
~~
~~
●The words "her and him are object pronouns that refer to personal nouns "Lia and Jim",
●"Her "is a direct object while "him" is an indirect object because the direct object in b) is "food".
Note : When there are two objects in a sentence ,the"direct object refers to thing ,while the indirect
one refers to person.
c)Possessive Pronoun.
(Mine,Yours,Ours,Theirs,His,Hers,Its)
Examples :
~~~
~~~
●the word "hers" and"mine "are possessive pronouns that refer to "Ita's cat"and"my pen".
It is a pronoun ending in "self or selves" which is used when the subject and the object of the sentence
are same.
Examples :
It can also be used to give more emphasis on a subject or an object,and when it gives more emphasis it
is called
"Intensive pronoun".
Example :
●The first herself is named "Intensive pronoun"and the second one is called reflexive pronoun.
It is a pronoun which is used to show the mutual action or reciprocal relationship done by two person
or more.
It is used to avoid the repetition of the same action done by two person or more.
a)Each Other.
Examples :
b)One Another.
It is used to show more than two persons who perform the same action.
Examples :
Examples :
2.Such.(Singular/Plural).
Examples :
3.Neither.(Singular)
Example :
a)What
b)Which
It is used to ask a question about a choice among two things or more ,and it can also be used to indicate
a choice or distinction among two people or more.
Examples :
● I see two girls in your house. Which is your sister and which is your cousin ?
c)Who.
It is used to ask a question about a person that perfoms the action,or about someone's name.
Examples :
d)Whom
Examples :
Note : Whom is only used in formal question,while in daily conversation most English people use who
instead of whom.
e)Whose
It is used to ask a question about the owner of a thing mentioned in the sentence.
Examples :
Some indefinite pronouns are formed with prefix "any ,every,some and no such as "anyone
,everyone,someone,no one ".
All indefinite pronouns refer to the nouns, so the placement of them is the same like the placement of
noun.
Examples :
Singular : All,any,anyone,anybody,anything
anywhere,some,someone,somebody
neither,one ,each.
Plural : All,any,some,both,several,many,
other.
Some and any are used used to state the quantity or amount of something,and when they are used the
exact number is not mentioned.Some and any are used as "Quantitifiers ",and they are only used when
the exact number is unknown and unimportant.In addition they are used with countable and
uncountable nouns.
Examples :
negative sentences.Examples :
Exceptions !
Examples :
Meanwhile,Any can be also used in affirmative sentence with a meaning that is close to "every"or
whichever person, place or thing.
Examples :
One,ones and some can be used as "Noun Substitute "to avoid repeating words,phrases or clauses.
Examples :
Chapter 4
CASE
It
Examples :
~~~ ~~
An apostrophe and letter "s"are often used to show the possession when the possessive case is a
noun,but if the noun ending with "s" only apostrophe which can be used.For examples.
It can be formed either by adding an apostrophe and letter "s" or by placing the word "of "before a
noun.
Examples :
The genetive case is also called "Possessive Case". Both of these terms are interchangeable,but
possessive case is more common in English study.
However, because the genetive case doesn't always have to show the possession ,some grammarians
like to make the distinction between them.
For examples :
Dios'car can be either "possessive case or genetive case" because it is about the possession.
"Children's song is "genetive case "not possessive case because it isn't about
"The police's painting"is "genetive case" not possessive case because it isn't about the possession, but it
is about the paintings made by the police.
~~~~~
~~~
Chapter 5
VERB
get.
Types Of Verbs
1.Lexical Verb.
2.AuxiliaryVerb.
3.Finite Verb.
4.Non-Finite Verb.
5.Causative Verb.
6.Proper Verb.
5- 2 Lexical Verb
Lexical verb is a main verb in a sentence or a phrase which is used to indicate the main action or to
express a state of being, and it is also called "Full Verb".
Examples :
1.Transitive Verb
2.Intransitie Verb.
3.Dynamic Verb.
4.Static Verb.
5.Regular Verb.
6.Irregular Verb.
7.Linking Verb
drive,see etc.
Examples:
2.Intransitive Verb.
Examples:
1.Dynamic Verb.
It is either called "Action Verb" because it denotes a physical action or called "Normal Verb because it
can be used in all tenses.The dynamic verb is grouped into five categories :
1.Activity :
Example :
2.Process :
Example :
●The corn grows rapidly.
Example :
4.Bodily sensation:Ache,feel,throb,hurt,itc.
Example :
Example :
[19/12, 13:13] Ust Ferry Indra: 5-2 C Regular and Irregular Verb
1. Regular Verb
It ia a verb whose the past(V2) and the past participle(V3)is formed by adding "ied, or ed"to it.
Examples :
● She shared her trouble with her fellow two days ago.
2.Irregular Verb.
It is a verb which doesn't follow the usual rules of the verb form.
Examples :
Sit-Sat-Sat Feel-Felt-Felt
Examples :
Sing-Sang-Sung Drink-Drank-Drunk
Examples :
It is a verb which is used to link or to connect a subject to its subject complement without expressing
an action,and also to describe the predicate.
a linking verb is called "Subject Complement "which can be a noun ,an adjective or an adverb.
Examples :
adjective
noun
●My aunt ~ has been ~ in Bali for a week.
adverb
1.Sensation Verb.
Look sight He looks very upset. Sound hearing Her voice sounds softly.
2.Existence Verb.
get
Examples :
3.The Verb To Be
It includes ; Is ,am,are was ,were will be ,would be ,has been, have been ,will have been etc.
Examples :
Note : The linking verb can also functions as an action verb.For examples ;
Linking Verb Action Verb
It is a verb which is used to add functional or grammatical meaning to the phrase.It and a main verb are
used together to express a tense ,a mood,a voice ,emphasis and to form a negative statement and
question.
types :
3.Semi-Auxiliary Verb.
English has three primary auxiliary verbs those all take part in formation of various grammatical
constructions, but they have little meaninng them selves.They are :
1.The Verb To do
2 The Verb To be
Example :
Example :
[19/12, 13:13] Ust Ferry Indra: Can ,Could, Had better ,May ,Might, Must Ought to, Need ,Shall, Should
,Will and Would.
Examples :
Examples :
Examples :
Example :
Examples :
Example :
Example :
●Shall we go to cinema?
Examples :
Example :
Exampled :
Semi-modal auxiliary verb is a multi-word construction based on an auxiliary verb that has the similar
meaning to some modal auxiliari verbs such as ;
Be able to = can
Be likely to = May.
Be going to = Will
Example :
Example :
Examples :
Examples
Boht sentences have the same meaning ,but "be to" states strong expectation.
Examples :
Example :
7."Used to" expresses an activity or a condition that existed in the past but with no longer exist.
Example ;
● Bram used to live in Bandung.
It means at a time in the past Bram lived in Bandung, but now he doesn't live in Bandung.
8."Be accustomed to"or "be used to" are used to express a familiar activity or situation.
Examples :
a) A prior plan that has been arranged before the time of speaking.
Example ;
Example :
b) Both " Be able to"an"Could" can be used to express general past ability.
Examples :
However,"could" can't be used to express past ability in a specific occasion or a specific achievement in
a particular
situation.
Examples :
●The fog came down,so we could not get the top of mount.(incorrect),In this case "be able to"must be
used instead of could Example :
●The fog came down,so we were not able to get to the top of mount.(correct)
something which is going on while you are speaking,so it can be used to express possibility ,to make
request ,to ask for permission or to give it ,while "be able to" can't be used to make those expression.
Examples :
Examples :
he feels healty.
Must,have to and have got to are used to express necessity, but "have got to"is informal and used in
spoken English,while "must and have to"can be used either in formal or in informal English.
"Must" is usually stronger than have to or have got to ; in addition,it can indicate
the urgency or important thing. Must and have to have different meanings when they are used in the
negative sentence.
Examples :
good-bye.
pronounced :
Have to (Hafta)
Has to (Hasta)
Going to (Gonna)
Got to (Gotta)
and can be used to show agreement with subjec and grammatical tense, person or number.Moreover,It
describes the action of person,place or thing in the sentence.
Examples :
Non-finite verb is a verb which doesn't need a subject and tense.In addition,it can't stand alone as a
main verb in a sentence.
Examples :
●Life is fighting.(Gerund )
Active Passive
The action verbs in the examples above are "cut ,watered and bought which are preceded by direct
object "my hair,the garden and a doll,while the passive form doesn't use by phrase and the agents "the
barber,the gardener and her mum".
Examples :
do his homework.
to sing a song.
repaired
made up.
In classical English a proper verb is rarely used ; however ,in modern English it is often used especially in
a cyberspace,in a social media or in a sport events.
●The athlete won the competition ;Then ,he podiumed and medalled.
ADVERB
Adverb is a word which is used to modify a verb, an adjective,or another adverb that expresses the
time,the place,the manner
Examples :
since etc.
Examples :
It includes the words like : Here,there, outside,inside,above,under,next to,behind, beside beneath etc.
Examples :
It tells us the way of an action or an event is done or happens.Most adverb of manner end in - ly like :
badly,slowly,softly patienly,quickly,angrily etc.
Examples:
is done,or happens.
twice,never etc
Examples :
It tells us the strength or the intensity of an action or an event that is done or happens.
so,quite,least,rather,fully,completely etc.
Examples :
It tells us the quantity of noun or pronoun in the sentence.It is usually placed after verb and before noun
or pronoun.
It is different from Adverb of degree because it expresses the quantity while adverb of degree exprsses
the intensity of an action.
Examples :
It is an adverb which is used to affirm that something is true or some equivalent expression or negative
statement or judgment or doctrine.
Examples :
Chapter 7
ADJECTIVE
Types.
Adjectiv
e is a word which is used to modify or to describe a noun or a pronoun.It describes the noun, or pronoun
by giving some information about an object's size,shape ,age,color,origin ,observation,opinion,material
or purpose.
Examples :
Note : When an item is defined by its purpose ,the word usually used is not an adjective but another
noun,and it acts as one in that situation.
Examples :
Cof
2.Comperative Adjective.
It is used to compare the quality of two persons or thing ,and it is also called "Comparative Degree".
Examples :
3.Superlative Adjective
It is used to show the highest or the lowest degree of quality of a person or a thing among a group,and it
is also called "Superlative Degree".
Examples :
the factory.
The comparative and superlative degree can be easily formed by referring to the numbers of syllables in
the positive adjective.
They can be formed by adding suffixes "er and est" to the positive adjective or by placing" more and
most "before it.
Examples :
1.One syllable adjective ending with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel.
Its comparative and superlative degree are formed by doubling the consonant and by adding "er and
est" to the adjective.
Examples :
Its comparative and superlative degree are formed By adding "er and st" to the adjective.
Examples :
Its comparative and superlative degree are formed By adding "er and est" and by changing " y" with" i
"to the adjective.
Examples :
Its comparative and superlative degree are formed by adding "r"and"st" to the adjective.
Examples :
Examples :
Its comparative and superlative degree are formed by preceding more and most to the adjective.
Examp
The comparative and the superlative degree are formed by replacing" more and most "before the
adjective.
Examples :
7.Three syllables adjectives beginning with prefix"un" and ending with suffix y
The comparative and superlative degree are formed by adding "er" and "est" and by changing "y"
with "i" to the adjective.
Examples :
example :
~~~~~~
It includes"one"each"two,both,many,
Examples :
~~~
It includes
Examples :
~~~~
2.Demonstrative of pronoun is a pronoun used to replace the noun,so its function is like a noun's
function.
Example :
It includes "My,Your,Our,Their,His,Her,
and "Its".
Examples :
~~~ ~~
~~
Examples :
~~~~
~~~~
7-10 Numeral Adjective.
It is used to express the number of nouns ,or the nouns order where they stand.
Examples :
~~~~
It includes :
a little, much.
Examples :
~~~
~~~
~~ ~~
It is used to single out/specialize one or more people,and it describes specific members out of
[19/12, 13:18] Ust Ferry Indra: 7-12 Emphasis Adjective.
Examples :
7-13 Article.
Article is used to modify a noun as an adjective used ,so it is technically included an adjective.
1.Definite Article.
2.Indefinite article.
1.Definite Article
It is the word "the" which refers directly to a specific noun or a group of nouns.
2.Indefinite Article
It takes the forms of "a" and "an" which refer directly to a non-specific noun.
Example :
The article "a" is used before the noun which begins with a consonant sound.
Example :
The article"an" is used before the noun which begins with a vowel sound.
Example :
●The boy has been sleeping for an hour.
▪▪
1.Noun that ends with some syllebles after it like "y,ly,like,(i)al,wide,ous,ary or ery ,ful,less and ic(al).
Examples : Rainy<>rainy,friend<>friendly,life<>lifelike
nation<>national,country <>countrywide
danger <>dangerous,budget<>budgetary,
duty<>dutiful,job<>jobless,book<>bookish,
hero<>heroic.
2.Verb that ends with some syllebles after it such as " ent or ant,able or ible,
Persist<>persistent,dominate <>dominant
touch<>touchabe,permit <>permissible
Examples :
Japanese,Spain<>Spanish,Arab<>Arabic.
When we use more than one adjecttive before a noun ,we should put the adjective
Example :
because the adjective that denotes oponion ("amazing") usually comes first before another adjective ,
so the correct one is ;
●The girl wears an amazing red dress.
2.Number : Each,every,two,both,many,
5.Age:Old,young,mature,adult,teen-age etc
~~~ ~~~
(Three adjectives)
(four adjectives)
●She is a nice,tall,thin,young,black-haired,
~~~~~
Notes : If there are two adjectives it the same types, we use and between them.
Example :
Example :
Chapter 8
PREPOSITION
Examples :
~~~~
~~~
It is a preposition which contains two prepositions joined into one to connect nouns ,pronouns and
phrases.
It commonly includes "Out of" "from behind, "next to,"due to, "up to , into ,onto, upon" etc.
Examples :
following,considering ,regarding,including.
Examples :
~~~~~
~~~~~~
It commonly includes ," On behalf of,in spite of,"by means of,"on account of"etc.
Examples :
~~~~~~~
on friday.
on the weekend.
● With specific
●In●#Month /Year
Decade/Century
in autumn,in 2015 .
century.
● In period of
at night.
the weekend.
(present,moment,
same time)
duration #
●Till #Not more than ● I work till 12 pm. Until a special time#●He has never had
Up to A car up to now.
on the wall.
street, road )
at the restaurant.
●In
that separates
me and my sister.
of the water.
●Beneath # under
●Beside # at side
Position
the table.
●Under # a position
window.
●To #Movement in a
up to Bandung.
me across the
river.
among people.
the beach.
the world.
●Onto #Movement to a
certain position
the platform.
into
It is a preposition which is used to indicate a thing which is the cause of another thing in the sentence.
without a thing#
●On#Using a device
on feet.
material #
possession #
Owing to etc.
●On
Chapter 9
CONJUNTION
There are two types conjunctions based on the conjunction's word construction ; namely :
There are four types of conjunctions based on its functions ; they are :
1.Coordinate Conjunction.
2.Subordinate Conjunction.
3.Correlative Conjunction.
4.Adverbial Conjunction.
There are seven coordinators in English ,and the mnemonic acronym "FANBOYS " can be used to
remember them.
"Nor","But","Or","Yet","So".
all these conjunctions are grouped into four kinds; they are :
1.Copulative Conjunction.
Examples :
●Ria is a smart girl ,and she never comes late to school. ▪▪▪▪
● Heru has never been to Bali ,nor have I got him to go there. ▪▪▪
2.Adversative Conjunction.
Examples :
3.Alternative Conjunction.
It is a combination of two sentences which have different subjects ,but they have the same verb or
complement.
Examples :
Examples :
Examples :
It expresses the contrary sentences that contain a positive and negative sentence.
Example :
It is a conjunction which is used to connect the dependent clause to the independent one.
It usually comes after an independent clause ,but It is sometimes placed in the beginning of the
sentence ,and in this case we use a comma between the dependent clause and main clause.
which,where, ~~~
from Medan.
where,who,whom, ~~~
a)TIME.
since,until
,before,after.
b) PLACE.
c) CAUSE.
Because,since, ●She can't go out for whereas, as, dinner as her mom is sick Inasmuch as. ~
c) CONDITION.
Whether ....not
d) CONTRAST ;
1.concession.
despite that.
e) PURPOSE.
so that. ~~~
f) RESULT.
●Such+a noun+that. ~~
~~~~
h)MANNER.
nor tea.
●Not
It is an adverb which can functions either as a conjunction or an adverb, and it is also called
Conjunctive Adverb.
This adverbial conjuntion is used to join two sentences (Independent clauses) ,or more.
Example :
Adverbial conjunction must come in the second sentence of sentences that are joined.
It is often placed at the beginning of the second sentence ,but it can also be placed in the middle or in
the end of it, and a semicolon and a comma are used to join the sentence.
Examples :
●His new wife is very pretty ; however,she can't cook at all.(at the beginning )
●His new wife is very pretty ; she can't cook at all,however.(in the end )
would be if something
didn't happen.
each other..
of something occured
situations or states.
been mentioned.
and effect.
9.Time to indicate the time
sequence .
●Addition :
●Comparison :
●Conclusion :
●Contrast :
●Illustration :
avatars of him.
●Result :
●Time :
Then.
Chapter 10
INTERJECTION
Interjection is a part of speech which is used to express emotion or a sudden burst of feeling.
It can express happiness (Yippee !),pain (Ouch !),sadness (Wow !),joy (Yahoo !),
(Shalom !)
It usually contains one or two words which can stand alone as a sentence,and has no connection with
the other part of sentence. Moreover,the interjection is more commonly used in informal language
than in formal one.
Forms
Example :
● "Viva ! "
Example :
●"Huh ? You want me the person with false voice to sing a song on the stage ?"
Their Functions
There are several types of interjections based on their functions.Here is,the list of their types based on
their functions.
yippee,
gracious,uh, on something.
what,wow.
yebo,yes,viva, or approval on
brilliant,well. something.
cheerio,valete,sayonara.
a driver.
bwah-ha-ha,ooi,
illnes.
bravo , bye.
E = Eureka ,ewhow.
F = Fiddlestick ,foh.
G = Geronimo,giddap,gidday,gimme, good
goodbye ,gracious.
I = Ick ,Inshallah.
J = Jeepe,jambo,ja.
K = Kerchoo .
L = Lackaday,lordy.
M= Mum, my word.
N = Nah,nah,nerts.
O=Och,odso,oi ,ole,oops,ouch.
P = Phah,phew,pho.
Q = Quep, quotha.
R = Rats,righto.
S = Sayonara ,salaam,shalom,shoot.
U = Um ,uh ,uh-huh .
V = Valete ,viva.
TENSES
The consept of tense in English is a method that is used to refer to the time ; those are ,
"present,past,future and past future".
2.Present = Now.
1.Simple.
It expresses a usual or habitual action, event or a state ,and it produces "simple present, simple past
,simple future an
2.Progressive/Continuous.
3.Perfective.
It expresses a completed action ,event or state,and it produces "present perfect ,past perfect,future
perfect and past future perfect".
" present perfect continuous ,past perfect continous,future perfect continuous and past future perfect
continuous".
Tenses Patterns
5.Present continuous :
+verb+ing.
10.Past perfect :
S+had+v3.
11.Future perfec :
S+will/shall+have+v3.
S+ would/should+have+v3.
S+have/has+been+verb+ing.
S+will/shall+have+been+verb+ing.
S+would/should+have+been+verb+ing.
It is used to express :
a)Habitual action.
Example :
●Ria always goes shopping on sunday.
b)Daily Activity.
Example :
Example :
Example :
It is used to express :
Example :
Example :
It is used to express :
Example :
Example :
c) a sudden decision.
Example :
It is used to express :
a) an idea in the past that an action,an event or a state was predicted,planned ,promised, expected or
obliged to be going to occur in the future of the past.it doesn't matter if the idea is correct or not.
Example :
● She knew that I would read a novel the day after. (past future form)
Example :
●If I had a spare time ,I would read a historical book. (conditional form)
It is used to express :
[19/12, 13:23] Ust Ferry Indra: b) a past progressive action that was interrupted by another action or
time.
Example :
Example :
●He fell from the mango tree when he was picking its fruit.
It is used to express :
a) an action or an event that will be still in the progress at a specific time in the future.
Example :
Example :
● She'll be watering the garden when the guest comes to her house.
Example :
● Don't call him.He'll be having dinner.
It is used to express :
a)an idea in the past that an action or event was predicted,planned,promised or expected to be still in
the progress at a specific time in the future of past.
Example :
Example :
It is used to express :
a)an action or an event that started at a particular time the past and still continues up to the present.
Example :
Example :
Example :
It is used t express :
a) an action,an event or a state that started at a point of time in the past and was completed before
another action or time occured in the past.
Example :
b)the duration of an action started in the past and continued until another action or time occured.
Example :
●When I graduated ,I had already studied for six years.
Example :
● If You had driven your car carefully,you wouldn't have got an accident.
It is used to express :
a) an action,or an event or a state that that will start at a point of time in the future and is completed
before another action or time occurs.
Example :
b)the duration of an action or an event that will start and continue up to another action or event occurs
in the future.
Example :
●The boys wil have already played soccer for an hour when the eating-bell rings.
It is used to express :
event or a state was predicted ,planned or expected to be completed before another action or time
occured in the future of past.
Example :
● I would already have read a book by the time my father was sleeping soundly.
Example :
●If the police had come soon,the robbers wouldn't have escaped.
It is used to express :
a)the duration of an action or an event that began in the past and continues up to now.
Example :
Example :
It is used to express :
a) The duration of an action that started at a point of time in the past and continued up to another
action or time occured.
Example :
● I had been reading my textbook for an hour when my mum came to my room.
b)an action or event that was just completed in the past ,but it was still bringing the effect at that time.
Example :
●The room was in a mess.The children had certainly been playing there all day.
It is used to express :
[19/12, 13:23] Ust Ferry Indra: 4-20 The List Of All Tenses In Verbal
Sentence
a=Positive Statement
b=Negative Statement
d=W-h Question
1.Simple Present :
3.Simple future :
5.Present Continuous/Progressive :
6.Past Contiuous :
night ?
7.Future Contiuous :
8.Conditional Continuous :
9.Present Perfect :
10.Past Perfect :
11.Future Perfect :
a)Ria will have already read a book by the end of this week .(+)
c)What will Ria have already read by the end of this week ?
d)Will Ria have already read a book by the end of this week ?
12.Conditional Perfect :
a)Ria would have read a book by the time the phone rang.(+)
b)Ria wouldn't have read a book by the time the phone rang.
c)What would Ria have read by the time the phone rang ?
a)Ria had been reading a book for an hour when her baby cried.(+)
b)Ria hadn't been reading a book for an hour when her baby cried (-)
d)Had Ria been reading a book for an hour when her baby cried ?
a)Ria will have been reading a book for an hour when her son sleeps (+)
b)Ria will not have been reading a book for an hour when her son sleeps (-)
c)What will Ria have been reading for an hour when her son sleeps ?
d)Will Ria have been reading a book for an hour when her son sleeps ?
a)Ria would have been reading a book for an hour when her father slept.(+)
b) Ria wouldn't been reading a book for an hour when her father slept.(-)
c)What would Ria have been reading for an hour when her father slept ?
d)Would Ria have been reading a book for an hour by the time her father slept ?
Tenses Patterns
●Pas
6.Past Perfect :
7.Future Perfect :
8.Conditional Perfect :
Note :
In a verbal sentence there are "sixteen tenses" ,while there are only "eight tenses" in a nominal one.
Time expression or time signal is a word or a group of words that refers to the time.It is used to
indicate the tenses and can be placed at the beginning or in the end of sentence.
Exanple :
The word "yesterday "refers to the "non-specific time" in the past ,so the tense that is used in the
sentence above is "simple past",while the words "at 9 pm last night" refers to "specific time" in the
past,so the tense that is used is "past continuous".
1.Simple Present :
In morning,In evening,
Example :
● We go to 21 cinema on weekend.
2.Simple Past :
Example :
3.Simple Future :
In a few days/weeks/months,
Example:
Example :
5.Present Continuous :
Example :
6.Past Continuous :
At 2 am last midnight
At 1 am last night.
Example :
7.Future Continuous ;
At 9 pm tonight,
At 8 am tomorrow morning
Example :
●We will be discussing about our plans during the meeting tomorrow.
At 8 pm that night ,
Example:
●Rosa said she would be attending the lecture an at 8 pm the following day.
9.Present Perfect :
Example :
10.Past Perfect :
Already,Just ,Yet ,
Time clauses such as :
Example :
●The lecturer had just called the roll When I entered the class.
11.Future Perfect :
Already,For ,
By weekend
Example :
●They will have been playing soccer for an hour by the time it starts to rain.
Example :
●The boy said that he would have been playing basket for an hour by the time his father came to the
basket court.
4-23 Normal,Non-Continuous,
With regard to English tenses,verbs can be classified into three categories ; they are :
1.Normal Verb.
2.Non-Continuous Verb.
3.Mixed Verb.
It is a verb that is used to express a physical action ,and it can be used in all tenses
Nomal verb includes all English verbs except "Non -Continuous verbs such as :
Examples :
1.We do homework .
●Opinion: Know,believe,think,agree.admit
●Possession : Have,own,possess,belong.
●Emotion: Love,like,hate,enjoy,prefer.
●Sense : Look,smell,taste,sound,feel.
depend
Examples :
Have To Be
Examples
1.Have
Note : The verb "have" that means own can't be used in continuous tenses.
Examples :
2.See
3.Think
4.Look
5.Smell
6.Taste
7.Be
Subject+Transitive Verb+Object .
Example :
In the sentence above the subject is 'she' ,and there are two objects in it : "the beggar (indirect object)
and food"(direct object) that receive the action of the transitive verb "gave" .
Passive Voice
It is a sentence or a clause in which the subject receives the action of the verb.
Example :
In the sentence above ,the subject is 'a new car which receives the action of the verb 'bought'.
Example :
Example :
The most common form of the passive in English is 'a short passive or an agentless passive in which the
agent (the subject of the active voice) is omitted.
Examples :
to a passive one
There are four steps to change the active voice to the passive one ; they are :
2.Use the verb be in "the same tense"as the main verb of the active voice.
3.Use the past participle (V3) of the main verb of the active voice.
There are two ways to change the active voice above because it contains two original objects ; those
are
2.food(direct object)
●Passive :
There are only twelve commonly used tenses in the passive voice.Here are their list with their pattern &
examples :
Tenses.
1.Simple present :
OO+Be (am/are/is)+V3+by+OS.
2.Simple pas :
3.Simple future:
OO+will/shall+be+V3+by+OS.
OO+would/should+be+V3+by+OS.
5.Present continuous :
OO+Be (am/are/is+being)+by+OS
6.Past continuous :
7.Future continuous :
OO+will/shall+be+being+V3+by+OS.
OO+would/should be+being+v3+by+OS
9.Present perfect :
10.Past Perfect :
11.Future perfect :
OO+will/shall+have+been +V3+by+OS.
OO+Would/should+have+been+v3+by+OS
All tenses
Sentences
Tenses
1.Simple Present
2.Simple Past
3.Simple Future
5.Present Continuous
6.Past Continuous
7.Future Continuous
9.Present Perfect
10.Past Perfect
11.Future Perfect
Original O+Modal+be+V3+By+Original S
Examples :
a) He may do a job.
a) He might do a job.
a) He must do a job.
a) He shall
MOODS
Mood is a form of verb which is used to express a fact,a question,a request,a wish a condition,a
suggestion or a preference.
1.Indicative Mood.
2.Imperative Mood
3.Subjunctive Mood.
Examples :
Examples :
●Keep on fighting !
Types ..
a condition,a suggestion,a necessity,a wish,a demand, a possibility that is contrary to the fact.
1.Present Subjunctive.
2.Past Subjunctive.
It is a bare infinitive form of the verb in all all persons, including the 3rd person singular (no final -s)and
it is used :
Example :
Example :
Ask Advise Suggest Hope Urge Wish Request Insist Demand Prefer Desire Require
Example:
on time to go to class.
The Pattern : Adjective & That-Clause
It +Is/was+that+S+Bare Infinitive
Examples :
● Rest in peace !
Examples :
●I see what you mean.Be that as it may. I can't agree with you.(Even so,stiil)
Types
Past subjunctive is a term in traditional grammar for the use of the verb Be"were" for all persons and
the past tenses form in a dependent clause that expresses unreal condition in the present ,the past or
the future time.
It is a sentence that is used to express a wish that will come true in the future if th certain qualification
in the present is fulfilled.
The Pattern :
It is a sentence that is used to express a wish that is contrary to the fact in the present.
The Pattern :
Example :
It is a sentence that is used to express a wish that was contrary to the fact in the past.
The pattern:
Example :
● If only you had driven you car carefully ,you wouldn't have got an accident.
It means " You drove carelessly your car ,so you got an accident.
Omitting If
Sometimes"If" is omitted ,while subject and the verb "were,"had and would" are inverted.
Examples :
6-8 Wish
[19/12, 13:26] Ust Ferry Indra: 6-9 Would Rather & That-Clause
The Pattern :
S+Would Rather+(That )+S2+Simple Past.
Example :
Comedy now.
It is used to express a preference tha was contrary to the fact in the past.
The pattern :
Example :
Note : Subordinate conjunction " that " is mostly unused in Subjunctive mood.
It is used to express a manner that is contrary to the real situation the present .
The Pattern :
Example :
The Pattern :
Example :
Note : This subjunctive is not like the others ,it can be used to express the real situation when the past
forms are unused. for example : he looks as if he knows the girl.it means he knows the girl.
Examples :
Formal Informal
Chapter 7
It is"a speaker's exact words that are directly spoken by the speaker oneself."
It has two parts : "reporting speech and reported speech", while the verb in reporting speech is called
"reporting verb" and the verb in reported speech is called reported verb".
There are some punctuations used in a direct speech such as comma ,single or double quotation
marks,and the direct speech may end with period (statement or request), exclamation point
(exclamation or command) or question mark (question)
It is also called "Quoted Speech"because it quotes the speaker's exact words,and it is included
"Compound Sentence" because it contains two sentences joined into one by punctuation.
Examples :
The phrases "Ali said to Mira in the three examples above is "reporting speech",and the word "said" is
reporting verb ,while the phrases "my dad is ill now ,what do you want and how cute you are" are
reported speeches "and the words "is ,want ,speak are reported verbs.
The reported speech in a) ends with period (.) because it is a statement ,in b) ends with question mark
(?) because it is a question and in c) ends with an exclamation point because it is a exclamation.
It is a report of what someone or a speaker has said that doesn't quotes the speaker's original words.
Indirect speech is also called "reported speech "because it reports or quotes the speaker's words
without using his /her original words,and it makes any change.
Examples :
7-3
There are four types of direct speeches based on the types of sentences in the reported speech:they ar
7- 4 Direct Statement.
It is a di
7 -7 Direct Exclamation
Direct : Hasan said to Husain ,What a difficult subject the chemistry is ! "
Indirect :Hasan exclaimed to Husain what a difficult subject the chemistry was.
The all things that must be known to change a direct speech into indirect one are :
1,The types of sentences used in the direct speech like."statement, question, request or command and
exclamation.
2. The tenses used in the direct speech and their conversion into the indirect one.
3.The subordinate conjunctions that begin a noun clause in the indirect speech like :
-The subjects or pronouns and the time expressions used in the direct speech and their conversion into
the indirect one.
Examples :
Expressions
♢Other Changes♢
Notes :
In "a) the reporting speech is in the beginning ,in "b) it is in the end ,while in "c) it is in the middle of the
direct speech.
Chapter 8
Av
1.Simple Gerund.
2.Perfect Gerund
It is a gerund that is used to express an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite
verb.
Example :
It is a gerund that is used to express a completed action and refers to a time before that of the finite
verb.
Example :
Examples :
insulting.
1.To Infinitive.
2.Bare Infinitive
8-7 To Infinitive
that can be used as a noun.It is also known as " Infinitive With To"
1.As a subject.
Example :
Note : In everyday English speech the example above is usually reworded with "It". The word 'it ' is
placed in the beginning of the sentence while to infinitive is displaced in the end of sentence.In addition
,the word 'It' is called dummy pronoun because it has no specific meaning.
Example :
2. As an object.
Example :
●I like to sport.
Example :
4.Complement.
Example :
Example :
6.After adjective.
Examples :
Examples :
Examples :
Promise Refuse Regret Seem Struggle Swear Threaten Volunteer Wait Want Wish.
Examples :
Need Order Permit Persuade Remind Require Teach Tell Urge Want Warn
It is an infinitive that is used "without to", and it is known as "Infinitive without to"
Examples :
● I should do my assignment .
Examples
Examples :
Examples :
Note : Perception verb is a verb that conveys the experience of one of the physical senses.
meaning.
to teach me.
2.We want someone <> 2.We want to be to be teaching us. being taught.
me.
Note :
1.Simple Infinitive.
2.Continuous Infinitive.
3.Perfect Infinitive.
Chapter 9
PARTICIPLE
Participle is the form of a verb that usually ends either with"ing" (Present Participle) or
with"ed,.d",n",en or t" (Past
Participle),and it can be used either as an adjective or an adverb.
Types Of Participles
1.Present Participle.
2.Past Pariciple.
3.Perfect Participle.
It is the -ing form of a verb that is used to express an active action.The present participle is commonly
used as an adjective,but it also can ocassionally be used as an adverb.
Examples :
home team.
Examples :
● He comes running out of the burnt house.(the word "running" modifies the verb "comes")
●The man will return back to his village bringing much property.
It is the third form of a verb that usually ends with "ed"or"d"(regular verb) like "opened, closed" or
"n,"nd,"ne,"ent,"id,"st
Examples :
●The broken glass cut my foot.
The word "stolen"modifies the noun phrase "golden ring". Meanwhile, when it functions as an adverb it
modifies a verb or a verb phrase.
Examples :
●The teacher sat surrounded by the students.(the word "surrouded modifies the verb"sat")
●The boxer has fallen down knocked by his opposition in the match.(the word "knocked" modifies the
verb phrase "has
fallen")
It is a participle formed by adding the word "having" to a past participle ,and used to express an action
that was completed before the next action took place in the past.
Examples :
a scary movie.
Perfect participle and present participle can also be used in passive voice.
Examples :
1.Present Participle.
Active Passive
2.Perpect Participle.
Active Passive
Present participle and gerund often confuses the readers because both of them are the -ing forms of
verb. However, there is a main difference between them ; that is ,present participle is used as "an
adjective "or adverb",while gerund is used as"a noun".
Examples :
● Singing is my hobby.
Example :
2.There+Verb+Noun/Noun phrase
Example :
● Once upon a time ago there lived as neighbors a bear and a rabbit.
It is mainly used :
Examples :
Examples :
Examples :
Example:
Examples :
Notes :
There+Be means"exist",and this grammatical construction is also called " Subject -Verb Agreement
because"subject and verb"must agree in number.
Example :
The word "a"in the example above is singular ,so the-verb agreement used must be"is"that indicate the
singular.
It is a dummy subject that is usually used with"verb be or "verb"that can be followed by a noun/noun
phrase or adjective
1 It+Verb/Verb Phrase.
Examples :
Examples :
Examples :
●It is friday.
2.Weather.
Examples :
3.traveling time.
Example :
Examples :
Examples :
Note : A dummy subject "it" as a pronoun sometimes can be used as "a dummy object".
Examples :
●Take it easy !
The word "It" in the examples above denotes the general thing.
Chapter 11
QUESTION WORDS
In English there are nine question words that are called "8W &1H" ; namely
1.What
2.Which
3.Where
4.When
5.Why
6.Who
7.Whom
8.Whose
9.How.
11-2 What
Example :
2.the object.
Example :
○ I buy a pen.
Examples :
○Sport shoes.
4.the specific information on someone or something.
Examples :
○ I'm a collegian.
○I watch TV.
○ I'm Bambang.
Note :
The question"What do you do?" with no time expression is used to ask about the work.
Examples :
○He is tall.
Note :
11-3 Which
Examples :
○I buy a novel.
Note :
11-4 When
When is used to
Affix is a group of letter added to the beginning or the end of a root word to change its meaning.
1.Prefix.
2.Suffix.
Meanings...
It is a group of letters added to the beginning of the root word to change its meaning.There are about
50 prefixes in English language.
Examples :
It is a group of letters that is usually added to the end of a roof word to form a new word.It is classified
into two catagories ; those are :
1.Inflectional Suffix
2.Derivational Suffix.
functions
It is a suffix that can't change the word's meaning ,but it can only change the word's quantities ,tenses
or degrees.
Examples :
/Most wanted
and Types
meanings
Irregular Verbs
Present Past