International Journal of

Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (ijasre) E-ISSN : 2454-8006

DOI: http://doi.org/10.31695/IJASRE.2018.33019 Volume 4, Issue 12

December - 2018

Evaluation of the Inhibitive Effect of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

Flower Extracts on the Corrosion of Aluminium in Hydrochloric Acid

Obruche. E. K1*, Ogwuche.C.E2, Erhabor O. D3 and Mkurzurum. C4

1
Department of Chemistry, Federal University Of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria

2
Department of Chemistry, Federal University Of Petroleum Ressources,Effurun, Nigeria

3
Department of Chemistry, University Of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

4
Department of Chemistry, Taraba State University, Jalingo

Nigeria
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT
Corrosion inhibition of Aluminium coupon in acidic medium using flower extract of marigold (Tagetes erecta L) in 0.5M HCl
solution was investigated using weight loss technique which is considered more informative than other laboratory methods.
Aluminium sheets of purity 98.98%, each sheet was 0.1 cm in thickness and cut into coupons of dimension 6cm x 3cm and was
decreased by washing with absolute ethanol, dried in acetone. These rectangular test coupons were totally immersed in the acid
solution containing the various concentration of the inhibitor at the time intervals of 5-25 hours. The maximum values of the
inhibition efficiency of 90.2%, 90.1%, and 90.1% were obtained at the concentration of 3.4ml, 4.5ml and 5.6ml for 5hours
immersion time respectively. The corrosion rate was found to decrease tremendously and it was also observed that the inhibition
efficiency (%) increased with an increase in the volume of the extracts. The corrosion inhibition is probably due to the adsorption
of the phytochemical constituents of the extract on the metal surface and blocking its active sites by the phenomenon of chemical
adsorption. The study showed that the flower extract of Targets erecta L. in 0.5M HCl possesses inhibiting properties for reducing
the corrosion rate of aluminium.
Keywords: Tagetes patula L., Inhibitive effect, Aluminium coupon, HCl, Corrosion rate.

1. INTRODUCTION
Corrosion may be defined as a destructive phenomenon, chemical or electrochemical, which can attack any metal or alloy through
reaction by the surrounding environment and in extreme cases may cause structural failure. Usually, Corrosion destruction takes
place on the surface of the metals/alloys .Metals can be corroded by the direct reaction of the metal to a chemical; e.g., zinc will
react with dilute sulfuric acid, and magnesium will react with alcohols. The environmental effects of corrosion are ambiguous and
its inhibition has been deeply investigated. Up to the 1950s, the term corrosion was restricted only to the metals and their alloys
and it did not incorporate ceramics, polymers, composites and semiconductors in its regime. The term corrosion now encompasses
all types of natural and man – made materials including biomaterials and nanomaterial, and it is not confined to metals and alloys
alone. The scope of corrosion is consistent with the revolutionary changes in materials development witnessed in recent years. The
study of plant extracts as low-cost and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors is of great interest from an environmental perspective and
is attracting a significant level of attention. Green corrosion inhibitors have a promising future for the quality of the environment
because they do not contain heavy metals or other toxic compounds. In addition, they are biodegradable and renewable source of
materials. Some reports have been highlighted on the successful application of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium
and mild steel in different media. The inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 0.5M HCl in the presence of alcoholic extract of
Spnacia oleraceae leaves by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were
reported by Shivakumar et al(2013),. The effect of the aqueous extract of coconut water (cocos nucifera linn) as corrosion
inhibitor for aluminium sheets in 1M hydrochloric acid medium by weight lost method was noticed. From the comparative

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studies, it was concluded that the plant inhibitor (cocos nucifera L) possesses the properties to inhibits corrosion Obruche et
al(2018).
(Faustin et al 2011) carried out a study on the inhibition effect of bark extract of Aspidosperma album for C38 steel in 1 M HCl
using polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. (Kumar et al.,2009) reported the anticorrosive nature of the
alcoholic extract of leave, latex and fruit from the Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) and Calotropis gigantean (Apocynaceae)
in basic solution by mass loss method and thermometric method. The result showed that the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in
basic solution was under anodic control. (Nnanna et al., 2010 and anozie et al., 2011) noticed the anticorrosive nature of
Euphorbia hirta on different types of aluminium alloy corrosion in 0.5 M HCl gravimetric method at 30 0C and 600C respectively.
In both studies this extract was compared with Dialum guineense (fabaceae famly) extract. Reports of Nnanna et al(2010),
revealed that all the extracts inhibited the corrosion process in the medium by means of adsorption and inhibition efficiency
improved with concentration. (Anozie et al2011) reported that the inhibitive action of both extracts was basically controlled by
temperature, exposure period and concentration of the inhibitor. (Muhamath et al 2009), had investigated inhibiting of MS
corrosion using parthenium hystophrous L in H2SO4 between 308 – 338 k. The results of polarization study revealed that extract
acted as mixed type inhibitor. The influence of the flavonoid components obtained from the extracts of red and yellow flowers of
plant Ixora coccinea.L on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl by weight loss measurements and polarization study in the
presence and absence of quatemary ammonium salt were reported Nagarajan et al (2006). Hussin and Kassim (2010), looked into
the protection of mild steel from corrosion by ethyl acetate extract of Uncaria gambir containing catechin, using weight loss,
potentiodynamic polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope
technology with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in aqueous medium. ( Raja et al., 2013) reported the inhibitive and
adsorptive properties of by Neolamarckia cadamba crude extract (bark leaves) and pure alkaloid (3b-isodihydrocadambine) for
corrosion of MS in HCl was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance, scanning electron
microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Structural elucidation of the alkaloid compound, 3d-isodihydrocadambine was established by
systematic spectral analysis of 1 H and 13 C NMR, 2 D NMR, FTIR, UV and MS data values and compared with the literature
values. Molecular modeling studies supported well the FTIR findings and evidenced the possibility of electron transfer from
inhibitor to metal surface. The film formation on the metal surface was further proved by SEM analysis. The studies on Withania
somnifera (Ashwagandha) as corrosion inhibitor for aluminium corrosion in different concentrations of HCl by weight loss
method were reported, It showed that the extract was a better corrosion inhibitor at 303 K than at 318 K and leaves was more
efficient than root extract by Dubey et al (2012). These extracts are biodegradable and do not contain heavy metals or other toxic
compounds. Also, Corrosion is an example of a type of electrochemical reaction, a branch of chemistry dealing with relationships
between electricity and chemical reactions. It involves oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions, since a substance oxidizing
agent- oxidizes a metal in its environment. In the natural environment, oxygen gas is a good oxidizing agent. Most metals have
lower reduction potentials than O2 therefore they are easily oxidized in the presence of oxygen. Metals such as gold, silver and
platinum are not so easily oxidized and are sometimes referred to as noble metals. The reasons for the lack of oxidation in these
noble metals are varied and sometimes complex. One of the most familiar corrosion processes is the oxidation of iron (rusting).
Iron metal is spontaneously oxidized in the presence of O2 and an aqueous electrolyte solution. Physical strains (scratches, dents,
bends, etc.) present on the iron are more easily oxidized than other areas. This directly relates to physics, i.e the way electric fields
are generated at the surface of the metal. Stronger fields are generated at the physically strained parts of the metal. The result is
that these regions are anodic (oxidation areas) and simultaneously different from cathodic regions in which a reduction reaction
(usually of O2) occurs.
The iron atom gives up two electrons to form the Fe 2+ ion:

Fe(s) Fe2 + (aq) + 2e- (anodic)

The electrons that are released flow through the iron metal to the cathodic region where they react with oxygen:

O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- 4OH-(aq) (Cathodic)

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Figure 1: The basic corrosion cell consists of an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte, and a metallic path for electron flow.

These two half reactions together give the overall reaction:

Fe(s) + 1/2O2(g) + H2O(l) Fe2 + (aq) + 2OH-(aq)

The chemical reaction process continue (e.g., car fenders) tends to show that Fe2+ is eventually oxidized further to Fe3+, in the
compound iron (III) oxide (rust):

4Fe2 + (aq) + O2(g) + 4H2O(l) 2Fe2O3. nH2O. (Red colour) + 8H (aq)

(Rust)

Figure 1: Corrosion attack on an old vehicle

The inhibitor, Marigold botanically identifies as Tagetes erecta L genus is an ethnobotanically, belonging to family Asteraceae,
are most common in plant kingdom. It is commonly known as marigold, native of Mexico and other parts of American and also
elsewhere in tropics and subtropics regions where is found. Tagetes erecta L. has been used for the treatment of a wide varieties
of diseases and illness in African some places in the world. The plant has been used against pile, kidney trouble, muscular pain,
ulcers fever, rheumatism, cold and bronchitis, juice of leaves for earache, leaves and florets has been used for the treatment of eye
diseases and ulcers and an extract of the roots has been used as laxative (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975). The decoctions of the leaves of
Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula have been traditionally used as antimalarial and as febrifuge (Rasoanaivo et al., 1992). Tagetes
minuta has been traditionally used for repelling mosquitoes in Kenya (Ejobi, 1997) and also possesses strong larvicidal effect. Its
juice causes irritation of the eyes and skin.

The flowers are used as stomach pain, aperient, diuretic and diaphoretic. The roots and seeds of Tagetes patula are used as
purgative. The juice from Tagetes patula contains iodine which is used to treat cuts and wounds whereas the decoction of its
flowers is used as a carminative. The Tagetes lucida plant is used in foods as an ingredient of soup as a substitute to tarragon and
its leaves and flower heads has good scents and are used as perfume. Marigold in this group grows 5 inches high, flower colours
are red, orange and bicolour patterns are also found. Flowers are smaller as well as it is most widely used as ornamentals. It is
found in different colours and different fragrances. Yellow colour is most common. The leaves are reported to be effective against

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and wounds. The flower is useful in fevers, epileptic fits (Ayurveda), astringent, carminative, stomachic, scabies and liver
complains and is also employed in disease of the eyes. Studies have shown that Tagetes specie contain terpenoids, carotenoids,
thiophenes, flavonoids, , phenolic compounds etc.
Aluminum is extensively used in industry as well as domestic applications. Aluminium have varieties of uses in domestic
appliances, such as making of spoons, plates, kitchen utensils etc. is used in making vessels and containers, buildings, cars,
packaging foils, automobiles, aircrafts, ships and many others. Aluminium is a light metal, it have very high strength, good
electrical conductivities, good heat and light reflectivity, it have high resistant to corrosion, non-toxicity and attractive appearance.
Attempts have been made to reduce aluminums surface film dissolution and hence protect the metal in aggressive acid and
alkaline media. Some of the methods employed to reduce corrosion of aluminium is application of sulphur, oxygen or nitrogen
containing organic compounds as corrosion inhibitors to hinder corrosion reaction and thus reduce corrosion rate (Moussa et al.,
1998; Madkour et al., 1999; Ebenso et al., 2001; Aytac et al., 2005).

2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 MATERIALS PREPARATION

Materials used for this study were Aluminium sheets of purity 98.98%, Tagetes erecta L extracts, 0.5M HCl, Acetone, ethanol,
beaker, bristle brush, desiccator and analytical weighing balance. Double distilled water was used for the preparation of all
reagents.

2.1.1 Preparation of extract of Tagetes patula L.

Sample of Tagetes erecta L. were dried at room temperature and grind to fine powder, 1g of the sample was refluxed for 5hours in
100 ml of 0.5 M HCl solution. The refluxed solution was allowed to stand for 8 hours, filtered and stored. The filtrate obtained
was used to prepare different concentrations of 0.5 M HCl solution for weight lost measurement.

Figure 2: matured Tagetes erecta L. flower

2.3 METHODOLOGY

2.3.2 Weight loss determination.

Materials used for this study were Aluminium sheets of purity 98.98%. Each sheet was 0.1 cm in thickness and cut into coupons
of dimension 4cm x 3cm. Each coupon was degreased by washing with absolute ethanol, dried in acetone, and preserved in a
desiccator prior to use in corrosion testing. The pre-weighted aluminum coupons were immersed in 100 ml of 0.5 M HCl solutions
(in open beakers) in the absence and presence of different concentrations of the extract at room temperature for total period of 25
h immersion period. The variation of weight loss was monitored at interval of 5 h progressively for a total of 25 h per coupon at
room temperature Each coupons were retrieved from the solution at interval of 5hrs immersion period, scrubbed with a bristle
brush, wash with ethanol and dried in acetone and reweighed. The weight loss was taken as the difference between the weight at a
given time and the original weight of the coupon. The experimental readings were recorded to the nearest 0.0001 g on a Mettler
digital analytical balance (digital analytical balance with sensitivity of ±1 mg). Triplicate experiments were run for each
concentration of inhibitor.

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From weight lost measurement (∆W), rate of corrosion (RC) (gcm-2/ hr ) and inhibition efficiency (%) was calculated for the
interval of 5h of immerse time using equation (1 ) & (2) respectively.

Rate of corrosion (RC) = ∆W/AT ………………………………. (1)

∆W is the weight loss of the aluminium coupon after time T in (grams), A is the area of the aluminium coupon in (cm2) and T is
the time of immersion in (hours)

Inhibition Efficiency (%) = RC (control) - RC (inhibited) ………………… (2)

RC (control)

Where RC (control) and RC (inhibited) are the corrosion rates of the aluminium coupons in the absence and presence of the
inhibitors respectively.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The effect of flower extract of Tagetes erecta L. on aluminium corrosion in 0.5M HCl solution was studied at different
concentration. The result data obtained for both the presence and absence of inhibitor are shown below.

Table 1: Aluminium coupon in 0.5 M HCl without inhibitor (Control 1)

Time (hrs.) Initial Weight of Final Weight of Weight Loss,
Sample WI (g) Sample WF (g) ∆W (g)
5 1.7289 1.4700 0.2589
10 1.7289 1.4370 0.2919
15 1.7289 1.4150 0.3139
20 1.7289 1.3999 0.3290
25 1.7289 1.3873 0.3416

Table 2: Aluminium coupon in 0.5 M HCl without inhibitor (Control 2)

Time (hrs) Initial Weight Of Final Weight of Weight Loss,
Sample WI (g) sample WF (g) ∆W (g)
5 1.7176 1.4699 0.2477
10 1.7176 1.4216 0.2960
15 1.7176 1.4063 0.3140
20 1.7176 1.3831 0.3345
25 1.7176 1.3713 0.3463

Table 3: Aluminium coupon in 0.5 M HCl containing 0.6ml of inhibitor

Time (hrs) Initial Weight Of Final Weight of Weight Loss, Inhibition
Sample WI (g) sample WF (g) ∆W (g) Efficiency (%)
5 1.7160 1.6470 0.0690 72.7
10 1.7160 1.6141 0.1019 65.3
15 1.7160 1.5859 0.1301 58.5
20 1.7160 1.5641 0.1519 54.2
25 1.7160 1.5472 0.1688 50.9

Table 4: Aluminium coupon in 0.5 M HCl containing 1.1ml of inhibitor

Time (hrs) Initial Weight Of Final Weight of Weight Loss, Inhibition
Sample WI (g) sample WF (g) ∆W (g) Efficiency (%)
5 1.6854 1.6395 0.0459 81.8
10 1.6854 1.6187 0.0667 77.3
15 1.6854 1.5969 0.0885 71.8
20 1.6854 1.5762 0.1092 67.0
25 1.6854 1.5610 0.1244 63.8

Table 5: Aluminium coupon in 0.5 M HCl containing 2.3ml of inhibitor

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Time (hrs) Initial Weight Of Final Weight of Weight Loss, Inhibition

Sample WI (g) sample W F (g) ∆W (g) Efficiency (%)
5 1.7195 1.6875 0.0320 87.3
10 1.7195 1.6674 0.0521 82.2
15 1.7195 1.6530 0.0665 78.8
20 1.7195 1.6301 0.0894 73.0
25 1.7195 1.6142 0.1053 69.3

Table 6: Aluminium coupon in 0.5 M HCl containing 3.4ml of inhibitor

Time (hrs) Initial Weight Of Final Weight of Weight Loss, Inhibition
Sample WI (g) sample WF (g) ∆W (g) Efficiency (%)
5 1.7642 1.7396 0.0246 90.2
10 1.7642 1.7279 0.0363 87.6
15 1.7642 1.7129 0.0514 83.6
20 1.7642 1.7005 0.0637 80.7
25 1.7642 1.6863 0.0779 77.3

Table 7: Aluminium coupon in 0.5 M HCl containing 4.5ml of inhibitor

Time (hrs) Initial Weight Of Final Weight of Weight Loss, Inhibition
Sample WI (g) sample W F (g) ∆W (g) Efficiency (%)
5 1.6818 1.6568 0.0250 90.1
10 1.6818 16417 0.0401 86.3
15 1.6818 1.6249 0.0569 81.8
20 1.6818 1.6155 0.0663 80.0
25 1.6818 1.6014 0.0804 76.6

Table 8: Aluminium coupon in 0.5 M HCl containing 5.6ml of inhibitor

Time (hrs) Initial Weight Of Final Weight of Weight Loss, Inhibition
Sample WI (g) sample WF (g) ∆W (g) Efficiency (%)
5 1.7641 1.7392 0.0249 90.1
10 1.7641 1.7277 0.0364 87.6
15 1.7641 1.7134 0.0507 83.8
20 1.7641 1.7028 0.0613 81.5
25 1.7641 1.69.4 0.0727 78.8

Where:
Wi = Initial weight
Wf = Final weight
Weight loss = Wi - Wf

3.1 Effect of concentration on inhibition efficiency

The concentration of the inhibitor and its efficiency are direct proportional. As the concentration increases, inhibition efficiency
increase.
Table 9: weight loss and Inhibition Efficiency (%) of Al after 5 hrs

Concentration Weight Inhibition

(g/L) Loss, ∆W (g) Efficiency (%)
0.6 0.0690 72.7
1.1 0.0459 81.8
2.3 0.0320 87.3
3.4 0.0246 90.2
4.5 0.0250 90.1
5.6 0.0249 90.1

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100

90

80

70

60
% Inhibitor
50
Efficiency
40

30

20

10

0
0.6 1.1 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6
Concentration of Inhibitor

Figure 3: Effect of concentration on inhibition efficiency (%) after 5 hour

Table 10: weight loss and Inhibition Efficiency (%) of Al after 10 hrs

Concentration Weight Inhibition

(g/L) Loss, ∆W (g) Efficiency (%)
0.6 0.1019 65.3
1.1 0.0667 77.3
2.3 0.0521 82.2
3.4 0.0363 87.6
4.5 0.0401 86.3
5.6 0.0364 87.6

100

90

80

70

60

% Inhibitor Efficiency 50

40

30

20

10

0
0.6 1.1 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6
Concentration of Inhibitor

Figure 4: Effect of concentration on inhibition efficiency (%) after 10hours

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Table 11: weight loss and Inhibition Efficiency (%) of Al after 15 hrs

Concentration Weight Inhibition

(g/L) Loss, ∆W (g) Efficiency (%)
0.6 0.1301 58.5
1.1 0.0885 71.8
2.3 0.0665 78.8
3.4 0.0514 83.6
4.5 0.0569 81.8
5.6 0.0507 83.8

90

80

70

60

50
% Inhibitor
Efficiency
40

30

20

10

0
0.6 1.1 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6
Concentration of Inhibitor

Figure 5: Effect of concentration on inhibition efficiency (%) after 15hours

Table 12: weight loss and Inhibition Efficiency (%) of Al after 20 hrs

Concentration Weight Inhibition

(g/L) Loss, ∆W (g) Efficiency (%)
0.6 0.1519 54.2
1.1 0.1092 67.0
2.3 0.0894 73.0
3.4 0.0637 80.7
4.5 0.0663 80.0
5.6 0.0613 81.5

90
80
70
60
% Inhibitor
50
Efficiency
40
30
20
10
0
0.6 1.1 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6
Concentration of Inhibitor

Figure 6: Effect of concentration on inhibition efficiency (%) after 20hours

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Table 13: weight loss and Inhibition Efficiency (%) of Al after 25 hrs

Concentration Weight Inhibition

(g/L) Loss, ∆W (g) Efficiency (%)
0.6 0.1688 50.9
1.1 0.1244 63.8
2.3 0.1053 69.3
3.4 0.0779 77.3
4.5 0.0804 76.6
5.6 0.0727 78.8

90

80

70

60

50
% Inhibitor
Efficiency
40

30

20

10

0
0.6 1.1 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6
Concentration of Inhibitor

Figure 7: Effect of concentration on inhibition efficiency (%) after 25hour

Table 14: Weight loss (g) of aluminium coupon for control and different concentration of Inhibitor

Time(hour) control 1 control 2 0.6ml 1.1ml 2.3ml 3.4ml 4.5ml 5.6ml

5 0.2589 0.2477 0.0690 0.0459 0.0320 0.0246 0.0250 0.0249

10 0.2919 0.2960 0.1019 0.0667 0.0521 0.0363 0.0401 0.0364
15 0.3139 0.3140 0.1301 0.0885 0.0665 0.0514 0.0569 0.0507
20 0.3290 0.3345 0.1519 0.1092 0.0894 0.0637 0.0663 0.0613
25 0.3416 0.3463 0.1688 0.1244 0.1053 0.0779 0.0804 0.0727

0.4
0.35
0.3 Control 1
Control 2
0.25
Weight Lost 0.6ml
0.2
(g) 1.2ml
0.15
2.3ml
0.1 3.4ml
0.05 4.5ml
0 5.6ml
5 10 15 20 25
Period of immersion (h)

Figure 8: Variation of weight loss with time for Aluminium coupon in the absence and presence of
different concentrations of inhibitor

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Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (ijasre) E-ISSN : 2454-8006

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December - 2018

3.3. Discussion
Table 1 and table 2 showed high corrosion rate of aluminium in 0.5 M HCl in the absence of Tagetes erecta L. Figure 8 shows
plots of weight loss against Period of immersion for Aluminium corrosion in the control (0.5 M HCl) and in the presence of
different concentrations of Tagetes erecta L(inhibitor). From the plot above, it showed that the the rate of corrosion of Aluminium
increases as the period of immersion time is increased in the absence of the inhibitor, indicating that the rate of corrosion of the
Aluminium increases with time. From same figure 8, it is also observed that with the concentration of Flower extract of Tagetes
erecta L., the inhibition efficiency values were found to increase with increase in concentration of Tagetes erecta L. which
indicate that the inhibitor has the properties to reduce the rate of corrosion of metals. Maximum inhibition efficiency of 90.2%
was obtained with extract concentration of 3.4 g/L. The figures reveals that the inhibitor (plant extract) actually inhibited the
corrosion of aluminium in the 0.5M HCl to an appreciable extent.

4. CONCLOSION
From the result data above, it showed clearly that the crude extract of Tagetes erecta L flower acts as inhibitor in the corrosion of
aluminium in acidic medium. Inhibition efficiency of the extract increases with increase in the concentration and volume of the
inhibitor. The corrosion inhibition is probably due to the adsorption of the phytochemical constituents of the extract on the metal
surface and blocking its active sites by phenomenon of chemical adsorption. The inhibitor marigold (Tagetes erecta L) flower acts
as inhibitor for the corrosion of aluminium in 0.5M HCl to an appreciable extent. Using weight loss methods is therefore
recommended that others forms of corrosion studies should be done using flower plants extract as well.

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DOI: 10.31695/IJASRE.2018.33019