Parasitology Table
Parasitology Table
Parasitology Table
Amoeba Ciliates
Disease Produced Intestinal amoebiasis Intestinal balantidiasis
Extra-intestinal amoebiasis Extra-intestinal balantidiasis
Habitat Large intestine Large intestine
Cecum Cecum
Morphology
Cyst Round, 1- 4 nuclei, bulls eye Large, round, macronucleus &
Karyosome, cigar-shaped Micronucleus, retracted cilia at the
Chromatoidal body periphery
Infective stage-viable cyst Infective stage- cyst
Trophozoite Irregular in shape, single nucleus Large, elongated, with cilia, cytostome
Bulls eye karyosome, ingested & cytopyge, macronucleus &
Red blood cells micronucleus
Pathogenic stage Pathogenic stage
Morphology
Cyst With cystic stage With cystic stage
Trophozoite Amoeboid & Flagellate Both cyst and trophozoite can enter
Form the body
Flagellate form is the infective Trophozoite is the infective stage
stage
Healthy individual swimming in Chronically ill, debilitated patient,
thermal water, flagellate form parasite enters through the eyes, break
enters through nasal mucosa in the skin, respiratory tract
Clinical Manifestations Acute, like fulminating bacterial Chronic, like brain tumor
meningitis
Morphology
Cyst Ovoidal, with axoneme No cyst has been No cyst has been
& retracted cytoplasm demonstrated demonstrated
Mature cyst 4 nuclei
Infective stage
Clinical Abdominal pain & Vaginal itchiness, vaginal Abdominal pain and
Manifestations diarrhea, steatorrheic discharges, creamy frothy mucus diarrhea
or gruelly stool, Travelers in appearance, usually latent
diarrhea, Leningrad curse & asymptomatic in male
Morphology >Infected RBC are >No change in size of >No change in size of
enlarged EXCEPT infected RBC infected RBC
>Infected by young >Compactcytoplam >Young trophozoites and
trophozoite >Mature schizonts has gametocytes are usually
>Mature schizonts has Daisy, Rosette or present in peripheral blood
haphazard arranged Margaret arrangement > Banana or crescent-shaped
chromatin dots >Compact cytoplasm gametocytes
>Amoeboid cytoplasm > high degree of parasitemia
Clinical >Chills, fever & >Chills, fever & >Chills, fever &
Manifestations sweating sweating sweating
>Anemia, splenomegaly >Anemia, splenomegaly >Anemia, splenomegaly
>Pernicious malaria
Diagnosis Thick and thin malaria Thick and thin malaria Thick and thin malaria
smear smear smear
Enterobius vermicularis
Common name Pinworm, Seat worm or Society worm
Geographical Worldwide in distribution, more common in temperate or cold regions
distribution
Disease produced Enterobiasis
Oxyuriasis
Morphology
Adult worm have cephalic alae and bulbous esophagus
Male Posterior end is curved ventrally
Female Posterior portion is sharply pointed
Vulvar opening is in front of the middle third of the body
Gravid females has distended uteri because of the of eggs
Egg Elongate-ovoidal, plano-convex (flattened on one side) or lop sided appearance
or like letter D
Clear and transparent and embryonated
Infective stage Embryonated egg
Pathogenic stage Egg
Adult
Pathology Common among children, does not need an intermediate host & cause autoinfection
Oviposition at night causes perianal itchiness called Nocturnal Pruritus Ani
Adult may enter the vagina or appendix causing vaginitis or appendicitis
Diagnosis Only about 5% of the eggs can be recover from the stool
Demonstration of the eggs from perianal scrapings of swabs, under the fingernails
Graham Scotch Tape Technique
NIH swabs
Drug Mebendazole
FILARIA
Females are larviparous or viviparous
Insect vectors are needed in the transmission of infection
Adult female lay larval stage called microfilaria
They are classified to as with sheathed microfilaria or unsheathed or naked microfilaria
Microfilaria still having embryonic egg membrane is sheathed microfilaria
Microfilaria whose embryonic egg membrane is lost is unsheathed or naked microfilaria
Periodicity is the time of the day whereby the blood or other body fluids contain abundant number of
microfilariae
Nocturnal periodicity when there are greatest number of microfilariae at night
Diurnal periodicity when greatest number of microfilariae at certain time during the day as well at
night
Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Loa loa
Eye worm
Disease Produced Bancroftian Filariasis Malayan Filariasis Calabar or Fugitive swelling
Microfilaria Sheathed Sheathed Sheathed
Periodicity Nocturnal Nocturnal Diurnal
Insect vector Mosquito Same Tabanid flies
Aedes Chrysops
Anopheles
Culex
Mansonia
Geographical China Same Central Africa
Distribution Philippines
Thailand
Adult Inhabits the lymphatic Same Subcutaneous tissues
Vessels and glands
Microfilaria With graceful curve With kinky body Unevenly distributes
Body nuclei are more & with unevenly body nuclei that extend
or less equidistant & distributed body to the tip of the tail
regularly distributed nuclei
Two prominent body
nuclei at terminal end
Pathology & Lymphatic obstruction Same Causes temporary migratory
Manifestations Causing lymphangitis, inflammation, causes bug
Lymphadenitis, bulge eye
enlargement of involved
organs, involve genitalia
more the B. malayi
Diagnosis Demonstration of microfilariae Same Same
from blood
Tissue biopsy, Serological test
Drugs Diethylcarbamazine Same Same
FLATWORM
Trematodes (Flukes)
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
SCHISTOSOMA
BLOOD FLUKES
Schistosoma haematobium Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma japonicum
Common Name Vesical blood fluke Manson’s blood fluke Oriental blood fluke
Disease produced Vesical Schistosomiasis Manson’s Schistosomiasis Oriental Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis haematobia Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis japonica
Schistosomal haematuria Bilharziasis Katayama disease
Vesical or Urinary Causes the most severe &
Bilharziasis hard to treat
Geographical Africa & Middle East Africa, South America Far East (Bicol, Samar,
Distribution & Caribbean Leyte & Mindanao)
Habitat Vesical plexuses Inferior mesenteric plexuses Superior mesenteric plexuses
&veins of rectum & vesical plexuses
Molluscan host Bulinus Bulinus Oncomelania quadrasi
Morphology
Male Stout with gynecophoral Stout with gynecophoral Stout with gynecophoral
canal canal canal
Late union of Early union of Very late union of
Intestinal ceca intestinal ceca intestinal ceca
Female Ovary posterior to the Ovary anterior to the Ovary centrally located
midpoint midpoint near midpoint
Egg Oval with terminal Oval with lateral Spherical or oval with
Spine spine recurved spine
20 – 290 eggs per female 100 – 300 eggs per female 1500 – 3000 eggs per female
per day per day per day
Urine > Stool Stool > Urine Stool
Infective stage Cercaria Same Same
Pathogenic All stages Same Same
Stage
Pathology Cellular infiltration Same Same
Allergy
Pseudogranuloma
Fibrosis
Clinical Swimmer’s itch
Manifestations Urticaria, rashes
Gastro-intestinal
disturbances
Diagnosis Urine & stool exam for eggs Stool & urine exam Stool examination
CHR, COPT, Liver function Same Same
Test Biopsy Same Same
Drug Praziquantel Praziquantel Praziquantel
LIVER FLUKES
Fasciola hepatica Clonorchis sinensis Opisthorchis felineus
Common Name Sheep liver fluke Chinese liver fluke Cat liver fluke
Oriental liver fluke
Disease Produced Sheep liver rot Clonorchiasis Opisthorchiasis
Fascioliasis hepatica
Geographical Cosmopolitan Far East, China Europe and
Distribution Sheep raising countries Japan, Korea Asia
Habitat Proximal biliary passages Distal biliary passages Distal biliary passages
Gallbladder Pancreatic passages Pancreatic passages
Morphology
Adult Cephalic cone Most characteristic are Lancet shaped
Dendritic testes in tandem, dendritic testes in tandem Transversely compressed
intestinal ceca, ovary & at posterior third, branches vitellaria on
vitellaria extending to the sides middle side
Egg Large ovoid, immature Broadly ovoid, with convex Same as egg of
when laid operculate, operculum & shoulder rim Clonorchis sinensis
like a chicken’s egg Protuberance at posterior end Like an old fashion
Mature in water then Mature when laid, hatch after electric bulb
hatch ingested by snail host
1st Intermediate Lymnaeatruncatula Bulimus Bulimus
Host
2nd Intermediate Aquatic vegetation Freshwater fishes Fish
Host Watercress
Larval development Sporocysts, rediae, Sporocysts, rediae & Sporocysts, sporocysts,
rediae& cercariae cercariae rediae & cercariae
Infective stage Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae
Pathogenic stage Migrating larvae Adult Adult
Adult
Pathology Mechanical & toxic effect Inflammation & toxic effect Inflammatory reaction
Clinical Halzoun (Pharyngeal Mild, essentially Mild, essentially
Manifestations fascioliasis) symptomless, asymptomatic,
Chills, fever, Manifestations of Manifestations of
Hepatomegaly, right cholecystitis, cholangitis cholangits
upper quadrant pain Organism has been linked
of abdomen colic pain, with neoplasm of the bile
obstructive jaundice, ducts
Manifestations of
cholangitis&
cholelithiasis
Cholelithiasis is relatively
Common complication
Diagnosis Stool exam for eggs Same Same
Entero Test
Drug Praziquantel Same Same
Paragonimus westermani Fasciolopsis buski Echinostoma ilocanum
Lung fluke Intestinal fluke Intestinal fluke
Common Name Oriental lung fluke Giant intestinal fluke Garrison’s fluke
Disease Produced Paragonimiasis Fasciolopsiasis Echinostomiasis
Pulmonary distomiasis
Endemic hemoptysis
Geographical Far East China, Thailand Philippines, Thailand
Distribution Japan, Thailand Vietnam
Philippines
Habitat Lungs, adjacent to Small intestine Small intestine
the bronchi
Morphology
Adult Plump, ovoid, coffee No cephalic cone, Circumoral disk surrounding
bean-shaped simple intestinal ceca oral sucker
With zigzag intestinal with double indentations Circumoral disk with
ceca collarette of spines
Egg Broadly ovoid, flattened Identical with the egg Ovoidal, immature when
Operculum, thickened of Fasciola hepatica laid, with operculum and
at abopercular end prominent germ ball
1st Intermediate Antemelania asperata Segmentina hemisphaerula Gyraulus convexiusculus
Host
nd
2 Intermediate Sundathelphusa philippina Water bamboo, caltrop Pila luzonica
Host Crabs or crayfish chestnut Pila conica
Infective stage Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae
Pathogenic stage Migrating larvae Adult Adult
Adult
Pathology Inflammation Traumatic, obstructive & Inflammation
Granulomatous & fibrotic toxic effect
reactions
Clinical Chills, fever, cough Toxic diarrhea, abdominal There may be intestinal
Manifestations hemoptysis, chest pain pain, acute ileus colic & diarrhea
Manifestations like in Death due to profound
bronchopneumonia, intoxication
bronchiectasis and
pulmonary tuberculosis
Abdominal type – abdominal
pain&diarrhea
Cerebral – epilepsy,
hemiplegia, visual
disturbances
Diagnosis Demonstration of eggs Demonstration of eggs Demonstration of eggs
fromsputum from stool from stool
Drug Praziquantel Praziquantel Praziquantel
CESTODES
(Tapeworm)
Diphyllobothrium latum Taenia solium Taenia saginata
Common Name Broad tapeworm Pork tapeworm Beef tapeworm
Fish tapeworm
Disease Produced Broad or fish tapeworm Taeniasis solium Taeniasis saginata
infection Pork tapeworm infection Beef tapeworm infection
Bothriocephalus anemia Cysticercosis cellulosae
Geographical Cosmopolitan, more Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan
Distribution common in temperate
region
Habitat Small intestine Small intestine Small intestine
Morphology
Adult 3-10 m, scolex is spoon, 2-7 m, scolex is armed May be more than 25 m
almond or spatulate in with accessory lobe of usually 5 m, unarmed
shaped ovary, gravid proglottids scolex, vaginal sphincter,
Uterus is coiled, piled or with 7-13 main lateral 15-20 main lateral
Rosette branches branches
Egg Ovoid, immature when Spherical, with hexacanth Identical with egg of Taenia
laid with operculum embryo & truncated prisms solium
bubble-like germ balls cemented together, wallnut
brown in color
1st Intermediate Diaptomus vulgaris Intermediate host - Pig Intermediate host- Cattle
Host Cyclops strenuous
2nd Intermediate Freshwater fishes Definitive host – Human Definitive host- Human
Host
Infective stage Plerocercoid or Sparganum Embryonated egg Cysticercus bovis
Cysticercus cellulosae
Pathogenic stage Adult Adult, Cysticercus cellulosae Adult
Pathology Inflammation, irritation Larva involved different No larval infection, no
Compete with absorption organs and tissues, causing autoinfection
of Vitamin B12 inflammation, necrosis, Adult infection -
fibrosis& calcification Inflammation & irritation
Adult infection causes
Inflammation & mechanical
Irritation, with autoinfection
Clinical Abdominal discomfort Larval infection-base on the Abdominal discomfort.
Manifestations nausea & vomiting organs involved epigastric pain, diarrhea
Pernicious or Megaloblastic Adult infection-abdominal nausea &vomiting
anemia discomfort, diarrhea
Diagnosis Recovery of eggs or Cysticercosis- CT Scan, Recovery of eggs, scolex or
proglottids from stool X-Ray, MRI proglottids from stool
Adult infection- eggs &
scolex or proglottids
Drug Praziquantel Adult-Praziquantel Praziquantel
Larval infection- surgery
Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepis diminuta Dipylidium caninum
Common Name Dwarf tapeworm Rat tapeworm Double pored dog tapeworm
Disease Produced Hymenolepiasis nana Hymenolepiasis diminuta Dipylidiasis
Dwarf tapeworm infection Dog tapeworm infection
Geographical Cosmopolitan, more Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan
Distribution common in warm region
Habitat Small intestine Small intestine Small intestine
Morphology
Adult Up to 40 mm, armed scolex 20-60 cm, unarmed scolex 10-70 cm, armed scolex,
With 3 testes, trapezoidal With 3 testes, trapezoidal 1-7 circle of hooklets
proglottids proglottids Proglottids are pumpkin-
seed like, with 2 sets of
male & female sex organs
Egg Spherical, with hexacanth Spherical, with hexacanth Small, spherical, hexacanth
embryo, polar thickening embryo & polar thickening embryo, 8-15 in uterine
& polar filaments only block or mother pocket
Intermediate No intermediate host is Ctenocephalides canis/felis Same
Host needed Xenopsylla cheopis
Definitive Host Human Human or Rat Dogs, Cats & Human
Infective stage Embryonated egg Cysticercoid larvae Cysticercoid larvae
Pathogenic stage Adult Adult Adult
Pathology Inflammation & allergy Same Same
Clinical Usually well tolerated, Same Same
Manifestations Abdominal distress,
Diarrhea, anorexia
Diagnosis Demonstration of eggs Same Same
from stool
Drug Praziquantel Same Same
Echinococcus granulosus
Common name Hydatid worm
Disease produced Hydatid disease
Echinococcosis
Geographical distribution In sheep and cattle raising countries
Intermediate host Human, sheep, cattle
Definitive host Dog
Morphology
Adult 3-6 mm, armed scolex, with one immature, one mature and one gravid proglottid
Egg Similar to eggs of Taenia species
Pathology Mechanical effects on organs involved
Clinical manifestations Depends on the organs involved
Diagnosis X-Ray, CT scan, Ultrasound, Serological test, Hydatid fragments from urine or
sputum
Treatment Surgical removal , Albemdazole
Liberato C. de la Rosa, MD, DTM&H