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    Drug Chemical Name Generic Name Trade Name Drug Classification Pharmaceutics

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    chubbygunny_29776413
    The FDA was originally established to protect the public from unsafe foods and drugs. However, over time it became more friendly to industry interests, often overlooking harmful effects of drugs in favor of corporate profits. The nursing process provides a holistic framework for safe medication administration that considers physical, emotional, and other factors. Pharmacology principles govern how drugs move through the body, their effects, and appropriate clinical use to promote health and prevent illness. Nurses must understand these principles to safely and effectively administer medications.

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    Drug Chemical Name Generic Name Trade Name Drug Classification Pharmaceutics

    Uploaded by

    chubbygunny_29776413
    114 views5 pages
    The FDA was originally established to protect the public from unsafe foods and drugs. However, over time it became more friendly to industry interests, often overlooking harmful effects of drugs in favor of corporate profits. The nursing process provides a holistic framework for safe medication administration that considers physical, emotional, and other factors. Pharmacology principles govern how drugs move through the body, their effects, and appropriate clinical use to promote health and prevent illness. Nurses must understand these principles to safely and effectively administer medications.

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    Pharmacology Basic Principles

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    Pharmacology

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    The FDA was originally established to protect the public from unsafe foods and drugs. However, over time it became more friendly to industry interests, often overlooking harmful effects of drugs in favor of corporate profits. The nursing process provides a holistic framework for safe medication administration that considers physical, emotional, and other factors. Pharmacology principles govern how drugs move through the body, their effects, and appropriate clinical use to promote health and prevent illness. Nurses must understand these principles to safely and effectively administer medications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    114 views5 pages

    Drug Chemical Name Generic Name Trade Name Drug Classification Pharmaceutics

    Uploaded by

    chubbygunny_29776413
    The FDA was originally established to protect the public from unsafe foods and drugs. However, over time it became more friendly to industry interests, often overlooking harmful effects of drugs in favor of corporate profits. The nursing process provides a holistic framework for safe medication administration that considers physical, emotional, and other factors. Pharmacology principles govern how drugs move through the body, their effects, and appropriate clinical use to promote health and prevent illness. Nurses must understand these principles to safely and effectively administer medications.

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    Pharmacology Basic Principles

    The FDA and big pharma


    The Pure Food and Drug Act-1906
     Response to Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle
    The Bureau of Chemistry was renamed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
     Original vision-to safeguard the public from artificial and processed foods containing
    caffeine, bleached flour, benzoic/sulfurous acid, and carcinogens such as saccharin
    Original FDA members stepped on too many toes (manufacturers, agriculture, etc.) and were
    squeezed out.
    New regime became “industry friendly” often turning a blind eye to adverse effects for the sake
    of profits
    The FDA does not perform independent studies.
    The FDA merely examines studies presented by the drug manufacturer.
    Who do you think is performing the drug studies presented for review to the FDA?
    Harmful and dangerous drugs are rarely pulled from the market unless their liability supersedes
    that of their profitability.
    Example Vioxx- clinical trials evidenced a 7-fold increase in heart attack and stroke, yet it was
    marketed as a “safe” NSAID. TV ads never mentioned this potential side-effect. Merck and the
    FDA were aware roughly 35% of people taking Vioxx
    Merck “voluntarily” removed it from the market. 38-55,000 DEATHS too late.

    https://www.drugwatch.com/vioxx/recall/

    The nursing process


     “Anybody can open a pill packet, drop the pill in a cup, and give it to a person. However,
    safe medication administration demands (emphasis mine) an enormous amount of
    knowledge and understanding about why a patient is receiving a medication, specific
    actions needed to take before you give the medication, expected outcomes anticipated
    from the dose of medication, and specific patient teaching needs.”

    Elements of the nursing process address: Holistic Approach [ADPIE]


     Physical
     Emotional
     Spiritual
     Sexual
     Financial
     Cultural
     Cognitive

    Pharmacologic principles [Terminology]


    Drug any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism
    Chemical name molecular structure
    Generic name used on NCLEX and official drug compendiums
    Trade name registered trademark name, used to market the drug to the public prior to
    patent expiration.
    Drug classification grouped by structure or therapeutic use (beta agonists, Bronchodilators)
    Pharmaceutics is the study of how various dosage forms influence the way in which the
    drug affects the body

    Pharmacokinetics is the study of what the body does to the drug


    Pharmacodynamics is the study of what the drug does to the body
    Pharmacotherapeutics is the study of the clinical use of drug to prevent and treat diseases
    Pharmacology basics pharmacokinetics

    What happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body, until the parent drug and all
    metabolites have left the body. Specifically drug:
     Absorption
     Distribution
     Metabolism
     Excretion

    Absorption
    Movement of a drug from site of administration into the the bloodstream for distribution to the
    tissues AKA Bioavailability

    Factors
     Route-Oral, Parenteral, Rectal, Buccal, Topical, Inhalation, Transdermal
     Form-Power, liquid, extended release
     Amount of blood flow
    First-Pass effect-
     Intestine>Liver>% changed to inactive metabolites>less than 100% enters the circulation
     Parenteral-bypasses the first-pass effect
     Topical-bypasses the first-pass effect
     Sublingual-bypasses the first-pass effect
     Rectal-mixed first-pass effect
    Absorption
    Enteral absorption altered by:
     Acid changes in gut
     (antacid use)
     Short bowel syndrome
     Enteric coating
     Food/Empty Stomach
     Decreased blood flow
     (sepsis, intense exercise)

    Distribution
     Transport of the drug by the bloodstream to the site of action.
     Distributed first to highly vascularized areas
     Rapid distribution to
     Heart
     Liver
     Kidneys
     Brain
     Only drugs that are not bound to plasma proteins can freely distribute to extravascular tissue
     Albumin-the most common blood protein
     Watch for drug toxicity in low albumin states
     Drug-Drug interaction-an unpredictable drug response that can occur when two highly
    protein bound drugs compete for binding sites causing dramatic increase, or decrease in the
    action of one or both.
     Difficult Distribution Sites-poor blood supply or physiological barrier such as the Blood-
    Brain barrier

    Metabolism
     Biotransformation-biochemical alteration of drug into an active metabolite, a more soluble
    compound, a more potent active metabolite, or less active metabolite.
     The Liver- main organ responsible for metabolizing drugs.
     Cytochrome P-450 enzymes-
     Target lipophilic drugs that are more difficult to metabolize than hydrophilic
     Metabolizing capability of the liver varies from person to person
     Factors that alter biotransformation
     Genetics
     Diseases
     Concurrent use of other medications (enzyme inhibitors/inducers)

    Excretion
     Excretion is the elimination of drugs from the body.
     All drugs must eventually be eliminated from the body.
     The Kidney is the main organ responsible for drug excretion. Less common routes include
    intestines, lungs, sweat, salivary and mammary glands.

    Pharmacokinetics
    Half-Life Time required for ½ of drug to be eliminated from the body
    Onset of action Time required to elicit a response
    Peak effect Time required to reach max therapeutic response
    Duration of action Time drug conc. Is sufficient to elicit therapeutic response
    Peak level Highest blood level
    Trough level Lowest blood level
    Specific drugs  Digoxin
    tested:  Vancomycin
     Theophylline
    Pharmacodynamics
    Pharmacodynamics Relates to the mechanisms of drug action in living tissues.
    Therapeutic Drug A positive change in faulty body systems. The goal of drug therapy.
    Effect
    Mechanism of Action  A drugs ability to modify the rate or strength of the inherent
    functioning of the cell or tissue
     A drug cannot cause a cell to perform a function that is not part of
    its inherent natural physiology
     Not all drugs have an identifiable mechanism of action

    Receptor interactions
     Joining of drug with a reactive site on the cell or tissue surface
     Agonist/Antagonist
    Enzyme Interactions
     Interaction of drug with an enzyme
     Inhibit/enhance
    Nonselective Interactions
     Do not interact with either receptors or enzymes
     Physically interfere/chemically alter

    Pharmacotherapeutics
     Let’s go back to these guys…
     Therapeutics looks at drug therapy outcome goals.
     A thorough assessment is required to establish treatment goals.
     You must know your client.

    Acute Therapy Intensive treatment to sustain life


     Vasopressors, chemo
    Maintenance Prevent progression of disease
     Antihypertensives
    Supplemental Replacement
     Thyroid hormone, insulin
    Palliative Comforting, not curative
     High dose opiates at end of life
    Supportive Helps keep the integrity of body functions while the body is healing
     Fluids, Blood products
    Prophylactic/Empiric To prevent illness based on probability
     Vaccines, antibiotics

    Monitoring
     Evaluation-part of the nursing process
     Must be familiar with drug’s intended effects and unintended or adverse effects.
     Therapeutic Index
     The ratio of a drug’s toxic level
     Low therapeutic index means that there is a narrow range of efficacy and toxicity
     Drug Concentration
     Patient’s Condition
     Tolerance
     Decreased response to repeated doses
     Dependence
     Physiological/psychological need
    Pharmacotherapeutics
    Intereactions
     Additive- 1+1=2
     Synergistic- 1+1=>2
     Antagonistic- 1+1=<2
     Incompatible-combination of 2 causes deterioration of both

    Adverse Drug Events Any adverse occurrence involving medications.


    Adverse Drug Reaction Any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and undesired at
    therapeutic dose.
    Allergic Drug Reaction An Immune system response
    Idiosyncratic Reaction Unexpected and unknown client specific response, possibly
    genetically mediated.
    Paradoxical Reaction Opposite reaction to what was intended.

    Legal and Ethical considerations for nurses


     Failure to assess
     Failure to ensure safety
     Medication errors
     Duty
     Breach of duty
     Causation
     Damage
     Patient’s right to refuse

    Pharmacology Basics
     These basic pharmacological principles are the foundation of your safe nursing practice
    for medication administration throughout your career.

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