HK Lift Analysis
HK Lift Analysis
HK Lift Analysis
http://www.hku.hk/bse/mech3005/
• Assessment of demand
• Traffic patterns (in an office building)
• Morning UP peak
• Evening DOWN peak
• Two-way traffic (lunch periods)
• Interfloor traffic
• Other considerations, e.g. ‘Flexitime’ attendance
• E
Estimation
i i off population
l i (occupant
( density)
d i )
• Estimation of arrival rate
Traffic pattern in an office building
[Source: CIBSE Guide D]
Up peak traffic profile
[Source: CIBSE Guide D]
Down peak traffic profile
[Source: CIBSE Guide D]
Estimation of population
Building type Estimated population
Hotel 1.5-1.9 persons/room
Flats 1 5-11.9
1.5 9 persons/bedroom
Hospital 3.0 persons/bedspace*
School 0 8-1 2 m2 net area/pupil
0.8-1.2
Office (multiple tenancy):
- Regular 10-12 m2 net area/person
- Prestige 15-18 m2 net area/person
Office (single tenancy):
- Regular 8-10 m2 net area/person
- Prestige 20 m2 net area/person
12-20
12
* excluding patient
• Key
y considerations
• Lifts and escalators should provide
• Sufficient handling capacity for the building's traffic
• Short waiting and journey times throughout the day
• Optimum
O ti use off core building
b ildi space
• The main parameters are
• Handling Capacity (HC) – the number of people the
elevators can carry to upper floors within five minutes
d i the
during th morningi "up-peak“
" k“
• Interval (I) – the average departure time for elevators
f
from th
the maini entrance
t during
d i morning i up peakk
Advanced Traffic Planning
• Building categorization
• The need for traffic planning varies according to
the
h type andd usage off the
h building
b ildi
yp
• Typical categories:
g
• Residential
• Public service (e.g.
(e g subways,
subways shopping centers,
centers airports)
• Hospital and multi-purpose buildings
• Commercial mid-, high- and mega high rise -buildings
(e.g. offices, hotels, cruise liners)
Advanced Traffic Planning
• Residential buildings
• Traffic intensity is rather low
• Waiting times even twice as long as those in commercial
b ildi
buildings may be
b acceptable
t bl
• Can normally be selected by using local, international or
comparable standards
• Public service (airports/subways, shopping centres)
• Travelling height is typically no more than a few floors
• Escalators can handle many times the traffic of lifts
• Autowalks speed the people flow across long walking
distances
• Lifts are usually
y provided
p for handicapped
pp access and the
transport of goods or equipment
[Source: Kone]
Residential buildings – passenger traffic flow
[Source: Kone]
Advanced Traffic Planning
• Hospitals
p
• Need detailed planning to cover emergency, service, bed,
patient visitor and staff transportation
patient,
• Architecture and special needs e.g. the location of the
operating theatre affect transportation arrangements
• Multi-purpose buildings
• Separate elevators for different purposes
• If the same lifts are to serve office and residential areas,,
they should be selected according to the highest estimated
peak traffic demands
Advanced Traffic Planning
• Mid
Mid-rise
rise commercial buildings
• Hotels: the selection largely depends on the
number
b off rooms and d bbeds.
d Addi
Additional
i l lifts
lif are
required for service purposes
• Office buildings: three peak traffic hours generally
occur: morning up peak,
peak lunchtime mixed traffic
and evening down peak
• U
Up peak
k iis normally
ll usedd in
i lift
lif planning
l i
• Lunch hour traffic is often heavier than the morning up
peak
Advanced Traffic Planning
• High-rise
g commercial buildings
g
• One lift group alone cannot meet all needs. They are often
divided into zones,
zones served by separate lifts groups
• In mega-high-rise buildings (> 50-60 floors), either
double deck lifts are used or lift groups are stacked on top
double-deck
of one another in sky lobby arrangements
• Shuttle groups serve traffic between the main entrance floor and
the sky lobby
• Local elevator ggroups
p start from both the main floor and from the
sky lobby
• Shuttle group criteria: HC > 16 % / 5 min.; Interval < 32 sec
Typical lift arrangements in Mega high rise buildings
[Source: Kone]
Typical double-deck lifts
[Source: http://www.elevator-world.com]