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    Revision Guide Biology I

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    Alison
    This document provides an overview of the classification of living organisms. It discusses the seven characteristics of life and the five kingdoms of classification: Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Each kingdom is described in 1-2 sentences, including examples. Viruses are also briefly covered but noted as not being considered living organisms.

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    Revision Guide Biology I

    Uploaded by

    Alison
    327 views9 pages
    This document provides an overview of the classification of living organisms. It discusses the seven characteristics of life and the five kingdoms of classification: Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Each kingdom is described in 1-2 sentences, including examples. Viruses are also briefly covered but noted as not being considered living organisms.

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    IGCSE Biology Revision Guide 1

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    This document provides an overview of the classification of living organisms. It discusses the seven characteristics of life and the five kingdoms of classification: Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Each kingdom is described in 1-2 sentences, including examples. Viruses are also briefly covered but noted as not being considered living organisms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    327 views9 pages

    Revision Guide Biology I

    Uploaded by

    Alison
    This document provides an overview of the classification of living organisms. It discusses the seven characteristics of life and the five kingdoms of classification: Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Each kingdom is described in 1-2 sentences, including examples. Viruses are also briefly covered but noted as not being considered living organisms.

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    BSB

    IGCSE Biology 
    Revision Guide I 
    Classifica on of Living Organisms

    Name:  _________________________ 
    Date:  __________________________
    KEY VOCABULARY

    excretion cytoplasm
    respiration pathogen
    nutrition malaria
    sensitivity parasitic
    reproduction nucleic acid
    multicellular photosynthesis
    mitochondria chitin
    hyphae saprotrophic
    mycelium glycogen
    microscopic extracellular







    I: Classi ication of Living Organisms

    Biology is the study of living organisms.



    A. For something to be alive it needs to perform all seven functions of living
    things: (MRS GREN)

    1. Movement

    Most organisms are able to move their whole body ‐ even plants can shift their
    stem towards the sunlight and their roots move towards healthy soil.

    2. Respiration

    This is the breakdown of food inside a living organism. It is VITAL for survival.

    2 types:

    Aerobic Respiration which involves O2 & glucose breaking down to form CO2,
    water & ENERGY.

    Anaerobic Respiration This happens when there is not enough oxygen. Glucose
    forms CO2, Lactic Acid, or Alcohol (depending on the organism) & a little bit of
    ENERGY.

    3. Sensitivity

    The ability to detect and respond to a stimulus.

    4. Growth

    The permanent increase in size and quantity of cells using materials absorbed
    from the environment.

    5. Reproduction

    Forming new individuals of the same species either sexual (2 parents) or asexual
    (1 parent).

    6. Excretion

    Removal of harmful products of metabolism. E.g. carbon dioxide, urea,


    salts, excess water.

    7. Nutrition

    The intake of food material from the environment or using energy from an
    inorganic source (i.e., the sun) to make glucose (photosynthesis).
    B. Classi ication is sorting organisms into smaller groups based on their similarities which allows us to
    make comparison between them.
    The main groups of living things are the 5 kingdoms. They do not include viruses since they do not possess
    some characteristics of life. The ive kingdoms are: Bacteria, Protoctists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals.
    Bacteria

    MICROSCOPIC, UNICELLULAR

    Have a cell wall (not of cellulose) and cell membrane, cytoplasm and only a circular chromosome of
    DNA

    Some carry out photosynthesis; some are parasitic


    E.g. Lactobacillus bulgaricus ‐ makes yoghurt from milk; Pneumococcus ‐ the pathogen that causes pneurmonia
    Fungi

    Made of thread‐like structures called HYPHAE, often organised into a MYCELIUM

    Some are UNICELLULAR (yeast)

    Cell walls of CHITIN

    Feed by secreting digestive enzymes onto food and absorbing the products (SAPROTROPHIC nutrition)

    Store carbohydrate as GLYCOGEN


    E.g. Mucor (typical fungal hyphal structure) and yeast (unicellular)
    Plants

    Multicellular

    Contain chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis

    Cellulose cell walls

    Carbohydrates are stored as STARCH or sucrose


    E.g. Maize (type of cereal), peas (legume)
    Animals

    Multicellular

    Usually have nervous coordination and can move

    Cells do not possess chloroplasts, cell wall, or vacuole

    Carbohydrates are stored as GLYCOGEN


    E.g. Mammals, such as humans, and insects, such as the house ly or mosquito
    Protoctists

    Microscopic, unicellular

    Some have animal cell characteristics, some have plant cell characteristics

    Some are pathogenic


    E.g. Amoeba (animal‐like); Chlorella (plant‐like), Plasmodium (pathogenic)
    Viruses

    ARE NOT LIVING ORGANISMS, SO ARE NOT A KINGDOM

    Very small (smaller than bacteria)

    Parasitic; can reproduce only inside other cells

    Infect every type of living organism

    No cellular structure and only a PROTEIN COAT and either DNA or RNA as a nucleic acid
    E.g. Tobacco mosaic virus (discolours tobacco plants by preventing formation of chloroplasts); In luenza
    (causes “the lu”); HIV (causes AIDS).

    EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS

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