Respond Areas in Space
Respond Areas in Space
Respond Areas in Space
Respond & AI
Capacity Building Programme Office
ISRO HQ, Bengaluru
Research Areas in
Space
A Document for
Preparing
Research Project Proposals
Respond & AI
Capacity Building Programme Office
ISRO HQ, Bengaluru
November 2018
Technical Guidance and compilation
Nirupama Tiwari, Sci/ Engr SE, CBPO
M A Paul, Deputy Director, RESPOND & AI, CBPO
I wish all the best and warmly invite academia to come forward and
participate in R & D programme of ISRO.
P V Venkitakrishnan
Director, Capacity Building Programme Office
ISRO Head Quarters, Bengaluru
contents
Sl. No. Programmes and Areas Page No
1.0 Launch Vehicle
A Aerospace Engineering 1-9
B Propulsion 10-19
C Propellants, Polymers & Chemicals 20-28
D Control, Guidance & simulation 28-29
E Materials & Metallurgy 29-35
F Composites 35-40
G Transducers & Sensors 40-41
H Structures & Fabrication 41-51
I Avionics 51-57
J Launch Vehicle Inertial Systems Area 57-58
K Advanced Inertial Systems Area 58-59
L Mechanical Design and Production Group 59
M Launch vehicle tracking system, Range 60-64
Operation, System Engineeing
N Project and Programme Management 64-66
O Testing of liquid propulsion system 66-79
2.0 Satellite Communication
A SATCOM Applications 81
B Electronics Support Services 81-89
C Antenna 89-94
D Mission Development Area 94-97
E Communication and Power 98-99
F Integration and Checkout 100
G Mechanical Systems 101-109
H Controls and Digital 109-112
I Reliability and Components 112-114
J Systems Production 114
K VLSI Design 114-117
L CMOS Process Technology 117-121
M MEMS Design & Process Technology 121-122
N SATCOM & Navigation Payload 122-134
O SATCOM & SATNAV Applications & 134-142
Associated Technologies
P Mechanical Engineering Systems 143-145
Sl. No. Programmes and Areas Page No
Q Systems Reliability 145-146
R Material Characterization 146-148
S Semiconductors 148
T Spacecraft Inertial Systems Area 149-151
U Bearing and Space Tribology 151
3.0 Earth Observations
A Mission development and Remote 153-169
Sensing-Sensor Technology
B Remote Sensing Signal and Image 169-180
Processing and Software Development
C Satellite Data Reception & Ground Station 181-184
D Earth, Ocean Sciences Applications 185-223
E Aerial Remote Sensing 223-225
F Earth and climate sciences 225-232
G Disaster Management 233-237
H Urban and Regional Studies/Processes 237-240
4.0 Space Sciences
A Investigation on Near Earth Environment 241-242
B Atmospheric dynamics and coupling 242-244
C Sun and Solar System 244-247
D Astronomy and Astrophysics 247-248
E Space Instrumentation 248-250
F Remote sensing data analysis from 250-251
Planetary Exploration Missions
G Laboratory study of Astromaterials 252
H Study of terrestrial analogues of Moon and 252
Mars
I Payloads for upcoming Planetary Missions 252
5.0 Meteorology
A Weather and Climate 253-257
B Space Physics 257-259
C Signal and Data processing 259-260
D Radar and Lidar instrumentation for 260-262
atmospheric probing
Annexure-1 263-264
Launch Vehicle
A1.3 Influence of back pressure fluctuations on the unsteady transonic shock wave
boundary layer interaction (VSSC)
A study of shockwave boundary layer interaction in a constant area duct is proposed to
understand the effect of back pressure rise on the unstart of typical ramjet/scramjet air
intakes. One important factor which affect the large scale motion of the shock and Shock
wave/boundary layer interaction (SWBLI) is the downstream pressure perturbations.
Hence a proposal is invited to understand the response of shock wave and SWBLI to
downstream perturbations to mitigate its ill effects.
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has low-density and does not provide adequate drag to slow down the entry vehicle before
touch-down. It has very practical applications in stage recovery where the high dynamic
pressure of the recoverable stage is reduced using the impulse provided by propulsion in
the supersonic / hypersonic regime of flight. The rocket motor exhaust exhausts into the
opposing high speed free stream. The aim of optimal supersonic retro propulsion is to
maximize the axial force exploiting the interaction between propulsion and aerodynamics
and also to assess the aerodynamic and thermal impact on the parent stage / vehicle.
Proposals are solicited for design, analysis and testing of deceleration system with
Supersonic Retro Propulsion with single-jet and multi-jets (clustered configurations) to
optimize the axial force for stage recovery and planetary entry conditions.
A1.5 Simulation and studies of soil mechanics for understanding supersonic jet
impingement and subsequent dust generation for planetary missions (VSSC)
The search for extra-terrestrial life is being explored on a larger scale. This involves
visiting other celestial bodies and exploring for signs of life. Generally, a propulsion
system would be used to carry landing on the planed/meteoroids. Understanding the
interaction of jet exhaust with the soil during the terminal descent phase is critical
for nominal system performance. Proper physics modelling of soil and mechanics of
soil-jet interaction, soil particulate formation and dust propagation form major parts
of such a study.
From this project it is expected that the capabilities would be developed for understanding
and modeling of soil erosion and dust particle generation for future interplanetary missions
to Moon, Mars, Titan and Venus. This could be in the form of a stand-alone code or be a
feature addition to the current framework of PARAS-3D.
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A2.3 Inflatable aerodynamic decelerator design, analysis fabrication and flight testing
(VSSC)
Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators (IAD) are promising for payload recovery, planetary
entry and other missions. It enables substantial reduction in peak dynamic pressure, heat
flux and heat load due to very low ballistic coefficient with minimal structural mass for
the aerodynamic decelerator. The design of these decelerators has multiple challenges,
namely optimal external configuration design, trailing distance, structural design, flexible
thermal protection system design, inflation system design, etc. Analysis challenges include
aero-thermo-elastic analysis of highly deformable structures, dynamic stability analysis,
multi-body dynamics, etc. Fabrication methodologies as well as testing methodologies
of various inflatable aerodynamic decelerator components, including high pressure
toroids or multi-chamber inflatable structures, their leak proofing, inflation system design,
structural and environment testing, wind tunnel testing etc. also need to be developed.
Researchers are encouraged to take up Multi-disciplinary analysis & design optimization
and testing studies for IAD.
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taken through proper intake design to ensure sufficient reduction in ignition delay to
reduce the combustor length and hence the weight.
The intake cowl configuration design should be carried out in concurrence with the
expansion corners. The cowl drooping may be necessary for incorporating two subsequent
compression to reduce the shock strength and hence the total pressure losses. The cowl
lip angles and expansion corners should be properly arranged to have the cowl shocks
impinge on the expansion corners to reduce the adverse effect of shock reflections.
An intake can be designed at one particular hypersonic Mach number to have the shocks
at the lip to avoid the spillage and divert the maximum possible mass flow in to the
engine at a given altitude. If the Mach number varies from Mach 6.0 to 7.0 during the
SEV operation and the intake is designed at Mach number 6.5, the intake remains under-
critical at Mach 6.0 and super-critical at Mach 7.0. During the under-critical operation
the flow spillage results into spillage drag with the reduction in Mass flow entering into
the engine, while in the case of super-critical intake, the ramp shocks enter inside the
inlet creating a possibility of flow separation due to shock and incoming boundary layer
interaction. This will result into severe total pressure loss and higher unsteady pressure
levels. The disadvantages in the off design Mach numbers should be addressed in the
intake design.
The optimal intake design should cater to all these above aspects
The constraints: Cowl height varies between 0.5 to 0.6m.
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A3.2 Development of two stage light gas gun for simulating hypervelocity impacts
(VSSC)
Space debris consists of all defunct objects in orbit around earth. These objects are real
threat for all space related activities especially in low earth orbit.
Two stage light gas gun is used to simulate the hypervelocity impacts in ground. An
analytical tool need to be developed, that can simulate the gas dynamics of a two stage
light gas gun for different gas media considering the movement of piston and projectile for
estimating the mass and velocity achieved by the projectile for given loading conditions.
Development of an analytical tool to simulate the hydrodynamic behavior of solids when
subjected to hypervelocity impacts.
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A3.4 Development of robust algorithm for CFD simulation of supersonic and hypersonic
flows around complex geometries on unstructured meshes (VSSC)
Supersonic and hypersonic flows around complex geometries of launch vehicles and
re-entry vehicles are of interest to VSSC as it forms an important part of characterization
of launch vehicles. An unstructured finite volume 3D RANS solver is under development
in VSSC. This solver has popular upwind scheme such as AUSM, Roe etc. with SA and
SST turbulence models. Explicit as well as implicit time integration schemes are available.
Currently, some issues are observed in convergence of supersonic and hypersonic flows
while simulating flows at higher altitudes with low pressure and density. As part of this
project, a robust algorithm is to be developed to simulate supersonic and hypersonic
flows in particular, that can be implemented in the in-house finite volume solver. The
algorithm should be demonstrated on an unstructured grid finite volume 3D RANS solver
that is either open-source or developed by the Principal Investigator. Convergence of the
simulations using this algorithm should be shown on a generic launch vehicle geometry
for various free-stream conditions including those with low pressure and density (higher
altitudes). The algorithm should be able to work with upwind schemes such as AUSM,
Roe etc. and popular turbulence models like SA and SST in both explicit and implicit
time integration. Details of the algorithm can range from changing the values of closure
coefficients in the turbulence model, update in the flux difference splitting schemes
to development of a separate module that modifies the cell updates based on certain
criterion. The project can be divided in two parts:
1. Algorithm for supersonic flows 2.0 < M ≤ 4.0 and
2. Algorithm for hypersonic flows 4.0 < M ≤ 8.0.
Separate algorithm can be developed for these two or one algorithm can be developed
that suites both these regimes.
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the boundary layer are properly resolved. Using a rigorous mathematical approach to
automate the grid resolution required within the boundary layer would have a dramatic
impact on complex design and analysis applications.
Recent trend is towards adjoint based unstructured grid adaptation. The basic idea of the
adjoint-based adaptation method is to construct an adaptive sensor from a more robust
and accurate error estimation. It is seen that the adjoint solutions provide a very powerful
approach to compute output error estimation as well as to systematically adapt grids to
reduce spacial discretization errors. In adjoint-based adaptation there is a significant
reduction in unnecessary grid points compared to the feature-based adaptation in both
2D and 3D flows.
The focus of the work should be towards a feature/ adjoint based grid refinement
algorithm which can operate in all types of flow regime (subsonic, transonic till hypersonic
flows). The algorithm should resolve the flow features like shocks, waves and vortices
with relative ease and should be automated with minimal human intervention. The grid
adaptation logic is to be designed in such a way that the cell quality should not deteriorate
beyond the baseline grid.
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A4.1 Development of analytical tool for low thrust interplanetary mission trajectories
(VSSC)
Spacecraft trajectories are obtained from the integration of the spacecraft’s equations
of motions, which contain terms for the external forces that are acting on the spacecraft
and for the thrust force. The convergence behavior of trajectory optimization methods
depends on an adequate initial guess of the solution, which is often hard to find. An
efficient analytical tool can provide with good initial approximation which can reduce
exhaustive numerical computation.
A4.2 Re-entry trajectory design and analysis of two closely following bodies with a
possibility of a break ups (VSSC)
Re-entry trajectory design is complex as large amount of heat has to be dissipated and
structural integrity of the body has to be ensured. Design becomes challenging when
two bodies closely follow each other. This typically occurs in one of the missions where
crew module and cryostage enters the Earth’s atmosphere and are in close vicinity. In
this TDP, possibility of cryostage breakup during the re-entry is to be analysed. Number
of pieces during the break-up are to be evaluated based upon detailed structural analysis
of the cryo stage components. The survivability of these pieces and the effect of impact
of these pieces on the ongoing crew module is to be assessed.
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B1.1 Study on interaction of fluid-structure and resulting pressure and thrust oscillations
in segmented solid motors (VSSC)
The thrust oscillations resulting from the chamber pressure oscillations in large solid
boosters of launch vehicles is a perennial problem. In solid motors there are several
reasons for pressure oscillations. The oscillations resulting from the three dimensional
and uneven nature of the propellant grain surfaces (paretal oscillations), oscillations
due to the burn rate variations and resulting combustion instability, the pressure
fluctuations arising from the vortex formation due to the protruding inhibitions between
the segments are some of the major reasons. Among them, the third one is the most
severe one causing the largest amplitudes in pressure fluctuations. These fluctuations in
pressures may be amplified several times in thrust. When the solid motors are used
in paired mode (like S200 motors GSLV Mk III) the thrust oscillations pause issues in
controllability also. Hence, the study of the pressure oscillations in solid motors become
very significant. In segmented solid motors, the segment inhibition made of rocasin or
similar material will not burn along with the propellant grain and will remain there for a
long time. This will cause formation of eddies and recirculation zones in the vicinity of
inhibitions. The periodic shedding of the eddies result in the pressure oscillations. The
inhibition material and the propellant grain also will respond to the pressure fluctuation
in the port. Hence the phenomenon of pressure and thrust oscillation in segmented
solid motor is to be studied in a coupled manner considering the effect of fluid dynamic
oscillations and oscillations of inhibitions and propellant grain deformations.
The Objective of the proposal would be :
i) To bring out the frequency and magnitudes of pressure and thrust oscillations within the
solid motor considering the fluid-structure interaction of the port flow gases, protruding
inhibitions and deformation of the propellant grain.
ii) The problem has to be addressed in a transient, quasi-steady manner considering the
grain surface evolution.
iii) The validation has to be done with the available test data of subscale tests or flight
measured data.
B2.1 Ignition modeling of semi cryo engine & comparison of performance with slug
igniter & electrical igniter for LOX kerosene combustion (LPSC)
In future, multi start semi cryo engine are required for space transportation missions.
Slug igniter is a fuel which is hypergolic with LOX where as electrical igniter is another
heating device to generate adequate heat energy to ignite LOX with Kerosene. Modeling
of igniter aspects, performance prediction, improvements etc. are some of the areas
of research.
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B2.2 Modeling of two phase flow heat transfer of Liquid Methane in regenerative cooling
channels of LOX/Methane rocket engines with Methane film cooling (LPSC)
In future LOX/Methane engines are essentially needed for Mars missions where in fuel
refilling is possible. A good thermal model for two phase flow will be of much application
for design of LOX/Methane engines.
B2.3 Study, design & optimization of clearance seals used in high speed turbo machinery
operating in cryogenic fluids and vacuum conditions (LPSC)
Clearance seals are used in Liquid Hydrogen/Liquid Oxygen during chilling phase
and in vacuum conditions during operation of turbo pumps. The vibration, friction and
wear characteristics of the seal/runner combination plays a vital role in the turbopump
performance. Detailed study in this area is required to optimize the existing seal designs/
configurations.
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which requires soft landing type of operations for future space missions. Modelling and
experimental characterization of the injectors for various operating conditions are areas
to be studied.
B2.9 Regenerative cooling analysis with kerosene for semicryogenic thrust chamber to
study coking characteristics (LPSC)
For semi-cryogenic engine the coolant used for regenerative cooling is refined version of
kerosene (equivalent to RP1). The kerosene is a mixture of many hydrocarbons. During
passing through the coolant channels the temperature of kerosene increases. However
when kerosene comes in to contact with high temperature walls, it decomposes and
leaves behind a sticky rubber like substance called coke. This coke can clogg the injector
element holes, which are very small in size (~0.8 mm). Hence the coking characteristics
is to be studied thoroughly for different operating conditions.
B2.10 Prediction model for vibration in turbopumps considering the effects of unbalance,
constraints, fluid forces, seals, internal clearances (housing/shaft/bearing) etc.
(LPSC)
Turbopumps are highly critical systems due to its high power, high speed operation and
hazardous propellents being handled. Condition monitoring of turbopumps is essential
for the safe shutdown and preventing catastrophic damage. Vibration assessment is a
very effective tool for condition monitoring of turbopumps. A prediction model for vibration
in turbopumps can be effectively used for condition monitioning of turbopumps during
its operation.
B2.11 Mathematical modelling of liquid migration under Zero ‘g’ condition and the
associated heat transfer with warm tank wall and pressurent gas is essential to
predict the rate of pressure build up in LH2 tank (LPSC)
In cryogenic propulsion Stage residual liquid migration in LH2 tank is generally observed
after engine shut down. This causes higher tank pressure due to mixing of liquid hydrogen
with warm pressurent gas and heat transfer with warm tank wall.
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Emissive probes with special measurement circuit is needed to special attention to serve
the purpose
Deliverables:
1. Langmuir probe and emissive probes compatible to high temperature plasma.
2. Measurement circuit with high frequency measurement compatibility.
3. Programme (code) to analyze and deduct the results from raw data.
B2.16 Life cycle prediction of thrust chamber for reusable regeneratively cooled liquid
engines (LPSC)
This project is to study the cyclic life of double walled regeneratively cooled thrust
chambers of liquid rocket engines. Theoretical and experimental investigations are
required to study the thermomechanical behavior of different thrust chamber materials
in the parent metal and welded forms for this at different temperatures and strain rates.
Damage mechanics has to be incorporated in the studies.
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B2.17 Heat transfer characterization of kerosene with aluminium nano particles (LPSC)
Energetic propellant nanosized particle based nanofluid can be used in the regeneratively
cooled CRE. The nanofluid will be used as a coolant to the thrust chamber through
regeneratively cooled channel and film cooling. Preparation of long term stable nanofluid
with respect to any surface, determination of its thermophysical properties and finally
heat transfer performance & pressure drop characteristics during regenerative cooling
and film cooling is of interest to ISRO.
B2.18 Liquid film cooling study of thrust chamber with kerosene for LOX/Kerosene semi-
cryogenic Engine (LPSC)
The 2000 kN Semi-cryogenic engine is a high thrust engine and generates high thermal
load on the thrust chamber wall. Hence the thrust chamber is cooled by film cooling along
with regenerative cooling. The film coolant, after injection in to the thrust chamber takes
part in combustion, hence film coolant layer depletes gradually. For safe operation of
engine, a positive film coolant (without film layer breakage) is an essential requirement.
This necessitates detail modelling of film coolant phase change considering proper
reaction steps, species, reaction rates through CFD.
B2.19 Modelling and analysis of throat film cooling for semi cryogenic engine thrust
chamber (LPSC)
The throat region of thrust chamber is subjected to maximum heat flux. The conventional
film coolant injected near the injector end is not sufficient to keep the throat wall
temperature below safe temperature limit. Hence additional film cooling provided near
the throat region. Isrosene (fuel used for semicryo engine: equivalent to RP1) is used for
both film cooling as well as regenerative cooling in liquid state.
For safe operation of engine, a positive film coolant is an essential requirement. Hence
detail modelling of phase change of film coolant and participation in combustion is
required considering proper reaction steps, species and reaction rates. Based on the
CFD results an empirical correlation is also to be formulated for predicting the film coolant
thickness in the thrust chamber for varying operating parameters.
B2.20 Modelling of film cooling / sweat cooling in liquid rocket engines (LPSC)
All high thrust liquid rocket engines employ film cooling along with regenerative cooling
to reduce the heat flux at throat. As the film coolant undergoes phase change and
gradually takes part in combustion, it is difficult to predict the overall effectiveness in
different operating conditions. Also higher film cooling rate reduces engine specific
impulse. Hence a detail CFD analysis is required for all ISRO liquid engines to optimise
film cooling flow rate.
B2.21 Combustion modelling & combustion instability modelling of liquid rocket engines
(LPSC)
Numerical steady state flow model can be carried out with the consideration of the various
species for the cryo/semi-cryo thrust chamber and this can be perturbed to give unsteady
results which give signatures of the dominant acoustic modes. The initial guess of the
droplet size of the propellant will decide the vaporization, mixing and combustion in the
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chamber, therefore an experimental assessment of the droplet size will help in accurate
predictions. Stability assessment can be done for ranges of droplet sizes and the stability
boundaries can be defined. Design evaluation of the present cryo/semicryogenic engine
with stability enhancing mechanisms can be taken up for studies.
B2.22 Combustion studies on gel kerosene & gel kerosene with aluminium nano particles
(LPSC)
Properties of stable Gel kerosene nanofluid, its flow performance and increase in density
impulse.Rheological properties, thermophysical properties and energetic constants.
Cold flow as well as combustion performance of these nanofluid at realistic conditions.
B2.25 Two phase flow modeling in cryogenic propellant feed lines (LPSC)
Cryogenic engines make use of propellants such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen at
very low temperatures in order to obtain a high specific impulse and controllable thrust.
The feed lines are to be chilled to cryogenic temperature prior to the start of engine
operation to avoid undesirable flow oscillation. The flow of cryogenic fluids through a
feed line is complex due to two phase flow, heat in leak in the feed line and boils off at
the source. The flow of cryogenic fluids is complicated because surface tension makes
all the dynamics nonlinear. Moreover, the density of the two phases differs considerably
and compressibility becomes important due to the large change in density. Flow
induced pressure drop can lead to further change of phase. In addition various types of
instabilities may develop. Methods are available for modeling of two phase flow using
numerical techniques such as volume of fluid method, level set method, front tracking
and the Lattice-Boltzmann methods. However, modeling of two phase cryogenic flow
incorporating properly phase change and heat transfer as well as fluid dynamics is still
a developing field. Specialised models for cryogenic engines will have to be developed
considering the actual fluids and operating conditions. New methodologies may have to
be investigated to accurately capture the flow behavior.
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B2.28 Spray interaction effects in a multi-element injector head of a liquid rocket engine
(LPSC)
Multi-element swirl injectors are used in high thrust liquid rocket engines. The intra-
element characteristics of the swirl injector is mainly influenced by geometrical and flow
parameters. The injector elements are arranged in a specific pattern based on the thrust
per injector element of the rocket engine. In addition, the conical spray from an injector
element interacts with the spray formed in its neighbouring elements. The performance
and stability of liquid rocket engine is influenced by both intra-element and inter-element
spray characteristics. Spray interaction in multi-element injector head depends on
both the intra-element spray characteristics as well as combustion chamber operating
conditions. For simulating the spray interaction in a multi-element injector, experiments
and analyses need to be carried out at different operating conditions.
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atomization of coaxial or impinging jets and parameters affecting the atomization, mixing,
vaporization of the propellant is to be studied. Theoretical studies with experimental
correlation can be carried out.
B2.32 Finite element simulation of non-linear, high strain forming processes of metals
like deep drawing, flaring etc (LPSC)
This study is for evaluating the state of stress and strain in sheet metal work undergoing
high plastic starins as in deep drawing and flaring. FEA based simulations and tests are
required to assess the structural integrity of the work piece so as to optimize the process
parameters.
B2.33 Transient chill down analysis of regeneratievely cooled thrust chambers (LPSC)
The Thrust chambers of cryo engines are preconditioned by low and high flow rate chill
down before engine firing. This is a highly transient phenomena involving conjugate heat
transfer, radiation and phase change. A proper flow analysis is essentially required to
optimise the coolant flow rate during the chill down as this coolant is drawn from the fuel
tank during flight. Optimising chill down flow rate can significantly improve the payload
carrying capability as it will reduce the fuel loading from the upper stage engine.
B2.34 Film cooling breakage studies under unstable combustion conditions (Boundary
Layer breakage) (LPSC)
During combustion, instability can lead to multiple high pressure zones inside the thrust
chamber. This in turn break the film coolant layer near the boundary layer. As a result the
heat transfer to chamber wall can increase significantly, which may lead to catastrophic
failure of thrust chamber. Hence a proper study of effect of various modes of combustion
instabilities on film coolant layer is to be carried out.
B2.35 Evaluation of damange cretiria for AA2219 welds under bi-axial stress field from
experiments and simulation (LPSC)
This project plans to address the damage modelling and failure prediction of AA2219
GTA welds and parent metal under biaxial state of stress. Both tests and simulations
based on FEA are required for this. Different biaxial stress rates have to be addressed.
Tests have to be conducted for different specimen thickness commonly encountered in
liquid propellant tanks.
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also play role in thrusters performance. The high energetic ion beam impregnates the
liner material and causes erosion and affects the life. Since the life of the SPTs is of the
order of 1000s of hours, it is not practical to measure the erosion pattern on full scale.
Hence we need a technique to estimate the erosion rate and life of the thrusters based
on suitable modelling.
Deliverables:
1. Model to predict the anode liner erosion of Hall thrusters.
2. Estimation of Hall thruster’s life.
B2.37 Design of packaging / interfaces for MEMS based fabricated valves & actuators
(LPSC)
Development and testing of a MEMS based Piezo valve is successfully demonstrated.
However the next challenge in development is to integrate the microsystem (valve) to
the mechanical fluid system . Interfacing of the silicon wafer etched micro valve to the
stainless steel tubing with proper interface sealing is yet to be developed.
B2.39 Design & development of solenoid coils for liquid helium applications (LPSC)
Liquid helium storage under pressurized condition and on-board isolation will
call for a fast response electromagnetically actuated solenoid valve. At these
temperatures because of the low viscosity of liquid helium sealing is a concern.
The valve envisages the usage of superconducting winding wires wherein the current
carrying capacity is amplified many times due to a drastic drop in coil resistance
accompanied by minimal increase in power at around liquid helium temperatures.
The valve design can make use of magnetostrictive actuator. Development of
valve with super conducting coil and achieving leak tightness for Liquid Helium
application is a challenge.
B2.40 Estimation of torque co-efficient and load distribution in threaded joints (LPSC)
This project is to study the mechanical behaviour of bolted joints at cryo, ambient and
elevated temperatures under the combined action of bolt pre-torque, internal pressure
and axial loads. Experimental and numerical studies have to be carried out considering
different nut factors and bolts/flange materials.
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C2.5 Enhancing the existing method UH-25, MMH, N2O4 & MON3 effluent treatment
(SDSC-SHAR)
Currently the effluent treatment of the propellant effluents is being carried out in batch
process mode using reaction tank. Instead of batch process, continuous method of
treatment with improved chemical method is being looked for.
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C4.2 Solvent free coating of moisture sensitive oxidizer materials for propellant
application (VSSC)
Majority of oxidizers used in propellant formulations are sensitive to moisture and humidity.
In order to circumvent this issue, hydrophobic coating/encapsulation with suitable material
over the oxidizer particles are warranted. Many coating techniques are available today
for this purpose. Proper selection of coating material and coating technique will provide
effective and efficient coating without compromising its energetic properties. Most film
coatings using fluid bed coating technique are applied as organic based polymeric
solutions. This organic solvent based coating has its own disadvantages such as toxicity,
health hazards, flammability, long processing time, high energy consumption and
compatibility issues with base oxidizer material. In order to overcome these drawbacks
solvent free supercritical fluid based coating is essential. Solvent less coating will reduce
the processing time and suitable for temperature sensitive oxidizer material. Coating
methodology to be evolved for particle size ranges of (D50: 50-90 microns and 150-250
microns). Coating weight <1.0% by weight of precursor.
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be optimized using twin screw extrusion followed by injection molding of the two halves
to get spherical liners. The plastic welding process also needs to be optimized so that
there is no leakage of helium gas through the weld area and only maximum 5% drop in
strength due to welding.
C5 Sub Area Energy Systems for Satellite & Launch Vehicles (VSSC)
C5.1 Analysis of different gas-water separation techniques for oxygen and hydrogen
gases with regard to space applications of fuel cells (VSSC)
The requirement is analysis of different techniques for separation of liquid water from
exhaust hydrogen and oxygen gases at variable flow rate in microgravity environment.
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LiNix or yCoxMnxO2 –NMC 111, NMC811 etc. need to be developed, characterized and
evaluated.
C5.4 Development of durable and smart catalyst layer structures of LT PEM Fuel Cell (VSSC)
Envisages to develop high durable ORR catalyst layers capable of greater than 400 mW/
cm2 within 0.6 V for air cathode with 0.1 mg /cm2 loading at fuel cell MEA level.
C5.5 Development of efficient OER catalyst for LT PEM water electrolysers (VSSC)
Establishing a synthesis route for high durable catalyst and realizing OER catalyst
layer to achieve electrode level performance of 1A/cm2 or greater within 1.70 V for Low
temperature (<80 °C) PEM water electrolyser.
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C6.3 Development of ceramic coating to prevent metal burning in high temperature and
oxygen rich environment (LPSC)
Metal burning in hot oxygen enviorment is an important issue which is not yet solved.
Ceramic coating containing oxides is one of the solutuion for preventing metal burning.
Adhesion of the coating to the metal substrate is an important aspect. Addition of metal
particles to ceramic will help to improve the ductility of the coating so that it will not
fracture under tensile loads.
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C6.4 Development of new thermal barrier coating to reduce heat flux in semi cryogenic
engine thrust chamber (LPSC)
Thermal barrier coating (TBC) for semicryogenic thrust chamber is manadatory
requirement to bring down the coolant channel temperature below the coking limit of
the coolant (fuel). Heat flux to thrust chamber material (copper alloy) can be minimised
by TBC . TBC can be any material which has got conductivity less chamber material (
copper alloy).
C7.1 Development of effective catalysts and reaction kinetic models for carbon dioxide
reduction reaction (VSSC)
The Sabatier reaction, also referred to as carbon dioxide methanation, involves reacting
carbon dioxide and hydrogen in presence of a catalyst producing water and methane.
Number of catalysts have been reported in the literature for the reaction.
Development of highly efficient catalyst with high methane selectivity, lower on set
temperature and minimum pressure drop is solicited. Towards this objective, bimetallic or
tri-metallic catalysts on suitable supports are required to be designed. Either wash-coating
on monoliths or support on metal based mesh for enhanced heat transfer properties
may be attempted for realization of the catalyst system with the desired efficiency.
Further, reaction kinetic studies for the developed catalyst(s) are required to be
undertaken based on which kinetic models should be developed / formulated. These
kinetic models shall form the basis for designing of the reactor for undertaking carbon
dioxide methanation reaction.
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C10.1 Development of metal organic frameworks for the selective adsorption of gases
like H2, CO2 and CO (VSSC)
The work involves molecular modelling, synthesis and characterization of the MOF and
evaluation performance. Academia should desirably be equipped with processing facilities
such as pressure reactors and characterization facilities including BET surface area
analyser, Single crystal XRD, FESEM, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR),129Xe
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.
C11.1 Development of shape controlled inorganic fillers for thermal interface materials
(VSSC)
Thermal interface materials are very critical for the miniaturization of electronic components.
In order to enhance the thermal conductivity of the interface thermal pad, conductive fillers
like alumina and boron nitride are being used. The shape of filler significantly contributes
to the thermal conductivity. The objective is to synthesise the platelet and spherical shaped
fillers and development of electrically insulated thermal pad.
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These regenerable adsorber systems do not have to be replaced during a space mission,
and can be smaller and lighter than the disposable adsorber beds.Currently, packed
beds of sorbent pellets are mostly used in the adsorption systems; however, recent
studies have shown that these materials can be easily fluidized and/or eroded, due to
both thermal cycling and mechanical vibration, and can generate fine particulates that
bypass the downstream mesh filters. This results in particulates buildup in downstream
pumps, blowers, and other components, and has been problematic in some aerospace
applications. Furthermore, these packed beds of pelletscreate a large pressure drop
across the adsorption system.
In view of the above, it is imperative to develop alternative approaches to packed
bed systems, where the suitable adsorbent material should be coated on metal mesh
elements (substrate consists of a series of ultra-short-channel-length) or monoliths which
can effectively adsorb / capturecarbon dioxide and trace contaminants.The study should
aim at developing the regenerable adsorbent material having selective carbon dioxide
adsorption efficiency of minimum 8% by weight.
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E1.4 Effect of processing parameters on cryo impact properties of cast alloys (VSSC)
Many alloys are used in form of castings at cryo temperatures. Under this project proposal,
it is envisaged to evaluate cryo-temperature properties, particularly impact properties at
cryo temperatures and to study the effect of heat treatment on different phase and cryo-
properties. Materials (04X and 08X) shall be provided by VSSC in the form of test bar.
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E1.6 Simulation of SLM (Selective Laser Melting) process for prediction of defects and
parametric control in printing of components (VSSC)
Selective Laser Melting is process for making complex shaped components in very less
time. Process optimization and modeling is very important for improving reliability of the
process. Models should be based on thermal imaging of the melting passes and should
be able to predict the effect of parameters on discontinuities in the product.
E1.7 Design of alloys for powder base additive manufacturing processes (VSSC)
Powder base additive manufacturing processes involves high solidification rates. It can
lead to design of new alloys which cannot be processed through conventional processes
but can be processed through SLM/LENS process into a component. It can lead to
development of component in alloys with exotic properties and significant weight saving.
Under this project, few alloys can be selected for light weight, high strength, stiffness for
light weight and high temperature capability.
E2.1 Improving tensile properties and controlling of residual stresses in 2219 and 2014
aluminum alloy FSW weldments by laser shot peening (VSSC)
Friction Stir Welding is considered as potential welding processing to realize aerospace
hardware without hot cracking and porosities. The scope of work is to improve the
mechanical properties of Al alloys (2219 and 2195) FSW welds by laser shot peening.
Data shall be generated on the effect of laser shot peening on tensile properties and
residual stresses in weldments. FSW welded plates will be supplied by VSSC.
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E2.3 Magnetic Pulse Welding (MPW) of AISI 321 stainless steel to AA2219 Aluminium
alloy (VSSC)
Solid state welding processes are widely used to join dissimilar materials like
stainless steel and aluminum alloys. MPW, a recent addition to the family of
solid-state welding processes has enormous potential over the conventional
explosive bonding to produce bimetallic adaptors (AISI 321/AA2219). Scope of the
work involves design, analysis, fabrication, and demonstration of suitable magnetic
coils and field shapers to realize bimetallic adaptors of various sizes. Realized
bimetallic adaptors have to be subjected to extensive pressure and leak test at ambient
and LN2 temperatures. The scope of study also includes detailed mechanical and
microstructural investigation of the weld joints. Materials (AISI 321, AA2219, Cu alloy
for coil) of the trials can be supplied from VSSC. VSSC can also extend support for
pressure and leak test.
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E4.2 3D atom probe analysis of precipitates in age hardenable aluminium alloys (VSSC)
Three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) is an established tool for the identification of size,
volume fraction and location of specific elements or fine strengthening precipitates in
materials. The aim of this project is to study the precipitates in high strength aluminium and
aluminium-lithium alloys of aerospace grades. The changes in the sub-microstructure by
the effect of thermo-mechanical processing on these materials and role of minor element
additions have to be studied. Al alloys will be supplied by VSSC.
E4.5 Studies on hydrogen permeation and trapping in high strength steels (VSSC)
The deleterious effect of hydrogen on the mechanical behavior of high strength
steels is well known. The hydrogen embrittlement resistance is closely related to the
microstructural features such as dislocation density, grain boundary, carbides and
inclusions. These features are generally classified as diffusive, reversible and irreversible
traps. Understanding the influence of these traps on the HE resistance of steel materials
is very important towards improving the microstructure with improved HE resistance.
On this aspect, hydrogen permeation and Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) are
widely used for obtaining quantitative information on the hydrogen effect on steels. The
purpose of this is to study the HE resistance using the above techniques.
E4.6 Development of graphene reinforced zinc rich nano composite coating for the
corrosion protection of aluminum alloys (VSSC)
In recent years, graphene and graphene oxide reinforced polymer coatings have
attracted several researchers for the fabrication of high performance polymeric coatings
with enhanced thermal, mechanical and corrosion properties. There is growing interest
in using graphene reinforcement with Zn rich coatings towards obtaining efficient
cathodic protection as well as improved barrier properties. Hence it is of interest to
develop modified Zn rich coating with graphene reinforcement and to study its corrosion
properties using DC and AC electrochemical methods to be used for light alloy structures
of aerospace industry.
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E4.7 High temperature oxidation behavior of laser coated NiCrAlY bond coating on Ni-
base alloys (VSSC)
Ni based superalloys are being used in the aerospace industry for high temperature
structural applications. In order to use them for high temperature applications, a coating
system consists of a Bond Coat (BC) and a Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) is fabricated
over the alloy through plasma spray coating or other methods. The overall oxidation
resistance of the coating depends on the preferential formation of alumina coating
between BC and TBC. Recently, BC fabrication using laser aided manufacturing (LSM)
has been reported with improved properties. Hence there is interest towards using
the above method of coating and to examine the oxidation resistance and mechanical
properties of the coating for Ni base alloys in the aerospace industry.
E4.10 Room and elevated temperature fretting wear behaviour of superalloys (VSSC)
Materials subjected to fretting at room temperature and elevated temperatures are subjected
to premature failure than regular fatigue or friction. The brief scope of the study is as follows
a) Evaluate the amount of material removal as a function of force, temperature and the
amplitude.
b) Test temperature can be from RT to at maximum of 600 °C. Temperatures upto 800 °C
if possible is also can be considered in this study.
c) Evaluate the metallurgical factors that influence the fretting characteristics.
d) Research outcome: research outcome is to develop a model as the function of above
variables to predict the fretting wear.
e) The materials to study are XH42 and XH53 alloys. VSSC will provide the raw material.
f) Heat treatment conditions is standard aging cycle and standard brazing cycle, VSSC
will facilitate the heat treatment of coupons.
g) Specimen fabrication and surface preparation is in the scope of responding agency.
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E4.11 Evaluation of Mixed mode fracture toughness of high strength aerospace materials
(VSSC)
Structures commonly experience mixed mode fracture in real engineering applications.
Mode I fracture properties are significantly used in engineering calculations since it is worst
case scenario. However, knowledge of mixed mode fracture characteristics of materials
will enable designers to decide the actual margins in actual engineering applications.
The scope of the study is as follows
a) Evaluate Mode I and Mode II, Mode I and Mode III stress intensity factors with
different ratios.
b) Evaluate Pure Mode I, Mode II using novel specimen and fixture technique. If possible,
pure Mode III also can be evaluated.
c) Study the influence of mixed mode using classical and FEM models and that of the
experimentally evaluated.
d) Make scientific/Engineering assessment and correct the FEM by appropriate factors
based on experimental data (if applicable)
e) The material proposed to study are Maraging steel (M250) and ESR15CDV6 both
parent and weld. Material and welded coupons for the study will be provided by VSSC.
f) Responding agency is requested to use minimum quantity of material as it is scarce.
g) Specimen design, fabrication, fixture design and fabrication, testing, data evaluation,
metallurgical analyses are in the scope of responding agency.
E4.13 Fracture behaviour studies of rocket engine materials for cryogenic application
(LPSC)
This study plans to address the fracture behavior of aluminium and titanium alloys used in
pressure vessel materials in rocket engines. The behavior of this sections containing part
through cracks under tensile stresses is to be explored at ambient and cryo temperatures
through tests and simulations.
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E6.1 Development of Vacuum Brazing Technique for joining carbon fiber reinforced
Silicon Carbide (C-SiC) to Columbium and C-SiC to Titanium (LPSC)
C/C composite are proposed for an alternative for the existing Columbium chamber for
Satellite engines on ground on higher temperature resistance property. The present
design of satellite engines, uses titanium alloy injector welded with columbium chamber.
When the chamber is replaced by CC composite, to have a joint with titanium alloy,
different mechanisms have to be ventured into. Vacuum brazing is one of the route which
seems to be feasible. Different braze materials like TiCuSil, Ti Cu Ni etc can be used as
filler materials. The development of brazing joint of these dissimilar materials to have a
flange free joint is to ventured into. The physical and thermal properties of the joint has
to match both the materials to have the safe operation which has to be characterized
after joining.
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gases or vapors of silanes decomposes to produce the desired carbon /Silicon carbide
matrix within the pores of the preform and thereby increases the density. The density aimed
after the final densification is based on the targeted mechanical and thermal properties
required for the specific use of application of the product. Practically, the major hindrance
of realisation of C-C/ C-SiC products through CVI process is the long processing duration
required to achieve the desired density. Furthermore the process must be intermediately
interrupted to permit surface machining or heat treatment at high temperature in
order to open the pores for further densification. Scope of work includes development
of a comprehensive numerical modelling to simulate and optimise the processing
parameters to achieve the required density and also to reduce the long process duration
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Scope of Work:
• Development of Coating Methdology of Iridium on Carbon-Carbon Composite Samples
through electro deposition.
• Development of Interlayer Coating of Rhenium through electro deposition.
• Microstructural & Compositional Characterisation of Coating.
• Demonstration of the process on various geometries (Conical & rectangular).
F2.3 Out of autoclave processing of prepreg based fibres reinforced composites (VSSC)
Conventionally composite products for satellite structure applications are realised by
Autoclave curing Processes. The prepreg layup is completed on a tool/mould under room
temperature conditions. The curing is completed under higher temperatures of the order
of 1750C.The inherent disadvantage of this process is the likely curing stresses induced
in the composite part.
Scope of work includes development of prepregs which can cure under UV light OR using
conventional prepregs but curing outside autoclaves using more energy efficient methods.
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The model should provide optimum temperature and pressure cycles for the given cure
setup, with a user friendly interface. Evaluation of the required material properties for the
resin/reinforcement being used by VSSC is also part of the scope of work.
F3.3 Modelling of resin transfer molding of benzoxazine resin in carbon perform (VSSC)
Benzoxazine resin is a potential candidate for ablative application, which is also amenable
for Resin Transfer Molding (RTM). RTM process has established itself as a cost effective
method for producing good quality composite parts. Prediction of flow patterns of the resin
in the preform is essential to identify the locations for placement of injection and vent ports.
The scope of this research work is to develop mathematical model for RTM of Benzoxazine resin
in Carbon preform. The preform will be either stack of bidirectional woven fabric, needled felt of
a multi-directional preform. The evaluation of required material properties is part of the scope of
work. The developed model should provide inputs for the placement of injection and vent ports
for complete filling of the cavity and pressures required for getting defect-free products.
F4.1 Structural health monitoring of composite structures using optical fibres with
bragg grating sensors (VSSC)
Optical fibres with Bragg Grating sensors are the leading candidate technology for
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) since they have minimal mass penalty for extremely
large numbers of sensors. There are many advantages like compatibility with the
composites, low Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI), multiple sensing capabilities with
a single fibre etc. This sensor technology will be useful in present as well as our future
launch vehicle applications.
Scope:
Supply of optical fibres with Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors inscribed, at required locations.
Support for embedment/surface bonding of sensors for subsurface/surface strain
monitoring of composite components.
Demonstration of strain and temperature sensing with data recording in a computer on
specimen and component levels.
Development of interrogation techniques for multiple Fibre Bragg Grating sensors
embedded in a single fibre.
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F6.1 Geometric, kinematic and finite element modelling of large deployable/ inflatable/
unfurlable structures in space (VSSC)
Large antenna reflectors and other structures are being used in increasing numbers for
satellite applications. The sizes range from dia.5.0m and upwards to 20.0m.During Launch
phase these reflectors will be stowed so that launch envelope interfaces requirements
are not violated. In space these structures get deployed by suitable mechanism of energy
release like inflatables, Unfurlable ,Unfoldables etc.
Scope of work includes development of a suitable model need (a) To capture Geometry
of these structures in space (0g condition) and in ground (1g condition) (b) To capture and
model the kinematics of the members /linkages involved and (c)Finite element modeling
of the structure to capture its dynamic, Static and Thermal distortion behaviour under
space conditions.
F7.1 Nano meter level measurement and assessment of space composite structures
(VSSC)
An increasing demand for high-quality, low cost Earth imagery has led to the requirement
for improved structural stability of the satellite instruments providing the imagery. This
translates into camera structures capable of maintaining very high levels of dimensional
stability order of few micron (<10µ) for a length of 1m over their lifetime. CFRP is one of
the materials for dimensionally stable space structures. The “theoretical” zero CTE is only
approximated as well as the manufacturing precision allows. So in ultra stable structure
where micron level dimensional stability is required, there is an need for quantitative
assessment of the magnitude of change in dimensions.
Scope of work includes nano meter level measurement setup with all associated analytical
software and hardware fully integrated, meant for specimen level as well as assembly
level evaluation of the payload and camera structure.
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These composites can be compacted on earth, stored in a compact shape ,and then
self-deploy in space. Applications include support structures for telecommunication
subsystems.
Scope of work includes development and demonstration of SMP Composite for a
paraboloid reflector of 1m diameter with a stowage volume of ~25%.
G2 O2 & CO2 gas sensors and development of graphene based sensors (LPSC)
Graphene is one of the potential materials which can be used for sensing applications.
There is a need for measuring different gases like O2, CO2 etc. for human space flight
where the environment of the crew module has to be carefully monitored and controlled.
Development of gas sensors based on graphene need to be explored for this purpose as
they have lesser weight, faster response, low power consumption etc.
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G4 Development of nano technology based gas sensor (both presence & % quantity)
(LPSC)
Gas sensors need to be employed in various facilities and space systems to monitor
either presence or leak of gases. Monitoring of gases like H2, CO, CO2, NO2, O2 etc.
(both presence and quantity) is mandatory in various space systems. Development of
Nanostructures of various metal oxides for gas sensing need to be attempted. Feasibility
of an array of multiple element gas sensors on a single substrate using nano fabrication
technique may be attempted.
H1.2 Crack growth studies in propellant tanks through experiments & theoretical
modelling (LPSC)
This study plans to address the fracture behavior of aluminium and titanium alloys used in
pressure vessel materials in rocket engines. The behavior of this sections containing part
through cracks under tensile stresses is to be explored at ambient and cryo temperatures
through tests and simulations.
H2.1 Identification of type of failure from global Acoustic Emission (AE) data using ANN/
clustering approach (VSSC)
AE monitoring is being used for the integrity evaluation of various flight hardware during
their proof pressure test for example Titanium alloy Gas Bottles, Aluminium alloy Prop
Tanks, Maraging steel and 15 CDV6 chambers etc. Implementation of an automated
AE analysis on the stored data with ANN/Neural Network for the integrity evaluation of
the hardware helps in reducing the total dependence on human expertise and speed up
analysis. The AE corresponding to different failure types have to be segregated using
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ANN. This is to be compared with AE from the test results of similar hardware tested with
PAC AE DAQ system which can be made use of in training the algorithm.
H2.2 Background noise elimination from global acoustic emission data to segregate
genuine Acoustic Emission (AE) signature corresponding to defects using Spectral
content analysis or any other advanced technique (VSSC)
In online AE monitoring, differentiating the genuine AE signals from pneumatic
pressurisation noises is a big problem for the real time AE evaluation of flight propellant
tanks during pressure tests. This is especially troublesome in case of pneumatic
pressurisation. Due to the noise, the initiation of any defects like crack, yield etc. is
difficult to be identified during the pressurisation / loading phases. Since some of the
noise signals are similar to genuine AE signals, identifying these noise signals in real
time is a tedious job. Implementing a criterion for online filtering of these noises using
Spectral content analysis or any other advanced technique making use of previous test
data is the need of the hour. This can help in monitoring the health of the hardware during
pressurization time and help in averting failures.
H2.3 Development of online Acoustic Emission (AE) instrumentation for proof pressure
test of titanium alloy gas bottles at cryo and elevated temperature (VSSC)
Presently AE monitoring is being used for the integrity evaluation of Ti alloy Gas Bottles
during their Room Temp proof pressure test. Implementation of AE instrumentation
suitable for CRYO Temp/ elevated Temperature of Ti alloy Gas Bottles is expected to
help the integrity evaluation of the Ti-alloy gas bottles using AE for flight use.
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H2.7 Implementation of post processing of FBG sensor data using ANN / suitable
algorithms to detect failure signature (VSSC)
Strain / displ Strain / displacement / acceleration data from a network of FBG sensors
mounted on a structure need to be analysed to ascertain its health. An analysis
methodology has to be developed through structural models with and without defects
along with algorithms to predict the life of structure through ANN like approaches.
H3.2 Dynamic modelling and analysis of human body exposed to vibration environment
during space flight (VSSC)
In manned mission, human body may be exposed to various severe environments for a
long time. This may be detrimental to life or may cause illness/fatigue to the body. One
of the major environments is vibration. Therefore, it is essential to study the influence of
vibration on human body and necessary to find solutions to prevent such environment.
To understand the effect of vibration on human body, it is required to generate three-
dimensional dynamic model of the human body and carryout dynamic analysis for human
biomechanical responses. The human body shall be idealized using beam, spring and
mass elements to represent the various dynamics of the body. The model needs to be
validated with the available literature / test results.
H4.1 Analytical procedure for dynamic load factors of a free standing launch vehicle
against gusty winds (VSSC)
During the pre-launch operation, launch vehicle standing on the launch pad confronts
either steady or gusty wind. To estimate the dynamic loads due to gusty wind, generalized
analytical procedure applicable to the uniform wind or power law profile wind speed
varying from 5 m/s to 30 m/s with wind plane direction of 0o to 360o shall be developed for
any configuration of vehicle in the presence of umbilical tower. The dynamic load factors
for a free standing launch vehicle in the presence of gusty wind has to be generated.
Wind tunnel study should be performed to validate the procedure.
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H4.3 Development of analytical techniques for the design of impact resistant structures
(VSSC)
In the future missions of ISRO like reusable launch vehicles, human space flight, etc.,
the structural components will be subjected to impact loads during orbital and landing
operations. These structures should be designed with highest probability of human,
package and critical component survival. Design and analysis methodologies including
structural, material and environment modelling needs to be established for effective
design of impact resistant structures. Analytical methodologies to assess response of
human body and critical packages to impact load needs to be developed.
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accounting for the attenuation due to material and structural discontinuities, joints,
lumped masses, shock absorbers, etc. The method shall be capable of modelling
isotropic, honeycomb and composite materials. Different numerical approaches are
to be considered to predict the near, mid and far field shock environment to cover the
entire frequency range considered for package qualification. This is required to predict
the response at critical locations on the launch vehicle and packages due to various
separation induced shocks.
H4.8 Development of fast and efficient iterative linear/eigen solvers for large order
sparse systems on parallel computing platforms (VSSC)
The solver should be compatible for Finite element system matrices for computing
deformations and extracting eigen values efficiently. The computing platform should be a
distributed parallel systems suitable for HPC cluster. The program should be developed
in C++ and use threading and multiprocessing for job distribution.
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the cutout is intended. There is no quantification of allowable or safe stress in this type
of zones. There is a need to shape the cutout including fillet considering the stress in
the non-linear range and nature of the stress field at the cutout corner. Theoretical
determination and experimental validation is expected. The study is expected to arrive at
a parametric definition of minimum fillet radius based on geometry of cutout like r/w etc
for using it in all sizes of cutouts of different width-w.
H6.4 An assessment of knock down factors for cylindrical shells used in launch vehicles
based on energy barrier approach (VSSC)
The current design of launch vehicle structure which are compressively loaded is
based on the knock down factors and subsequent qualification tests. However, due to
the improvement of computation methods, better estimates of collapse load are now
possible and the knock down factors applied on theoretical computations are believed to
be conservative. Some estimates show that the current design under-predict the buckling
load carrying capacity by about 20%. The lack of reliability (lack of repeatability and the
non-availability of a non- destructive testing technique) of cylindrical shell buckling
experiments is a major contributing factor for this under estimation. The need for high-
fidelity estimates of the buckling loads of shell structures is of critical importance for
reliance or to increase payload capability. Methods based on energy barrier can be used
as a non-destructive and non-invasive technique for determining the shock sensitivity
and stability of thin-walled structures. Energy barrier method for shell buckling problems
is a new approach for estimating the stability characteristics of cylindrical shells. This
method has promising applications in the space industry for predicting the buckling
load carrying capacity and the robustness of a cylindrical shell subjected to external
undulations. Information about a structure’s stiffness and robustness against buckling
in terms of energy and other force parameters can be arrived using this technique. In
simple terms, the energy barrier is the energy that needs to be supplied to drive the
shell over buckling. And the determination of this energy barrier in a way helps us to
find the buckling load carrying capacity and the shock sensitivity of the structure. The
energy barrier of a structure can be determined from simple experiments or numerical
procedures by introducing transverse perturbation to cylindrical shell preloaded by axially
compressive force.
H6.5 Design / analysis of membrane structures like parachute canopy for different
loading conditions (VSSC)
In present time, use of membrane structures is widely increased in field of science and
aerospace technology. Parachutes form one of the major part of recovery subsystems in
field of Human Space Missions, whereas hot air balloons are widely used for atmospheric
studies and navigation. The mentioned membrane structures come in the category of
tensile structures where stresses in the structures determine the shape as fabrics used
in the design have no appreciable stiffness out of the plane it lies in and no appreciable
bending stiffness. Design of such structures is sensitive to its geometry, material
properties and patterning (fabrication) direction. The mechanical behavior of fabrics used
in realization of such structures is nonlinear and time dependent, with assumed or highly
simplified material properties commonly used for analysis. The scope of the proposed
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project is to emphasize on the design criteria for membrane structures such as parachute
canopy, to develop an analysis methodology for estimation of canopy stresses and loads
in the canopy reinforcement using available / independent analysis tools.
H6.7 Damage tolerant designs for laminated composite structures used in aerospace
structures (VSSC)
The initiation and propagation of manufacturing induced or service induced damage
in the structural design of laminated composites are of primary concern for aerospace
structures. The laminated composite wing and fuselage structure with low transverse
strength, low inter-laminar shear strength and no plastic deformation are more susceptible
to damage growth. A stress based criterion can determine the locations of potential
damages followed by fracture analysis to predict the initiation of delamination. Based on
suitable failure criterion, the failure is predicted.
A thorough understanding is required to predict the multiple complex failure mechanisms
in composite structures which are used especially in aerospace industry such as the wing
structure. Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT), Cohesive Zone Modeling (CZM) and
Progressive Failure Analysis (PFA) are the techniques to predict the failure followed by
the experiments to validate the criterion. A series of aerospace materials ranging from the
metals to composites has to be tested and predictions through analytical and numerical
method have to be carried out for the better understanding for future requirements.
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H6.11 Structural health monitoring through classification of strain patterns using artificial
neural network (VSSC)
Structural health monitoring technology has become an important approach to increase
the safety and reduce the maintenance costs of high performance composite structures
used in aircraft and re-entry vehicles.
There is a requirement to develop the tools to detect damages such as fiber failure, matrix
cracking, de-laminations, skin-stiffener de-bonds in composite structures. Neural network
is one of the tools. Tool will be used to classify sensor malfunctioning and structural
failure(s) based on the observed static strain patterns of the healthy and unhealthy
structures. Analytical and experimental studies have to be made to validate the
adopted methodology.
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H6.12 Visco-elastic structural analysis of solid propellant grains in the presence of voids
(VSSC)
Solid rocket systems are used extensively in situations where the total impulse is known
in advance and restart is not required. Structurally, a rocket motor consists of the solid
propellant grain, liner, insulation, motor case and the igniter. Solid propellant grains are
strained / stressed due to thermal, gravitational, flight acceleration and ignition pressure
loads. The structural response of the propellant grain in the presence of voids / porosity
disrupt the stress/strain field.
It is essential to examine the criticality of voids in solid propellant motor grains based
on structural as well as ballistic and thermal considerations. A detailed viscoelastic solid
propellant grain analysis in the presence of different void shapes and sizes is to be
carried out for storage, thermal and ignition pressurization loading conditions for the
development of an acceptance criterion. A methodology has to be established to model
the void and examine its deformation criticality through finite element analysis.
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I1.3 Design and development of 25kW quadruplex BLDC motor with quadruplex
hallsensor sets (VSSC)
25kW quadruplex BLDC motor with quadruplex hallsensor sets is planned as a driver for
linear electro-mechanical actuators generating high actuation forces. The scope includes
Design of motor and controller for the input requirements.
Modeling and analysis using finite element analysis software to validate the motor
performance.
Generation of fabrication drawings and PCB layout.
Procurement of components needed for the motor and controller.
Realisation, assembly and testing of motor and controller.
I1.4 Design and development of dual redundant 22.50 stepper motor for the rotary
actuator (VSSC)
The scope includes
Design of motor for the input requirements.
Modeling and analysis using finite element analysis software to validate the motor
performance.
Generation of fabrication drawings.
Procurement of components.
Realisation, assembly and testing of motor.
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I2.2 Design and analysis (static & dynamic) of a planetary roller screw (VSSC)
Planetary rollerscrews having double nut configuration are used in high power
electromechanical actuators for converting the rotary motion to linear. The scope of
project includes:
Mechanical design of the roller screw based on input requirement which includes detailed
specification and outer dimensions of Rollerscrew.
Generation of 3D CAD model.
Kinematic analysis and estimation of slip.
Static analysis (Finite Element Analysis ), stiffness and efficiency.
Dynamic analysis (Using solvers like ADAMS).
Fabrication drawing of all components.
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I4.2 Formal methods for flight software specification and verification (VSSC)
Formal methods for software specification and verification are based on mathematical
methods and offer a more rigorous approach for software development and verification.
In order to ensure consistency of requirements and provide proof of correctness, formal
methods are to be used to supplement the traditional techniques followed for specification
and verification of flight software for launch vehicles.
I5.1 Integrated on chip multi output DC-DC converter with soft switching topology
(VSSC)
The scope of the project includes the modelling, analysis, design and development of
miniaturised multiple output isolated DC-DC converter with soft switching topology for
aerospace applications. These converters should have efficiency greater than 85%. The
scope of the project includes the design of on chip PWM controller for the proposed
control algorithm.The proposed scheme shall be verified by simulation and hardware
implementation.
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I6.1 Modeling, simulation, analysis and design of a controller for a robotic manipulator
having five degree of freedom for lunar mission (VSSC)
Modeling, simulation, analysis and design of a controller for a robotic manipulator having
five degree of freedom for lunar mission.
Robotic manipulator having five degree of freedom forms part of a lunar exploration rover.
The scope of project includes,
Generation of a mathematical model and its analysis which includes forward and inverse
kinematics, work space analysis, trajectory planning, static and dynamic analysis.
Design of a controller and simulation of certain predefined tasks.
Hardware realization of the controller (control electronics to drive the manipulator).
Experimental demonstration of the predefined tasks (Robotic manipulator will be provided
for this purpose).
Design, analysis and experimental verification of a force and slip controller for the object
grasp by an underactuated three fingered robotic hand.
Design of force and slip controller (including selection and procurement of appropriate
sensor / sensors).
Simulation of grasp (Spherical, Cylindrical & Planar) with objects of various sizes and
shapes.
Experimental demonstration of grasp (Spherical, Cylindrical & Planar) with objects of
various sizes and shapes (Underactuated robotic hand will be provided for this purpose)
I6.2 Determination of space debris, its shape and orientation and distance using image
processing through stereo camera (VSSC)
Image processing through stereo camera to determine the shape and dimensions of
space debris in orbit.
Estimation of altitude, angular velocity and tumbling axis of the debris.
Machine learning could be used to achieve the goal.
Date update frequency should be more than 25Hz.
Camera configuration, Processor and algorithm should be define accordingly.
Algorithm should be platform independent so that it can be exported to the controllers
having different architecture
I7.1 Sensors based on RF transduction principles for Remote Wireless Sensing (VSSC)
This project aims at realizing sensors using RF techniques such as resonance
and propagation phase shift. Development of such techniques allows non-invasive
measurement of a variety of parameters. The project involves design and development
of such sensing systems and the associated electronics so as to enable wireless remote
sensing of parameters for aerospace and industrial applications.
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I7.2 Integration of sensors and electronics - analog, digital, rf & antenna on flex
substrate for complete wireless sensing system (VSSC)
This project aims at realizing integrated sensors on flexible substrate. This involves design
and development of a process flow that will allow Sensing elements, Analog, Digital, RF
and Antenna elements to be implemented on the same flexible substrate base. Suitable
placement, routing and fabrication techniques to be developed that will allow all these
elements of diverse domains to work with minimal interference effects such as cross-talk
and noise pickup that can affect the signal integrity in individual domains. The end goal is
to develop technologies required for design and fabrication of smart, conformal wireless
sensing systems for applications such as aerospace, industrial IOT and structural
health monitoring.
I7.5 Design, fabrication, testing and realization of Erbium Doped Fiber (EDF) edge filter
(VSSC)
The Erbium Doped Fiber (EDF) Edge filteris to be developed. The component is for
interrogating (Fiber Bragg Grating grating) FBG sensors. EDF will be used to convert the
Bragg wavelength shift to optical intensity variation.
The Edge filter band width coverage : 1525 to 1565nm or more
The EDF response should be temperature independent
Variation of power over wavelength : 1dB/nm
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I8.1 Miniaturized wideband analog phase modulator using phase locked loop (PLL)
(VSSC)
The project aims at the implementation of wideband continuous analog phase modulator
capable of handling 2 Mbps data rate using PLL technique. Phase modulation (PCM/PM) is
presently being employed for ISRO launch vehicle telemetry applications. The modulator
subsystem is the major contributor in the size and mass of the telemetry transmitter.
The objective of this research is to miniaturize the present telemetry transmitter system
by developing a new method of modulation inside the PLL. The major advantages of
implementing such a system will be a significant reduction of size, mass and cost of the
transmitter. The present system employs PLL based frequency synthesizer for carrier
generation in S band (2.2-2.3 GHz). The present proposal is for the state-of-art in the
field which is the implementation of modulation within the carrier generation loop itself
using fractional-N frequency synthesizer chip with integrated VCO.
J2.1 DC-DC Converters are widely used in Launch Vehicle and Spacecraft applications.
Currently, ISRO Launch vehicle packages use Single and Dual Surface Mount Technology
(SMT) DC-DC converters with power density of 2.4 W/in3. In complex systems which
need many (up to eight) output voltages like Inertial Systems, space & mass constraints
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impose the use of high power density and Triple Output imported Hybrid Micro Circuit
(HMC) DC-DC Converters. Specifically, for systems like DRINS for HSP, where more
sensors are used for higher level of failure tolerance, use of conventional SMT DC-DCs
will result in a heavy power module for INS. The objective of the TDP is to indigenously
design and develop miniature (10 W/in3 or higher), Low Profile (less than 17mm), High
Frequency (500 kHz or above) Single, Dual and Triple Output HMC DC-DC Converters
with miniature magnetics.
J3.1 Development of a fully autonomous vision navigation system for doing relative navigation.
A set of retro reflectors mounted on the target at specified coordinates form a three
dimensional target pattern which will be imaged using camera kept at the chaser vehicle.
The camera detects the reflected signal. The onboard processor in the chaser process the
detector output and the image processing algorithms resident in the processor analyzes
the imagery to identify the corner reflectors and to derive the current state vector. The
relative navigation and attitude state variables are estimated using a state observer and
suitable filtering algorithms.
Develop relative navigation concept for use in future missions like landing missions, in
final docking phase (<500m range) of autonomous rendezvous docking process, in stage
recovery experiment, etc.
Identify the technologies involved and define suitable configuration of sensors, reflector
pattern, camera and various elements of the system.
Design of image processing algorithms, state observer and filter algorithms to estimate
the relative state vectors (position, velocity, attitude and angular rates).
Development and realization of the system elements and integration of the system.
Develop the test methodology and test system required to demonstrate performance.
Performance demonstration & qualification of the developed system.
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M1.1 Study on radiant heat flux from propellant fires and its effects (SDSC-SHAR)
Estimation of Heat flux around the propellant burning areas through experimental setup
will help us to validate our theoretical estimation, thereby it helps us to provide input for
ensuring the adequacy of protection to our personnel our systems.
M1.2 Design of fire alarm and detection system for high bays based on smoke modeling
(SDSC-SHAR)
To design optimal and effective Fire Alarm detection systems for High rise and high
bay based on smoke modeling. It helps us to optimize the location of the sensors and
detection mechanisms for a faster detection.
M1.4 Smoke extractor system for solid motors exhaust gas during testing (SDSC-SHAR)
As a part of qualification trials for the solid motor testing of Agni motors have increased
manifolds. As the solid motors exhaust gases contain traces of toxic Products like HCl gas,
Al2O3 and CO. In order to protect the environment and persons from these exposures
an attempt is planned for a smoke extractor system for safe collection of exhaust gases
for disposal.
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M2.2 Target identification using machine learning algorithms from MOTR radar data
(SDSC-SHAR)
Radar data consists of Range, Azimuth, Elevation and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
From Range and SNR correlation target size can be classified. From SNR variation alone
in a single track duration, target nature can be established. Using Machine Learning
algorithms, a model should be trained on radar tracked data (Range, Azimuth, Elevation
and SNR). The trained model should identify a target nature (controlled or uncontrolled)
and size. Using standard libraries in Python Machine Learning Algorithms have become
realizable models.
M2.3 Real time JPDA & MHT based data association in dense multi target tracking
environment (SDSC-SHAR)
MOTR has implemented Linear Kalman Filter (LKF) and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)
for tracking multiple targets simultaneously and Simple Nearest Neighborhood (SNN)
based data association algorithm to associate target returns with the target being tracked.
SNN data association algorithm gives a better result in tracking multiple targets when
the targets being tracked are spatially separated. When multiple targets are very closer
SNN algorithm gives poor result. It also fails in situation like targets cross over and co
traveling of two targets. To overcome this situation Probability based Data Association
(PDA) methods like Joint Probability Data Association (JPDA) and Multiple Hypothesis
Tracking (MHT) algorithms are used. Since these algorithms uses probability based
algorithms these are complex incorporated to SNN. Hence these algorithms are mostly
used in offline analysis.
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M2.4 Space debris RCS estimation and dynamics characterisation from MOTR Space
debris tracked data (SDSC-SHAR)
Studying the received signal from the target gives us the information of the target like
its dynamics spin, its size and RCS. These characteristics of the debris need to be
catalogued, to compute its drag coefficient, and its life time assessment.
M3.2 Study on effect of high intensity pressure waves in the near field of rocket exhaust
jet and Ignition Overpressure (IOP) wave on typical launch vehicle structures
(SDSC-SHAR)
The angle of incidence (grazing and impinging) of shock fronts and acoustic impedance
of the interacting surface with the shock fronts are having influence on its structural
response. Present study proposes to develop transfer functions for different overpressure
interaction with launch vehicle structure.
M3.3 Ignition Overpressure mitigation studies in scale model using active and passive
suppression techniques for LVM3 (SDSC-SHAR)
The blast wave amplitude is crucial in the design of launch vehicle structure. Hence,
suppressing the overpressure amplitude through different techniques is the objective
here.
M3.5 Design and development of STED for 100AR nozzle through numerical and
experimental studies (SDSC-SHAR)
Higher area ratio nozzle testing in vacuum is a major hurdle in the nozzle development.
This project aims to develop a STED system for 100AR nozzle.
M3.6 Realization of post fire quenching system with halon alternates in large scale solid
rocket motors using ethylene gylcol, gleserol and water mixtures (SDSC-SHAR)
Post fire quenching inside a solid rocket motor after static test is a major requirement.
Due to the ban of Halon as quenching medium, it is required to develop an equivalent
medium which is having same or better capabilities compared to Halon.
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M3.9 Developing a jet noise source localisation technique using a microphone array
with appropriate beam forming algorithms (SDSC-SHAR)
Locating the jet noise sources in the lift-off scenario of a launch vehicle will benefit highly
in the suppression of the noise sources. Present method proposes to use an array of
microphones and employ suitable algorithm and develop a code to locate the noise sources.
M3.10 Flow diagnostics at nozzle exit in vacuum condition using vacuum chamber and
laser flow diagnostic setup (PIV) (SDSC-SHAR)
The flow structure of a jet at very low vacuum is highly important with respect to engines
performing in the space. The objective is to study the exhaust jet in a vacuum chamber
using PIV setup.
M3.11 Fatigue life estimation of structural members under random vibrations through
strain gauge measurements (SDSC-SHAR)
The launch complex structures are huge and undergo random vibration loading. Present
objective is to estimate the fatigue life through strain gauge measurements.
M3.12 Modelling and evaluation of damping in threaded joints of load cells and its impact
on measuring dynamic force components (SDSC-SHAR)
During static test, the thrust load transfer is through threaded joints. The thread damping
is important with respect to the dynamic thrust measurement. Here the objective is to
model and experimentally evaluate the threaded joint damping for unsteady load transfer.
M3.13 Development of low cost MEMS based vibration sensors for health monitoring
(SDSC-SHAR)
Launch complex structures are huge in size and its health monitoring with respect to each
launch is very important. Present work proposes to develop a low cost accelerometer for
outdoor application. These developed accelerometers will be mounted on structures for
health monitoring, especially during launch.
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M3.14 Effect of jet aeroacoustic environment on the vibrations of different panels with
typical application in launch vehicles (SDSC-SHAR)
The transfer function and prediction of vibration levels for a particular jet noise spectrum
on the launch vehicle subassembly decks is a major research. Present work proposes to
validate the Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) in the actual environment of a solid rocket
motor exhaust. Typical subassembly deck will be mounted in the near and far field of the
rocket exhaust jet. The acoustic interaction and vibration levels will be measured on the
structure.
M3.16 Numerical simulation of pressure oscillation inside large segmented solid rocket
motor. Also to simulate the Flow Structure Interaction (FSI) inside the rocket motor
for the subsonic flow over the inhibition tip (SDSC-SHAR)
Finding the pressure oscillation inside the large segmented solid rocket motor is very
crucial. The objective is to numerically simulate the subsonic flow inside the solid rocket
motor and find out the flow structure interaction.
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N8 Cost management approach for science, technology & engineering projects (SAC)
Development of Model for the various cost attribution to the activities and refining the
costing approach for overall payload costing.
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of flow components with specification for each component. For the test facility to be
ready for testing and in serviceable condition all the above need to be maintained, tested
and calibrated within the periodicity specified for the equipment/components concerned.
Safety & ISO norms also insist this.
Considering voluminous data to be maintained & periodically updated and higher no.
of equipments/ components at ICET, a user friendly “Data management System” for
maintenance of records and for periodic updating of records is essential. This system
shall have provision for data entry, edit, update, store, retrieve, presenting in the form
report, print etc. Also, it shall have flexibility to add other test facility systems with similar
features.
O2 Establishment of polytrophic index for expansion of gas (GH2 & GN2) in storage
cylinders during expulsion at high flow rate (IPRC)
Pressurant gases such as GN2 & GH2 (Gaseous Nitrogen and Gaseous Hydrogen)
stored under high pressure in gas cylinders are withdrawn at various flow rates to
pressurize the facility tanks. The pressurant flow rates vary depending upon the rate
and duration of propellant expelled from the tank for the test at various phases of test
operations. The expansion of gases in cylinders during these phases is neither isothermal
nor isentropic and the index of expansion is to be established for understanding the
expansion phenomena and for deriving the pressurant flow rates required for expulsion.
O3 Modeling, analysis and development of double walled jacketed type flame deflector
for a liquid rocket test facility (IPRC)
Lame deflector is an important element of a rocket engine test facility to protect the test
facility structure and equipments from the high momentum and high temperature engine
exhaust plume. Many types of flame deflectors are in use worldwide. In ISRO conventional
dry plate heat sink deflector with external water spray is used. An attempt was taken to
guide the flame through a water spray duct, which shows a better result. Based on
literature survey, it is found that Double walled Jacketed type flame deflector will be more
efficient, compact and cost saving. The constructional feature of this type of flame deflector
is that it is of ‘J’ shape and the flame is made to hit at an appropriate angle vertical to the
deflector. An annular space as jacket is formed between two mild steel plates. The entire
deflector shall be made into many segments. Water enters into the jacket of each segment
of the deflector at its bottom through pipes. At the top surface holes of appropriate size
are drilled and distributed to ensure proper cooling of the deflector plate so that it will not
distort during testing. During testing water will be supplied into the deflector and injected
into the flame as fine spry through the minute holes. By doing this water is converted
into super heated steam and act as a thermal barrier between the deflector and flame.
The objective of this proposal is to finalize a deflector with suitable configuration, modeling
and analysis for a given rocket engine parameters. The result of analysis shall include
optimum impingement depth of jet, deflector size, segment size, total water flow rate,
size of hole, total number of holes, hole distribution, water flow rate per hole, distribution
pattern, temperature of plate without water cooling & with water cooling, annular space,
thickness of top & bottom plates etc. A modular thermo structural analysis and proto type
deflector testing with actual rocket exhaust shall be needed for implementation.
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O7 Rocket engine test article measurements of low varying parameters using wireless
sensor networks (IPRC)
Rocket motors use liquid fuel, Solid fuel, cryogenic and semi-cryogenic propellants
depending upon the mission requirements and are designed for specific applications.
Different instrumentation sensors used are pressure transducers strain gauges,
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thermocouple, RTDs, flow meters, accelerometers and micro phones. As per the
requirement the sensors are selected and mounted on the rocket engine at specific
locations. Right now these sensor’s’ data are transmitted to the control centre with a aid
of hard-wired cables and lot of problem are faced in maintaining these cables to get error
free data at the control centre.
The requirement of this project is to get rid of these cables which amount to hundreds
of kilometers in length altogether. These measurement data is to be acquired with the
aid of wireless sensors and the new data/processed data only need to be transmitted
to the control centre using wireless Ethernet, zig-bee or GSM technologies. We expect
moderate data relates upto 2000 samples/parameter to get meaningful representation
of the measured parameters suitable software to be developed to acquire, format out
transmit test data, receive and strip the test data, process and analyze the test data etc.
O8 Data processing and analyzing of earth storable liquid propulsion rocket engine
test data using data mining techniques (IPRC)
The performance of rocket engine can be examined through the processing of acquired
test data, and the buildup of different parameter models. IPRC have a good collection of
Earth Storable Liquid propulsion rocket engine static test data. Data mining techniques can
be adopted to analyze the test data. The technique may involve de-noising the parameter
values without losing the useful information. Mathematical and statistical analysis to be
carried out and the advantages of frequency domain and wavelet transformation to be
exploited to arrive at a conclusion about the health and performance of the rocket engines
in comparison with the similar hardware tested earlier.
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(ANN) are adaptive systems that can be trained and tuned from a set of trials whereas
Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) have the ability to represent and execute reasoning using
fuzzy rules.
ANFIS controllers can cater to the process needs with decisions based on more than
one process parameter and can handle dynamic or changing process conditions. Hence
it is proposed to design, develop and deploy ANFIS controller. The neural network can
be implemented with the available process data and the necessary algorithms for control
has to be developed and deployed on an independent controller that can be interfaced
to existing data repositories using standard interface protocols for real time decision
and control.
O10 Development of high entropy alloy thermal barrier and wear resistance coatings
for rocket engines (IPRC)
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are presently of great research interest in materials science
and engineering. Unlike conventional alloys, which contain one and rarely two base
elements, HEAs comprise multiple principal elements, with the possible number of HEA
compositions extending considerably more than conventional alloys. The concept of high
entropy introduces a new path of developing advanced materials with unique properties,
which cannot be achieved by the conventional micro-alloying approach based on only
one dominant element. Up to date, many HEAs with promising properties have been
reported, e.g., high wear-resistant HEAs, Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti and Al0.2Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti
alloys; high-strength body-centered-cubic (BCC) AlCoCrFeNi HEAs at room temperature,
and NbMoTaV HEA at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the general corrosion
resistance of the Cu0.5NiAlCoCrFeSi HEA is much better than that of the conventional
304-stainless steel.
In addition, HEAs have excellent specific strength, superior mechanical performance at
high temperatures, exceptional ductility and fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures,
superparamagnetism, and superconductivity. Due to their considerable structural and
functional potential as well as richness of design, HEAs are promising candidates for
coating applications, which warrants further studies. Thermal-spray (TS) technology to
fabricate coatings of the NixCo0.6Fe0.2-CrySizAlTi0.2 HEAs was developed. These
sprayed particles are accumulated on the substrate by cooling and building up one by one
into a cohesive structure. Thus, coatings are formed. The results also indicate that the
hardness of the HEAs prepared by the TS in combination with annealing at 1100°C/10 h
is significantly increased to that of the as-cast state (1045 HV). These samples exhibited
excellent coarsening resistance, resulting from the Cr3Si and several unidentified phases.
NixCo0.6Fe0.2CrySizAlTi0.2 alloy system does precipitate during casting, which is quite
different from many other HEAs. The literature survey confirmed that phase formation
and final microstructure of HEAs are strongly dependant on the processing conditions.
A low-cost HEA coating with a nominal composition of 6FeNiCoCrAlTiSi was prepared
by laser cladding. This technique normally results in a metallurgical bond that has the
superior bond strength over TS. The resultant coating is dense with no voids or porosity.
One of the advantages of the laser-cladding process is the laser beam which can be
focused and concentrated to a very small area and keeps the heat-affected zone of the
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substrate very shallow. This feature minimizes the chance of cracking, distorting, or
changing the metallurgy of the substrate. Additionally, the lower total heat minimizes
the dilution of the coating with materials from the substrate. The coating prepared by
laser cladding has a simple BCC solid solution with high micro-hardness, high resistance
to softening, and large electrical resistivity. After being annealed at T < 750°C, the
coating shows high thermal stability, and its resistivity slightly decreases, but the micro-
hardness almost remains unchanged. After annealing at T > 750°C, the micro-hardness
of the coating slowly decreases with increasing the decomposition rate of the BCC solid
solutions. A suitable high entropy alloy system and coating process need to be developed
for the rocket engines to make the HEAs coating more uniform and with high cohesion
with substrates.
O11 Enhancement of fracture toughness of nickel based super alloy weld metal through
addition of nano fibres (IPRC)
Possible solid material, known as nanomaterial, and its introduction in welding production
has improved the weld strength properties and overcome unstable microstructures in
the weld. This study critically reviews the methods of introducing nanomaterial to the
superalloy weldments and the characteristics of the welds produced by GMA (gas metal
arc) and GTA (gas tungsten arc) welding processes. The study mainly focuses on changes
in the microstructural formation and strength properties on the superalloy welded joint
(Inconel 718) and also discusses the factors influencing such improvements due to the
addition of nanomaterials. The literature review shows that the effect of nanomaterial
addition in the welding process modifies the physics of the joint region, thereby resulting
insignificant improvement in the strength properties, with a stable microstructure in
the weld. In general, the factors that have a major influence on joint strength are the
dispersion, characteristics, quantity and selection of nanomaterials. The nanomaterials
addition does not affect the fundamental properties and characteristics of the base metals
and the filler metal. However, in some cases, the addition of nanomaterials leads to the
deterioration of the joint properties by unstable microstructural formations. Research is
still being conducted to achieve high weld properties in various materials through different
welding processes and on other factors that influence joint strength.
O12 Development of new filler metal for super alloys with inoculants (IPRC)
The microstructure of a weld metal can be altered by controlling the fluid flow during
solidification. Such control produces drastically different results depending on whether
a solute addition acts as an inoculating agent (involving a low proportion of a nucleating
second phase) or if it is mostly soluble and forms a second phase only as a result of
microsegregation. This differentiation, previously shown for Al and some of its alloys,
is repeated with magnesium containing zirconium, which is a known inoculant for MS.
Copper is then tested as an addition to lead. Its action allows the production of very
curious macroscopic grain structures which will be shown to be characteristic of an
inoculant. Subsequent tests support the validity of applying fluid flow structure-control as
a method for identifying inoculants.
Suitable inoculants for nickel based superalloy (Alloy 718, Alloy 706 and Rene 41) need
to be selected and prepared. One probable set of inoculants composed of two ternary
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intermetallic compounds shall be Co3FeNb2 and CrFeNb. Their effects on the structures
of superalloy need to be investigated. The influence of mixed inoculants consisting of
Co3FeNb2 and CrFeNb to the melt on the refinement of grains of the γ matrix of superalloy
and the effect of proportion of equiaxed grains need to be theoretically analyzed and
experimentally demonstrated. In addition, experimental evidence to be demonstrated for
the trace addition of inoculants to the melt neither introduces inclusions nor changes the
phase constituent of the alloy.
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The demand for increased launch requirements means that rocket-engines are growing
in thrust, temperature, and size. To withstand the higher temperatures, critical aerospace
components are being made with materials such as superalloy, bimetallic, stainless steel
and aluminum. These materials, which can be difficult and many times impossible to weld
with conventional methods, can be joined with the friction welding process. These higher-
temperature materials, along with the large component size, require large amounts of weld
energy and load. In order to meet this increasing demand, higher diameter (>125mm)
transition joints in Welding process need to be developed.
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O17 Thermodynamic and micro structural study of Ti2AlNb oxides at 800 °C for coating
applications (IPRC)
Ti2AlNb-based alloy, sometimes referred to as orthorhombic alloy, is a class of highly
promising lightweight high-temperature materials. This type of alloy is considered
to partially substitute the high-density (ρ = 8~8.5 g/cm3) Ni-based superalloys in the
aerospace industry due to its low density, high strength, superior plasticity, high fracture
toughness and excellent creep resistance at elevated temperatures. In such applications,
the operating temperatures could go beyond 600–650 °C, leading to severe oxidation of the
alloy surface. There are three potential approaches to improve high-temperature oxidation
resistance: alloying, pre-oxidation and coating. A two-step voltage-controlled microarc
oxidation (MAO) method can be used to produce ceramic coatings on a Ti2AlNb-based
alloy. However, after a prolonged exposure to air at elevated temperatures, intermetallics
exhibit oxygen-induced embrittlement characteristics such as low ductility and brittle
fracture. Thus, an understanding of high-temperature oxidation mechanisms is essential
for improving the oxidation resistance of materials. A Ti2AlNb-based alloy is observed to
exhibit fairly good oxidation resistance below 750 °C. After reaching 800 °C, the oxidation
resistance decreased dramatically. Thus, the oxidation behavior and mechanisms are to
be investigated at a higher temperature of 800 °C and above.
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O19 The effect of reduced gravity on cryogenic nitrogen boiling and pipe chill down
(IPRC)
Manned deep space exploration will require cryogenic in-space propulsion. Yet, accurate
prediction of cryogenic pipe flow boiling heat transfer is lacking, due to the absence
of a cohesive reduced gravity data set covering the expected flow and thermodynamic
parameter ranges needed to validate cryogenic two-phase heat transfer models. The
proposed work provides a wide range of cryogenic chilldown data aboard an aircraft
flying parabolic trajectories to simulate reduced gravity. Liquid nitrogen is used to quench
a 1.27 cm diameter tube from room temperature. The pressure, temperature, flow rate,
and inlet conditions are reported from 10 tests covering liquid Reynolds number from
2,000 to 80,000 and pressures from 80 to 810 kPa. Corresponding terrestrial gravity
tests were performed in upward, downward, and horizontal flow configurations to identify
gravity and flow direction effects on chilldown. Film boiling heat transfer was lessened
by up to 25% in reduced gravity, resulting in longer time and more liquid to quench the
pipe to liquid temperatures. Heat transfer was enhanced by increasing the flow rate, and
differences between reduced and terrestrial gravity diminished at high flow rates. The
new data set will enable the development of accurate and robust heat transfer models of
cryogenic pipe chilldown in reduced gravity.
O20 Super elasticity and cryogenic linear shape memory effects of CaFe2As2 (IPRC)
Shape memory materials have the ability to recover their original shape after a significant
amount of deformation when they are subjected to certain stimuli, for instance, heat or
magnetic fields. However, their performance is often limited by the energetics and geometry
of the martensitic-austenitic phase transformation. An unique shape memory behavior in
CaFe2As2, which exhibits superelasticity with over 13% recoverable strain, over 3 GPa yield
strength, repeatable stress–strain response even at the micrometer scale, and cryogenic
linear shape memory effects near 50 K. These properties are achieved through a reversible
uni-axial phase transformation mechanism, the tetragonal/orthorhombic-to-collapsed-
tetragonal phase transformation. The proposed work is for developing cryogenic linear
actuation technologies with a high precision and high actuation power per unit volume for
deep space exploration, and more broadly, suggest a mechanistic path to a class of shape
memory materials, ThCr2Si2-structured intermetallic compounds.
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available today. Recent advances in 3D printing and automated assembly have enabled
such complicated material geometries to be fabricated at low (and declining) cost. These
mechanical metamaterials have properties that are a function of their mesoscale geometry
as well as their constituents, leading to combinations of properties that are unobtainable
in solid materials; however, a material geometry that achieves the theoretical upper
bounds for isotropic elasticity and strain energy storage (the Hashin–Shtrikman upper
bounds) has yet to be identified. Here we need to evaluate the manner in which strain
energy distributes under load in a representative selection of material geometries, to
identify the morphological features associated with high elastic performance. Using finite-
element models, supported by analytical methods, and a heuristic optimization scheme,
material geometry shall be identified that achieves the Hashin–Shtrikman upper bounds
on isotropic elastic stiffness. The advantageous properties of low-density mechanical
metamaterials are: their mesoscale geometry can facilitate large crushing strains with
high energy absorption, optical bandgaps and mechanically tunable acoustic bandgaps,
high thermal insulation, buoyancy, and fluid storage and transport.
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In early 2006, the suitability of Ga and its various binary eutectics were investigated at
the All Russian Institute for Opto-Physical Measurements (VNIIOFI) in Moscow, Russia
under a subcontract with Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) in Logan, UT, USA. The
purpose of these studies is to significantly reduce the size and volume of qualified
containers and identify PCMs within the range of 273K–303 K that could be used as
calibration standards aboard Earth-observing satellites. This study will be characterizing
several suitable eutectics to fill the gap in the ITS-90 temperature scale between the
triple point of water and the melting point
O23 Numerical study on the porous injector concept for throttling of liquid rocket
engine (IPRC)
In liquid rocket engines, the injector design has influence on the combustion stability,
combustion chamber durability, overall all engine performance and greatly on the throttling
capabilities of the engine. Presently co-axial injectors are used in LOX/H2 or LOX/CH4
liquid propellant rocket engines. Advanced injector design which is insensitive to the
varying injection conditions is required for applications specifically for throttling capability.
One of the promising candidates for the development of throttleable injector shall be
the porous injector for the cryogenic rocket engines. For example, in order to increase
in the contact surface between fuel and oxidizer, the oxidizer (Liquid Oxygen, LOX)
injected through many small tubes in a parallel showerhead configuration and the fuel
in this case, hydrogen/methane shall be injected through a porous faceplate. The main
advantage is that of throttling the engine by reducing the propellant mass flow, which in
this case has minor influence on the atomization and mixing characteristics. In addition,
very low combustion roughness can be achieved even at very low pressure drops across
the injector. Another advantage are the potentially lower manufacturing costs based on
the simple design.
Expected deliverables:
Numerical modeling of flow through porous media and atomization characteristics of the
porous injector.
Parametric studies to understand the impact of the operating conditions and the porous
geometry on the performance of the injectors.
A model, incorporating numerical and analytical approaches to predict the mixing
efficiency and throttling capabilities of porous injectors in cryogenic engines
Experimental validations of the numerical study through cold flow spray characterization
and hot-fire tests
O24 Modeling and simulation of micro-channel reactor for Sabatier reaction for methane
synthesis from carbon-dioxide (IPRC)
In the view of Mars exploration missions and human space missions, Sabatier reaction
plays a vital role in order to convert the carbon-dioxide into the useful products. Sabatier
reaction involves the methanation reaction of CO2 using hydrogen to produce methane
and water. For human spacecraft, CO2 removal from the crew-cabin is accomplished by
engaging the catalytic reactor. In the same way, CO2 from the Mars atmosphere shall be
converted to the propellant - methane (CH4) as a concept of in-situ resource utilization.
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In the view of space qualified product development, it requires a compact and light weight
catalytic reactor to convert the CO2 into the useful methane and water. One of the viable
options shall be the micro-channeled reactor and in order to configure the light weight &
compact system which needs a fundamental research on the modeling and simulation of
micro reactor for efficient operation of the methanation process.
Expected deliverables:
CFD modeling of the micro reactor with reaction kinetics to design the reactor for the
maximum conversion.
Process dynamics and simulation of process parameters to optimize the process
intensification.
Experimental validation of micro-reactor for Sabatier reaction.
Uncertainty analysis of designed reactor for different operating conditions. Process
model which includes the reactor, Heat Exchanger, recycle loop for further design of a
full-scale process
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The thermal acoustic oscillations occur when cryogenic liquid and vapour.
interacts each other. The warm gas in the column contracts due to the thermal interaction
between the vapour liquid interactions. The gas expands at the other end due to the
thermal interaction between the ambient through the canalisation walls. The inertia of the
gas moving away from the warm section creates a low pressure in the warm section. This
is aggravated by the high density and therefore high mass of the gas in the cold section
which is being pushed away from the warm section. At low temperatures, the viscosity of
the gas decreases; therefore there is a slug of high density gas, with low viscosity acting
like a mass attached to a spring.
In the two-phase fluid interactions subject to pressure variation in the cryogenic liquid
flow, the compressibility of the vapour bubbles act as a spring with an asymmetric non-
linear characteristic. The volume of the vapour bubbles increases or decreases differently
if the pressure fluctuations are compressing or expanding.
These studies are complements to the characterization of thermal acoustic
effects on pressure measurement. Aim of this work is to develop numerical model
to simulate the pressure oscillations focus on the effect of diameter, wall thickness,
length and material of the canalisation line on the formation of pressure oscillations
and to develop the methodology to bias or eliminate the effects of pressure
oscillation.
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A1.1 Local TEC model for NER through IRNSS + GPS + GAGAN Receiver (NESAC)
Using current DF IRNSS + GPS + GAGAN Receivers, generation of local TEC model
and characterization of Ionospheric Anomalies. This will provide reliable delay calculation
which may lead to better positional accuracy. Earthquake induced TEC anomaly will be
also tried to study so that any usable earthquake precursor may be identified and used
for earthquake early warning.
A1.3 Wireless communication channel noise characterization for hilly urban areas like
shillong (NESAC)
A study of the various noise effects impairing wireless communication in a hilly urban
environment like Shillong is to be modeled and characterized. This may help in mobile
tower location optimization and transmit power and modulation scheme optimization.
B1.1 Design, fabrication and test of RF subsystems using packaging technologies like
MCM, LTCC System in Package (SiP), advanced System-on-Chip (SoC) &Wafer
Level Packaging for both space and ground applications (SAC)
B1.2 Research area also include fabrication technologies like fabrication and assembly
of HMIC based subsystems, fabrication process development like thin film
processes, optical and electron beam lithography, wet/dry pattern generation
techniques, LTCC processes, device assembly and hermetic sealing of microwave
packages (SAC)
B1.3 Each of these advanced technology areas pose challenges in every field - design,
simulation, optimization, CAD tool development, modelling of devices and
fabrication processes (SAC)
B1.4 Semiconductor device (GaAs PHEMT, MHEMT, InP & GaN based) modeling
(linear, non-linear, noise) including statistical process variation and temperature
dependence (SAC)
Very few MMIC foundries give complete device models, which are required for simulation
and design of MMICs, especially in non-linear simulations like frequency converter,
frequency multiplier, gain control amplifier, voltage controlled oscillators. In most of the
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cases limited models are available from foundry. Scalable models including linear, noise,
non-linear, statistical process dependence and temperature dependence needs to be
developed which can be integrated with EDA software.
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B1.9 Development of via hole on silicon carbide types of hard materials by using uv
laser (355nm) and study of failure modes and analysis (SAC)
Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad, ISRO is engaged in the development and
realization of various satellite payloads as well as R&D activities for ground & space
hardware. It involves developing new nano electronics facility. Here we are going to study
and develop GaN HEMT based device fabrication. In this development of via hole of 100
microns on SiC, Si, etc. types of hard material are required. This hole can be drilled by
using UV (355nm) laser. This holes are to be metallized for grounding and other purpose
so it is required that holes are burr free, crack free. Also study of aspect ratio, mechanical
stress and shape of the hole during the drilling process.
B1.10 Non cyanide, neutral gold electro plating bath chemistry to deposit 5-7 micron
thickness on patterned seed layer coated alumina substrate (SAC)
Cyanide base gold electroplating solution in not compatible for patterned substrate by
liquid photo resist and the conventional method for fabrication of microwave circuits
is producing more effluent having gold and its increases the wastage of gold. So it is
generating the environment problem. The disposal of cyanide bath is also generating
the water pollution. To overcome technical as well environmental issues, it is preferable
to use non cyanide electro plating bath which gives good edge finish by additive process.
It is also preferable to use this non cyanide chemistry in other applications as well other
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B1.13 InP based Schottky Barrier Diode, antiparallel diodes for sub millimetre wave
applications (SAC)
For applications in sub millimetre wave &Terahertz, InP based Schottky barrier diode finds
many applications due to low turn on voltage in comparison to GaAs. THz detectors with
zero biased operation and improved noise property can be designed. In application of sub
millimetre wave mixers and multipliers a low turn on voltage help in achieving low losses.
There is a need to develop InP Schottky barrier diode, antiparallel diodes for sub millimetre
wave and terahertz applications targeting 300GHz or beyond.
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modeling and design of SAW resonators and RF filters based on these resonators. The
deliverables shall include CAD tool for the synthesis and design of these filters. SAC,
Ahmedabad shall extend fabrication support for these devices.
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loss SAW filter. The extracted COM parameters are important inputs in the design of various
SAW topologies viz. Electrode Width Control (EWC), Distributed Acoustic Reflection
Transducers (DART) type Single Phase Unidirectional Transducers (SPUDT) structure etc.
B1.19 Development of nano structured magnetostrictive thin films for surface acoustic
wave device applications (SAC)
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices are widely used in communications such as filters,
delay line etc. Conventional SAW devices consist of metallic IDT on top of a piezoelectric
film or substrates. Research involves the development of high quality thin films of giant
magnetostrictive materials (e.g. Fe-Si) which exhibit high magnetostriction coefficient
suitable for low insertion loss SAW devices.
B2.1 Defects analysis of solder joints in electronics fabrication for space use & algorithm
development (SAC)
Fabrication data collection, compilation and methods can be developed to understand
the cause of defect, quantification in various categories, impact of reviewed/reworked
defects in solder joints under various environment conditions, impact on life span long
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B2.4 Advanced thermal management solutions on PCBs for high power (SAC)
With increasing power loss of electrical components, thermal performance of an assembled
device becomes one of the most important quality factors in electronic packaging. Due
to the rapid advances in semiconductor technology, particularly in the regime of high-
power components, the temperature dependence of the long-term reliability is a critical
parameter. Two main drivers in the space technology are miniaturization and reliability.
Whereas there is a continuous improvement concerning miniaturization of conductor
tracks (continuous reduction in lines/spaces), miniaturization of the circuit carrier itself
has mostly been limited to decreased layer-counts and base material thicknesses. This
can lead to significant component temperature and therewith to accelerated system
degradation. Thus, enhancement of the system reliability is directly connected to an
efficient thermal management on the PCB-level. Development of base materials with
advanced thermal performance and use of innovative build-up concepts.
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Hence, efforts are invited to carry out in depth feasibility study to realize electroforming
process of Aluminum components and develop detailed process & setup for the same.
This process can be used for mm-wave components.
B4.1 Study and analysis of various forms of contaminations like surface & airborne
particulates, surface and airborne molecular contaminants in and around thermo-
vacuum chambers. Carryout in-depth measurement of such contaminants using
APC, PFO, RGA, TQCM and CQCM available and carry out detailed process study
as well as make recommendations in this regard for implementation (SAC)
B4.2 Study and analysis of Liquid Nitrogen consumption in Thermo-vacuum test facility
with respect to different type of tests being carried out in different LN2 based
thermo-vacuum chambers. Study and analyze transfer, static and flash losses
taking place in various system elements during thermo-vacuum tests and carry
out detailed process study as well as make recommendations in this regard for
implementation (SAC)
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antennas and its components. The developed codes should have also the capability
to analyze the scattering properties of the 3D arbitrary objects by estimating RCS.
The development of algorithm and computer codes for mesh generation for arbitrary
boundary of 3D geometry with details of data-structure for co-ordinates of each node with
respect to local and global coordinate system is the pre-requisite for the development of
Electromagnetic codes. The computer code should be capable of generation of adaptive
meshing depending on the geometry and field values at different parts of the geometry
depending on the electromagnetic boundary conditions and electromagnetic computation
based on the above cited CEM techniques.
C1.4 Broadband conjugate matched feed horn for offset reflector geometry (SAC)
In radiometric applications or satellite communication, generally offset parabolic reflector
antennas are preferred due to their inherent advantages of reduced aperture blockage,
isolation between the reflector and the feed, lesser spurious radiation and suppressed
side-lobes. But the performance of offset reflectors is satisfactory in terms of cross-
polarisation components only when the larger F/D is selected. Space constraints limit
the selection of large F/D. The concept of conjugate matched feed provides the solution
forthis contradicting requirement where low cross polarization can be achieved with
smaller F/D. There is a need to design conjugate matched feed for 20 % bandwidth with
cross polar performance better than -35 dB. SAC has already achieved 8 % bandwidth
for the design of conjugate matched feed.
C1.5 FEM/BI method for finite frequency selective surface(FSS) analysis (SAC)
There is a requirement of analyzing finite FSS based on hybrid Finite element method
(FEM) and Boundary Integral (BI) method. FEM used to solve the electric fields inside
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and on the boundaries of FSS (metal or dielectric based) by discretizing the FSS
into finite number of tetrahedral elements. The source used to excite the FSS can be
corrugated feed horn or Gaussian source. The BI method is used to solve the radiation
characteristics of the FSS i.e. transmission and reflected radiation pattern by using the
boundary fields solved by FEM
C1.6 High frequency Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) antenna technology (SAC)
Generally coplanar corporate feeder networks distributes the transmit/receive signal
to the individual elements for less phase dispersion. At higher frequencies ohmic and
dielectric losses of the connecting microstrip line dominates and results into undesired
radiation. Among all transmission line hollow metallic waveguide feature extremely low
losses up to very high frequencies but it is very bulky. Substrate integrated waveguide
(SIW) technology provides a solution with ease of manufacturing and low cost of micro
strip line and with the performance of the waveguide. LTCC, micromachining technique
can be used for fabrication of SIW. The feeding mechanism needs to be developed
using SIW technology for different antennas like planar cavity backed antenna, slot array
antenna, Vivaldi antenna, horn antenna ,reflector antenna and planar micro strip antenna
can be replaced by SIW. The system on chip and antenna on package may be studied in
connection with this technology.
C1.7 Antenna measurement using time domain method to mitigate multipath reflections
(SAC)
The research problem involves the use of time domain method employed for radiation
pattern measurements and applying algorithms to mitigate multipath reflections. This
technique is essentially required to carry out measurements at low frequencies viz. UHF
so that it can avoid the need of large size absorbers at such low frequencies.
C1.8 Accurate prediction of far field pattern using different topologies of near field data
(SAC)
This research problem involves the conversion of near field data, acquired using various
scan geometries, into far field pattern. The objective of the study is to find out accurate
and efficient near field to far-field conversion using various acquisition geometries as
well as transformation scheme. Suitable interpolation techniques e.g. Optimal Sampling
Algorithm, Bivariate Lagrange Interpolation etc. can be developed to convert the polar/
spiral and other formatted data to rectangular grid using various interpolation schemes.
Direct transformation techniques e.g. Jacobi-Bessel can also be explored to achieve
accurate performance.
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often added between inner and outer skins of the radome to function as low dielectric
constant spacer material (reduced reflections) providing structural strength and rigidity.
Investigations may be carried out for electromagnetic modeling of radome structure and
the analysis to estimate the effects of radome on the antenna radiation characteristics
may be carried out using suitable analysis techniques.
C1.10 High efficiency dual polarized wideband slotted waveguide array antenna (SAC)
Waveguide slotted array antenna finds its application for its inherent advantages of good
phase stability, low losses, high power handling capability and rugged structure. Open
literature is available for narrow band waveguide slotted array like longitudinal shunt slot,
series inclined slot and compound coupling and radiating slots. This investigation and
design of slotted waveguide array intended at X & Ku band frequencies for technique
to provide wide band width around 14-15 % with common antenna operating for dual
linear polarization. The radiating aperture needs to be analyzed along with coupling slot
feed array.
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feed horn, Quasi integrated horn for high frequency application, horn with high power
handling capability, Single aperture feed at C/Ku/Ka band for ground segment, profiled
compact horn etc are to be designed. The navigational satellites will be radiating a
composite signal covering the three bands simultaneously. There is a requirement to
receive these three bands using a single compact ground terminal antenna covering
L1, L% & S band. The common aperture antenna needs to be designed with single
feed and it has to provide good axial ratio over large coverage angular extent up to
60-70 degree. The main objective is to study and demonstrate an optimum design for
these requirements.
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C1.20 Soft computing techniques for shaped reflector antenna design (SAC)
Different evolutionary techniques like back propagation algorithm, radial basis function
and quantum/binary particle swarm optimization technique may be developed for shaped
parabolic hyperbolic and elliptical reflectors to generate required secondary pattern and
scattered pattern of sub- reflector at both. These techniques may also be studied for
optimization of antenna performance parameter.
D1.1 New tools and techniques for automation of multi satellite operations (URSC)
With the ever-increasing assets of ISRO in space in terms of remote sensing/
communication/scientific satellite, automation of on-orbit operations of spacecrafts are
very essential. ISRO has already established certain softwares and systems to facilitate
this automation to a certain extent. Efforts are on within ISRO to extend the automation
to different areas. Academic/research institutions can contribute towards design and
development of tools encompassing automatic decision making utilizing vast amount of
spacecraft Knowledge and also latest IT technologies for building systems for automation.
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D1.8 Software package development with GUI and animation for the following
applications (URSC)
Mission design and analysis
Orbit determination
Orbit propagation
Interplanetary trajectory
On-bound Image analysis in lieu of stringent pointing accuracies (<0.01deg.) and drift
specifications
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D2.1 Determination of Spacecraft orbit for Inter – Planetary Mission through Optical Navigation
(LEOS) The Spacecraft will navigate autonomously by using optical data taken by on-
board camera to determine its orbit and use this information to predict its future trajectory
and make necessary corrections. The objective of the study is to develop a methodology
to determine the spacecraft’s position and velocity for intermediate cruise and target
encounter phase. Intermediate cruise phase navigation is based on image celestial
bodies (called beacons) through Line of Sight (LOS) measurements in the background
of stars whose Helio Centric Positions are known in order to estimate the Spacecraft
Position and Velocity.
Target encounter phase where the object (beacon) LOS measurements are made through
image processing techniques either by computing Center of Mass (COM) for known image
types, Centre of Brightness (COB) for unknown image types and limb measurement for
the images than do not fit fully in FOV and estimate the Spacecraft Position and Velocity.
The study involves systems design, Framing Camera Specifications, Image Processing,
Navigation and Guidance and Software implementation.
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D3.6 Interplanetary trajectory design and maneuver strategy analysis for exploratory
missions to celestial bodies in the solar system, employing gravity assist and
Lagrangian points (URSC)
Development of generalized trajectory design s/w to plan missions to any specified planet
in the solar system. Interplanetary trajectory design involves generation of optimum
departure opportunities for Venus, Mars, Mercury, Saturn & Jupiter.
Manoeuvre strategy analysis involves Design of orbit insertion with aero-braking
capabilities & Generation of optimum flyby opportunities for Mercury, Saturn and Jupiter.
D3.7 Design of navigation and guidance schemes for lunar soft landing and for entry,
descent and landing with atmosphere (URSC)
On the moon, soft landing of the lander-craft is achieved via powered descent phase
which comprises three Stages-Rough Braking, Attitude Hold and Precision Braking. This
multiphase Lunar landing problem is solved in a single optimal control framework. Further
development is required for Lunar Lander mission
D3.8 Design of navigation and guidance schemes for terminal rendezvous (URSC)
Rendezvous and docking is an important technology required for missions involving:
In-orbit assembly of large units; re-supply of orbital stations; exchange of crew in orbital
stations; repair of spacecraft in orbit; retrieval of spacecraft; re-joining an orbital vehicle
using a lander - in case of lunar/planetary return missions. This technology is required to
be used for the Spacecraft docking experiment (SPADEX) project.
D3.10 Development of methods for applying satellite data in modeling the gravity of
celestial bodies (URSC)
Mathematical modeling of the gravitational potential of a planet accounting perturbation
effects arising due to non-spherical geometry of planets, non-uniform mass distribution
of a planet & non-uniform gravitational potential and supported by sensor data from
satellites, needs incorporation.
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E1.5 GPS based radio occultation receivers /attitude determination receivers (URSC)
To develop a new technology for a radio receiver to receive a signal without prior knowledge
about its defining characteristics, its ability to reconfigure the features with respect to an
incoming signal and to respond intelligently without pre-configuration or re-programming.
E2.1 Regenerative fuel cell technology development with an energy density of 420Wh/
Kg (URSC)
Regenerative Fuel Cell (RFC) technology, in either solid oxide or proton exchange
membrane chemistry, offers large-scale energy storage at specific energy levels well
beyond that is possible with chemical batteries. RFC produces power and water from
electrolysis of oxygen and hydrogen and electrolyze stored water into hydrogen and
oxygen by drawing power. These cells are useful for manned missions as they provide
potable water as by-product.
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E2.7 Modeling of lithium ion cell and battery for BOL and EOL conditions (URSC)
Lithium-ion batteries designed and developed using Commercially-off-the-shelf (COTS)
cells with capacity range of up to 2.8Ah are packed in required series-parallel configuration
have been successfully flown in many LEO missions.
E2.8 Design & development of lightweight metal matrix composite for batteries (URSC)
Metal-matrix composites are such class of materials which are playing a significant role in
the development of future space components. They are particularly interesting for space
structures applications because of their excellent weight specific mechanical properties,
high thermal and electrical conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion and the
absence of out-gasing.
Use of light weight new composite materials to replace the metal alloy parts. The battery
with proposed material will have low weight with equivalent thermal and mechanical
properties as that of metallic parts.
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F2.2 Design and realization of high data rate payload data reception system (URSC)
The requirement is to come out of single vendor dependency.
Design of RF sections and high bit rate digital circuits are involved.
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G1.1 Novel thermal bus systems which can collect transport and provide heat for
components (URSC)
Loop Heat Pipe, Miniature Heat Pipes, Two-phase MPFL with micro channel evaporator
are presently used in thermal control of Indian satellites.
In Future, Micro -channel pumped flow, Micro Heat Pipe, PCM Coupled Heat Pipe, Flexible
Heat Pipes, Liquid Droplet and Sheet, Radiators Expandable Radiators are required.
Miniature LHPs, LHP on flight experiments, Cryogenic LHPs and High temperature LHPs
are further needed.
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G1.5 Development of thin film gas sensor, actuators and micro-heater (URSC)
Thin film based micro -heater with chosen pattern on the metallic / non-metallic foils and
Thin Film based Gas Sensor have potential application in sensing the gas leakage in
spacecraft propulsion / rocket propulsion while thin Film based Actuator has potential
application as Pressure sensors, micro valves and pumps louvers.
G1.8 Technology to minimize the heat transfer between electronic package and radiator
when dissipation is zero or minimum (URSC)
Development of commandable heat switches to make and break connections as a
thermally conductive path between source (electronic package) and sink (radiator).
Alternate transparent conductive coating (other than ITO)
1.Graphene/Graphene Oxide
The problems with using ITO are three fold, viz:(a) Indium is expensive and scarce
(b) ITO possess poor mechanical property (i.e., brittle) and (c) keeping stoichiometry /
phase purity is difficult. Graphene offers several potential advantages over ITO including
weight,robustness, flexibility, chemical stability and cost.
2.Transparent and conductive nano dispersion coatings: Currently ITO is coated on
Kapton to bleed static charges. In this study, efforts to be made to develop alternate
Transparent and conductive coatings using nano dispersions. This project has linkage to
all current and future projects.
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G1.11 Continuous roll coating facility for thin film deposition on thin flexible polymeric
sheets (URSC)
The present silicon based solar cell technology introduces anti-reflective layer along
with transparent conductive coatings (TCC) to upsurge light harvesting.Various oxides
and nitrides e.g., SiO2, TiO2, A1203, Si3N4 etc. are used as anti-reflection coating with
single, double or multi -layer architectures.
Single layer thermo-chromic, multifunctional and smart, crystalline, nano-porous and nano-
textured pulsed RF magnetron sputtered vanadium -molybdenum oxide (VO-MO) thin film
are required to be developed using thin film deposition on thin flexible polymeric sheets.
G1.12 Functional ceramic coating and carbon based films by PVD, CVD and plasma
based techniques (URSC)
Carbon based films can combine the properties of solid lubricating graphite structure
and hard diamond crystal structure, i.e., high hardness, chemical inertness, high thermal
conductivity and optical transparency without the crystalline structure of diamond. Issues
of fundamental importance associated with nanocarbon coatings are reducing stress,
improving adhesion and compatibility with substrates. In this work new nanocomposite
coatings with improved toughness based in nanocrystalline phases of metals and
ceramics embedded in amorphous carbon matrix to be developed within the frame of a
research project.
Thermal spray / plasma spray (PS) for coating: Future HVOF Process where in molten
particles are sprayed onto a substrate to form splats, which rapidly solidify,eventually
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depositing a coating onto the substrate. Plasmas sprayed ceramic coatings are widely
used for corrosion, wear and heat protection of hot components in gas and steam turbines.
For, Space Launch Vehicles application, mullite powder (2A1203.Si02)is coated by PS
technique with Flat absorber (high a and e) and Atomic Oxygen resistant properties.
AO resistant thermal control A1203 coating is applied for Microsatellite application Boron
carbide (B4C), strong neutron absorption ability, thus good space -ionizing radiation
protection coating material for spacecraft is coated with PS technique.
G1.13 Thermal control of microelectronics (at board and chip level) (URSC)
Development of high thermal conductivity thermal diffusers for high heat flux applications.
Materials:carbon-based materials, e.g.,graphene, grafoil, K13D2U/TC41O
Micro channels (single and two phase)
Micro heat pipes and loop heat pipes (transport capacities can be in the range 1W to 100W).
G1.14 Development of an advanced solver for coupled fluid flow and heat transfer with
conduction, radiation (participative and non-participative) and convection (URSC)
Spacecraft use various optical devices that consist of mirrors, lenses, prism, etc. New
devices under design are often exposed to high intensity irradiation viz.-mirrors in
Coronagraph payload, corner-cube in spacecraft, Earth sensor, Mars payloads (during
transfer orbit), etc.to accurately estimate the temperature of various optical elements
radiative energy transport in participating medium needs to be established.
G1.16 Development of light weight stirling / brayton engines for spacecraft application to
generate power using waste heat (URSC)
Development of high efficiency engines for space power generation using waste heat
or nuclear sources Energy cycles. Study candidates: (a) thermodynamic cycles such
as Stirling, Brayton, Rankine, etc. (b) Thermo -fluid modeling of these systems (c)
Development and characterization of the working fluids (d) Study suitable engine designs.
G1.17 Enhancement of heat transfer in fluids using electric / magnetic fields (URSC)
1.Liquid Droplet Radiator (LDR) utilizes electric or magnetic fields to control droplet
trajectories of fluids such as liquid metals (Na/K) and silicon oils (FC75/DC705) for heat
removal from electronics. Heat is absorbed from the heat source by the working fluid.
The hot liquid then enters into a droplet generator that generates fine liquid droplets (size
-200-300pm). These droplets reject heat to space and the cooled droplets are collected
by a droplet collector. The collected liquid is circulated back using a pump. The concept of
Liquid Sheet Radiator (LSR) is same as that of LDR, except that LSR uses thin liquid sheet
(-100pm) as radiating surface (thru narrow slits). These can handle heat loading in kW.
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G1.18 Variable emissivity coatings near unity emissivity with the ability to reduce
emissivity by at least a factor of ten (URSC)
Small spacecraft have low thermal capacitance thus subjecting them to large temperature
swings when either the heat generation rate or the thermal sink temperature changes.
This needs modulating the heat rejection rate. Variable emittance thermal control
coatings change the effective infra-red emissivity of a thermal control surface to allow
the radiative heat transfer rate to be modulated (adaptive or “smart’ thermal control
of spacecraft). These are useful thermal control coatings, whenever fluctuating heat
loads are experienced. They acts like a mechanical louver system without any moving
parts. Variable emitting materials-Thermochromic ( Based on temperature/heat) and
Pervoskite materials: Thin film / Solgel based coating and Temperature sensitive paints-
Electrochromic ( Based on electrical micro voltage) may be studied.
G1.21 Advanced composite materials having higher stiffness, higher strength and better
hygroscopic properties (URSC)
Carbon fibre reinforced plastics is widely used in spacecraft structure. Though the
structural properties of the fibres are excellent, the properties in the resin dominated
directions are poorer. Metal matrix reinforced by fibres can provide better structural
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properties in matrix dominated direction too. The work envisages development of such
composites having very high structural properties with a lower value of density.
G1.22 SMART materials like piezo elastic, electrostrictive and magnetostrictive materials
(URSC)
There are several applications in which the vibrations to be reduced. Development of
active isolator is one of the aims. In some applications large actuating force needs to be
applied. There are cases where the shape control need to be achieved. These can be
achieved by employing the above materials in suitable manner. The collaboration is in
working with such materials.
G1.27 Use of Ultrasonic inspection of heat pipe embedded honeycomb panels (URSC)
Honeycomb sandwich panels with embedded heat pipes are widely used in spacecraft.
Ultrasonic waves are used for inspection of panels. These waves get modified as they
encounter embedment. Characteristics of such phenomena have to be investigated.
A methodology to assess the quality of the panel to be established. Some part amount of
this work is already carried out. Some specific development is looked up on.
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G2.1 Space qualified surface treatment on different base metals to absorb stray light for
optical imaging systems (URSC-LEOS)
Development of Stray light absorbing Baffle for star sensor optics is essential requirement.
The suitable surface treatment on Aluminum alloy, Stainless Steel, Titanium etc to absorb
99.9% incident light in the visible spectrum from 400 to 900 nm. The surface treatment
shall sustain stringent set of space environment.
High precision lens mount to survive space environment:
A lens mount which can retain the optical element or multi elements closer to the specified
optical axis needs to be developed. The developed system shall survive satellite launch
and operational environments.
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G3.16 Development of stepper motors & brushless DC motors for space applications
(URSC)
Spacecraft mechanisms require many types of electro-mechanical (EM) drives where
continuous, intermittent, forward and reverse motion is needed for multiple operations.
These EM drives are typically used for the steering and pointing of Antenna, deployment
and rotation of various appendages like reflectors, Cameras, Solar panels etc. These
drives invariably use Motors as the driving element. The commonly used motors for
space application are Stepper motors and Brushless DC (BLDC) motors. The work
envisages design and development of Stepper and Brushless DC motors, first in
Frameless configuration (Rotor and Stator separate) and later in Housed configuration
(by including Housing/Shaft and Bearings) which would be useful for future EM drives.
Torque ranges from 20 mN m to less than1 Nm.
H1.1 Control algorithms for high pointing and stability for advanced remote sensing
satellites (URSC)
This involves 2 stages:- Multi-level Cascaded control architecture for fixed pointing
involving coarse and fine controls ; Highly robust control incorporating active disturbance
rejection, damping of solar arrays to provide quick settling and Isolation of structural and
rotating elements are needed
H1.2 Development of control algorithms for autonomous station keeping single/ multiple
satellites (URSC)
The autonomous station keeping / Orbit Manoeuvring is proposed for LEO satellites using
GPS, accelerometer, star sensor and gyro as sensor and thrusters/electric propulsion as
actuation. This is applicable for single satellite autonomous station keeping, formation
control with two satellites and Rendezvous and docking where autonomous stringent
orbit corrections are required.
Constellation/Formation Control of multiple satellites signal delays, Communication
failure and FDIR for formation to be developed.
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H1.5 Smooth trajectory planning for time-bound (track to track) reorientation of agile
spacecraft (URSC)
Present Guidance algorithm used in on-board Carto series is iteration based and changeover
between maneuver and imaging is not smooth resulting in settling time requirement (Wait
Phase) post reorientation. With development of non-iterative guidance, this problem can be
avoided. The term Track to Track means both initial and final rates are non-zero.
H1.6 Guidance and control algorithms for rendezvous & docking/formation flying etc
(URSC)
Interface development for driving the simulator from dynamics computer.
Study and implementation of various sensor interfaces and their stimuli simulators.
H1.7 Study of CASE tools for automatic generation of onboard software codes (URSC)
Identification of CASE tools for space qualified space software / protocol development
and study on the efficiency / optimization of automatically generated software code with
that of Non-auto generated software.
H1.8 Development of statistical based algorithms for providing fault detection isolation
and reconfiguration using Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) (URSC)
Model based fault diagnosis techniques have been applied in recent years. Kalman, EKF
and UKF filters are the main workhorse for stochastic fault diagnosis.
H1.10 Development of robust control system using Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) concept
for single / multiple satellites (URSC)
1. System development to meet high pointing requirements with minimal ground loop delays.
2. Building autonomy in HILS testing.
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H2.5 Anti-jamming using spread spectrum technique for telecommand links (URSC)
The objective of the work should be design of spread spectrum system with anti-jam
capability for the uplink of telecommands in CCSDS format. The system design should
ensure to have minimal impact on the CCSDS tele-command system.
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H3.1 1) New generation still image compression algorithm (lossy / lossless) for space
application / Advanced Audio / Video coding, beyond the CCSDS wavelet image
compression & H264 coding.
2) Advanced channel coding/decoding techniques beyond the LDPC & TCM
techniques
3) Onboard image processing techniques for feature extraction, change detection
etc. (URSC)
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sensor, optics, lenses, etc are particularly vulnerable. Polymeric materials like adhesives,
paints, potting compounds, coatings etc that are used on the spacecraft, outgass under
Space environment. The outgassed material can deposit on a surface and thus alter the
absorptance, transmittance, reflectance and emittance and/ or intercept the field of view
of a sensor or experiment and either scatter, emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation.
Besides outgassing, in-orbit contamination can also occur due to plume impingement
and photo enhanced deposition.
I2.4 High Density Interconnect (HDI) PCB qualification and testing (URSC)
High Density Interconnect PCBs are used for the realization of miniaturized electronic
assemblies. There are several construction methods for the realization of HDI PCBs.
Hence detailed study is needed to identify the failure mechanisms, accelerated testing
techniques in the HDI PCBs and to bring out a process qualification and acceptance
testing method to use HDI PCBs in the electronic assemblies.
I2.5 Response prediction for spacecraft and sub-systems due to shock loads (URSC)
Spacecraft experiences various types of loads during its launch such as vibration,
acoustic and shock loads. The main source of shock loads is stage separation, heat
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shield separation and clamp band release. For larger and heavier launch vehicles, the
shock loads produced are higher.
In order to assess the qualification of the spacecraft and sub-systems for shock loads,
accurate prediction of response due to shock loads is required.
J2.1 Development of System on Chip (SoC), Analog and Mixed Signal ASICs, and Multi-
million gate ASICs comply with DFT, Low Power, High Performance, IR Drop, EM
analysis and RAD Hard requirements to develop miniaturized electronic sub-
systems (URSC)
J2.2 ECAD Layout designs (highly complex) with fine vias, fine line complying with
Signal Integrity, Power Integrity, EMI/EMC, and Thermal Integrity checks (URSC)
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K1.5 Design of 12 bit, 200/250 MHz, Low Power (<200mW) Pipeline ADC, 3.3V supply,
0.18µm SCL technology (SCL)
The pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) architecture is the most popular topology
for video processing, telecommunications, digital imaging etc. designs because its speed
is comparable to the parallel or flash architecture, whereas the implementation area and
power dissipation are significantly smaller. Both advantages stem from the concurrent
operation of the stages, that is, at any time; the first stage operates on the most recent
sample while all other stages operate on residues from previous samples. Once the
pipeline is primed, converted digital data are always available at every clock cycle.
This design of ADC should cater imaging as well as communication applications with
these features in Junction temperature range -40 °C to +125 °C
SNDR >66 dBFS at 200 Msps
SFDR >80 dBc at 200 Msps
DNL <±0.5LSB
INL <±0.5LSB
No missing Code
Gain Error<±0.5LSB
Offset Error<±0.5LSB
Output data format in LVDS or CMOS
K1.6 Design of SAR ADC 14/16 bit, 10/20 Mbps, low power (<300mW), 3.3V supply,
0.18nm SCL technology (SCL)
The successive-approximation ADC is by far the most popular architecture for data-
acquisition applications. Successive-approximation ADCs comprise four main sub
circuits: the sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA), analog comparator, reference digital-to-
analog converter (DAC), and successive-approximation register (SAR). Because the
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K1.7 Design of DAC 12/14 bit, 1Gbps, power (<450mW), 3.3V supply, 0.18nm SCL
technology (SCL)
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) is a device that transforms digital data into an analog
signal. The digital data may be produced from a microprocessor, Application Specific
Integrated Circuit (ASIC), or Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), but ultimately the
data requires the conversion to an analog signal in order to interact with the real world.
This DAC should cater test and Measurement, Imaging and high-Precision, high-Speed
data acquisition applications with these features in Junction temperature range -40 °C to
+125 °C
SNDR >72 dBFS at 10 Msps
SFDR >80 dBc at 10 Msps
DNL <±0.5LSB
INL <±0.5LSB
Gain Error<±0.5LSB
Offset Error<±0.5LSB
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K1.9 Design of high slew rate amplifier in 180nm SCL technology (SCL)
The operational amplifier (op-amp) is a critical component in analog and mixed signal
design applications. Among all parameters of op-amp slew rate is a critical parameter in
the design. The output of an operational amplifier should follow the input irrespective of
any conditions, but this does not happen at high frequency. The slew rate of an op-amp
is very less at high frequency. The design of High Slew Rate Amplifier should cater these
features in Junction temperature range -40 °C to +125 °C:
Slew rate >1200V/µsec,
UGB >200MHz,
Input offset<100µV
K1.10 Design of low offset and low drift OPAMP in 180nm SCL technology (SCL)
Open Loop gain> 80dB
UGB > 100MHz
Offset 75µV Max
Low Drift 1.3µV/ºC
K1.11 Design of PLL with VCO, 25MHz -3000MHz, Ultra Low Phase Noise -110dBc/Hz,
Very Low RMS jiiter<180fs (SCL) in 180nm SCL technology (SCL)
The Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) is a closed-loop frequency-control system that compares
the phase difference between the input signal and the output signal of a voltage-controlled
oscillator (VCO). The negative feedback loop of the system forces the PLL to be phase-
locked. PLLs are widely used in telecommunications, computers, and other electronic
applications. PLL can use to generate stable frequencies, recover signals from a noisy
communication channel, or distribute clock signals throughout design. Design a PLL with
these features in Junction temperature range -40 °C to +125 °C
VCO output frequency = 40MHz -1000MHz
Phase Noise -110dBc/Hz
RMS jiiter <180fs
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L4 Development of I/O pads with ESD and latch-up protection for HV process (SCL)
Robust I/O pads for 1.8/5V CMOS process developed at SCL with respect to Latch-up
and ESD tolerance (2kv HBM) as well as power/speed requirements is required.
L7 Enablement of PDK for HV, biploar and SOI CMOS process (SCL)
Process design Kit compatible to standard EDA is required for all the standard device
elements being developed in 180nm CMOS process.
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L9 To develop high electron mobility transistor structures for high power rf devices
using gallium nitride based wide bandgap semiconductors on silicon (SCL)
Epitaxial growth Metal Organic CVD (MOCVD) of novel GaN-based hetero structures
on silicon as low cost solution for high speed and high power RF devices. Novel
stress mitigation techniques to grow crack-free layers. Advanced electrical (Hall, I-V,
C-V) surface (AFM), structural (XRD, TEM) and optical (Photoluminescence, Raman)
characterizations to assess the quality of layer structures. Submicron HEMT device
fabrication and DC and RF characterization.
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M2 Design & development of MEMS based THz devices for space applications (SCL)
It will be used to develop the devices for satellite communications.
M3 Design & development of SiC based pressure sensors for harsh environment
applications (SCL)
These are basically intended to the pressure sensors for very high temperatures/extreme
conditions.
M4 Design & development of MEMS flow sensor for low flow rate measurements (SCL)
These flow sensors are required for the low flow rate measurements in micro propulsion
systems as well as miniaturized liquid thrusts.
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N2.1 As the demand for High Throughput and higher data rates is ever increasing, free space
optical communications gives a promising solution. Present satellite communication
systems are based on Microwave frequencies which are limited in bandwidth and suffer
from higher energy losses due to wave propagation characteristics. Since lasers can be
focused to beams with a low divergence, they can transfer signalling power to the receiver
with less energy loss than microwaves can. Therefore, optical free-space communication
systems can work with less power consumption than microwave based systems, while
offering higher data rates at the same time.
The research areas in this field include
Development of Antenna Tracking and Pointing (ATP) module along with ATP algorithm,
to maintain narrower beam-width line of sight between transmitter and receiver stations
irrespective of disturbances created due to satellite platform and atmosphere.
As the atmosphere greatly affects the optical link, studies on cloud free field of view to
supplement cloud free line of sight (CFLOS) Cover for Free-space optical link over Indian
region is required.
System studies related to different Modulation Schemes like PPM, PSK, etc. for efficient
transmission and development of optical modulators with these modulation schemes.
Development of High Power Laser transmitter to support interplanetary links.
N2.2 Software defined radio based satellite architectures for future satcom systems
(SAC)
In present scenario, low cost small satellites (Micro or Nano Satellites) are being launched
or planned for launch on LEO orbit to provide communication services over the Globe.
Small satellites provide an efficient and cost effective solution to different communication
services as compared to bigger satellite platforms targeted for GEO orbit. Due to their
low mass, power and volume envelope, the payload also has to be designed considering
these constraints. Software Defined Radio (SDR) based payload architectures can
provide solution for compact/miniaturized design which requires low mass, low DC power
consumption & less volume. Present SDR systems can receive/transmit signals directly
at RF level up to S band. This will eliminate the requirements of the complex frontend
hardware which in turn provides savings in mass, volume and DC power consumption.
Scope of research proposal:
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SDR based communication payload architecture is well suitable for Indian Nano Satellite
Bus (INS) and Indian Micro Satellite Bus (IMS). SDRs will also be useful for future
communication payloads for GEO satellites.
Common RF transceiver (compact single board) having RF front end and Digital
subsystems (direct sampling based ADC and DAC modules) to operate from UHF to S
band frequencies.
Studies and implementation of different signal processing algorithms for regenerative
processing and flexibility in terms of channelization and bandwidth.
Development of integrated wideband RF front end with LNA, Band pass Filters & PLL on
RF Transceiver module
Development of Direct Sampling based ADC and DAC modules which can be integrated
with wide band RF front end.
N2.3 Hybrid satellite/terrestrial networks and their compatibility with 5G cellular system
(SAC)
As the spectrum resources are becoming limited and trend is towards delivering high
speed data rates in both satellite and terrestrial mobile communication. Hybrid network
of terrestrial and satellite systems complementing each other shall be developed for
ubiquitous coverage, seamless connectivity and high data rates.
Scope of research proposal
Research areas in this direction are:
Studies on Satellite – Terrestrial system architecture compatible with 5G Networks
Protocol level integration of satellite and terrestrial system.
Channel modelling considering both land-mobile and earth-to-space channels
Investigations on satellite platforms (LEO/MEO/GEO/HEO) complementing 5G networks.
N2.4 Development of advanced signal processing algorithms for multi giga hertz signal
analysis (SAC)
With the advancement in signal processing capabilities, trend in research community is
towards analysis of wideband signals covering gigahertz bandwidth. Using conventional
approach, it demands significant amount of processing requirements. Compressed
Sensing / Sparse Signal Analysis based algorithms can be applied for signal detection,
analysis, feature detection (like modulation, coding, data rate etc.) and reconstruction of
signals.
Scope of research proposal
Research areas in this direction are:
Development of signal analysis algorithms for wideband signals (Multi-gigahertz
bandwidth). Sparse Signal Analysis/Compressed Sensing based algorithms can be
targeted.
Signal Analysis algorithms for signal detection, signal structure and feature extraction for
identification purposes.
Satellite system design and architecture for Multi-Giga Hertz signal processing payload.
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N2.5 System studies and design of aeronautical mobile satellite systems (SAC)
In order to cater in-flight passenger communication services and to improve air traffic
control, safety services, airline management, there is a huge demand for reliable
communication link between the aircrafts and the ground control stations. Also from a
user perspective, a wireless access solution for multimedia and personal communications
services through users’ own equipment (laptop, phones etc.) is required. The high data
rate connectivity in airplanes may be made through satellite links. Due to global and
continuous coverage requirement, satellites play an important role in this field. The
communication link between the aircrafts and ground via satellite is known as Aeronautical
Mobile Satellite Services (AMSS). A single satellite may be utilized for aeronautical,
terrestrial and maritime mobile communication services.
Scope of research proposal
Research areas in this direction are:
System configuration studies and design for satellite systems for AMSS applications in
Indian region.
System studies and analysis of various impairments in AMSS like multipath, Doppler etc.
and developing algorithms to mitigate these impairments and developing techniques to
mitigate these impairments.
Development of light weight and miniaturized RF terminals for aircrafts and other
aeronautical platforms.
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systems and provide the information about the system accuracy, availability, integrity and
reliability for any operational situation.
Studies on impact of LMS channel and required error control schemes.
Research on security features of navigation signals such as anti-spoof and message
authentication.
Studies on navigation signal generation and multiplexing schemes.
Research in utilizing space service volume capability of GNSS signals.
Integration of IRNSS signals with existing GNSS signals at the receiver level to
demonstrate the inter-operability.
N3.1 Atomic frequency standards are the back-bone of the satellite navigation technology.
SAC is pursuing the R&D of indigenous atomic clocks for India’s navigation programme
– IRNSS (NavIC). The key concepts of atomic clocks involve atomic spectroscopy; RF
& microwave electronics; microwave cavities; optics; low noise detection schemes and
digital electronics. In view of supporting the in-house R&D activities, further detailed
theoretical modelling can aid the practical work. Herewith, the following proposed
research on theoretical and experimental studies can enhance the activities towards the
realization of atomic clocks.
N3.2 Rubidium atomic clock modelling and theoretical studies on fundamental limitations
in detection schemes and stabilities of atomic frequency standards (SAC)
A detailed analytical modelling of rubidium atomic clock is to be performed. This should
include the modelling of atomic signal and its features and the locking of crystal oscillator
using the atomic signal. The signal-to-noise ratio in an atomic clock depends on the
detection noise present in the system. Low noise detectors and low noise electronics
have to be employed in order to reach better clock stabilities. Thorough studies on the
best possible detection schemes are needed to employ the efficient methodology in
compact space clocks.
N3.3 Coherent population trapping based schemes for atomic clocks (SAC)
In the Coherent Population Trapping scheme, the use of microwave cavities can be
avoided to build atomic clocks. This can, in principle, bring down the size to a considerable
extent. The recent advances in chip-scale atomic clocks have been possible due to CPT
methods. Initial theoretical and experimental studies on this can be helpful for us to take
it forward towards the space based atomic clocks.
N3.4 Studies on light-shift effects in atomic clocks and analyses of on-board clock
jumps (SAC)
Rubidium atomic clocks are the widely used clocks in GNSS for space based navigation.
These Rb clocks are prone to on board frequency jumps, which results in the error on the
navigation signals. It is of utmost importance to understand the source of the jumps in
the Rb clocks. The prima-facie understanding has brought to notice that light-shift effect
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is the main cause of these jumps. However, a detailed study is needed to quantitatively
understand the physics behind these jumps. Moreover, in this study the other potential
parameters such as the radiation effect, magnetic effects etc. need to be addressed
which may result in giving rise to clock frequency jumps.
N4.1 Design & simulation of on-board ephemeris and clock parameters prediction
model (SAC)
The two most important parameters used by user receivers to compute accurate position
are ephemeris or satellite orbit parameters and clock correction parameters for pseudo
range computation. Currently these data are uplinked to NSGU from ground station and
NSGU use this data for navigation frame generation, to be used by user receivers. A
prediction model can be designed which provides autonomous navigation facility. The
model can predicate the satellite ephemeris and clock parameters on-board and can
work for many days without receiving any uplink from ground station.
N4.3 Design and analysis of new modulation scheme of navigation signals (SAC)
The modulation schemes for the navigation purposes such as BOC modulation are the
few state of the art modulation schemes, which can be considered for ISRO’s future
navigation program. The Alternative BOC modulation (AltBOC) is conceptually very
similar to the BOC modulation but with an important difference, since contrary to BOC,
AltBOC provides high spectral isolation between the two upper main lobes and the two
lower main lobes (considering the I and Q phases separately). This is accomplished by
using different codes for each main lobe.
N4.4 Strong encryption and different navigation data for SPS and RS services (SAC)
Strong Encryption standard should be implemented for RS service in lieu of open
AES standard. Navigation data for RS service should be different than SPS service so
that critical data like encryption keys and other encryption related messages can be
transmitted to authorized users only. Also time-tagged periodic messages to strategic
users can be transmitted. As both data and code is encrypted.
N4.5 Optimized low power algorithm design and performance analysis of digital narrow
band channelization and digital beam former (SAC)
This next generation of satellite communication systems for asks for requirements such
as very high throughput digital processors, with enhanced flexibility in terms of channel
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bandwidth and connectivity, and processing of high number of user beams. An efficient
exploitation of available limited spectrum resources requires the implementation of large
frequency re-use among the user beams and the flexibility in bandwidth, beam shaping
and power transmission associated to each channel. Advanced analysis is required in
frequency planning, physical layer, access method. The payload requirements in terms
of processed bandwidth, connectivity, flexibility in channel sizing, beam forming and
power allocation. Also different signal processing algorithms of the processors have to
be developed for channel de-multiplexing, switching, beam forming and power control.
Complexity of the different processor architectures are to be traded off, taking also into
account their flexibility and scalability.
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N5.5 Data recorder and streaming system up to 10 Gbps for optical links (SAC)
Optical links are being envisaged for high speed (up to 10 GBPS) data transfer using
inter satellite links. Optical links can support very high data rate transfer of imagery data
of earth observation satellite to GEO satellite or to the ground station. The high resolution
imagery data need to be stored and streamed via to the 10 Gbps optical link. Solid
state recorders up to 1 Gbps are invariably attempted for this purpose. Since the optical
link can support multi Gbps data rate the data recording and streaming system puts a
limitation on the maximum data rate available through the link. Research is required for
the design of recorder and streaming circuits for that capability.
N5.6 Forward Error Control (FEC) schemes for high data rate optical communications
(SAC)
An accurate optical wireless communication system design considers and analyses all
factors like components and techniques such as wavelength, modulation, detection,
channel modelling, types of mitigation techniques on atmospheric turbulence etc. The
performance can be improved by introducing Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes
like Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes, Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, Turbo codes,
convolutional codes, trellis-coded modulation (TCM) etc. One can combat fading induced
by atmospheric turbulence.
The net coding gain offered by these schemes could be in the range of 3 to 6 dB with hard
decision decoding of the component codes for an output bit-error rate (BER) of 10-9 for
the data rates of up to 1 Gbps. Further improvement in coding gain can be achieved by
soft decision decoding. The area of research includes simulation of these FEC schemes
to provide sufficient coding gain and to validate the outcomes by implementation on
hardware for the data rates of up to 1 Gbps and the BER of 10-9.
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N6.1 Theoretical analysis for FPGA controlled switching GaN based electronic power
conditioners (EPC) (SAC)
Devices like FPGA and GaNFETs are going to play a major role in new generation
space power electronics. FPGA bring in advanced control methods along with built-in
re-configurability feature to the power systems whereas usage of GaN based switching
power devices offer low loss at higher switching frequency operation (500KHz-2MHz)
compare to its counterpart Si devices. Both the above features implemented on advanced
ZVS conversion topologies can pave the way for developing state of art efficient, compact
and reconfigurable power modules required for future high density- Flexible payloads.
Scope of research proposal
Theoretical analysis of FPGA/ASIC controlled GaN Based EPC modelling and simulation
involves several challenges viz.
Modelling of GaN devices for high frequency transient, small signal behavioural
Modelling of Advanced soft-switching conversion topologies
Modelling of Digital control loop using discrete time models to assess its start-up, steady
state and transient behaviour.
HDL level simulations and Co-simulations for existing DPWM, DPFM & DPSPWM, DPID
algorithms, and for Advanced Algorithm developments.
Overall simulation of EPC with digital controller hardware in loop
The above activities will be explored in two EPC designs
FPGA Controlled GaN based Medium power (40-60W) EPC
FPGA Controlled GaN based High Power(400-650W) EPC.
N6.2 Theoretical analysis of High Voltage Electronic Power Conditioners (HV-EPC) for
Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) applications (SAC)
High efficient, compact high voltages EPCs are having potential for energizing TWT for
space applications. There is also spin off to this activity for on-board Thruster applications.
FPGA and GaNFETs are going to play a major role in new generation HV EPCs for the
same. Advanced HV conversion topologies, digital control methods & theoretical study,
simulation analysis are potential areas to explore to assess the robustness of the existing
designs and upcoming designs.
Scope of research proposal
Theoretical Analysis of Advanced Resonant HV EPCs using digital control, GaN switching
devices involves several challenges viz.
Modelling of HV Conversion topologies using GaN devices and its simulation
Modelling and simulation with Digital controllers in the loop simulation.
HDL level simulations/Co-simulations for Algorithms for DPWM, DPFM &
DPSPWM, DPIDs
Overall simulation of HV EPC for Start-up, Steady-state, transient, frequency domain
behaviours.
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N6.3 Theoretical analysis on HMC & LTCC EPC packaging technologies (SAC)
Packaging technologies like HMC, LTCC, Planar-Integrated Magnetics (PIM) has high
potential for new generation space power electronic systems. They bring in modularity,
miniaturization and pave the way for high density payload realization.
Scope of research proposal
Theoretical studies on HMC, LTCC, Planar-Integrated Magnetics (PIM) for Low and
Medium power EPCs
Electrical circuit Modelling, simulation (EPC circuits for HMC, LTCC, PIM)
Magnetic Modelling, simulation (PIM)
Thermal Modelling, simulation (HMC, LTCC, PIM)
Structural Modelling, simulation (HMC, LTCC, PIM)
The above analysis will be performed on two designs
5-20W Low power EPC
40-60W Medium power EPC.
N7.1 Artificial Neural Network based generalized parameter extraction software for
microwave filters (SAC)
A typical communication satellite contains large number of microwave filters. The recent
trend of multi-beam satellites with increasing frequency reuse, requires large numbers
of filters with complex transfer functions. Such microwave filters are required to undergo
extensive tuning after fabrication to compensate for mechanical deviations. This tuning
process is expensive and cumbersome and, depending on the complexity of the filter and
skill set of the manpower, this process may take up to several hours.
Hence, a generalized parameter extraction software is required reduce the time taken
for tuning. The software, once installed on Network Analyzer, provides the real time
equivalent circuit parameters from the measured S-parameters. Based upon the extracted
parameters, even a semi-skilled manpower can also decide the tuning direction and the
filter can be tuned within minimal time.
Although, various software techniques such as Cauchy Approximation, Vector fitting and
sequential non-linear optimization have been explored in the past with some limitations,
recent research is focused around incorporating Artificial Neural Network (ANN) learning
methods into the software. The software utilizes multidimensional approximation of
ANN to map characteristics of the filter in real time. The software can also be used in
sequential characterization of the filter coupling values. Moreover, the algorithm should
be adaptable to any number of poles and transmission zeros in filter transfer function for
any frequency band.
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Down convert the signal to digital domain and have digital flexible filters and then up-
convert the signal back to the actual range of operation.
While each of these approaches has its own limitations in terms of either mass, space or
life of tuning mechanism, we want to explore a way to develop dynamically tunable filter
by translating the microwave signal to photonic range by using suitable optical modulators
and then performing the frequency and bandwidth variations in the optical domain using
variable optical filter, and then converting the optical signal back to microwave range
using photodiodes.
N8.1 The next generation satellite communication systems require high output power, small
size, low weight, high efficiency and high reliability amplifiers. At the lower end of
frequency spectrum, at UHF to C band, availability of GaN technology is offering newer
breakthroughs in realizing power amplifiers which may even be replacing TWTA in future
satellites. The Indian Regional Navigational Satellite system or IRNSS provides regional
satellite system using a combination of GEO and GSO spacecrafts over the Indian region.
GaN based Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) are emerging as a viable alternative to
TWT amplifiers especially at L and S band used in these navigation satellites. Scope
of work exists in the area of design, simulation of compact SSPA within the similar size
as TWTA. To have higher power, low loss combining techniques and development of
planar compact dividers and combiners is required. ISRO is also working on future
transponders up to Q and V band. There is a requirement of wideband, high power MMIC
power amplifier designs up to V band. There is also research scope in development
of thermal modelling and thermal measurement techniques for power amplifier MMIC.
Areas of research are:
Wideband, high power SSPA and channel amplifiers modules in L, S, C,Ku & Ka-bands.
GaN based High power compact SSPA at L and S band
Q and V band SSPA, multiport amplifiers and associated technologies
High Power MMIC Designs
Compact Microwave Power Modules & Combiner
High Efficiency CW SSPAs (MOS/GaAs FET, GaN HEMT/HBT) with associated thermal
& power management.
Thermal modelling and simulation of MMIC power amplifiers.
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N9.1 Design and development of space grade integer-N PLL IC, up to 5GHz operation
(SAC)
Design Specification:
Parameters Specification
Process Technology 90nm /180nm CMOS
Reference Frequency(Fref) Up to 200 MHz
I/P Reference Signal Power -5dBm to +5dBm
Comparison Frequency (Fcomp) 10-50 MHz Min
Input RF Frequency (Fin) 5GHz min
Input RF Power -5dBm to +5dBm
Normalized Phase Noise Floor −210 dBc/Hz
Frequency resolution Better then 10Hz
Supply Voltage 3V Max
Radiation Hardness TID 100KRads min
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O2.1 Design, simulation and development of AIS Receiver with improved probability of
ship detection for space (Satellite) based AIS (Automatic Identification System)
network
ISRO is coming up with its own satellite to support Space Based AIS detection. So far
all the ground network across globe provides only probabilistic guarantee for signal
detection of space based AIS network.
Within this proposal, it is expected from researchers to address issues and algorithm for
improved probability of detection of ships while implementing AIS over satellite using LEO
constellation of satellites in VHF band with all practical implementation considerations.
O2.3 Adaptation of GMR (Geo Mobile Radio) or similar standard & technologies for
seamless communication between terrestrial & ISRO MSS network (SAC)
GEO-Mobile Radio Interface (GEO stands for Geostationary Earth Orbit), better known
as GMR, is an ETSI standard for satellite phones. GMR standard is derived from the
3GPP-family terrestrial digital cellular standards and supports access to GSM/UMTS
core networks. It is used by ACeS, ICO, Inmarsat, SkyTerra, TerreStar and Thuraya for
high speed internet as well as audio and video services.
Since ISRO is coming up with its next generation of MSS satellite with 12m antenna in
space, it would be worthwhile to look at the standards that are similar to GMR or GMR
itself for seamless communication between GSM and ISRO’s MSSnetworks.
It is expected from researchers to analyze the channel models and “propose, develop &
implement” efficient protocol stack for effective MSS applications.
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O2.4 Design, simulation and implementation of single frequency network with suitable
waveform (like OFDM) to support broadcast services to handheld or miniaturized
devices on the move & everywhere (SAC)
DVB-SH is a published standard from ETSI for broadcast services to handheld devices
using satellites to handheld devices. Under this topic, it is expected from researchers
to come up with a proposal which is simpler and effective for implementation in single
frequency and single waveform (preferably OFDM) network.
O2.6 Design, simulation and development of high data rate PSK Modems for LEO to
GEO communication like for upcoming indian data relay satellite system, joint
source and channel coding for high data rate transfer from LEO platform (SAC)
ISRO is working on development of its own data relay satellite system. It is expected
from researchers to submit a proposal on design, simulation and implementation of high
doppler compensated PSK MODEM for communication from a LEO platform to GEO
platform with higher order coding. Researchers may also propose schemes like joint
source and channel coding for effective high data rate transfer from LEO platforms.
O2.7 Design and development of advanced pulse shaping techniques with lower roll off
for efficient spectrum utilization (SAC)
Spectrum is a scares resource. In MSS & FSS services, in order to optimize the resources
and to cater to large user based within limited bandwidth, ISRO invites suitable research
proposal on pulse shaping techniques may be coupled with suitable power efficient
modulation and demodulation schemes for its SATCOM networks. The proposal should
include design, simulation and development of techniques with low roll off filters
O2.8 Development of waveform and signal processing techniques to utilize low cost
and efficient power amplifiers in MSS communication (SAC)
MSS communication utilizes personal battery operated gadgets. In order to improve the
efficiency of the terminals, ISRO invites research proposals on development of suitable
waveform with signal processing techniques for utilization of low cost power efficient
amplifiers in its ground terminal.
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O3.1 Design and Development of miniaturized, multiband (S, L, UHF band) / S-band Low
power wideband transceiver mixed signal ASIC for SATCOM terminal (SAC)
This proposal should address the development of low power, low cost custom RF
wideband transceiver ASIC in S-band to support communication using miniaturized
handheld and battery operated satcom terminals.
O3.2 Design & development of RF-MEMS based monoscan converter for single-channel
monopulse tracking system (SAC)
Monopulse tracking is used for precise pointing of on-board as well as ground
station antennae. It is used in three configurations: Single-Channel, Two-Channel
and Three- Channel. Single and two-channel configurations are commonly used in
practice. Since single-channel configuration has advantage in terms of weight, size,
power and phase-optimization, it is a preferred choice for most applications. But, the
simplicity results in increased complexity at feed end, where three RF signals (Ka
/ Ku Band for example) need to be combined into one RF-signal using monoscan
converter. It is also called autotrack modulator/combiner. The proposal could aim
for developing RF-MEMS based (Ka / Ku Band) monoscan convertor technology,
which should have potential to meet reliability requirements of onboard applications.
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networks. Media Independent Handover (IEEE 802.21) has been standardized for the
seamless communication between different radio technologies. The proposal should aim
for network design and mobile terminal development.
O3.4 Design of miniaturized low cost S-band antenna with near omnidirectional coverage
for mobile hand held terminals (SAC)
The requirement is to develop transmit only, receive only and transmit-receive antenna
for different MSS (S-band) terminals & applications. Since MSS terminals are primarily
personalized gadgets and manufactured for mass deployment, it is expected to be a low
cost, light weight design suitable for small gadgets. It should be a reproducible design
including radome.
Someother topics of interest in the field of Satellite Communication are:
Development of Miniaturized, low cost QHF/DRA/Patch S-band antenna for personal
communication gadgets and mass deployment
Design and Development of RF-ASIC to support implementation of low-power, cost
effective electronic beam steering capabilities for satellite mobile communication
ASIC development for IDU of DVB-RCS2. Development of IDU and HUB baseband
compatible with or similar to DVB-RCS2 standard.
Baseband ASIC development for DVB-S2x Receiver for VSAT network
Development of miniaturized S-band transceiver terminals with Class-F amplifiers
Development of low loss, light weight duplexer for MSS Applications
Development of GPS based auto pointing/ Satellite acquisition system for VSAT
In this proposal, researchers can propose a low cost hardware solution for auto-pointing
of VSAT antenna of 1.2m, 1.8m size in field for C, Ext-C, Ku and Ka band communication.
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P2 Design and development of deformable mirror for correction of wave front in space
based optical instrument (SAC)
Space-borne telescopes are subjected to orbital loads like temperature excursion,absence
of gravity, moisture desorption of metering structure etc., which leads to misalignment of
optical system and loss of the optical performance. Future space based large telescope
will be made from number of smaller mirrors, which are aligned together to create a larger
segmented mirror & continuous mirror. Due to time varying orbital loads, misalignment will
occur in these smaller mirrors supported by large structures and intern this will introduce
aberrations in imaging. Hence, there is a need of wavefront correction using deformable
mirror.
Scope of research proposal:
It shall include study on various options for deformable mirrors. Detail design and
development of best suitable option of deformable mirror.
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P5 Ultra-light weight structures using advanced high strength materials like P.E.E.K,
C.N.T, Graphene, frozen smoke& chain link materials including aluminium
metallization for high frequency RF signals (SAC)
The study deals with the development and manufacturing of Ultra Lightweight (ULW)
materials for future aerospace vehicles and structures. Replacing the traditional materials
with the Ultra lightweight materials will reduce significantly the mass of payload.
Scope of research proposal
The ULW materials such as P.E.E.K, CNT, Graphene, frozen smoke will be used to develop
payload brackets, feed horns, spacecraft panels and MFDs etc. Payload brackets, Feed
horns, spacecraft panels, MFDs, etc.
P6 True stress - strain curves development for non-linear materials like indium for
atomic clock development at SAC (SAC)
A true stress-true stain curve gives the stress required to cause the material to flow plastically
to certain stress. The research area deals with the stress- strain curve development for
nonlinear materials such as Indium for development of atomic clock at SAC.
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Salient Features: -
Microwave absorbing materials based on carbonyl iron loaded silicon rubber sheets.
Frequency range: 1 to 8 GHz.
Reflectivity: ≤ -20dB.
Layers: Single layer, dual layer, tri-layer and multi layered.
Space qualified material.
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Scope
Develop a set of tools to assess NDE system performance to measure & defect detection
for bluntness, resolution or contrast sensitivity.
Identify materials and design internal features useful for assessing inspection capabilities.
Model development for AM Fabricated Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) to simulate defects
andparts features.
Analyse IQI volume data to assess NDE detectability limits, contrast sensitivity and
resolution.
Development of in-situ QA methodologies for qualification of AM process leading
to development of parts. This is for total understanding of materials and processes
correlations, process capability, variability aspects as applicable to failure modes.
Generation of defects library & documents of cause and effects of defects.
Detection of failure mechanism with its co-relation to physics of failure, through layer
by layer detection of discontinuities, thermal environment simulation to measure the
performancedegradation and break down in internal circuitry of electronic components.
NDE methods tocheck the integrity of component and their functionality and performance.
Reverse approach by using advanced NDE techniques to ascertain Additive Manufacturing
materialbuild defects and limitations.
Anticipated Benefits
Provide a multi-use standard for the assessment of NDE performance as well as AM
build quality.
High Resolution measurement of internal construction measurement.
Metrology verification
AM Manufacturability
AM Repeatability
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T3.1 Momentum/ Reaction wheels are the standard solution for attitude control in a spacecraft.
At present these actuators mainly use ball bearings, whose mechanical wear is a
significant life limiting factor. In order to maintain a longer life time, ball bearings are
usually operated at speeds below 6,000 rev/min. If we go for ultra-high speed operation
of wheels in the range of 1 lakh rpm, considerable reduction of wheel size is possible.
The main challenges in the design of high speed motor are high iron loss, high speed
rotor construction, selection of compact and high frequency power electronics topology,
and high speed sensing and control circuit. A slot-less self-bearing motor based on
Lorentz force can take care of high frequency losses to a good extend and it also helps
in the rotor construction for high-speed operation. However, the maximum bearing forces
achievable are small for Lorentz force based machines compared to reluctance-force-
based machines.
T4.1 A half Vyomnoid with Sensing and perception of surroundings with 3D vision and
Dexterous manipulative abilities to carry out defined crew functions in an unmanned
mission or assist crew in manned missions. Design & Realization of FULL Vyomnoid with
features that include full autonomy with 3D vision, dynamically controlled movement in
zero ‘g’, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning enabled real time decision making with
vision optimization and path planning algorithms.
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T5.1 Spherical Motor – Precursor of advanced actuators for satellite applications. Spherical
motor with accurate position control can replace complex mechanism that uses multiple
motors for multi degree of freedom actuation. The same motor with speed and torque
control drives can act as a preliminary design model towards reaction sphere.
T6 Sub Area High Precision Servo System (PMSM, FOC, Angle Sensor
and Processing Electronics) (IISU)
T6.1 The typical three-phase motor drive consists of a Drive motor, power stage with a three-
phase full-bridge scheme and a controller that should provide three-phase PWM signals
based on an encoder or a resolver for the position feedback.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
There are two types of permanent magnet brushless dc motors, which depend on their
back-EMF waveforms. The one with sinusoidal back-EMF is called PMSM. PMSM
provides nearly zero torque ripples, which gives higher efficiency. The airgap flux density
and winding patter will be sinusoidal in PMSM.
Field Oriented Control
The FOC is suitable for the high-end application due to its complex design and higher
processing requirements. It commutates the motor by calculating voltage and current
vectors based on motor current feedback. It maintains high efficiency over a wide
operating range and allows for precise dynamic control of speed and torque.
Angle Sensor and its Processing Electronics
PMSM along with FOC need phase current sensing and continuous rotor position sensing.
Resistive based (GMR) or Inductive based (Resolver) sensor will be used along with its
processing electronics.
T7.1 Rotary Transducers are precision scale elements used for extremely accurate
measurement of angular displacement. Non-contacting coupled elements of the rotary
transducer can be directly attached to the fixed and movable members of rotary machine
tools, navigational systems and other precision mechanisms. Electrical output signals
can drive readout displays, generate computer input data and provide servo feedback
signals. Because of non-contacting elements (zero wear) very high reliability is achieved
and original accuracy is maintained indefinitely.Angular accuracies of ± 2-3 arc seconds
have been achieved. This TDP aims at making high accuracy rotary transducers of ± 1
arc-sec accuracy.
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T8.1 IISU has development various sensors like Dynamically Tuned Gyro(DTG), ISRO Laser
Gyro (ILG) and Ceramic Servo Accelerometer (CSA) . Efforts are initiated to miniaturize
sensors electronics for these sensors. One of the development route initiated is through
ASIC based sensor electronics.
U1.1 The harmonic drive is a special gear-drive speed reduction system whose operation
principle is based on the elastic deformation rather than the rigid body motion of
general gearing system. It has many advantages, such as high speed reduction ratio,
high rotational accuracy, high torque transfer per weight, high efficiency, little backlash
and very compact size. The three basic components of the harmonic drive are the
circular spline, flexspline and elliptical wave generator. The Wave Generator is a
special ballbearing assembly with a rigid elliptical inner race and flexible outer race.
The Flexspline is a thin walled, flexible cylindrical cup adorned with small external gear
teeth around its rim and the Circular Spline is a rigid ring with internal teeth, engaging the
teeth of the Flexspline across the major axis of the Wave Generator.
U2 Sub Area Multilayered coatings for high speed ball bearings (IISU)
U2.1 Ball bearing metal parts- races and balls are coated with multi layered multi-functional
films for improving surface properties and wear resistance. Since the combined thickness
of these coatings are very less (2-3 µ), this process maintains the bulk properties
of bearing steel with the surface properties of the coatings. The coated layer avoids
formation of micro-welds during asperity interactions and subsequent elimination of local
hot spots thereby reducing the rate of lubricant degradation. These surfaces can yield
better stiction performance, low friction and wear during possible ball sliding conditions,
reduced lubricant degradation and overall improvement in life of the bearings
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Speed of operation of on-board electronic circuits has a direct bearing on the geometric
resolution of a camera and also on the number of colours in which a camera captures
a feature. As the resolution improves, the circuit operation becomes faster. Compaction
calls for miniaturization of electronics and development of specialized multi-function,
ultra-low power circuits. Following are the areas of research for electronics.
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A2.14 Hardware for near real time decompression for CCSDS standard (SAC)
Near real time compression is planned for future high data volume payloads based on
CCSDS methods. The decompression is software based which had long processing
time. A hardware based decompression will reduce the processing to near real time for
quick browsing.
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A2.16 Very low noise, high efficiency power supplies for space (SAC)
Remote sensing and Meteorological Imaging Payload electronics redefine requirements
in terms of processing speeds, resolutions, modularity, reliability and miniaturization
which in turn requires very low noise, efficient and customized regulated supply lines to
various camera electronics sub-systems. Camera electronics will have functional blocks
like analog processing, mixed design, digital hardware, high voltage bias requirements,
very high load/current requirements. Based on present and future missions, power supply
requirements are anticipated and categorized as below:
Very Low noise (≤1mV), Low power (<10W), highly efficient (>80%) complying with EMI
461E standard, space grade isolated power supply /module.
Multi-output (3 to 4 voltage lines in range 3.3V to 24V), high efficiency (>80%), Medium
Power (25W – 100W), Low noise (≤10mV) complying with EMI 461E standard isolated
space grade power supply
High output voltage (150V to 250V) with low output current (<50 mA) having 28-42V
unregulated supply input
Very high output current (up to 18A), low output voltage (0.8 V to 3.3V), >90% efficiency,
wide input supply range (3V to 9V), very low quiescent power, space grade miniaturized
Point of Load (POL) converter.
Hyper spectral Systems are replacing multi-spectral type instruments. Finer resolution
implies larger and bulkier optics. There is a great scope in this area for compaction,
innovative focusing, alignment techniques and swath improvement. Multi-purpose
large area array detectors are replacing the present day linear detectors. Mathematical
modelling and optical domain processing are envisaged to be implemented. Following
is the list of research areas where academic institution can contribute either in terms of
study, algorithm development or prototype development.
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Origami Lenses
Taking advantage of both refractive and reflective optics, light is folded multiple number
of times in a crystal. Light enters through an obscured annular aperture located at the
periphery of the lens and gets reflected multiple times inside the crystal with the help
of concentric zone reflectors on both the surfaces of the lens. Folding the light beam
helps to reduce the overall track length of the lens without compromising on the optical
performance. Additionally, it also helps to increase the angular resolution by improving
the lens magnification. Hence by reducing the number of folds, one can achieve a higher
Field-Of-View (FOV) at the expense of the overall focal length of the lens. The overall
diameter of the annular folded optics is scaled proportionately to collect the same power
as an unobscured conventional refractive optical system.
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refractive lens has a continuous phase profile. If this phase profile is converted into a mod
2π discrete phase zones, then same focusing action can be achieved as in refractive
case. In hybrid lenses the refractive lens is combined with diffractive optical element. For
example, a Plano convex lens where basic lens power is provided by spherical surface
and the spherical aberration is corrected by fabricating a diffractive phase profile on the
other surface.
The diffractive optical elements are highly dispersive. The focal length of a diffractive lens
is inversely proportional to wavelength and the Abbe no.of diffractive optical element is
always negative and very small, while the Abbe no. of refractive lens is positive. This
dispersion behaviour of DOE can be used to correct the chromatic aberration of a
refractive lens. By aspherising one surface of spherical refractive lens one can correct
the spherical aberration and superposition of a diffractive phase profile on the aspheric
phase, chromatic aberration can be corrected. Thus the use of the refractive/diffractive
combination one can design low weight, compact and the high image quality broadband
lens. The diffractive optical elements can be fabricated using photolithography and
diamond turning techniques. one can realize hybrid optical component in 10-12m range
using diamond turning fabrication techniques as the required no. of zones for Ge lens is
very small.
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reflectors. Integrated devices can form free-space integrated optics and consequently
push technology to the development of a micro-optical bench on a chip. The biggest
advantage is the miniaturization that this technology offers, as this can be incorporated
in many optical devices to make the whole optical system ultra-compact and light weight.
A5.1 Deformable mirror by micro fabrication for phase correction in adaptive optics
(URSC-LEOS)
Deformable Mirror (DM) is an important sub system of adaptive optical instrumentation
which helps in improving the optical performance of an imaging system by actively
correcting the measured wave font errors. The surface figure of a deformable mirror is
actively controlled and modified such that it cancels out the measured surface error of
system. It is made up a flexible Si wafer with thin film piezoelectric actuators fabricated on
the back side using micro lithography techniques. This technology has multiple applications
in improving imaging performance, optical communicated and ophthalmology.
A5.1 Micro mirror array for wave front phase sensor (URSC-LEOS)
Micro mirror array is an important optical device with multiple applications. Realizing the
fabrication technology of this device will be a significant step in the development of more
complex instruments such as Shack Hartman Sensor etc.
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A6.3 Raman spectroscopy based studies on optical materials and minerals (URSC-LEOS)
It is now well established that most of the covalently bonded optical materials and minerals
have their characteristic Raman spectrum which can be used to identify the compound.
Proposal to do mineralogical study using Raman spectroscopy are useful to collect
sufficient data and develop techniques to analyze and identify mineral compositions of
any unknown minerals. These results and experience will help in future moon / mars
mineralogy using Raman instrument.
A7 Sub Area Electronic, Software & Support Systems For Imaging (SAC)
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A7.4 System (Hardware & Software) for optimized for NRT EO data processing (SAC)
Algorithm/software to create a super straddle of workstations and associated hardware
towards effective utilization of computing resources, particularly optimized and tuned for
electro-optical payload development environment. Based on the specific requirements of
an imaging sensor development, the work will comprise of choice of appropriate hardware,
optimizing/developing algorithms to suit the underlying architecture and assigning tasks
to the system on the fly based on requirement/complexity.
A7.5 Image source and algorithms for characterization of imaging sensors (SAC)
Development of systems and algorithms/software to generate images that can be used
to characterize Imaging Sensor. With use of DMD and Digital Light Processing, it is
possible to generate Multi-spectral and Hyper spectral images as targets. It will also
involve simulation of synthetic images with features that can be used to estimate the
performance of the sensor, development of algorithms to compute the sensor quality
metrics from the images.
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A8.6 Development of methodologies and fast algorithms for analysis of large amount
of test data (SAC)
During the testing large amount of data is acquired and various statistical analysis is carried
out often limited to few samples. Various techniques for development of fast algorithms for
evaluating such large volume data can significantly help in identifying and problems.
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Radiative Transfer Simulation for such molecular signatures from their parent sources to
an observatory in space.
Determination of line-centres, spectral-width and intensity.
Preparing a catalogue of observable targets with their distances and requisite angular
resolution for all sky survey, specifically for the molecules of interest.
A11.1 Study, design & development of THz range Schottky diodes (SAC)
Physics & Feasibility study using GAETEC Foundry.
Modelling, Design, Development and Characterization.
A11.2 Design & development of 300 GHz & 600 GHz mixers (SAC)
Study and design using MMIC / Disctere devices.
Development of Waveguide based modules.
A11.4 Design & development of Ku/X-Band front end ferrite switch matrix (SAC)
Design & Development of Ku/X-Band Ferrite Switch.
Design & Development of Switch Matrix based on developed Ferrite Switches.
A11.6 Design & development of sub-millimetre wave circuits on thin quartz substrate
(SAC)
Process feasibility study & process establishment.
Design & Development of thin Etching and Patterning of Quartz substrate.
A11.7 Design & development of millimeter wave RF MEMS based switches (SAC)
Process feasibility study & process establishment.
Design & Development of thin Etching and Patterning of Quartz substrate.
A12 Sub Area Digital Controls, Data Acquisition and Processing (SAC)
A12.1 Rad-Hard by Design (RHBD) Memories for 180 nm CMOS process of SCL (SAC)
Design & Characterisation of RHBD memories for 180nm CMOS process of SCL,
Chandigarh.
A12.2 Real Time Operating System (RTOS) optimisation for on board Payload Controller
(PLC) (SAC)
Customize standard RTOS for PLC applications in terms of optimization for resources
with Fault Tolerant (FT).
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A12.4 ONFI Controller with EDAC IP development for FPGA for solid state recorder (SAC)
Error correction and detection algorithms to maintain data integrity and reliable operation
of solid state recorders.
A12.5 Power optimisation techniques and protocol efficiency studies for wireless
temperature sensors (SAC)
Design and develop a PMU, which takes power from solar cell and provide enough
energy to operate sensor, microcontroller and RF.
PMU will store energy in capacitor and it will be used by microcontroller to read the
temperature from sensor and send it through RF link.
Once capacitor is discharged PMU will again charge it with required voltage. PMU should
be designed, simulated and fabricated on SCL 180nm fab.
A14.2 Laser damage threshold studies on optical thin film coatings (URSC-LEOS)
The optical coatings such reflector coatings, antireflection coatings, interference filter
coatings, etc have their applications in laser based instruments for ground as well as
space applications. Based on the energy of the laser the coatings may be damaged. The
studies on laser damage threshold of optical coatings give an insight into the durability
aspects of the coatings for laser applications
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A14.4 Infrared optical coating technologies for filters, anti reflectance coatings etc for IR
optics (URSC-LEOS)
Space qualified optical coating technologies to produce filters and ARCs in different
spectral bands in the near IR, SWIR and far IR for the imaging and spectroscopy
instruments that are being envisaged in the future space programs are required to be
developed.
A14.5 Thin film solar cells and thin film batteries for satellite power requirement (URSC-
LEOS)
It is already recognized that Thin film solar cells based Cu-In-Ga-S (CIGS) materials
coatings are highly advantageous for space power application as these panels have
high specific power (Watts / Kg) and are highly radiation resistant. Development of this
technology for space usage will help in significantly reducing the weight contribution due
to solar power requirements.
A14.7 Optical material, coatings and components for NIR or Visible LASER development
(URSC-LEOS)
Indigenous development of LASER for space application in an ongoing process at LEOS
which requires lasing materials, damage resistant coatings and Thin film based laser
diodes etc., research and development in realizing these technologies can be very useful.
A14.8 Ultra narrow band pass and notch filters for a single wavelength of a laser line
(URSC-LEOS)
These filters are required for Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation where the incoming
laser should be spectrally stable with a very narrow band width and without any side
lobes. This can be possible only with a very narrow band pass filters placed in front of the
laser. Similarly the Rayleigh scattered radiation from a laser illuminated sample has the
same wavelength as the laser. In order to observe the Raman Spectrum, this component
needs to be filtered out completely using a very narrow band notch filter centered at
the laser wavelength. Development of these filters will help in indigenous realization of
Raman instrument for space application.
A14.9 Glancing angle deposited optical films with unique optical properties and their
applications (URSC-LEOS)
Porous nano-engineered thin films fabricated using GLAD have a wide variety of optical
applications. Helical films exhibit intriguing chiral optical properties, including circular
Bragg effects and optical activity. GLAD films with grade index can be used for wide-
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A16.1 Development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) which can fly using solar power
(URSC-LEOS)
It will have imaging payload and an RF link with the orbiter spacecraft.
It should have adjustable propellers to fly forward as well as for hovering.
It should be built with non-corrosive and light weight material.
The Mars is having lot of attention from the researchers for its exploration, related to
existence of life. Typically the exploration is carried out in two phases.
A spacecraft orbiting over Mars and taking images with very high resolution images,
which are bulky to fine the area of interest. But this has limitations. The dust and clouds
make a thick layer and make the visibility poorer for the attitude of a spacecraft.
After finding the region of interest a rover is made to land on the surface and the rover
does the soil study in very limited area.
There can be one intermediate stage to find out area of interest on Mars surface by a low
attitude Arial survey. Since Mars is having atmosphere an Aeroplane can fly over here.
This plane should be solar powered, built with light weight non corrosive materials and
carries small camera for surveillance and RF link with the satellite should have Mars upto
3 kg. It’s propellers should be adjustable to front direction fly as well as for hovering.
The Aero plane is deployed from the satellite into the Mars atmosphere and the plane
performs high resolution survey on a wide area with miniature cameras. In case the area
is found to be unsuitable the plane can be made to hover at a different area. This makes
the search very economical for the desired landing spot for a rover, since the higher
resolution images can be obtained with a much smaller payload when a low attitude
survey is carried out.
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A17.1 Three dimensional geometry and pose estimation using computer vision based
techniques (URSC-LEOS)
Vision System has become integral sensor for future robotic missions as it provide
important information to function automatically in unstructured environment. Computer
Vision based techniques can be used to generate three dimensional geometry (relative
rotation and translation) from image processing based techniques and algorithms. This
algorithm can be implemented on stereo/ multi view camera or using depth camera or
fusing of depth camera and stereo camera. This technique will be helpful to navigate
and perform specific task by robotic systems, hazard avoidance, optimal path planning,
autonomous rover or lander movement in unknown terrain for interplanetary mission
within an autonomous process.
Development of robust algorithm to generate relative pose of the objects in a scene with
respect to camera in an automated manner and it should be processed in hardware in
real time.
B1.1 Automatic extraction of 3D city models using LIDAR/ Satellite data (IIRS/ NESAC)
Extraction of buildings in undulating terrain is a more challenging task in comparison to
plain region. The proposed research would be useful for preparing smart city planning in
all hilly cities.
B1.3 Automatic Feature Extraction with advanced image processing algorithms (IIRS)
Automatic extraction and labelling of urban features like roads and buildings from
high resolution satellite images has been an important research topic. Accurate and
up-to-date road network information and buildings is essential for urban planning.
Most of the traditional processing algorithms fail when the resolution increases
significantly and have limited automation. Recently CNN has become a very popular
tool for image classification which can automatically extract features, learn and classify
them. It is a common belief that CNN can always perform better than other well-known
classifiers. Hence there is a need to study and evaluate advance algorithms for automatic
extraction of objects.
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B1.4 Synergetic utilization of multi-sensor data for urban features extraction & modelling
(IIRS)
Urban features extraction (such as 2D & 3D building parameters, individual trees, tree
plantations, parks, play grounds, built-up area, etc.) is important for various planning,
management and decision making at various levels. Availability of multi-sensor/ temporal
data coupled with advanced algorithms are useful for features extraction in an urban
area. Most of the traditional processing algorithms fail when the resolution increases
significantly. For instance, conventional statistical learning becomes intractable with
hyperspectral data due to the data dimensionality. Similarly, it is easier to classify urban
versus non-urban areas with medium resolution data, very high resolution data enable the
accurate classification at the building scale, but the use of such data requires completely
re-designing the whole processing chain.
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in narrow bands of wavelengths the neighboring pixel values are highly correlated.
Further, the imaging conditions play a vital role in extracting end members for specific
applications such as crop classification, mineral mapping, and urban scene analysis.
A range of hyperspectral sensors are flown by ISRO namely Hyper spectral imaging
camera of ISRO (HySI - ISRO) is flown on IMS-1, and Chandrayan-1 having a spectral
range from 0.4 to 0.95 micro meter at 10nm spectral resolution, Chandrayan 2 mission
Imaging Infra-Red Spectrometer for studying mineral mapping on moon. The present
challenges facing the hyperspectral imagery processing and analysis being (i) data
fusion, (ii) spectral unmixing, (iii) Data reduction, (iv) fast computing, and (v) data mining.
We welcome proposals providing solutions in any of the above areas of our interests.
B3.1 High resolution data simulation for future Cartosat series and HYSI mission (SAC)
There is a need of data simulation towards understanding the TDI devices in terms optical
butting (used to make swath larger), high bit depth (radiometric resolution) and spatial
resolution (0.5 m or higher). Therefore TDI sensor data simulation will be taken up in
near future by using the other TDI devices data already flown globally like IKONOS/Quick
Bird etc. This simulation will help in calibration, and testing the data processing and data
compression s/w of Cartosat-2C and 3. Data simulation is also required for HYSI sensors
for testing of data processing algorithms, simulation of agile platform effects as well as
testing of data compression algorithms.
B4.1 An immersive satellite image navigator with human gesture recognition (SAC)
This research may brandish a complete suite to visualize the image data with gesture
recognition features. This kind of navigation will enable swift display and browsing of
satellite image data with the help of no contact, gesture driven device (like Wii). Also, it
can be used in discussion panels, exhibitions and presentations which intend to use this
type of visualization as an approach for technology demonstration.
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B4.6 Generation of quality flags for INSAT-3D products (INSAT-3D, INSAT-3DR) (SAC)
A study on identification of quality flags for data products of Imager and Sounder is
planned to be initiated. Quality flags will be formulated to capture end-to-end quality
related to sensor performance, data processing approach and calibration quality, keeping
in view quality requirements of climate quality data.
Some of proposed scene-wise quality flags for Level-1 products are a) Radiometric quality
– visual, calibration accuracy, sensor noise and b) Geometric accuracy - navigation
accuracy, channel mis-registration. Additional flags as per requirement may be identified.
Effect of above quality flags on usability of geo-physical products (eg. SST, OLR, UTH,
Atmospheric winds) on identified sites will be studied. Validation exercise with references/
in-situ measurements to be carried out.
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B4.8 Integrated work bench for quality analysis of remote sensing images (SAC)
A work bench for quality analysis is proposed to be developed that would support data
visualization and quality evaluation of remote sensing images. The software should support
visualization of different types of satellite images (Medium to High resolution, Multi/Hyper
spectral, Optical/SAR) and geo-physical data products (SST/UTH/WV etc). It should have
capability of overlaying Vector Layers (District/State boundaries), Ground Control Points
(GCPS), Google-Maps available in public domain on images. Use of Open source libraries/
GIS packages can be explored for implementation. Domain specific techniques for semi-
automatic quality evaluation will be integrated with the proposed software.
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Estimation and separation of attitude biases from spacecraft alignment and payload
alignment angles etc.
Attitude profiles analysis and validation techniques
Standardization of Input/output file formats and contents
Scope for adding any additional, new features pertaining to in-flight procedures.
Scope of research proposal
This research aims at development of new procedures (both technology development
as well as R&D work for development of algorithms and s/w) and standardization/
generalization of the approaches for in-flight geometric calibration of the sensors on-
board remote sensing satellites, which will result in high accurate data product realization
at system level, apart from improving registration and mosaicking accuracies across
missions for handling heterogeneous data sets. This can also give a future direction to
the calibration procedures in terms of the requirements of some of the hardware on-board
so that they can be useful in the current and future remote sensors (CARTOSAT-2C/2D,
CARTOSAT-3, CARTOSAT-1A/1B, Chandrayaan-2 etc.) of different configuration.
Modelling for Multiple Satellite/Sensor/Strip/View data in block adjustment sense
The aim of this research is to develop approaches/techniques (both parametric and non-
parametric) to model simultaneously data from multiple satellite/sensor/strips/Views from
CARTOSAT-1/2/2A/2B and future missions to generate terrain corrected products with
high accuracy.
Scope of research proposal
The scope of the proposal includes development of techniques for generation of Digital
Elevation Models and Ortho-images without using the control points to meet the Global
requirements. This can be achieved by increasing the redundancy in the datasets. Both
Physical and RPC models will be built in block adjustment such a way, it can be easily
adopted for planetary missions Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2.
It is planned to make use of this approach with global missions like Quickbird, IKONOS,
and Worldview for available data sets. The proposed research will be able to handle
and model full pass duration with limited control or no control and pave way for realising
highly accurate DEMs and good quality data products especially for future HR missions
like CARTOSAT-2C/2D, CARTOSAT-3 & other upcoming CARTO series of satellites &
other High resolution missions.
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B6.5 Linking urban air quality with built-form using geospatial techniques (IIRS)
Air pollutants occur both, outdoor and indoor, and can be natural or man-made.
The major indicators of air pollution are SO2, CO, NO2, O3, NH3, H2S, particulate
matters (PM2.5 and PM10), etc. The major sources of air pollution in urban areas
are vehicular emission, solid waste burning, domestic fuels, power station, industries,
etc. With the increasing tren d of air pollution in urban areas, its analysis is required
for understanding causative factors, better planning and for general awareness using
geospatial tools.
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B6.8 Tool and techniques for improving the quality of SAR images by post processing
including removal of various artefacts like scalloping, banding, streaking, Terrain
normalization using DEM, multi resolution, multi resolution SAR image and optical
image fusion, time series analysis (SAC)
B7.1 Machine leaning algorithms for earth observation data processing (IIRS)
Artificial Neural networks (ANN) is a generic name for a large class of machine learning
algorithms, most of them are trained with an algorithm called back propagation. In the late
eighties, early to mid-nineties, dominating algorithm in neural nets was fully connected
neural networks. These types of networks have a large number of parameters, and so
do not scale well. But convolutional neural networks (CNN) are not considered to be
fully connected neural nets. CNNs have convolution and pooling layers, whereas ANN
have only fully connected layers, which is a key difference. Moreover, there are many
other parameters which can make difference like number of layers, kernel size, learning
rate etc. While applying Possibilistic c-Means (PCM) fuzzy based classifier homogeneity
within class was less while observing learning based classifiers homogeneity was found
more. Best class identification with respect to homogeneity within class was found in
CNN output. With this it gives a path to explore various deep leaning algorithms in various
applications of earth observation data like; self-learning based classification, prediction,
multi-sensor temporal data in crop/forest species identification, remote sensing time
series data analysis.
B7.2 Super resolution approaches for hyperspectral remote sensing images (IIRS)
To enhance spatial resolution of the hyperspectral data, it needs to be fused with other
sensor data of high spatial resolution. This results in enhanced spatial information but
with loss of information. To obtain enhanced spatial information in hyperspectral data
without using external data super resolution technique can be applied. The technique
could be single frame super resolution technique, which converts hyperspectral data
from low resolution to high resolution and can be utilized for detailed land cover analysis.
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B7.3 Subpixel target detection using spectral unmixing of hyperspectral data (IIRS)
Hyperspectral sensors are able to provide unprecedented spectral and radiometric
excellence in the data sets. These datasets are very important for identifying features
and discriminating various materials. Issues related to hyperspectral data processing
include endmember extraction and subpixel analysis, which are essential for land cover
information extraction. There are various automatic and semiautomatic techniques
developed to extract endmembers and some of them relies on the existence of relatively
pure pixels. Purest endmember can be extracted from the data collected by airborne
hyperspectral sensors. Spectral unmixing in each pixel of hyperspectral data deals with the
fact of decomposition of spectra present into its corresponding constituent components.
Linear and nonlinear techniques of spectral unmixing allows proper subpixel analysis of
the earth surface utilizing hyperspectral data.
B7.4 Enhanced land cover information extraction from high resolution hyperspectral
data using object based technique (IIRS)
Satellite image classification for land-cover information extraction using high spectral
and spatial resolution data is challenging task for traditional pixel based classification
approaches. The pixel based classification approach only utilizes spectral information
of the pixels to classify the image. Normally different physical objects have different
spectral information and it is easy to differentiate using pixel based classification. The
ability of the approach is limited when objects have similar spectral information. Under
this circumstances the image are not classified correctly. To separate the objects with
similar spectral information object based image analysis can be used which uses spatial
as well as textural information. This approach segments the pixels into objects according
to the homogeneity of the image and classify the image by treating objects as a whole.
B7.5 Advanced sensor models for optical & microwave data Geo-referencing ( NRSC)
Georeferencing is the process of assigning spatial location to each pixel of an image
using sensor models or GCPs. Precise georeferencing is a major issue especially in high
resolution optical and microwave imagery. Presently, rigorous sensor models and rational
function models are widely in used in optical imagery geo referencing. For microwave
sensors the range Doppler method is generally employed for assigning precise geo
location. This method corrects the imagery for foreshortening and layover effects by
utilizing the topology, orbit and velocity measurements from satellite and assigns a
geolocation to each pixel. We welcome proposals that defines new methods/models and
implementation of any of the above algorithms both for optical and microwave imagery.
B7.6 Atmospheric correction procedures implementation for Visible & NIR & HySI
(NRSC)
Atmospheric correction is key image processing step to retrieve surface reflectance
values from spectra recorded by remote sensing space borne sensors. This further helps
in standardizing physical variables, thus facilitating comparisons across time series of
such variables. Presently, Atmospheric correction of all bands of Resourcesat-2 AWIFS
and LISS III sensors is being carried out utilizing water vapor, ozone data products
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from MODIS, Aerosol optical depth from INSAT satellites using 6S RTF algorithm. The
atmospheric correction has improved our estimation of normalized difference vegetation
index by a factor of 50% with respect to TOA. There are possibilities of improving these
estimations further by modeling the Bidirectorial reflectance distribution functions, using
reflectance references from Drones or physics based models. We invite proposals in any
of these areas that aim to minimize the influence of atmospheric effects in estimation of
physical variables.
B8.1 A private cloud infrastructure for Image processing and highly compute intensive
applications so as enable designers/developers to dynamically use computing
and storage resources in HPC environment (SAC)
B9.1 Remote sensing satellites have provided continuous images with improving resolution
since 1985. Currently, CartoDEM and Carto-ortho images are available for Indian region.
Intention is to generate image map of cities and other area of interest using the available
data sets as mentioned above. Cartosat series (images) data panchromatic (PAN) and
multispectral (MX) can to used.
Image captured by means of remote sensing are a very important source of geospatial
information. Image map is defined as a special map portraying geographic space in a
particular cartographical projection and map scale where its content consists of two basic
components- image and symbol components. Image component is represented by remote
sensing image(s), while symbol component is represented by cartographic symbols.
As it is well known that SOI topographic maps are old surveyed and so very less information
is available specially in the maps of Indian cities. Satellite data provides latest information
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which can be encashed for various applications. By means of image map generation user
can get better, latest and additional information from the image map. Topographic maps
contain the representation of ground features in symbol form but in case of image map
beside latest features, one can study and analyse the ground terrain effect also.
Image maps can be generated at following scales
1:50000, b) 1:25000 and c) 1:10000
Specifications
Positional accuracy: Aim of this proposal is to generate Image map for Indian cities. As
per the scale, image map accuracy will be different. But with same input satellite data
sets, goal can be targeted <10m accuracy specifications.
Map projection & Datum: The Image maps are planned to be generated in World Geodetic
System (WGS-84) Datum and will be projected in UTM Map Projection. Radiometric
resolution of resultant images will be 10 bit.
Methodology
Open map series concept to be adopted in image map generation for map sheet numbering.
Map grid tile generation with image map number is required. For a particular map grid no.
first select the corner coordinates and collect respective area CartoDEM and orthoimages.
a) Generate DEM mosaic and orthoimage mosaic.
b) In ERDAS s/w, using “map composing tool” generate image map.
Image maps can be archived in a database and as per the requirement hardcopy can be
printed.
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C1.1 Very high data rate (up to 2GBPS) demodulator & Bitsynchronizer systems with
programmability for multiple modulation & encoding schemes (NRSC)
Design & development of Demodulator using Parallelism techniques for handling High
data rate(2GBPS)
Proposed FPGA demodulator is based on the Advanced High speed Design Methodology
using the Parallelism techniques.
Based on Hard limited Costas Loop development for Carrier and Clock Recovery.
Simultaneous Demodulation and Bit-synchronization
Continuous programmability of data rates, Modulation Schemes decoding and adaptable
base band filtering.
C1.2 Three axis azimuth-elevation-train (variable tilt axis) axis tracking pedestal for
antenna system (NRSC)
IMGEOS facility consists of four 7.5 mtr antenna systems for multi-mission data reception.
Out of the 4 Antenna systems, 2 have tilted pedestals and 2 have un-tilted pedestals.
Tilted pedestals have the capability to avoid the Zenith /overhead passes and can
track the high elevation passes without any difficulty. The limitation/drawback of
fixed tilt mechanism is that, if the satellite trajectory is in the opposite direction of tilt
direction, then the line of sight at horizon/low elevation gets reduced and cannot avoid
the zenith/overhead zone.By providing a programmable tilt to the pedestal up to 7 degree
tilt, a distinct advantage of adjustment of Tilt in any direction (unlike fixed tilt) as per
the satellite trajectory is achieved and totally eliminates cone of silence/ dead zone
of Elevation over Azimuth Mounts. This programmable tilted pedestal is also called
as Train axis/3-axis mount (Az, El and Train axis) and is essential for tracking
the future missions like Cartosat – 3/3A/3B which will transmit the data in Ka band
frequency (25.5 – 27.0 GHz).
C1.3 Adaptive servo control systems for Ka-Band data reception antennas (NRSC)
Adaptive Servo control System design is based on LQG controller, which is a Linear
Quadratic Gaussian controller. It is an optimal and model based controller. Antenna
Control servo system (ACSS) is used to control the motion of antenna. Present ACSS
is based on PID (Proportional, Integral, Derivative) controller. This LQG controller
overcomes the limitations of PID controller in terms of configurability of certain design
parameters like rise time, settling time, Overshoot, servo error and disturbance rejection
properties. Present PID based controller is not sufficient to meet the Ka and Ku band
tracking requirements in view of its narrow beam width.
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C3.1 Reed Solomon decoding software development for satellite data (NRSC)
Satellite communication channels are subject to channel noise, and thus errors may be
introduced during transmission from the source to a receiver. Error detection techniques
allow detecting such errors, while error correction enables reconstruction of the original
data. Reed Solomon decoding algorithm is one of the error correcting algorithms to correct
the received data with errors. Different formats of RS decoding standard algorithms are
available like (247,255), (223,255). These things work in two modes one in CCSDS
format and the other in traditional standard mode.
Because of huge volume of satellite data and large mathematical computation it is time
consuming to decode the data by using the traditional methods of Reed Solomon decoding
algorithm. Hence there is a need for the high speed implementation of the same. The
requirement is the parallelism of the Reed Solomon algorithm in General Purpose Graphics
Processing Unit (GPGPU) and by parallel approach in Central Processing Unit (CPU).
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C4.1 Autonomous multi agent job scheduling algorithms for distributed systems (NRSC)
Large scale processing and knowledge extraction from data requires execution of
complex workflows in a distributed environment. A generic framework needs to be evolved
for collaborative computing among the resources to obtain maximum throughputs from
the systems
Development of (i) multi-agent system architecture for processing data in a distributed
network environment (ii) models for a multi agent communication (iii) schemes for
automatic configuration of agents based on the dynamics of the real time job scheduling
and (iv) Resource optimization algorithms to improve the processing timelines.
C5.1 Algorithms for knowledge extraction from big data (NRSC /NESAC)
Large volumes of data that cannot be stored in normal relational databases are being
generated every day from the remote sensing satellites. Many software elements extract
information from the raw data generating information in unstructured form such as images,
log files, user orders in pdf, word etc. There is a need for developing efficient data mining
algorithms to tag the data sets for facilitating efficient build up of archival and retrieval.
In general data mining algorithms work on data sets that are of reasonable size and
cannot handle BIG data.
Develop Parallel Algorithms for mining the classification rules to facilitate data archival in
an optimal manner
Develop mining algorithms that are Incremental and can learn and unlearn from the
continuous satellite data acquisitions
Develop algorithms for extracting meaningful trends in the customer ordering, build customer
satisfaction index, predict the future sales or potential sensors or popular products etc.
Software is an integral part of all major systems of ISRO and plays a vital role in all its
critical activities. Many functions which were done manually hitherto are being automated
through software. It is very much important that software life cycle activities from inception
to retirement are carried out systematically to ensure high quality in software.
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C6.2 Predicting reliability & optimal release time of various categories of software (SAC)
Objective
To develop new SW Reliability Growth Models considering current trends in software
reliability engineering & new challenges of software development process in order to
accurately measure and prediction of software reliability.
To find out the optimal release time of software.
Develop a configurable SW for the same.
New SRGM/SRTDM considers factors: specific application, patch-policy, upgrade
strategy,
testing-effort, testing coverage, testing environment, imperfect debugging, fault reduction
factor, fault compression factor, fault removal efficiency.
Scope
This will cover the various categories of software development projects (mission critical
or non-critical applications also, irrespective of its severity level), which are under
development/ operations/ maintenance.
C6.4 Use of multi-processor parallel processing for timing & functional simulation of
VLSI designs (SAC)
Goal: To achieve high speed timing & functional simulation of VLSI designs at RTL and
GATE level, using multi core processor based EDA simulators.
General EDA simulators run on a single core processor of the workstations. Use of only
single core for processing, limits the simulation speed and become worse in case of timing
(post lay out) simulations. With use of multi core parallel processing based simulator will
enhance the simulation speed by a significant factor (10-20X).
Linkage
This system will be used for the timing and functional simulations of all on-board and
ground VLSI designs.
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D1.3 Study on coastal dynamics using satellite and high resolution numerical models
(SAC)
Coastal dynamics are extremely important to understand as it has significant implications
on coastal population. Coastal processes such as, storm surge, rip currents, extreme
waves, oil-spill trajectory forcecastetc need to be studied systematically with the help of
high resolution data and numerical modeling.
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D7.1 Bio-optical parameter retrieval for Case-2 and optically complex marine waters
(SAC)
Development of bio-optical algorithms for optically complex and case-2 marine waters,
especially around the Indian region. Accurate estimation of optically active constituents
such as chlorophyll–a concentration, coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM)
absorption and total suspended sediments with error budget. Atmospheric correction
models for turbid and optically shallow waters and retrieval of water leaving radiances.
Hyperspectral information for accurate estimates of bio-optical parameters.
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D8.1 Sub-surface geo / archaeological features using GPR data sets (NRSC)
With the Indus Valley civilization and several subsequent empires and kingdoms, India is
one of the world’s archaeological gems. Be it ancient forts or some of the world’s oldest
universities, India has more than a thousand known/ excavated archaeological sites over
diverse geological provinces. Many of the sites with its extent are yet to be excavated
and or mapped.
Synergetic usage of Earth Observation (EO) satellite data and ground geophysical
observation (Ground Penetrating Radar) has proven to be an effective tool for detection,
delineation and mapping of shallow sub surface geo-archaeology and ancient cultural
sites with its extent.
Proposed study will help in building up scientific understanding and to correlate EO data
and GPR signatures of geo-archeological features in known archeological sites (in fluvial
Aeolian and coastal regions) to detect, delineate and map the extent of the buried cultural
heritage sites.
D8.2 Spectral library generation of rocks & archiving from various geological terrain in
visible and thermal region (NRSC/IIRS/NESAC)
In this research domain, research is to be carried out to understand the role of mineralogy
in shaping diagnostic absorption features imprinted on the reflectance/ emittance spectra
of rocks and how mineral spectra of dominant to minor minerals contribute in shaping
absorption, kinks in the mineral spectra. Research also should assess the role of linear
or non-linear mixing arising due to textural change and how these hamper/influence the
diagnostic absorption feature. Research attempt can also be made to prove/assess the
utility of spectrometric parameters of absorption/emissivity features in estimating grade
of the ore bearing samples.
D8.3 Development of an automatic technique using satellite data and DEM for
identification of landforms in different geomorphic provinces of India (NRSC)
Understanding the landforms present in different geological provinces like Fluvial, Glacial,
Coastal, Denudational, Aeolian etc based on terrain analysis and classification of precise
DEM using various satellite and aerial data sets.
Exploring the semi-automatic and automatic techniques like Machine based methods, Artificial
Neural Network, Object Based classification, Fuzzy logics etc. for automatic classification of
the landforms by reducing the manual delineation efforts and time as well as to support the
modeling of processes as hydrological modeling, geomorphic modeling etc.
D8.4 Numerical modelling for crustal deformation using GPS vectors (NRSC/IIRS/
NESAC)
NRSC operated Continuously Operated Reference stations in 6 locations within the HP
and Uttarakhand Himalayas. Differential movement as recorded by GPS observations
indicate towards active convergence in the region. Further, as a resultant of such
differential movement, it may be possible, that there is significant strain accumulation in
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the region, pervasively or localized to certain areas. These areas are then prone to future
earthquakes. To understand the state of strain in the area, estimation and modeling of
the same is important. For this, numerical models (Finite Element) are to be created to
ingest the GPS vector data, the fault geometries with the crustal rheological properties
and simulate the strain accumulation in the region.
D8.5 Spectral library generation of minerals and rocks in VNIR, SWIR and TIR Regions
(IIRS)
Spectroscopy has emerged as one of the key non-destructive methods to characterize
rocks and its constituent minerals. The representative spectra provides an idea about
mineral chemistry in a quick and cost effective way. Hence the role of spectral signature
is becoming important in mineral exploration day by day. It is a known fact that the
USGS library always cannot be used as a standard for minerals occurring in Indian
region because of different modes of petrogenesis. Hence, there is strong requirement of
indigenous development of important rock forming, ore and other minerals, especially for
Indian rocks and minerals. For better and accurate characterization, spectral response
of minerals/rocks in infrared spectra of electromagnetic energy is to be considered,
in addition to Visible-NIR region. It is also envisaged in this project to take cues from
petrographic and geochemical analysis of the minerals to validate and build a complete
spectral library.
D8.6 Active fault mapping and validation using spaceborne and surface (shallow)
geophysical investigation (IIRS)
Active fault maps are not available for many parts of India although the Indian plate is
very dynamic and both inter and intra plate region active faults are prevalent and are
very important features to study for proper seismic risk assessment. There is an urgent
need for compilation and preparation of database on active faults using various modern
tools and assess their impact on hazards associated with them. For hazard assessment
a comprehensive global literature survey would be very helpful. Methodology should
be developed to map and monitor such features using advanced tools like HR images,
DEM, UAV and GNSS (for knowing present rate of movement). Geophysical techniques
should include GPR, IPR and trenching and dating wherever possible.
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D8.8 Differential Interferometric SAR technique for groundwater depletion and mining
induced land subsidence analysis (IIRS)
Groundwater depletion and mining are two important anthropogenic causes responsible
for land subsidence at various places of the country. Differential interferometric SAR
is a proven spaceborne technique, which can be successfully used for detection and
monitoring of land subsidence much before the damage. Spaceborne DInSAR based
analysis needs to be supplemented with ground-based measurements and in-situ
observations for validation and characterization of land subsidence. Time series analysis
and predictive modelling based on the causative factors would be beneficial to understand
the nature of the deformation and scenario analysis.
D8.9 Study of glacier change in Himalayas and its climatic implications using remote
sensing (IIRS)
The direct and indirect impact of glacier response to climate change affect society and
mankind and hence makes it important to assess the changes of Himalayan glaciers
to climate change. Assessment of glacier changes to climate change is necessary for
preparation of countermeasures for glacier variation and related impacts. Despite the
importance of the study, very few report are available on the vulnerability of Himalayan
glaciers. Under rising temperature and changing precipitation scenario, rapidly retreating
glaciers are giving rise to glacial lakes and accelerating the growth of existing glacial
lakes. Sudden discharge of water associated with loose debris from these lakes known
as the Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) causes catastrophe in the downstream. Every
country in the Himalayan region is affected by GLOF events. Further, the ice, snow, rock
avalanche and mass movement from glaciers pose serious threat to people living in
the high mountain region. It is therefore important to study and address the problem in
totality using Remote Sensing, GIS and allied space technology.
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D8.11 Land surface deformation monitoring by microwave SAR data analysis in the coal
mines of Chhattisgarh (IIRS)
Typically, coalmine subsidence occurs due to extraction of coal by underground mining.
Besides, land surface deformation occurs in and around opencast mines and overburden
dump areas, which lead to severe mass wasting and slope failure.
The common traditional techniques for measuring land surface deformation by
ground-based measurement techniques using precise levelling, total station and
global navigation satellite system (GNSS), can yield point-based measurements.
Spaceborne SAR (Synthetic Aperture radar) interferometric technique provides spatially
continuous measurement of land surface deformation over a large area at centimetre
to sub-centimetre level precision. This research will focus on spaceborne differential
interferometric SAR (DInSAR) data analysis for monitoring land surface deformation
due to extraction of coal by underground and opencast mining techniques and their
impact assessment.
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D8.15 Development of regional landslide early warning system based on rainfall threshold
(NRSC/NESAC)
Landslides are mainly triggered by rainfall. Daily as well as antecedent (cumulative)
rainfalls are responsible for saturation of soil and subsequent landslide in hilly
areas. Therefore, a rainfall intensity-duration relationship was developed by NRSC
for experimental landslide early warning. Bhuvan platform is currently used to
disseminate daily landslide early warning for selected road corridors in the Himalayas.
Daily 72 hrs rainfall forecast received from IMD or SAC (MOSDAC) is used as an input
to the landslide early warning model. Then the available landslide susceptibility map is
integrated with rainfall probability to generate landslide early warning in Bhuvan. Early
warning in four categories (Warn, watch, advisory and no warning) are issued regularly
through Bhuvan.
Currently the landslide earlywarning system is operational experimentally in selected
routes of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Assam and Mizoram. Further
development of rainfall intensity-duration relationship is required specific to different
landslide prone areas of India.
D8.16 Automatic identification of earthquake and landslide induced terrain changes from
high resolution satellite data (NRSC)
Earthquake cause subsidence or upliftment of land in the seismic prone areas.
Similarly, landslides, particularly the creeps (slow moving landslides) cause
persistent damage to raod and buildings in hilly areas. Object-based change detection
technique was used to identify new landslides using Resourcesat-2/2A LISS-IV Mx
satellite data. CartoDEM (10 m) was additionally used to eliminate several false positives
using slope criteria.
Characterisation and identification of terrain changes due to earthquakes and creeps
can be done effectively by differential SAR interferometric techniques. The outputs of the
same in the terms of displacement maps and velocity fields with are used to model the
prediction of debris flow path in the case of complete slope failure. Advanced processing
methods like PsINSAR or STamPS will be attempted to overcome problem related to
coherence loss or atmospheric interferences.
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D9.7 Carbon flux and primary productivity estimation over Agro-ecosystem (IIRS)
Croplands are man-made ecosystems that have high net primary productivity during
the growing season of crops, thus impacting carbon and other exchanges with the
atmosphere. These exchanges play a major role in nutrient cycling and climate change
related issues. Agroecosystems are also considered as important sink of CO2 in recent
years owing to increased crop yields, cropping intensity, irrigation and fertilizer inputs.
Carbon flux monitoring usually done through remote sensing derived vegetation indices,
LUE modeling, eddy flux tower measurements, ecosystem models, climate model,
climatic parameters and field measurements. Quantitative extrapolations and scaling-up
of flux-tower measurements are now urgently needed for carbon cycle research.
D9.8 Satellite derived land surface parameters and agro-meteorological variables for
agromet-advisory services (IIRS)
Space-borne earth observation from IRS-AWIFS, Terra/MODIS and INSAT-VHRR/
CCD instruments, can, however provide regular information on agrometeorological
and hydrological conditions of the land surface for vast areas. Information on
evapotranspiration, crop water demand, water use, soil moisture and plant biomass
at different phonological stages of crop can nowadays be retrieved from satellite data.
Satellite remote sensing models have been developed during the last 25 years to derive
spatially discrete values of crop growth, crop yield and seasonal evapotranspiration or
consumptive use. These models are most often based on biomass production proportional
to absorbed Photosynstheically active radiation (Monteith, 1972) and Surface Energy
Balance Algorithm (Bastiaanssen et al., 1998). Aiming at decision making support to the
farming community, adoption of space technology aided farming may be the need of hour
to increase water use efficiency and thereby increase in the income of farmers.
D9.10 Soil nutrient management for precision agriculture using hyper spectral data (IIRS)
Hyperspectral remote sensing data helps in assessing various soil properties especially
nutrients, mainly due to the information contained in large number of contiguous bands
with a narrow spectral bandwidth. Differences in nutrient concentrations cause spectral
response variations, which can be captured and modelled using different multivariate
statistical techniques. These techniques help us in spatial mapping of various nutrients and
thus aid us in delineation of different management zones as part of precision agriculture.
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D9.12 Modeling soil erosion and surface runoff for nutrient loss at watershed scale (IIRS)
Soil erosion is the major threats to agricultural productivity and environmental quality
especially water and soil quality in the Himalayan region. A comprehensive field-scale
and watershed scale studies on soil erosion processes and nutrient loss and its impact
on crop yield and soil quality of hilly farming system are limited. Understanding of
process based models and simulation of this model for soil erosion, nutrient loss and
crop productivity are required for better understanding of land degradation processes
and its impact on the Himalayan mountain ecosystem.
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D9.16 Agricultural applications using microwave remote sensing data: Crop biophysical
parameters monitoring (IIRS)
In the monsoon season availability of the optical data is a critical issue and coincides
with the fast growth so multitemporal dual-polarised/ fully polarimetric data of moderate
swath and resolution seems viable. Use of various frequency SAR data for different
crops has been utilised. Condition assessment in paddy, cotton and jute and some
winter crops has been demonstrated. But the high biomass crops need to be addressed
with higher wavelength facilitating better penetration. As the crop advances, the radar
response increases due to volume scattering. These details in structural dimension will
be captured by the various frequency SAR. X- and C band report saturation beyond 5
kg/m2 of fresh biomass and entails difficulty in discrimination and biophysical parameter
retreival. Therefore, it is proposed for utilization of lower frequency satellite data (C/S/and
L band) and evaluation of its response to crop biophysical parameter monitoring.
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D11.1 Optimisation of disdrometer/ raingauges distribution and number for addressing beam
filling problem in validation of satellite derived rainfall estimates.
Microwave leakage through perforated corner reflectors for C, L and S band SAR systems
Generic software for estimation of calibration parameters using SAR images and
orbital parameters over synchronized satellite pass with various Corner reflectors.
Intercomparison of rainfall estimates measurements made by various ground based
instruments like Microrain Radar, Disdrometer and raingauges over a validation site.
Physical or empirical relationship of various meteorological parameters using long-term
time series of measurements over a validation site
D12 Sub Area Visualization of Earth Data & Archival System (VEDAS)
(SAC)
To meet the user expectations of fast access to EO derived product for societal applications,
there is a need to develop newer applications for better visualization and understanding
of cause / effect of various co-varying features. For that to happen, advanced tools and
technologies have to be used in conjunction with improved algorithms and efficient
analytics. Research and analysis of the following thrust areas by independent and expert
researchers and academia will strengthen the impact of the work. It is expected that with
such a handshake between data generators and potential analysts, newer and innovative
ways will emerge which will meaningfully bring about transformation in decision making
for benefit of population of our country.(SAC)
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structures and patterns, and to identify unusual observations or hidden patterns. However,
the volume of data available and number of concurrent users that may be accessing the
data challenges current time series map visualisation. The start and end time of episodic
events or span of intensive observations may also dynamic. So algorithms are required
to be developed and modern techniques are required to be used for visualization of large
spatio-temporal (ST) datasets ordered in time for animated mapping. This will be further
used for exploring or monitoring unusual observations in large datasets like NDVI, snow,
temperature, solar insolation etc.
D12.4 Web enabled sensor system for efficient resource management (SAC)
There is need to develop a prototype and demonstrate the applicability of wealth of
information that can be gathered by set of remotely located instruments. Instruments
can measure the meteorological conditions as well as ambient conditions and transmit
the data to a central hub. Air quality monitoring of a region is a one such example where
measurements of PM2.5 and PM10, concentrations of target gases (NOx and SOx – for
example), their dispersal (based on wind direction and speed), temperature and humidity
are all required by administrators and managers to issue advisory and / or take pro-active
preventive measures.
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Following section gives broad spectrum of topics for consideration of research. The
problems need to be addressed using predominantly Indian sensor data and products
such as RISAT (RADAR Imaging Satellite), AWiFS (Advanced Wide Field Sensors), LISS
(Linear Imaging and Self Scanning), Hyper Spectral and INSAT and Other Indian sensor
data available. If such Indian sensors are not available other data sets will be used. The
technique development and modeling are expected from the candidates.
D13.1 The study on applications for forest and agriculture status changes (SAC)
The study on Applications for Forest and Agriculture status changes using remote sensing
sensors. The change detection will be carried out using advanced change detection
techniques using Multispectral data. The forest and agriculture state change study using
red edge shift can also be attempted.
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D14.2 Urban feature extraction: Impervious surface / urban area mapping (SAC)
The mapping of urban land cover remains a challenging task owing to the high spectral
and spatial heterogeneity of urban environment. The accuracy of urban area extraction
can be improved by combining multi-temporal, multi-resolution and multi-sensor optical
and SAR earth observation data.
D14.4 Urban heat island: Spatial and temporal distribution of urban heat islands on land
surface and near surface atmosphere (SAC)
Development of models for deriving day-time and night-time air temperature from satellite-
derived land surface temperature and vegetation indices can assist in identification and
analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of urban heat islands.
D14.5 Urban heat island: Impact of land cover types on urban heat islands (SAC)
The changes in land use - land cover pattern and declining vegetation cover in cities are
predominant factors influencing the growth of urban heat islands in the cities. Satellite
data derived land use land cover information can be compared with the temperature
profiles to assess the impact of land cover on urban heat islands.
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D16 Sub Area Technique Development for the Assimilation of High Spatial
Resolution Indian Satellite Data in to NWP Models (SAC)
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these correlations into account. Since these correlations are specific for each data type
application - area tailored solutions should be developed using and extending already
existing techniques.
Exploration of various non-linear data assimilation methods to infer the impact of high
spatial resolution observations on the evolution of the nonlinear system under study. While
we do have efficient methods to do this for linear systems and linear data-assimilation
methods based on regression analysis, methods are lacking for nonlinear systems and
nonlinear data-assimilation methods. Hence development of non-linear data assimilation
techniques is one of the thrust areas of research.
It has already been shown by various researchers, by making use of the impact measures
from information theory, like relative entropy and mutual information that the linear
measures could be significantly in error, even pointing to impact of the wrong sign. While
successful, these measures are computationally expensive and we need more efficient
methods to be able to infer observation impact in real Earth system models. An important
part of this thrust area is the development of Observation System Simulation Experiments
(OSSE’s) that will allow us to infer the usefulness of future satellite observations.
D17.1 Thunderstorms can generate severe weather situations like intense rain, strong winds,
hails and floods which can cause serious threat to life and property. They can also cause
hazardous situations to aviation and satellite launch vehicles. During satellite launch
activities they can affect and cause damage to fuel, ignition, avionics and other control
systems of the launch vehicle. Therefore, thunderstorm forecasting is a very important
and desired activity during satellite launch campaigns and in general for the benefit
of the society which can help in the decision making process and disaster mitigation.
Deep convection by interacting with large scale circulation may play a critically important
role in transport of water vapour and other chemical substances across tropopause
which has implications for global climate change and health related matters, i.e.,
increasing trend in stratospheric water vapour (Oltmans& Hofmann 2002) can increase
global greenhouse forcing and decreasing trend in stratospheric ozone (Zhou & Zhang
2005) can result in an increasing trend in skin related diseases.
A statistical forecasting method using radiosonde data has been developed previously
and forecast of deep convection over SHAR region has been provided during satellite
launch campaigns (Danish and Kishtawal., 2012). Besides this, WRF model is routinely
integrated at SAC and forecasts are provided to SHAR to support launch operations.
ISRO’s satellite data are routinely assimilated in to the data assimilation system.
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D18 Sub Area Better Understanding of the Monsoon and its Variability
using High Resolution Indian Satellite Data (SAC)
D18.1 India receives about 80% of the annual rain during the summer monsoon season alone.
Indian summer monsoon is a large scale process, with monsoon semi-permanent
systems prominently seen from southern hemisphere to northern hemisphere.
Satellites provide a helping hand in understanding the monsoon process over
the data sparse oceanic regions of the southern hemisphere and Equatorial Indian
ocean region.
Intra-seasonal time scale variability in the summer monsoon activity causes active
and break monsoon conditions which have profound impact on agricultural and
other related sectors the Indian economy. Similarly, year-to-year variability of the
Indian monsoon causes drought and excess monsoon conditions. Global scale
atmospheric and oceanic tele-connections are one of the major causes the year-to-year
monsoon variability. Mechanisms of intra-seasonal and inter-annual variabilities is not
fully understood.
ISRO has launched many dedicated meteorological and oceanography satellites (INSAT
series, Kalpana-1, Ocaeansat-1 &2, Megha-Tropiques, Saral-Altika, ScatSat-1, etc.)
aimed at better understanding of the meteorological processes of the Indian region and
its neighbourhood. These data are extensively used to understand the meteorological and
oceanographical processes that govern the Indian summer monsoon and its variability.
These satellite data are routinely assimilated operationally in India and abroad for
predicting monsoon and its variability. Routine short-range, medium range and extended
range weather forecasts are provided during monsoon season by SAC using numerical
weather prediction models.
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D19 Sub Area Soil Resource Characterization, Land Use Planning and
Watershed Management (NESAC)
D20.2 Mapping at 1:10K or higher and identification of Eco-sensitive zones areas for
conservation and management (NESAC)
As per MoEF&CC, the study is important for all National Park & Wildlife sanctuaries to
conserve, protect and maintain its surrounding areas with some definite objectives.
D20.3 Wildlife habitat evaluation for different endangered and endemic species (NESAC)
Endangered species habitat modelling like Golden Languor, Hoolock gibbon, Feral
Horses etc needs to be studied for insitu conservation and preservation
D20.4 Mapping of forest composition and structure at large scale using UAV (NESAC)
High resolution images from UAV expected to give more inside on the forest composition
and structure. Research required on optimum identification of understory and ground
flora in a mixed forest type.
D20.5 In-situ conservation of timber species for climate resilience and sustainable
management using space based & UAV remote sensing (NESAC)
Understanding the forest fragmentation, patchiness, segmentation process of Indian
forest and site suitability study for conservation of local species for climate resilience.
D20.6 Forest phenology and transition of forest type vis-à-vis climate change in NER
(NESAC)
To understand the process of forest transition and phenology due to long term and short
term weather parameters.
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D Forest 3D modelling using terrestrial laser scanning for generating tree volume
20.11 equations (IIRS)
Assessment of three-dimensional (3D) forest structure is very crucial as it impacts the
microclimate and regulates several physical and biological processes. LiDAR (light
detection and ranging), operating from spaceborne, airborne or terrestrial platforms,
can be used to model forest structure. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), also known as
terrestrial LiDAR, has limited spatial coverage compared to spaceborne and airborne
LiDAR, but has the potential to reduce uncertainty of field-based measurements. It is a
non-destructive ground-based method that can retrieve the 3D vegetation structure at
plot level with high accuracy. The 3D point clouds generated from TLS have the potential
to give direct estimates of tree volume, consequently aboveground biomass and forest
carbon stock. The generation of volume equations of trees may prove to be indispensable
of those tree species whose volume equations are not available.
D Biomass assessment of trees outside forests using very high resolution satellite
20.12 data (IIRS)
Trees Outside Forests (TOFs) are an important resource that contributes substantially to
the biomass and carbon stocks and the livelihood of people. TOF is a dynamic resource
and its assessment over large areas, in a relatively shorter period, necessitates use of
Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS). The needs for reporting
carbon stocks and stock changes under the Kyoto Protocol have placed additional
demands for accurate surveying methods that are verifiable, specific in time and space,
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and that cover large areas at acceptable cost. In this regard, RS especially very high
spatial resolution satellite imagery has opened effective way to estimate TOF biomass
and carbon content. Carbon can be mapped at individual tree level using these images.
Object-based image classification can be adopted to delineate the canopy projection
area (CPA) of trees. By establishing a relationship between CPA and diameter at breast
height of trees, the carbon content of the tree can be estimated using species-specific
volumetric equations.
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D 3D point cloud processing and analysis for towards forestry applications (NRSC)
20.17 Background:
Point clouds from photogrammetric methods, or active and Terrestrial LiDAR system
(TLS) provides a fast and precise description of the area in three dimensions.
In forestry, point cloud analysis from these sources can be used to for several applications:
TLS derived point clouds could be used to detect and delineate trees, or to extract
inventory parameters (such DBH, tree heights and crown shape parameters) at individual
tree level; the recognition of individual trees from a combination of nadir looking and
oblique point clouds is an interesting possibility; biophysical parameters such as Leaf
Area Index, non-destructive tree volume estimates can also be realized.
The processing methods of point clouds are still in developmental phase and are
challenging research topics. Development of algorithms and open source tools for point
cloud analysis for forestry applications is a priority area.
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The present project aims at utilizing different (statistical and/or dynamic) downscaling
techniques for improving spatial resolution of climatic inputs and use them in distributed
hydrological models for assessment of impact of climate change on water resources.
Special focus will be given to Himalayan region.
D21.3 Estimation of river discharge using remote sensing and GIS (IIRS)
Observed discharge in the streams is an essential inputs for all the hydrological studies
and water management activities. However, due to limitations (financial, technical, etc.)
number of ground observation points are limited in Indian river basins. Advancements
in remote sensing and data analysis techniques have enabled the estimation of water
level and river discharge using satellite observations. This project aims at utilizing
satellite based multi-sensor observations (Altimeter, Microwave, etc.) for water level and
discharge estimation. The focus will be on development and testing of methodology/
algorithms for estimation of water level and discharge using multi-sensor approach.
D21.4 Reservoir sedimentation assessment using remote sensing and GIS (IIRS)
Reservoirs are generally constructed with multiple objectives e.g. water supply, irrigation,
discharge regulation, power generation and flood control. However, every year reservoirs
lose considerable amount of its storage capacity due to sedimentation. Assessment of
this loss of capacity must be quantified at regular interval to update the water distribution/
utilization plans and flood management/response guidelines. This study aims at
assessment of reservoir sedimentation using remote sensing data, further the area-
elevation-capacity curves will be updated and optimal water utilization planes will be
suggested for each reservoir operations. The focus will be on minimizing the dependence
on ground observations by utilizing multi-sensor approach (optical, SAR, Altimeter, etc.)
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to simulate the dominant hydrological process occurring in the hilly watershed. The
present study aims at development of dedicated hillslope hydrological model that can
accommodate the hillslope processes viz. subsurface storm flow, saturation excess
flow, overland flow, return flow and pipe storage. Special emphasis will be given on
development and testing the model for Northwestern Himalayan region and development
of experimental plots, watershed for observations.
D21.7 Improving mapping and monitoring of surface water body, snow, glaciers, sea ice
and ice sheets using RS-GIS (IIRS)
The inland surface water consist of lakes/reservoirs, rivers and wetlands, and frozen
part of water consists of seasonal snow cover, river ice and sea-ice, glaciers, polar
ice sheets. The inland water is crucial for sustenance of mankind and overall health
of environment, whereas inland snow and glaciers provides significant melt water
during lean period for catchments, and polar sea-ice and ice sheet provides an
important feedback to Planet Earth’s climate and energy cycles. The regular mapping,
monitoring and quantification of these water features can be at different spatio-temporal
scales using remote sensing. This project will address the dynamics of water bodies
(in terms of quantity and extent), snow (snow cover and water equivalent), glaciers
(extent and velocity) sea-ice (extent and thickness) and ice sheets (extent and velocity)
using existing and new Earth Observations (EO) sensors and retrieval algorithms.
D21.8 Ensemble based hydrologic prediction and data assimilation of remote sensing
based hydrological parameters in hydrological models (IIRS)
The large variability in physical and climate characteristics of Indian river basins cannot
be tackled by use of single RS data or single hydrological model with fixed mathematical
representation of these hydrological processes (e.g., the prime hydrological processes
governing river flow in Himalayan watershed with snow and glacier will be different than
those found in arid watershed of Western India or rainforest dominated watersheds of
Western Ghats). Similarly, the large amount of RS data and hydro data products (soil
moisture, snow cover, water level etc.) which are generated at daily to monthly time
scales, are not used in the hydrological models, which mostly uses only RS abased
land use land cover (LULC), soil and elevation. Therefore, this project aims to develop
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D Soil erosion and sediment yield modeling using geospatial tools (IIRS)
21.13 Accelerated rate of soil erosion is one side creating problem of loss of nutrient rich,
productive top soil from the watershed and on the other the water bodies and reservoirs
are losing their capacity and operation life due to sediment yield from the watershed.
The present study aims at developing tools and their implementation for distributed soil
erosion and sediment yield modeling at varying using geospatial inputs (remote sensing
and GIS). The spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment yield maps will be used
watershed prioritization and selection of suitable conservation measures. The associated
nutrient lose from the watershed will also be modeled. Spatial emphasis will be given
towards developing models and techniques for ungauged catchments.
D Site suitability analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Water
21.15 resources projects (IIRS)
Selection of best suitable sites for any water resources (WR) project (ranging from water
harvesting structures in small watersheds to larger dams for irrigation & hydro-power) is a
complex process. Many ecosystem variables play vital role in successful implementation
of water resources projects. Hence, consideration of these ecosystem variables during
selection of suitable sites for water resources projects (soil & water harvesting structures,
river valley, flood control, irrigation, river interlinking and hydro-power projects) are
essential. The present project aims at integrating RS & GIS based inputs for pre-feasibility
analysis and selecting suitable sites for WR projects. The detailed EIA analysis of these
projects will be carried out using geospatial and modeling based inputs.
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D22.1 Retrieval of IPAR & PAR flam OCM-2 irregular basis and validation with
measurements for different regions of tropical, sub tropical and Polar areas (NRSC)
Ocean colour remote sensing is a useful tool and it provides quantitative information
of seawater constituents on synoptic scale. ISRO’s ocean colour missions namely
OCEANSAT-1 and OCEANSAT-2 OCM have been extensively used for various societal
and scientific applications like Potential Fishing Zone identification, ocean primary
productivity estimation, algal bloom detection and studying the coastal processes etc.
Photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) is one of the key parameter along with
spatially invariant and uniform aerosol optical depth under clear sky condition has
been used for estimating the ocean primary productivity models using OCM data.
Thus, modeling PAR from OCM under variable aerosol loading and cloud conditions
is a desirable input parameter to estimate ocean primary production from OCM more
accurately. The Instantaneous Photosynthetically Available Radiation (IPAR) is used as
one of the input for estimating the PAR (400-700 nm) in some of the models.
D22.2 Retrieval of sea surface salinity from satellite data and validation (NRSC)
Sea Surface salinity (SSS) is an essential climate variable. It is a key component of
the water cycle, as a tracer of precipitation and evaporation, river outflow and ice melt/
freeze. It is a key driver of the oceanic circulation through its role on the ocean density.
It is also a critical parameter for understanding the variability of the ocean carbon
fluxes, providing information on water masses and of their chemical properties. Salinity
dominates seawater density and directly affects physical and biochemical processes.
Having a reliable retrieval model is essential to provide frequent and accurate sea
surface salinity (SSS) data for marine research. Remote-sensing techniques provide
alternatives for SSS data retrieval with its advantages of wide area surveys and real-time
monitoring. The past, present and the future ocean colour missions of ISRO can be used
for addressing some of the key climate change issues like ocean acidification and carbon
dynamics along with it’s contemporary sensors like SST and altimeters. |Hence, there is
a need to develop the new algorithms or to evaluate and fine tune the SSS algorithms to
address the above issues.
1. Ocean Surface salinity is one of the Essential Climate Variable (ECV)
2. L-Band Passive Microwave radiometers such as SMOS, Aquarius and SMAP have
demonstrated the capability to retrieve salinity from brightness temperature data
3. Development of algorithms for retrieval of salinity using passive microwave radiative
transfer models
4. Validation of the retrieved salinity using Moored buoy, RAMA buoy and other in-situ
observations.
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D22.5 Ocean wind, wave and current assessment in coastal waters (NRSC)
1. Satellite Microwave instruments such as Scatterometers, Radiometers and Altimeters
provide ocean surface wind, wave and current measurements which needs to be
intercompared especially in the coastal regions.
2. Geostrophic and Ekman components of the currents can be estimated from altimeter
derived SLA and Scatterometer wind data.
3. Seasonal and interannual variability of satellite derived wind,wave and currents data
to understand the major governing processes for their variability.
4. Interaction of wind-wave-current in the coastal region leads to a complex dynamics
which need through investigation for their individual contribution.
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D22.8 Derivation of Ocean surface currents utilizing data from SARAL AltiKa and OSCAT.
Combining geostrophic currents from SSHA (from Altimeters) and wind driven
currents from wind velocities (from Scatterometer), the ocean surface currents
can be obtained (NRSC)
The scope of the current observations can be seen in the navigation and optimization of
shipping routes, dispersion and drift of pollutants, particularly, algal blooms and oil spills,
besides their use in tracing mass and heat distribution across the ocean boundaries. The
ocean surface currents of the Global Ocean are estimated combining Ekman Surface
Current (ESC) and Surface Geostrophic current (SGC). The ESC is derived from the ocean
surface wind fields of Oceansat-2 Scatterometer (OSCAT) data products. The pathwise
observations of OSCAT wind vector are used after removing high frequency variations
with Data Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA). Similarly, the SGC component of the
current is estimated using SARAL AltiKa Sea Surface Height (SSH) products.
D Response of coastal system due to climatic change and its long and short term
22.11 implications (NRSC)
Coastal ecosystems are key ecosystems considering their importance in providing goods
and services. In addition to the aesthetic and recreational value provided by the coastal
ecosystems, economic benefits provided by them in supporting human livelihood via food
and materials, nutrient cycling, waste processing and other essential goods and services
are quite important. Efficient monitoring of these ecosystems is critically important by
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utilizing advanced remote sensing and long-term climatic records for assessing climate
change impacts and developing adaptation and mitigation strategies for effective
restoration and conservation in Indian coastal zone.
D Eco-system change direction and responses due to coastal change using high
22.13 resolution IRS-data sets (NRSC)
Understanding how the coastal ecosystems are changing due to changing coast is an
area of importance in India due to natural as well as anthropogenic activities in coastal
areas. Remote sensing can take an important role in quantifying and monitoring these
changes at local to regional scale. The new high resolution remote sensing datasets from
IRS series of satellites can take an important role in studying the changes happening in
coastal ecosystems in India.
D Study of relationships between oxygen and C13 based primary productivity for
22.15 Indian coastal waters to evaluate photosynthesis quotient for developing satellite
based primary productivity model (NRSC)
Changes in oxygen concentrations over time can be used to estimate the rates of
photosynthesis and therefore primary productivity. Carbon assimilation rates based on
oxygen evolution often assumes a ratio of one moles of O2 produced for every moles
of CO2 assimilation however this number is highly variable in the environment. Studies
can be undertaken to compare this classical techniques with modern C13 based primary
productivity to understand the variability which can be used to develop satellite based
PP model.
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waters are highly influenced by coastal discharges and human influence etc... We are
measuring Inherent & Apparent optical properties of coastal water column around India
and developing these algorithms using the field data and radiative transfer modelling.
D Development of real time coastal ocean analysis system through ocean general
22.23 circulation model coupled with ocean Biogeochemical flux model (NRSC)
Tide and current interaction are very significant in the coastal ocean regions which
are being neglected in most of the coastal circulation model studies. Indian has vast
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) with tremendous influence by anthropogenic activities
including industrial and navigation activities. Coastal ecosystem is under stress. It is
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essential to monitor and maintain the health of the marine flora and fauna. In this regard,
satellite observations combining with ocean general circulation model to be used for
understanding regional circulation and ecosystem dynamics.
1. Establishing regional coastal circulation model driven by global ocean climate model
analysis at the open boundaries along with tides and atmospheric forcing.
2. Establishment of Ocean Ecosystem Model and satellite data integration for monitoring
health of the marine ecosystem in Indian EEZ.
3. Latest Ocean Circulation Models such as MOM5 have capabilities to simulate Ocean
Circulation parameters including biogeochemical models available in their native
configuration.
4. Biogeochemical Flux Model can simulate the biogeochemical processes for improved
understanding of marine ecosystem variability.
D Use of satellite observation for modeling and assessing regional carbon cycle for
22.24 the Indian region (NRSC)
Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas and various scientific investigations have
revealed that increase in the concentration of CO2 is an important contributor to climate
change. Understanding the carbon (C) sink or source potential of ecosystems and their
variability in relation to climatic drivers are critical to elucidate and quantify climate-carbon
feedbacks. Using satellite data inputs of NDVI, land-use-land-cover, CASA Terrestrial
ecosystem model was used to simulate the terrestrial carbon budget over India for the
period 1981-2016. GEOS-Chem Model was implemented to understand the atmospheric
CO2 variability over India.
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E2.1 Segmentation becomes more important with increasing spatial resolution of imagery.
Texture in high-resolution aerial and high resolution satellite images requires substantial
amendment in the conventional segmentation algorithms. The potential applications of
this segmentation process are (1) Automatic 3D model generation (2) automatic DEM
generation from DSM (3) Automation in Quality Checking of vector maps and many more.
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E6.3 Development of data processing software for high volume UAV data processing
(NESAC)
Processing of UAV data is a unique challenge due to its large volume. Few of the
commercial softwares used for generation of complete data products such as DEM/DTM,
3D point cloud, contour maps etc are very costly and require high end systems. There is
a need for developing in house data processing software using open source tools with
end to end data processing capabilities which do not require very high end computers.
E6.4 Real time UAV data processing for disaster monitoring applications (NESAC)
Data acquired from UAV surveys are downloaded after the survey and processed in
the lab. Due to the high volume of data, the processing takes lot of time and real time
quantitative analysis from the data cannot be made. A real time data processing technique
where data is downloaded to ground station in real time as the flight progresses and put
into software where maps/models are generated simultaneously and automatically will
be helpful for quick disaster response and assessment.
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F1.3 of chemical constituents in earth atmosphere, their transport from source regions to other
locations has to be examined. Transport of chemical constituents in atmosphere can be
investigated in detail using models such as WRF.
1. Identification of trace gases and understanding their chemistry mechanism using
available satellite and ground data.
2. Study of trace gases dispersion using WRF model.
3. Study of chemical mechanism between the species using WRF-Chem model.
4. Generate alert mechanism on pollutant concentration and their transport
F1.5 Aerosol characterization and its impact on solar radiation (NRSC/ NESAC)
Atmospheric aerosols, one of the major climate forcing agents, affect earth atmosphere
radiation balance through aerosol radiation interactions and aerosol cloud interactions.
Despite the efforts being carried out for past few decades, atmospheric aerosol remains
one of the major sources of uncertainty in climate forcing estimates. Better understanding
of aerosol impacts on weather and climate demands adequate incorporation of aerosol
parameters in climate models, which needs accurate measurements of aerosol
characteristics.
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F1.8 Retrieving vertical profile of temperature and humidity using Radio Occultation
(RO) data (NRSC/ NESAC)
Vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity are important parameters in
atmospheric research, especially for weather forecast and climate change studies. Radio
Occultation technique is an effective method to retrieve these profiles by receiving radio
signals from GPS navigation satellites. The method makes use of the fact that degree of
refraction of radio waves while passing through the atmosphere depends on gradients in
air density which in turn depends on temperature and humidity.
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F1.12 Urban micro and meso-scale climate modelling and urban canopy parameters
estimation (IIRS)
Urban climate refers to climatic conditions in an urban area that differ from neighbouring
rural areas, and are attributable to urban development. Temperatures are higher in
cities than the surrounding rural areas—which is popularly manifested as Urban Heat
Island (UHI). Urban climate is an effective issue on the local and global climates which
is influenced by several factors such as urban morphology and density, the properties of
urban surfaces and vegetation cover. The urban built-form due to its dense development,
high-rise character and increase in impervious, absorptive surfaces is responsible for
the trapping of heat and reduction in evaporative cooling due to decrease in vegetated,
soft, pervious surfaces in urban areas. The study of urban climate is gaining further
importance in the scenario of climate change. Research is ongoing for the generation of
3D urban database, urban parameterization in numerical weather models, urban canopy
parameters estimation and understanding the micro and meso scale urban climate
phenomenon. Currently, the emphasis is given to development of urban parameterization
and micro and meso scale modelling. It will be further extended to the simulation of urban
growth vis-à-vis urban climate.
F1.13 Aerosol optical thickness and atmospheric correction over land ( NESAC)
Calibration and radiometric normalization is the key issue in future remote sensing
activities related with biophysical parameter retrieval and climate change. Atmospheric
correction of the satellite data is a challenge. Most important input for atmospheric
correction involved estimation of Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) either from network of
ground observations or satellite data. Retrieval of AOT sensors like Resourcesat series is
a challenge. There is need to develop simplified correction approach including AOR inputs
using dark dense vegetation approach. There is further need to develop instrumentation
with capability of polarized measurements and LIDAR sensing.
F1.14 Aerosol, trace gases asian monsoon and climate change over NER (NESAC)
Aerosol and Trace Gases Characterization, inventory analyses, 4D profiling of Aerosol
and Trace Gases are very important for NER of India. In view of rapid industrialization it is
required to study the impact of the industrialization on climate change over NER of India.
The impact of Aerosol & Trace gases on Asian summer monsoon with special emphasis
in North East India is also an important study.
Inventory study and quantification of green house gases and particulate matters from the
industries of NER of India and study of physical & chemical characteristics.
Study and quantification of land use changes due to industrialization and its impact.
4D profiling and characterization of Aerosol & Trace gases over NER
Generation of 4D Aerosol and trace gases model
Study of the impact of Aerosol & Trace gases in Asian Summer monsoon with special
emphasis in North East India.
Generation of climate change indices over NER of India.
Development of climate change advisory system for NER of India.
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F1.15 WRF-Hybrid data assimilation to simulate Summer Monsoon and heavy rainfall
over India (NESAC)
Data assimilation process combines observation data and short range forecast to best
estimate the atmospheric state for initialization of an NWP model. Among different data
assimilation techniques some of the commonly used methods are 3DVAR, 4DVAR, EnKF
etc. Although these methods are different in their formulation but their main objective
is to model the error covariance matrices for background and analysis as accurately
as possible. In the variational method the background error covariance is considered
to be static and isotropic which contradicts the reality as the error varies substantially
with the flow of the day. In Ensemble Kalman Filter where multivariate flow dependent
background error covariance is computed from ensembles of short range forecasts
represent the error of the day. However, it is reported that the use of finite number of
ensembles in EnKF may introduce some statistical noise in the covariance field that will
result in unsystematic errors in the estimate. This error may be reduced by increasing
the number of ensembles, though in practical purpose for use in atmospheric and
oceanographic modeling such huge number of ensembles are not affordable. As both
these methods have their pros and cons, so another method called HYBRID has been
evolved as one of the computationally suitable technique which combines the strength
of both variational and EnKF to get the best out of the methods. WRF-HYBRID method
with 80 ensemble members is used for simulation of Indian summer Monsoon and heavy
rainfall events over different parts of India.
F2.1 Integrated approach (including remote sensing inputs) for multi-crop assessment
in sparse cropped regions (NRSC)
Multi-crop assessment is important for holistic development of agricultural recourses and
farmers livelihood. In sparse cropped area there is always a possibility to misclassify
the crop using satellite imageries. This can only be improved by using extensive
ground based observations, development of crop specific spectral signature, multi-
temporal hyperspectral images and cutting edge image processing techniques for crop
classifications.
F2.2 The remote sensing techniques of crop assessment in hilly terrains/ high altitudes
(NRSC/NESAC)
Assessment of crop over the hilly is always very tricky as the satellite images are
affected by layover and fore shorting (in case of SAR) and hill shadow effect (in case of
optical data). Further the agricultural land holdings are small in size and intermixed with
forest/other vegetation. The main challenges would be image correction for the above
mentioned effect, ortho-rectification and image processing algorithms for improved crop
mapping and condition assessment.
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F2.9 Newer tools and techniques development for quick assessment of temporal
dynamics of crops/vegetations using Indian multi temporal satellite data (NRSC)
Temporal optical/radar data provides informations on crop phenologies like start of the
season, peak greenness, rate of scenescence, date of harvesing etc. The proposal is
needed for development of indicators derived from the temporal phenological curves for
assessing crop growth stages. The project should involve the analysis of multi-temporal
NDVI/EVI data, its smoothening, gap filling and extraction of phenometric using different
tools/softwares.
F2.11 Modelling soil carbon sequestration in relation to cropping systems and climate
change (NRSC)
Soil carbon is one of the driving parameter for soil productivity and sustainability.
Assessment of Soil carbon helps in understanding the carbon sequestration and its
dynamics and its simulation in climate change scenarios. The proposal should incorporate
the calibration and validation of biogeochemical models like RothC, DNDC, Century etc
and simulating carbon sequestrations in different climatic and land-use scenerios.
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F3.3 Regional monitoring, mapping and inventory analysis of Trace and Green house
gases (NRSC/ NESAC)
1. Establishment of trace gases measurements network across the country using cost
effective technology.
2. Creating a consistent and reliable centralized long-term data base on trace gases for
various stuides.
3. Ground based trace gases data to improve the satellite retrievals accuracy.
4. Identification of hotspots of trace gases and their causative factors.
F3.4 Retrieval of green house gases using satellite data (NRSC/ NESAC)
1. Retrievals of columnar GHGs namely CO2, CH4, CO, O3 and N2O from the satellites
over the Indian region.
2. Comparative analysis of satellite retrievals against ground-based retrievals to improve
the retrieval accuracy.
3. Precise columnar GHGs to predict and estimate source and sink regions of the Indian
sub-continent.
4. Addressing seasonal and intra season variations using satellite retrieved columnar
GHGs.
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G1.4 Automated detection of landslide using AWIFS and Cartosat-1 derived DEM (IIRS)
The creation of a landslide inventory map by manual interpretation of remote sensing
images is very time-consuming. This project aims at developing an automated procedure
for the detection of landslides from multi-spectral remote sensing images.
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G1.7 Integration of satellite based inputs along with DEM for forecasting a flood
discharge and to provide early warning (IIRS)
Hydrological modelling of large river catchments due to its complexity in collecting and
handling of both spatial and non-spatial input data such as rainfall, gauge-discharge
data, and topographic and hydraulic parameters, has always been a challenging task.
This project aims to develop a flood forecasting model using space inputs and through
rainfall runoff modelling, hydrodynamic flow routing, calibration, and validation of the
model with field discharge data.
G1.8 Assessing the possibility of cloudburst/flash flood using INSAT images (IIRS)
Frequent flash-floods cause immense devastation in the Himalayan region during
monsoons and therefore necessitate an improvement in the real-time forecasting system.
The use of meteorological satellite images like INSAT images in estimating rainfall can be
a good option for improving the performance of flood forecasting-and-warning systems.
In this project a rainfall estimation algorithm using the infrared (IR) information from the
INSAT Meteorological Satellite is proposed to be developed for complementing the flood
forecasting and early warning system.
G Algorithm development for INSAR-3D data for forest fire detection (IIRS)
1.10 The INSAT 3D a geostationary meterological satellite has EO capability in MIR and TIR
region. With a high temporal imaging capability, the satellite has the potential to detect
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forest fires over Indian landscape continuously and provide the severity and duration of
burning in the forest fire prone regions of India. The project aims to develop algorithms,
which can use the capability of the satellite to automatically process the data and detect
fire occurrence for effective mitigation measures.
G Mapping and modelling exotic species invasion due to climate change (IIRS)
1.14 Invasive species is one of the five reasons of biodiversity loss in the world. Till date there
is no established method for identification and mapping of the invasive species. The
study aims to develop methodology for identification of biological invasion by the exotic
species using the Earth Observation.
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(2015, 2017), Chennai (2015) and recent Kerala (2018), to name a few major floods.
Therefore, this project aims to conduct systematic and scientific study of such flood prone
areas, using multi-scale RS, weather forecast and hydro models, vulnerability curves and
risk model, to generate timely flood forecast, long term flood vulnerability and flood risk
maps in few of these sites.
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G Flood Hazard zonation and risk assessment in major riverine and urban flood
1.20 prone catchments (NESAC)
Applicability of various approaches of flood hazard zonation such as flood frequency
based hydraulic simulations, inundation occurrence based FHZ and NESAC developed
multi-criteria analysis in both riverine and urban flooding conditions.
G Participatory GIS mapping towards hazard identification and risk mapping (IIRS)
1.24 Knowledge of where the vulnerable groups are concentrated within communities and the
general nature of their circumstances is an important step towards effective emergency
management.
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H3 Linking urban air quality with built-form using geospatial techniques (IIRS)
Air pollutants occur both, outdoor and indoor, and can be natural or man-made. The
major indicators of air pollution are SO2, CO, NO2, O3, NH3, H2S, particulate matters
(PM2.5 and PM10), etc. The major sources of air pollution in urban areas are vehicular
emission, solid waste burning, domestic fuels, power station, industries, etc. With the
increasing trend of air pollution in urban areas, its analysis is required for understanding
causative factors, better planning and for general awareness using geospatial tools.
H4 Synergetic utilization of multi-sensor data for urban features extraction & modelling
(IIRS)
Extraction of important features in an urban area (such as 2D & 3D building parameters,
individual trees, tree plantations, parks, play grounds, built-up area, etc.) is important
for various planning, management and decision making at various levels. Availability of
multi-sensor/ temporal data coupled with advanced algorithms are useful for features
extraction in an urban area.
H6 Urban micro and meso-scale climate modelling and urban canopy parameters
estimation (IIRS)
Urban climate refers to climatic conditions in an urban area that differ from neighbouring rural
areas, and are attributable to urban development. Temperatures are higher in cities than
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the surrounding rural areas—which is popularly manifested as Urban Heat Island (UHI).
Urban climate is an effective issue on the local and global climates which is influenced by
several factors such as urban morphology and density, the properties of urban surfaces and
vegetation cover. The urban built-form due to its dense development, high-rise character
and increase in impervious, absorptive surfaces is responsible for the trapping of heat
and reduction in evaporative cooling due to decrease in vegetated, soft, pervious surfaces
in urban areas. The study of urban climate is gaining further importance in the scenario
of climate change. Research is ongoing for the generation of 3D urban database, urban
parameterization in numerical weather models, urban canopy parameters estimation
and understanding the micro and meso scale urban climate phenomenon. Currently,
the emphasis is given to development of urban parameterization and micro and
meso scale modelling. It will be further extended to the simulation of urban growth vis-à-
vis urban climate.
H8 Utilization of remotely sensed data for species and vegetation health assessment
and development of indices for urban green spaces (IIRS)
Objective assessment of urban green spaces for planning purposes is necessary for
optimal distribution of urban green spaces. This involves development of easy to use
comprehendible indices for the assessment of urban green spaces using remote sensing
derived parameters. Further, availability of high-resolution multi-band data can also
assist in identification of vegetation species as well as assessment of plant stress in
urban areas.
H9 Urban area characterization using very high resolution optical and microwave
images (IIRS)
Most of the traditional processing algorithms fail when the resolution increases
significantly. For instance, conventional statistical learning becomes intractable with
hyperspectral data due to the data dimensionality. Similarly, while it is easy to classify
urban versus non-urban areas with medium resolution data, very high resolution data
enable the accurate classification at the building scale, but the use of such data requires
completely re-designing the whole processing chain.
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H10 Thermal remote sensing for urban areas and understanding of UHI phenomena
(IIRS)
Urban expansion involves land conversions from vegetated moisture-rich to impervious
moisture deficient land surfaces. With growing urbanization, the local weather and
climatic conditions of the area are varying considerably. Thermal remote sensing is a
powerful tool to study the causes of changing land use pattern and the Urban Heat Island
(UHI) effects. The thermal infrared data is useful for studying UHI over urban areas and
plan the open spaces, accordingly.
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Thermosphere and ionosphere are a mutually coupled system with neutral and plasma
affecting each other on different time scales. In addition, this part of the atmosphere/
ionosphere also gets affected from the forcing above, by sources of solar origin and
also from lower atmosphere. Thus comprehensive studies using various techniques
are needed.
A1.8 Study of height profiles of electron density, electric field, and neutral wind in the
equatorial F region (PRL)
A1.9 Linking lower atmospheric forcing on the dynamics of the upper atmosphere (PRL)
A1.11 Atmosphere coupling through wave forcing through observations and modeling
(PRL)
A2.1 Study of low latitude ionosphere applied to satellite based communication and
navigation systems (PRL)
A2.2 Ionospheric phenomena using TEC by GPS and other parameters (PRL)
A2.3 GNSS based ionospheric retrieval under Equatorial Spread F events (PRL)
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A2.4 GNSS observations and ionospheric forecasting for quiet geomagnetic conditions
(PRL)
A2.5 Study of space weather events and geomagnetic storms in nearly same longitude
zone to evaluate the latitudinal ionospheric response in the same local time zone.
Similarly, study of longitudinal differences in such response (PRL)
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and necessary heating. The equations can be solved to get the height and latitudinal
profiles of different modes of tides
B1.3 Numerical simulations of stratospheric sudden warming and their global influence
(NARL)
Sudden stratospheric warming is the sudden rise in temperature in the cold polar
stratosphere during some winters. It occurs due to anomalous growth of planetary waves
and their interaction with background wind. Though it occurs at high latitude stratosphere,
it influences globally. The occurrence of SSW and their effect needs to be understood
through numerical simulations
B1.6 Influence of lateral wave forcing on tropical weather and climate (NARL)
Tropical weather and clime is influenced by potential vorticity intrusions. These
intrusions trigger deep convection and control rainfall. How the extra tropical atmosphere
influences the tropical weather and climate needs to be understood quantitatively. In
addition, annular modes can influence the tropical weather. What is the impact of these
extratropical forcing on Indian monsoon needs to be investigated.
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This region acts as a buffer between upper atmosphere and lower atmosphere where
wave activities are more. The region which filters out a lot of wave modes is not yet
understood due to lack of systematic measurements.
Comets represent pristine solar nebular matter and hence studying comets is very
important to understand the early solar system itself.
Udaipur Solar Observatory, as the name suggests is a dedicated facility to study the
sun, the nearest star. Investigations of the Sun at USO revolve around the central theme
of solar magnetic and velocity fields, solar activity, solar eruptive processes and high
resolution solar observations. Efforts are being made to get a handle on the forecasting
of these violent solar events. Basic physical phenomena of the birth and development
of active regions, and flare mechanism can also be studied. The two major experimental
facilities currently are the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) project and the Multi
Application Solar Telescope (MAST)..
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C5.1 Understanding the origin and evolution of the planet earth and its various components,
with special emphasis on timescales and processes. Very broadly, the main themes
pursued at PRL are :
(1) Solid Earth Studies;
(2) Aquatic and Terrestrial Biogeochemistry;
(3) Paleoclimate;
(4) Isotope Hydrology; and
(5) Aerosol Chemistry.
Most of the geoscience research requires extensive field work for field observations and
collection of required samples from various geological and environmental reservoirs and
repositories (geological formations, cave deposits, tree rings, coral reefs, terrestrial and
oceanic sediments, seawater, groundwater, river water, estuaries, rain, snow, atmospheric
moisture and aerosol). The data so painstakingly collected is then analysed using state
of the art instruments which include various mass spectrometers, chromatographs and
gas analysers following detailed and dedicated protocols developed for each study.
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C6.1 Modelling the atmospheres of Venus, Mars and other planetary atmospheres
(VSSC-SPL)
Modelling of planetary atmospheres for atmospheric circulation, thermodynamics,
ionospheric features, emissions and chemical composition, and escape of gases of
different planetary atmospheres are gaining significance and are achieving rapid strides
with several planetary exploration missions being planned and also plans for sample
return. As a first step numerical simulation of the planetary atmosphere, its dynamics and
climate systems can be attempted. The Global Circulation Models for planets can yield a
simulation of the global atmosphere and the global climate. The challenging area in this
topic is developing the limited area (meso/micro scales) to interpret landed space craft
data and also to examine the meteorological systems in the planetary atmospheres on
sub-global scales, which can simulate the boundary layer of the planets.
D1.5 Chemically Peculiar Stars: stars with abundances different from solar abundances
(PRL)
D1.8 Binary Star Phenomena: Novae, Supernovae Type-I, Cataclysmic variables, X-ray
binaries with Black Hole and Neutron Star companions, Transient phenomena
Quasi-Periodic oscillation in X-ray binaries (PRL)
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D1.11 Studies on Elliptical and Spiral Galaxies, ISM in external galaxies, Star formation
and evolution in external galaxies (PRL)
D2.1 Theoretical and Observational studies on Dark Matter and Dark Energy, Theoretical
and Observational Cosmology (PRL)
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E7.1 Charge Particle & Radiation Flux in X, UV, Optical & IR wavelengths experiments
(PRL)
Optical Photometers/ Spectrometers
Infrared Photometers/ Spectrometers
Charge particle energy & flux measurements
E7.2 Active and adaptive optics for diffraction limited imaging (PRL)
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F2.4 Studies related to Martian surface and polar ice (SAC/ NRSC)
Major research themes are Characterization of Martian analogues rocks in India,
Hyperspectral analysis of Mars data, Thermal remote sensing of Mars, Martian
Atmosphere. Surface composition of mars Remote Sensing for Trace gases. Study of
Phobos & Deimos (Moons of Mars).
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F2.6 Development of Polarimetric SAR based Model for Lunar and Martian surface
parameter retrieval (SAC)
ISRO’s future planetary missions to Moon and Mars will be equipped with SAR payloads
imaging the planetary surfaces/ sub-surfaces by multi-frequency polarimetric radars
and radiometer. SAC is engaged in development of algorithms for retrieval of surface
parameters such as dust/regolith roughness, thickness, dielectric constant and detection
and quantification of sub-surface water-ice in the Lunar and Martian environment. New
research is required for development of algorithms, simulation models and tools for
retrieval of geo-physical parameters of Lunar and Mars surfaces.
F3.1 Vision based horizontal velocity estimation of lander craft using optical flow
methods (SAC)
It will involve study of algorithms and development of software for vision based horizontal
velocity computation, useful for soft landing of lander craft (Chandrayaan-2).
F3.2 DTM generation from terrestrial stereo images & path guidance algorithm
development for rover instrument (SAC)
This calls for (i) study and understanding the methodology/techniques and related
software development for deriving DTM from terrestrial stereo images using close range
photogrammetry concepts (for Chandrayaan-2 Rover camera) and (ii) Derivation of
optimum path between two points using the terrain information over moon surface.
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5.0 Meteorology
A1.1 Estimating wind and solar energy resources over Indian region and the development
of forecasting system for predicting wind potentials using mesoscale Weather
Research and Forecasting model (NARL)
Increasing concerns over the global warming and environmental pollution prompts the
policy makers to look for the alternate energy resources in place of the conventional
energy sources. Solar and wind energy are prominent renewable energy resources to
us the last few decades, though considerable effort has been made to use renewable
energy resources effectively in the western countries, Asian region still lags in the effective
utilization these alternate resources. One of the primary steps in renewable energy filed is
the resource assessments for identifying the optimal locations for extracting the winds and
solar energies which needs high resolution wind and solar data sets.
A1.2 Development of fully coupled ocean-atmospheric model for improving the forecasts
of Indian Summer Monsoon at medium-range and seasonal timescales (NARL)
The relative failures of numerical weather prediction models to capture the observed
variability of Monsoon on medium range to seasonal time scale and failure to estimate the
intensity of extreme events prompts to search for in-abilities of the atmospherics models.
One of such problems in NWP models is the lack of precise ocean feedback to atmosphere
which is highly essential for understanding and predicting monsoon behavior from long-
range to medium-range temporal scales. Development of fully coupled ocean-atmospheric
model can certainly improve the forecast skill of NWP model for prediction Indian Summer
Monsoon at medium-range and seasonal timescales.
A1.3 Analysis of extreme weather events over Indian region using numerical modelling
tools (NARL)
Understanding tele-connections and the analysis dynamical and physical mechanisms
behind the frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall events over Indian region is essential
for improving the physical parameterizations in NWP models. The recent studies over
Monsoon variability reveals the number of extreme weather events during monsoon season
are increasing, potential mechanisms are extremely required to models these process and
predicting accurately.
A1.4 Development optimal assimilation methods for assimilation X-band DWR in NWP
models (NARL)
Commencement of dense network of X-band Doppler weather radar provides us opportunity
to have various profiles of hydrometeors which can effectively assimilated in numerical
weather prediction models using different assimilation strategies for improving operational
weather prediction systems. Development of optimal assimilation methods are highly
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essential for effective assimilation of hydro-meteors and radial velocities from the dual
polarized Doppler weather radar (ISRO X-band DWR) data for improving the forecasts
of mesoscale convective systems such as thunderstorms, cyclones and extreme heavy
rainfall events.
A2.2 Cyclone track and intensity prediction using satellite data and numerical models
(SAC)
Cyclone track and intensity prediction is very important activity as there is huge damage
occurred due to cyclones and is being done by using numerical models and satellite data
that involves empirical and dynamic modelling and assimilation techniques.
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property. Advance research is being planned to be carried out for non-linear data
assimilation of satellite derived parameters in numerical weather prediction models.
ISRO is aiming at improving short to long range weather forecasting using satellite based
observations. For this activity various satellite observations are ingested in Numerical
Weather Prediction (NWP) model using various data assimilation (DA) techniques.
A2.6 Seasonal prediction of Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) using climate model (SAC)
In the Indian subcontinent, the most well-known seasonal phenomenon is the Indian
summer monsoon (ISM) occurring every year from June through September. This is one
of the most dominant features of the global hydrological cycle as well. Though the onset
of the monsoon over Kerala in India takes place at the start of June with the seasonal
reversal of wind over the Arabian Sea with a consistent manner from year after year, the
monsoon rainfall is characterized by significant intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability
over and around India. Therefore, there is a recognized need for seasonal prediction of
ISM well in advance describing the spatial and temporal variability of AIR.
A2.9 Satellite based weather now casting for heavy rainfall events (SAC)
Timely alert of extreme precipitation events has a huge societal impact. Data acquired
from geostationary satellites are helpful in predicting the evolution of convective systems.
Weather now casting over a time scale of few hours play a very important role.To further
improve the skills of thunderstorm forecasting, new techniques will be developed using
satellite data(Environmental, thermodynamic and stability parameters, Stability indices
like Lifted Index, CAPE, CINE, K-Index), NWP model forecast and forthcoming dense
DWR networks.
A3.1 Understanding the decadal changes in solar radiation flux at surface and relation
with sunspot activity/ solar cycle (NARL)
Pyrheliometer can be used to measure direct beam radiation from the Sun and it can
be used to measure the total hemispherical radiation (beam + diffuse radiation). The
duration of sunshine intensity can be measured using a photoelectric sunshine recorder.
Changes in solar radiation fluxes during active Sun period vs. quiet period over a longer
period of time is proposed to be studied for one or more latitudes.
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A3.2 Understanding the decadal longwave emission by atmosphere and by earth (NARL)
Earth emits longwave radiation which is responsible for keeping the atmospherewarm.
Longwave radiation from earth’s surface can be measured using a pyrgeometer. Long
term analysis needs to be done to understand the decadal changes in longwave emissions
by the earth.
A3.4 Understanding cloud characteristics and properties using lidars (VIS & IR) (NARL)
Visible and IR lidar data range-time-intensities need to analysed to detect clouds passing
over the location.
Cloud characteristics like base, top height, thickness, optical thickness, frequency of
occurrence, non-sphericity of particle can be studied for a longer period.
A4.3 Chemistry of minor and trace constituents that are precursors to ozone chemistry
(IIRS)
Ozone is a secondary pollutant, a greenhouse gas and an oxidizing agent in the troposphere.
It is produced in the atmosphere from the chain reactions of several primary pollutants
like CO, NO, NO2 and hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight. Ozone photochemistry
is highly complex and varies from one location to other significantly. It is particularly
important over the Indian region due to availability of sufficient water vapor and intense
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solar radiation. Measurement of these gases are scarce over the Indian Subcontinent
and satellite observations do not provide information on these gases with much accuracy
specifically near the earth surface. Development of a dense network of these observations
is required over India. A regional/global chemistry transport model based studies can
help in better understanding on various processes influencing the distribution of these
pollutant gases over the Indian Subcontinent.
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sensitivity analysis, (ii) inversion of the satellite data based on the above algorithm to
derive aerosol properties and its validation based on comparison with other observations
(including in-situ observations).
B1.3 Numerical modelling of the impact of aerosols and trace gases on regional climate
over the Indian region incorporating space-based observations (VSSC-SPL)
It is well known that the atmospheric aerosols and greenhouse gases play a crucial role
in modifying the climate, including changes in the atmospheric and surface temperatures,
cloud development and precipitation pattern. Quantification of this aspect is a major ch
allenge in the present scenario. Numerical modelling of the impact of aerosols and trace
gases on regional climate (including atmospheric and surface temperature, rainfall,
extreme weather events) over the Indian region incorporating space-based observations
can be a problem to be taken up through RESPOND. This also includes the potential
impact on monsoon circulation and associated rainfall changes.
B1.4 Modelling of the atmospheric boundary layer parameters and processes based on
improved parameterization schemes for tropical regions (VSSC-SPL)
Dynamics and time evolution of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) plays a crucial
role in the transfer of mass, momentum and energy from the surface to the atmosphere,
mixing of aerosols, water vapour and pollutants (including trace species), exchange
with free-troposphere, and development of convection and clouds. The boundary
layer parameters and processes are parameterized in numerical models. Often, the
ABL characteristics represented in models do not agree with those observed and is a
major source of error in the numerical models, especially over the tropics. This requires
the modification of the parameterization schemes for ABL parameters in numerical
models. Modelling of the atmospheric boundary layer parameters and processes based
on improved parameterization schemes suitable for tropical regions that reproduce
the observed boundary layer fluxes and mixing height is a major problem that needs to
be addressed.
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B1.5 Modelling of the propagation of atmospheric gravity waves and planetary waves,
their dissipation and role in regulating the mean winds and temperatures in the
middle and upper atmosphere (VSSC-SPL)
Atmospheric waves of various scales and sources generated in the lower atmosphere
propagate through the middle atmosphere, carrying the momentum and energy to the
middle and upper atmosphere. This is one of the most importance mechanisms of
coupling between different atmospheric layers. Dissipation of these waves in the middle
atmosphere is a major source for regulating the thermodynamics and circulation of the
mioddle atmosphere. The generation of stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)
and stratospheric and mesospheric semi-annual oscillations are classical examples of
these processes. Dissipation of these waves in the upper atmosphere is a major cause
for the ionospheric variabilities. Modelling of the propagation of atmospheric gravity
waves and planetary waves, their dissipation and role in regulating the mean winds and
temperatures in the middle and upper atmosphere is a challenging problem.
B1.6 Modelling the space weather impacts over the equatorial and low latitude regions
(VSSC-SPL)
Earth’s ionosphere plays a pivotal role in the propagation of radio waves and has
applications in GPS navigation. This requires a detailed understanding and modelling of
the ionospheric processes and characteristics. There are several important aspects to
be investigated in this direction. This include the modelling of development and decay of
different layers and phenomena (e.g., Spread-F, Counter Electrojet, Ionospheric ledges),
spatio-temporal evolution of total electron content (TEC) over the low latitude and
equatorial region, effect of dynamical forcing from the lower atmosphere, geomagnetic
effects and space weather, and lateral and vertical coupling.
C1.2 Retrieval of temperature and minor constituents in the atmosphere from the
satellite based radiance measurements (NARL)
The radiance measured from the satellite borne radiometer at the limb viewing for different
wavelength channels can be used to retrieve temperature and minor constituents.
Usually the 15 um CO2 emission is used as the mixing ratio of CO2 is nearly constant.
By inverting radiative transfer equation, the temperature and mixing ratios of chemical
constituents can be derived.
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D1.2 Development of a fiber optic based IF filter for lidar to solve the problem of
temperature dependence of filters (NARL)
Optical fibers are made from silica (glass) and hence carry some inherent advantages
such as usability in harsh, high temperature and rugged environments, and immunity to
electromagnetic interference. Besides, silica is also a chemically passive material and
hence it is not affected by corrosive factors that might be present in the environment.
Multiplexing capabilities that allow distributed sensing applications.
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D1.10 Design and development of solid state TR modules for radar applications (NARL)
The transmit/receive (T/R) module is a key component of radar antennas. Significant
improvements in T/R module efficiency will reduce overall power consumption, simplify the
thermal design and increase reliability. By miniaturizing the T/R modules, they can be used
for both conventional ground based phased array antennas and in lightweight antennas for
the ISRO space missions.
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Annexure - 1
Addresses of ISRO/DOS Centres for the submission of Research Proposals
Sl. No. ISRO/DOS Centre/Unit
1 Director
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)
ISRO P.O, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 022
e-mail : director@vssc.gov.in
2 Director
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), SHAR
Sriharikota Range P.O. - 524 124
Nellore District. Andhra Pradesh
e-mail : director@shar.gov.in
3 Director
Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC)
Valiamala P.O. Thiruvananthapuram- 695 547
e-mail : director@lpsc.gov.in
4 Director
UR Rao Satellite Centre (URSC)
P B No. 1795, HAL Airport Road
Vimanapura Post, Bengaluru- 560 017
e-mail : director@isac.gov.in
5 Director
Space Applications Centre (SAC)
Jodhpur Tekra, Ambawadi Vistar P.O.
Ahmedabad- 380 015
e-mail : director@sac.gov.in
6 Director
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)
Balanagar, Hyderabad - 560 037(A.P.)
e-mail : director@nrsc.gov.in
7 Director
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)
4, Kalidas Road, PB No. 135
Dehra Dun- 248 001
e-mail : director@iirs.gov.in
8 Director
Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)
Navarangpura
Ahmedabad - 380 009
e-mail : director@prl.res.in
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Sl. No. ISRO/DOS Centre/Unit
9 Director
ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU)
Vattiyoorkavu PO
Thiruvananthapuram - 695 013
e-mail : iisu_director_office@vssc.gov.in
10 Director
National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)
Gadanki - 517 112 Pakala Mandal, Chittoor Dist.,
Andhra Pradesh
e-mail : director@narl.gov.in
11 Director
Semi Conductor Laboratory (SCL)
Sector 72,S.A.S Nagar -160 071
(Near Chandigarh), Punjab
e-mail : director@scl.gov.in
12 Director
ISRO Propulsion Complex
Mahendragiri - 627 133
Tirunelveli District
Tamil Nadu
e-mail : director@iprc.gov.in
13 Director
North Eastern Space Application Centre
Department of Space,
Umiam-793103, Shillong
Meghalaya
e-mail : director@nesac.gov.in
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Respond & AI
Capacity Building Programme Office
ISRO HQ, Bengaluru
Respond & AI
Capacity Building Programme Office
ISRO HQ, Bengaluru