UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

RESERVOIR & GAS LABORATORY
(CGE 617)

NAME / STUDENT ID : EVELYN MUNGA BALANG (2016691692)

NOOR SYAKIRAH BINTI MOHD ZIN (2016691756)

SATIAH A/P WAHAB (2016691696)

HIBRIYATUL SYAKIRAH BINTI ABDUL HALIL (2016691702)

EXPERIMENT : EXPERIMENT 4: SYSTEM SUPPLY STABILISATION MONITORING

DATE PERFORMED : 17 MAY 2018

SEMESTER :4

PROGRAMME / CODE : CGE 617

GROUP : EH 243

No. Title Allocated Marks Marks

1 Abstract/ Summary 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Aims/ objectives 5
4 Theory 5
5 Apparatus 5
6 Procedure 10
7 Result 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusions 10
11 Recommendations 5
12 References 5
13 Appendices 5
TOTAL 100

Remarks :

Checked by :
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................
OBJECTIVES....................................................................................................................................

THEORY .........................................................................................................................................

APPARATUS ...................................................................................................................................

PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................................................

RESULT ..........................................................................................................................................

CALCULATION ................................................................................................................................

DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................

CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................

RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................................................................

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................

APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................................
ABSTRACT

This experiment was conducted to replicate the situation inside the real situation in a plant.
Where the size of the pipe, the pressure used was nearly the same as the industrial standard.
The experiment we conducted was to identify the stabilization of flow on different size
opening of a valve. From the experiment, we used 3 different size opening which are one
third, two third and fully open with constant volumetric flowrate at the inlet of the pipe. We
obtained the result that is logical, where as the valve is opened with bigger size, the flow rate
will be more stabilize with on varies between 13.00 -12.42 m3,while for two third varies
between 12.9-22.9 m3 and one third is at 3.8- 5.6 m3.

INTRODUCTION

In order to familiarise the station operation, employing the safety standard operation, understand
functionality of each components and experiencing the industrial operation, each has to be industrially
exposed by this practical experience. By conducting this experiment, student will experience the
performing of the actual control system conducted at site. This directly provides intensive training to
students for enhancing their capability and skills to operate a service station. The station operation is
exactly similar to those found in the industry. Thus, the experience gained by the students from doing
this experiment is truly beneficial to provide the linkages between theoretical and practical application.
System stabilisation is closely linked with the time period and steady state process. In order to reach
stabilised supply of compressed air medium, buffering is predominantly required to ensure consistent
supply by maintaining constant downstream demand. If large fluctuation occurs in the downstream
demand, stability might not be reached easily. However, by maintaining the supply not to exceed the
compressor maximum outlet pressure of 13 barg with maximum flow capacity not exceeding 312

m3/hr, stabilisation might be reached.

It is wise to remember that since the pressure regulation stream employs straight cut off values of
pressure at its specific set up point allocated for each regulators, it also requires minimum inlet
pressure to enable its system operation. Four sets of regulator are located at the pressure regulation
stream. Stream 1 as indicated by Figure 5.3 consisting of 1 Monitor Regulator PCV-200-1-01 and 1
Worker Regulator PCV-200-1-02 having setup pressure of 175 kPa and 140 kPa respectively. The
stream is known as the Main Run. Stream 2 consists of similar arrangement whereby the 1 worker and

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1 monitor regulator setup are 175 kPa and 126 kPa respectively. This line is made as a Standby Run.
The metering stream is called Stream 3 or series 300 consists mainly of Y-type Strainer STR-300-1-01
and Gas Turbine Meter G 250. The metering line is also equipped with standby line isolated by hand
valves system.

The control of flow is by means of controlling the incoming flow medium from upstream section using
the appropriate hand valves. Each pressure sensing line should be made up to always in the opening
position. The closing and opening of isolation hand valves has to follow the instruction as follows. For
this experiment, we use Service Station Model SOLTEQ GE01 to experience in operating gas
distribution service station

OBJECTIVES

To familiarise student with the basic operation capability of the station by monitoring stabilisation of
the supply system at the compression system and continuity of supply medium

THEORY

One of the function of gas regulator is to match the flow of gas through the regulator to the
demand for gas placed upon the system while maintaining the system pressure within certain
acceptable limits. A typical gas pressure system can be where the regulator is placed upstream of the
valve or other device that is varying its demand for gas from the regulator. The load flow must be
directly proportional to the regulator flow. As the load flow decreases, the regulator flow must
decrease also. Otherwise, the regulator would put too much gas into the system and increase the
pressure. On the other hand, if the load flow increases, the regulator flow must increase in order to
keep the pressure from decreasing due to a shortage of gas in the pressure system. If the regulator
were capable of instantaneously matching its flow to the load flow, then we would never have major
transient variation in the pressure as the load changes rapidly. But normally that is not the case in
most real-life applications, where some fluctuations is expected in pressure whenever the load
changes abruptly. Because the regulator’s job is to modulate the flow of gas into the system, we can
see that one of the essential elements of any regulator is a restricting element that will fit into the
flow stream and provide a variable restriction that can modulate the flow of gas through the regulator.

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 A monitor system is where two regulators are place in series position by sensing the same
downstream pressure. The other regulator will continue to maintain the downstream pressure upon
the failure of one regulator. There are two types of arrangements. One of the arrangement is working
monitor systems or worker regulator. The advantage of worker regulator are including increased
system reliability, both regulators operate, more confidence in monitor takeover, less wear on each
regulator, less noise produced due to multiple pressure cuts and overpressure protection by
containment.

A gas meter is a specialized flow meter used to measure the volume of fuel gases. Gas meters
are used at residential, commercial and industrial buildings that consume fuel gas supplied by a
gas utility. Gases are more difficult to measure than liquids as the measured volumes are highly
affected by temperature and pressure. Gas meters measure a defined volume, regardless of the
pressurized quantity or quality of the gas flowing through the meter. Temperature, pressure and
heating value compensation must be made to measure actual amount and value of gas moving
through a meter. Several different designs of gas meters are in common use, depending on the
volumetric flow rate of gas to be measured, the range of flows anticipated, the type of gas being
measured and other factors. In these experiment, turbine gas meter is used to infer gas volume by
determining the speed of the gas moving through the meter. Since volume of the gas is corresponding
to the flow, hence it is important to have a good flow condition. A small internal turbine measures the
speed of the gas, which is transmitted mechanically to a mechanical or electronic counter. These
meters do not impede the flow of gas, but are limited at measuring lower flow rate.

APPARATUS

1. Monitor regulator -PCV-200-1-01

2. Worker Regulator -PCV-200-1-02

3. Gas turbine meter -FE-300-1-01

4. Stopwatch

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PROCEDURE

1. The compressed air medium was stabilized by preparing the Air Receiving Unit at “full”
position with 13 barg readout at the Pressure Indicator located at the Air Receiving Unit. The
outlet of dryer was ensured at closed position. (Note: Air Compressor will stop immedietly
once the Air Receiving Unit is reaching 13 barg. The compressor will be triggered automatically
if this pressure is reduced)
2. The station was assumed at ‘ready’ position, the outlet was ensured tightly closed from Gas
Turbine Meter by closing the isolation Hand Valve HV-300-1-03. The bypass line Hand Valve
HV-300-1-02 was also ensured at ‘closed’ position.
3. The pressure indicator at ‘ready’ position read the setting pressure exactly at the set point
pressure values
4. The Hand Valve located at very end of the metering stream moved gradually from ‘Full Closed’
position to ‘three’ positions to observe the ‘trends’ of the flow medium. The three main
positions are called 1/3, 2/3 and 3/3 rotation. For each position, the indicated volumetric
reading of the Gas Turbine Meter G250 was established ‘five’ times at every 5 minutes span.
(Note: for each position should have five set of data. At the end of observation, there should
be 15 observed meter reading)
5. For every set of valve position was allowed 5 minutes relaxation at the end of the fifth data
6. Prior to conducting the experiment, the data specification details of Monitor Regulator PCV-
200-1-01, Worker Regulator PCV-200-1-02 and Gas Turbine Meter G 250 FE-300-1-01 were
obtained and appropriately analysed
7. The data entry was prepared and presented using a proper format table to represents the
observation made
8. The flow curve against time limit was plotted to indicate the stability of supply.

RESULT

CALCULATION

DISCUSSION

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CONCLUSION

From the experiment, we can conclude that this experiment was success. Slight deviation
might come through some errors but the results is still logical and in range. We also conclude
that bigger opening of valve creates more stabilize flow rate due to the ease of the fluid to flow
in a constant mass flow rate. Thus, the flow rate of a fluid need to be always check to ensure
it satisfies the laws of thermodynamics, if not, there might be problems that we need to
overcome quickly to avoid any accident.

RECOMMENDATION

1. Make sure the gas turbine meter reading is taken sharp on each 5 minutes time setting for each
valve position to get the better results

2. 15 minutes (5, 10 and 15) for each valve position to get the average reading corresponding to the
volume of gas flowing through

REFERENCES

1. https://www.engineersedge.com/thermodynamics/throttling_process.htm

2. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-throttling-process

3. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/mflow.html

4. https://www.quora.com/How-does-a-throttling-valve-cause-reduction-in-pressure-of-a-
fluid-How-does-restricting-fluid-flow-using-a-valve-cause-a-sudden-reduction-in-pressure-
and-large-increase-in-volume-Why-is-internal-energy-a-microscopic-form-of-energy-reduced

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APPENDICES

Service Station Model SOLTEQ GE01 Gas Turbine Meter G250

Monitor Regulator PCV-200-1-01 Worker Regulator PCV-200-1-02