Introduction To Ore Mineralogy - Thalhammer
Introduction To Ore Mineralogy - Thalhammer
Introduction To Ore Mineralogy - Thalhammer
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Resources
Indicated Resources
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Resources
Measured Resources
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Reserves
• You’ve caught your fish
• But can you eat it?
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Outline of Presentation
What is a Ore Reserve?
Procedure and Parameters of Reserve Estimation
An Example of Reserve Estimation
Pit Design and Mine Planning
Economic evaluations
Reporting systems (the KCMI and JORC Codes)
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Project pipeline
Exploration Feasibility Study Construction Operations
Mine
Regional Exploration Detailed Exploration
Mine construction operations
Reserves delineated
Resource
Feasibility studies and
Discovery of the delineated Amdal
Identification of deposits Scoping study
targets/anomalies Pre-FS
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Human being need
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Definition of Resources
Resources
Mineral Resource is a concentration or occurrence of solid material of economic
interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, grade or quality and quantity that
there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. The
location, quantity, grade or quality, continuity and other geological characteristics
of a Mineral Resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific
geological evidence and knowledge, including sampling.
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Definition of Reserves
Reserves & Resources
Reserves
Definitions
The simplest definition of an Ore Reserve is the tonnes and grade that are
expected to be delivered to the mill or treatment plant.
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Definition of Reserves
Reserves
• Reserves are categorized as either Proven or Probable based on the
geological confidence and the Modifying Factors (costs, recovery,
S&ER, etc.)
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Definition of Reserves
Cadangan (Reserve)
Material terukur (measured) dan terkira (indicated) di atas COG ekonomis yang berada di
dalam Pit Cadangan (Reserve Pit)
Sumberdaya (Resource)
Kosentrasi atau keterdapatan material padat yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis pada atau di
dalam kerak bumi dimana kadar dan kuantitas mempunyai prospek yang reasonable untuk
ditambang kedepannya.
Material terukur, terkira, dan terduga (inferred) di atas COG ekonomis yang berada di dalam
kerucut Sumberdaya (Resource Cone).
Non Reserve Mineralization (NRM)
NRM = Sumberdaya - Cadangan
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Definition of Reserves
Resources to Reserves
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Reserve flowchart
Reserve (step to state Reserve)
Reserve Estimate (Tonnes, grade, contained by pit by ore class by ore type at define cog)
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Key aspects
Cut-off Grade
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Reserve parameters and flowchart
Resource Ore Model:
• Au grade
• Au Recovery
• Ag grade
Economic Parameters:
• Ag Recovery
• Au/Ag Prices
• Density
• Royalty
• Ore Type (Ox, Tr, DT)
• Refining and
• Ore Classification
Shipping
(MII)
• Discount Rate
• Model dimension
• Production Rate
Operating Costs:
• Mining
• Processing
• G&A
• Incremental Haulage
Capital Expense:
• Equipment
• Facilities-
Infrastructure
• Closure Geotechnical
Parameters:
• Bench Face Angel
Mining Operation: • IRA
• Mining Recovery • Bench height
• Mining Dilution • Berm width
• Topography • Ramp width
• Ramp gradient
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Reserve parameters
Item 2007
Cu 96.5%
Ag 90.0%
TC/RC $0.2878/lb /
Cu
(Reserve/Resources) $0.3187/lb
Freight $ dmt $22
Au $6.00 /oz
Refining
Ag $0.30 /oz
Biaya
Item 2007($/dmt)
Base Mining 1.34
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Reserve parameters and flowchart
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Reserve/pit optimization
1 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 -10 0 0 8 -10 0 -10
-10 -20 8 23 8 5 0 -20
-20 -30 8 38 8 -5 -10 -30
-30 -40 31 38 8 -5 -20 -40
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An Example of Reserve Estimation
Grade Au
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An Example of Reserve Estimation
Pit-shell Selection
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An Example of Reserve Estimation
A’
A
Grade Au
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An Example of Reserve Estimation
LONG SECTION A – A’
A’
A
Grade Au
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Sumberdaya & Cadangan
Reserve cone Reserve (pit) Resource
Cu (US$/lb) 1.75 1.75 2.00
Au (US$/oz) 575 575 625
Ag (US$/oz) 11.00 11.00 13.00
Calculation :
Measured (Proven) 〇 〇 〇
Indicated (Probable) 〇 〇 〇
Inferred × × 〇
Cone MII MII MII
Ramp × 〇 × Reserve
Reserve Pit Cone
Paramaters
Process Cost 3.35 $/dmt milled
Topo Act1207
Resource
Resource Cone
Discount Method 7% pada 5 bpy
Cone
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Mine Planning and Scheduling
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Mine Planning and Scheduling
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Mine Planning and Scheduling
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Economic Evaluation
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Economic Evaluation
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Economic Evaluation
Evaluasi Cutoff
Cutoff = Biaya Stock. ROM Process + Tambahan Biaya Stock.
Recovery Adjustment
Dimana:
Recovery Adjustment = $DIM setelah oksidasi
$DIM sebelum oksidasi
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Economic Evaluation
DIM Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade
(US$/ton) Cu (%) CuR (%) Au (g/t) AuR (g/t) Ag (g/t) AgR (g/t)
rev=3.0 0.1181 0.088 0.0327 0.0222 0.2768 0.1639
rev=3.1 0.1222 0.0914 0.0328 0.0223 0.2855 0.1766
rev=3.2 0.1255 0.0943 0.0335 0.0228 0.2856 0.1768
rev=3.3 0.129 0.0971 0.0348 0.0229 0.2868 0.1786
rev=3.35 0.1291 0.0974 0.036 0.0247 0.2975 0.1827
rev=3.4 0.1322 0.0997 0.0361 0.0248 0.2977 0.1831
rev=3.5 0.1373 0.1033 0.0362 0.0251 0.2997 0.1863
rev=3.6 0.1417 0.1065 0.0363 0.0258 0.3003 0.1866
rev=3.7 0.1437 0.1087 0.0392 0.027 0.3069 0.1883
rev=3.8 0.1479 0.1119 0.0393 0.0272 0.3074 0.1899
rev=3.9 0.1503 0.1141 0.0417 0.0289 0.3201 0.1984
rev=4.0
rev=4.1
0.154
0.1568
0.1166
0.1188
0.0436
0.0437
0.0304
0.0305
0.3219
0.3278
0.2016
0.2103
Distribusi Kadar Batas
rev=4.2 0.1615 0.1229 0.0438 0.0309 0.3295 0.2106
rev=4.3 0.1658 0.1262 0.0442 0.031 0.3343 0.2109
rev=4.4 0.1684 0.1278 0.0445 0.0338 0.3436 0.2181
rev=4.5 0.1718 0.1309 0.0446 0.0344 0.3437 0.2211
rev=4.6 0.1766 0.135 0.0452 0.0345 0.3439 0.2212
rev=4.7 0.1817 0.1387 0.0465 0.0346 0.3452 0.2213
rev=4.8 0.1847 0.1408 0.0488 0.0347 0.3457 0.2223
rev=4.9 0.1887 0.1439 0.05 0.035 0.3536 0.2267
rev=5.0 0.192 0.1466 0.051 0.0362 0.3539 0.2289
rev=5.1 0.1964 0.1505 0.0512 0.0363 0.3558 0.2326
rev=5.2 0.1988 0.1517 0.0532 0.0375 0.3655 0.2327
rev=5.3 0.1999 0.152 0.0533 0.0376 0.366 0.2328
rev=5.32 0.2036 0.1561 0.0534 0.0377 0.3662 0.2369
rev=5.4 0.2084 0.1589 0.0535 0.038 0.3712 0.2433
rev=5.5 0.2096 0.1613 0.0536 0.0393 0.3756 0.249
rev=5.6 0.2116 0.1643 0.0537 0.0398 0.3908 0.2623
rev=5.7 0.2198 0.1688 0.0538 0.0401 0.3924 0.2632
rev=5.8 0.222 0.1695 0.0587 0.0424 0.3933 0.2665
rev=5.9 0.224 0.1725 0.0588 0.0428 0.3948 0.267
rev=6.0 0.2252 0.1755 0.0589 0.0429 0.3996 0.2709
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Insitu Reserve & Resource 2007 Reserve Pit (07v10) 2007 Resource Cone NRM Stockpile Reserve
Reserve figures
TOTAL RESERVES TOTAL RESOURCES
$575Au-$1.75Cu-$11.00Ag $625Au-$2.00Cu-$13.00Ag EOY2007
Proven / Measured
Ktonnes 267,496 273,377 5,882 267,496 273,377
Cu % 0.500 0.493 0.188 0.500 0.493
Au g/t 0.459 0.450 0.055 0.459 0.450
Ag g/t 1.339 1.317 0.335 1.339 1.317
Contained Cu, (Million pounds) 4,376 4,544 169 1,818 6,194 6,363
Contained Au, (K ounces) 4,565 4,630 65 911 5,477 5,542
Contained Ag, (K ounces) 15,094 15,550 456 4,177 19,271 19,727
Proven & Probable / MI
Ktonnes 763,831 810,176 46,345 230,470 994,301 1,040,646
Cu % 0.435 0.421 0.190 0.358 0.417 0.407
Au g/t 0.347 0.330 0.049 0.123 0.295 0.284
Ag g/t 1.084 1.042 0.349 0.564 0.963 0.936
Contained Cu, (Million pounds) 7,322 7,515 193 1,818 9,140 9,333
Contained Au, (K ounces) 8,512 8,587 75 911 9,423 9,499
Contained Ag, (K ounces) 26,609 27,128 519 4,177 30,786 31,305
Inferred
Ktonnes 25,211 32,612 32,612 32,612
Cu % 0.260 0.244 0.244 0.244
Au g/t 0.069 0.063 0.063 0.063
Ag g/t 0.491 0.466 0.466 0.466
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Sumberdaya - Cadangan = NRM (Non Reserve Mineralization)
Reserve figures
Domain Geotek
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Geotech Roles
75 RL
Phase 4
Phase 5
Phase 6
-90 RL
Rancangan Phase – Lebar Phase
Shadow = 100 meter
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Geotech Roles
North-South Section
Original Topography
Ultimate Pit
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Geotech Roles
North-South Section
Phase 4
Phase 5
Ultimate Pit
First released, 2011, revised 2017
By Kombers (A joint Committee of IAGI, Perhapi and
representatives from IDX, GoI, etc)
Mandatory reporting standard for companies reporting
to IDX.
Mandatory reporting standard for members of IAGI and
Perhapi.
Highly influential in developing domestic reporting
standards.
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Reporting Code
• KCMI ‐ Indonesia
• JORC Code ‐ Australasia
• CIM ‐ Canada
• SAMREC – South Africa Transparency Materiality
Jelas dan Tidak ambigu Semua informasi yang
• SME Guidelines – USA relevan dicantumkan
KCMI
• Chilean and Peruvian Codes Code
Transparency: clear and unambiguous
presentation of information. Competent
Materiality: all the information reasonably Dikerjakan oleh orang
required and expected. yang kompeten
Competence: public reports based on
work undertaken by Competent Person.
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Terima Kasih
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