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    Elements of Music

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    MaryFifi
    The document defines key musical elements and terms including sound, pitch, melody, rhythm, harmony, texture, form, musical expression, and musical instruments. It discusses the four main families of instruments - strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion. It also provides context on musical styles, genres, and the Baroque era between 1600-1750 when major-minor tonality and other systems became established.

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    Elements of Music

    Uploaded by

    MaryFifi
    97 views4 pages
    The document defines key musical elements and terms including sound, pitch, melody, rhythm, harmony, texture, form, musical expression, and musical instruments. It discusses the four main families of instruments - strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion. It also provides context on musical styles, genres, and the Baroque era between 1600-1750 when major-minor tonality and other systems became established.

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    The document defines key musical elements and terms including sound, pitch, melody, rhythm, harmony, texture, form, musical expression, and musical instruments. It discusses the four main families of instruments - strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion. It also provides context on musical styles, genres, and the Baroque era between 1600-1750 when major-minor tonality and other systems became established.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    97 views4 pages

    Elements of Music

    Uploaded by

    MaryFifi
    The document defines key musical elements and terms including sound, pitch, melody, rhythm, harmony, texture, form, musical expression, and musical instruments. It discusses the four main families of instruments - strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion. It also provides context on musical styles, genres, and the Baroque era between 1600-1750 when major-minor tonality and other systems became established.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

    MUSIC AND SOUND


    Sound: air particles surrounding a vibrating object that moves to and fro producing a sound wave
    Amplitude: the volume -loudness
    Pitch: the highness or lowness of a sound
    Hertz: number of vibrations per second
    Decibel: the unit volume is measured in
    Note: musical symbol that indicates pitch and duration
    Duration: the length of time the vibration can be heard
    Volume: loudness
    Frequency: number of vibrations per second
    Noise: sounds without a distinct pitch
    Acoustic music: non-amplified

    MELODY:
    Melody: the line or tune, in music, a concept that is shared by most cultures
    Contour: how it moves up and down
    Range: span of pitches
    Interval: the distance between any two pitches in a melody
    Conjunct: a melody that moves in small connected intervals
    Disjunct: a melody that moves by leaps
    Phrases: units that make up a melody
    Cadences: resting places where phrases end
    Countermelody: a secondary melody that accompanies the melody

    RHYTHM AND METER:


    Rhythm: what moves music forward in a line
    Meter: organizing patterns of rhythmic pulses
    Measures: what meters are marked off in, in notation
    Downbeat: a strong beat measures often begin with
    Simple meters: duple, triple and quadruple
    Compound meters: subdivide each beat into three subbeats
    Rhythmic complexities: occur with upbeats, off beats, syncopation and polyrhythm
    Upbeats: last beat of a measure
    Off beats: in between stronger beats
    Syncopation: a deliberate upsetting of the normal pattern of accentuation
    Polyrhythm: the simultaneous use of several rhythmic patterns or meters
    Additive meters: Patterns of beats that subdivide into smaller, irregular groups
    Non-metric: has an obscured pulse

    HARMONY:
    Harmony: describes the simultaneous events in music
    Chord: simultaneous sounding of three or more pitches
    Scale: sequence of pitches
    Triad: three notes built on alternate pitches of a scale
    Major or minor scales: sequences of pitches from which most Western music’s’ melody and harmony are
    based
    Tonic: central tone around which a melody and its harmonies are built
    Tonality: principle organization around a central tone
    Dissonance: created by an unstable, or discordant, harmony
    Consonance: occurs with the resolution of dissonance, producing a concordant sound
    Drone: a single sustained tone
    MUSICAL TEXTURE:
    Texture: refers to the interweaving of the melodic lines with harmony in music
    Monophony: simplest texture or single voiced music without accompaniment
    Heterophony: multiple voices elaborating the same melody at the same time
    Polyphony: describes a many-voiced texture based on counterpoint
    Counterpoint: one line set against another
    Homophony: when one melodic voice is prominent over the accompanying lines or voices
    Homorhythmic texture: a subcategory of homophony in which all voices movie in the same rhythm
    Imitation: a melodic idea is presented in one voice, then restated in another (eg. Cannons and rounds)

    MUSICAL FORM:
    Form: the organization principle in music (basic elements = repetition, contrast and variation)
    Strophic form: features repeated music for each stanza of text
    Binary form: two-part (A-B)
    Ternary form: three-part (A-B-A)
    Theme: a melodic idea used as a building block in a large-scale work
    Motives: the smallest fragment of a theme that forms a melodic-rhythm unit
    Sequence: when a motive is repeated at a different pitch
    Call and response (responsorial): a repetitive style involving a soloist and a group
    Ostinato: repetition of a short musical melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern
    Movements: sections of large-scale compositions

    MUSICAL EXPRESSION:
    Tempo: the rate of speed, or pace of the music
    Allegro: fast
    Moderato: moderate
    Adagio: quite slow
    Accelerando: speeding up the pace
    Ritardando: slowing the pace
    Metronome: a device the indicates the tempo or beats per minute
    Dynamics: describe the volume
    Forte: loud
    Piano: soft
    MUSICAL INSTURMENTS AND ENSEMBLES
    VOICES AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENT FAMILIES:
    Timbre: tone color (striking differences in the sound quality of instruments)
    Instrument: generates vibrations and transmits them into air
    Human voices: soprano and alto = female tenor and bass = male
    Aerophones: produce sound using air
    Chordophones: instruments that produce sound from vibrating string
    Idiophones: produce sound from the substance of the instrument itself
    Membranophones: drum-type instruments

    WESTERN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS:


    Four families: strings, woodwinds, brass and percussion
    String instruments: sounded by bowing or plucking
    Bowed strings: include violin, viola, cello and doubles pass
    Plucked strings: include harp and guitar
    Woodwind instruments: include flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and saxophone
    Brass instruments: include trumpet, French horn, trombone and tuba
    Percussion instruments: include idiophones and membranophones, some are pitched while others
    unpitched
    Keyboard: (piano, organ…) do not fit into the system
    MUSICAL ENSEMBLES:
    A Cappella Singing: performed without accompaniment
    Chamber music: ensemble music for small groups, with one player per part
    Orchestra: features eighty o one hundred players
    Conductors: person who beats patterns with a baton to help performers keep tempo

    STYLE AND FUNCTION OF MUSIC IN SOCIETY:


    Sacred music: for religious functions
    Secular music: for non-religious functions
    Genres: categories of repertory (there are many types and some cross over)
    Medium: the specific group that performs a piece
    Oral transmission: preservation of music without the aid of written notation
    Style: the distinctive features of any artwork
    Musical style: created through individual treatment of the elements
    Historical periods: periods of time each with its own characterization
    THE BAROQUE AND THE ARTS:
    THE BAROQUE SPIRIT:
    Baroque era: 1600-1750, a time of turbulent change in politics, science and the arts. It was also a time of
    religious wars (Protestants vs. Catholics) and of exploration and colonization of the New World. The era
    saw the rise of the middle-class culture, with music making centered in the home, church and universities;
    art portrayed scenes of bourgeois life.

    MAIN CURRENTS IN BAROQUE MUSIC:


    Monody: solo song with instrument accompaniment
    Figured bass: a short hand that allowed the performer to supply the chords through improvisation
    Basso continuo: bass part that was often played on 2 instruments
    Major-minor tonality: established in this era
    Equal temperament: tuning system established as well
    Baroque rhythms: Baroque music did move more freely, however, its later style is characterized by
    rhythms and continuous melodic expansion
    Doctrine of affections: union of text and music
    Women: woman musicians figured among the professional singers and instrumentalists

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