Art of BE

BUSINESS EXCELLENCE AS A SUCCESS FACTOR FOR THE
PERFORMANCE OF LARGE CROATIAN ENTERPRISES
Ivica Zdrilić *
Želimir Dulčić **
Received: 5. 9. 2014 Preliminary communication

Accepted: 7. 1. 2016 UDC 005.61:005.71-022.56>(497.5)
Croatian companies need a new approach that will provide them with sufficient
competitive strength, based on business excellence. Focusing only on financial
indicators and measures is insufficient. Therefore new concepts should be
introduced, especially by large companies that are traditionally inert and exposed
to global competition, and situated in the countries with ongoing transition, such
as Croatia. Today 75% of the source of value within a company cannot be
measured by means of the standard accounting techniques anymore, and in the
21st century it is impossible to rely exclusively on measuring financial parameters.
According to the authors, in addition to financial measuring, a way should be
found to measure non-financial parameters within a company. The paper is
therefore aimed at exploring the influence of business excellence and its values on
business in the Croatian business practice. The authors carried out a research on
106 large Croatian enterprises with more than 250 employees, exploring the
connection between the values of business excellence and company performance,
Results show a positive correlation between applying the principles of business
excellence and successful company performance in practice.
Keywords: business excellence, company performance, performance measurement,

large Croatian enterprises.
1. INTRODUCTION
The prevailing belief in the Croatian business practice is that the change in
organisational structure itself will be sufficient for all other necessary changes,
* Ivica Zdrilić, PhD, University of Zadar, Department of Economics, Splitska 1, 23000 Zadar,
Hrvatska, Phone +385 23 400 410, E-mail: izdrilic@unizd.hr
** Želimir Dulčić, PhD, Faculty of Economics, University in Split, Cvite Fiskovića 5, 21000 Split,
Croatia. Phone +385 21 430 614, E-mail: zelimir.dulcic@efst.hr
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Management, Vol. 21, 2016, 1, pp. 145-162
I. Zdrilić, Ž. Dulčić: Business excellence as a success factor for the performance…
which should then occur spontaneously. This attitude, however, cannot meet the
challenges of a 21st century business.
Tintor (2009, p. 159) defines a company as a subsystem of the environment

and a separate system or an ordered unit of the potential for long-term
generation of value and increase in wealth, formed as a system with a combined
(deterministic and/or stochastic) operation method and a combined
(programmed and/or adaptive) management method. Accordingly, a company
should be viewed as a dynamic system whose main feature is change, and
whose basic activity is to satisfy the needs of all interest groups. In order for an
organisation to achieve this goal, constant activity and care of one’s own
organisation, as well as changes in organisation and development are required.
Organisations oriented toward change management have a much more

open and integrated approach to solving problems, as well as solution
mechanisms and tools. Objectives of such organisations include encouraging
employees to act and exchange information freely as well as to seek possible
solutions and improvements when a problem occurs. This results in employees
feeling as a part of the organisation rather than merely functional units, which
all contributes to better use of the company’s own human capital.
2. BUSINESS EXCELLENCE
Generally speaking, excellence means that what we are doing well today
should be done even better and more wisely tomorrow, especially compared to
competition, to fully satisfy all interest groups. For an organisation, excellence
should mean clear dedication of leaders and managers to continuous
improvement of all key processes, creativity and innovation, work conditions,
team work, motivation level and general organisational culture (Oslić, 2008, p.
162). At the employee level, excellence starts with their commitment to achieve
results without re-work, readiness to take on responsibility, continuous learning,
improvement and simplicity in everything they do.
The fundamental thought, underlying business excellence is the idea that

quality should not be focused only on products and services produced by the
organisation (Evans J. R., 2008, p. 7). It should be actually embedded in the
practice of organisation management, or, in other words, quality should be the
fundamental value of the organisation’s management. If good management
principles are designed and implemented, the consequence should be good results.
This leads us to the term of performance excellence that can be considered a
synonym for business excellence. Performance excellence is associated
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with integrated approach to management of organisational performances

resulting in the delivery of continuously improved values to customers and
stakeholders, thus contributing to organisational sustainability, increase in
the overall organisational efficiency and capacity, as well as organisational
and personal learning.
According to Adebanjo (2001, p. 39), business excellence took off where

TQM failed. ISO standards are a good prerequisite for successful
implementation of the model and, combined with one of the world models, they
provide excellent results. It seems that the key to the success of business
excellence lies in self-assessment models.
Figure 1. The Road to Business Excellence
Source: Adapted from Oslić (2008, p. 92).
Business excellence is defined as a high level of maturity of a

company/organisation in terms of management and result achievement. Truly
excellent organisations are those organisations that strive to satisfy their owners
by what they achieve, the way they achieve it, as well as by what they can reach,
and by the certainty that the obtained results will be maintained in the future.
To achieve business excellence, equal importance should be attributed both to
non-financial and financial measuring of success, instead of focusing on the
financial perspective only. For business excellence it is also important that a
company applies Total Quality Management (TQM), i.e. its principles and core
values.
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Whereas most approaches to excellence go back to the roots of TQM, the

excellence concept itself, as described in most of the business excellence
models (BEM), is more holistic in nature than earlier TQM models.
Specifically, business excellence ensures full integration of improvement
activities in an organisation. The core excellence values are (Porter & Tanner,
2004, p. 6-7):
• Leadership. Typical behaviour of the management when establishing a

clear direction and values that the company strives for, customer-
oriented and strengthening the organisation itself and encouraging its
employees in search of excellence, which is of key importance to any
approach in achieving excellence.
• Customer Focus. The customer is the ultimate judge of the quality of
goods and services. Customer loyalty is best maintained by
understanding the current and future needs of both current and
prospective customers. Customer’s voice is crucial in designing goods
and services, i.e. in designing processes that influence customers.
• Strategic Integration. All excellence models emphasize the importance
of strategic development, coordination and planning. In this sense the
approach to excellence can be differentiated from many TQM-type
programmes, where a lack of strategic integration is frequently the
cause of underperforming programmes.
• Organisational Learning, Innovation and Improvement. Encouraging
individual and organisational learning, innovation and improvement
through efficient exchange of knowledge and information are the key
elements of approach to excellence.
• Workforce focus. Success depends to a great extent on knowledge,
skills, creativity and motivation of employees. “Human potentials” are
best shown through common values supported by the culture of trust
and encouragement. Employee evaluation is the key element of
approach to excellence.
• Partnership Development. Organisations have to develop strategically
long-term and mutually beneficial partnership relations with an array of
outside associates, including customers, suppliers and educational
organisations. Successful long-term partnerships are based on the
delivery of sustainable values for partners.
• Management by Facts. Processes are “drivers” that create values for
any organisation. Every approach to excellence is focused on designing
the processes in order to satisfy customers’ requirements, systematic
management of processes based on facts and improvement of processes
based on customer feedback and feedback from the process itself. The
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ability of the process is based on the ability to meet customers’

demands.
• Results Orientation. Excellence deals with creating values for all key
stakeholders, that is, customers, employees, suppliers, partners,
shareholders, the public and society in general. Bringing the needs of all
these key stakeholders in balance is the critical part in the development
of a successful strategy.
• Social Responsibility. Responsibility toward the public and ethical
behaviour are both important in the approach to excellence and of key
importance for any organisation in the long term.
Respecting these principles, several business excellence models were

developed, providing a framework for business excellence. Deming (Kanji,
2002, p. 7) states that the system cannot understand itself. What he wanted to
say was that to understand an organisation it is necessary to measure it from the
outside. This is achieved through business excellence models.
Business excellence models represent a systematic, integrated and more

permanent approach to improvement, i.e. an integrated strategy for gradual
achievement of business excellence (Oslić, 2008, p. 160). They make it possible
to objectively determine the position of a company on the scale of excellence,
but also to reveal the company’s weaknesses or strengths. The discovered
weaknesses are a precious potential for improvement and this should be used as
a driving force for the next level of organisation advancement. A well- known
wisdom says, “If you can’t measure something, you can’t understand it. If you
can’t understand it, you can’t control it. If you can’t control it, you are at the
mercy of chance” 1.
Business excellence models are nothing but an “extended hand” of TQM,

as they contain the core values and principles of TQM in themselves, modelling
the ways of measuring organisational performance in the process, i.e. business
excellence. In his book Kanji (2002, p. 1) states that business excellence is
actually an evolution of TQM, as long as they are based on the same values, that
is, their meanings are very similar.
There are different views on how to measure organisational performance.

TQM philosophy provides guidelines on how to achieve excellence. Here are
the most prominent business excellence models (cf. Kanji, 2002, p. 16):
1 As attributed to H. J. Harrington, quoted by CIO, September 1999.
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• Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA)

• European Foundation for Quality Management Excellence Model
(EFQM EM)
• Deming Prize
• Balanced Scorecard (BSC)
• Kanji's Business Excellence Model (KBEM)
• Ericson Business Excellence Model (EBEM)
• Capability Maturity Model (CMM).
These models rely on the TQM theory to a great extent, but they differ in
scope and approach. Some of them are more process-oriented, whereas others
are result-oriented. Further, some of them require “third-party” assessment,
whereas others imply self-assessment. In addition, the first three models are also
bestowed as awards. Great focus on MBNQA and EFQM and the comparison
between the two has led to more than 60 countries worldwide developing their
own awards for quality, mostly based on the principles of these two awards. All
national awards spread the messages about TQM and quality principles and
practice around the world.
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The data used in the model were obtained from the sources, as shown by
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Sources of data used in the research
Source: Authors.
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3.1. Defining the population and sample
The population consisted of large companies, excluding financial

institutions 2 (banks, insurance companies, investment and retirement funds …),
and public and local utility companies 3, on condition that on their main market
there is a certain level of competitive dynamics, whether based on home
competition or imported products. The criteria for differentiation between small
and medium enterprises on one hand, and large enterprises on the other, vary
significantly in the world practice, and, according to the Croatian Accounting
Act, large companies are those legal entities that satisfy two of the following
three criteria: have more than 250 employees; the sum of balance sheet after
deduction of losses expressed under assets amounts to EUR 4 million counter
value; or revenue in twelve months preceding the balance sheet date amounts to
EUR 8 million counter value.
Although the accepted criterion for categorisation of companies according

to their size is multidimensional in nature, within this research a simplified, i.e.
one-dimensional criterion for defining the population was used, which is –
minimum average number of 250 employees in the year when the research was
carried out. 4 This kind of methodological approach is justified by the purpose
and objectives of the research and the practice so far of having one-dimensional
differentiation between companies according to their size in similar research.
However, it should be taken into account that the research was completed
in 2012, when the authors had financial and other data on large companies for
the year 2011, and basic data on the population of large companies used were
data of the Croatian Chamber of Economy for the year 2011.
All companies against which a bankruptcy or liquidation procedure was

initiated in 2011 or later were excluded from the research. This was determined
2 Namely, the logic of achieving competitive advantage in the business of financial institutions is
considered to be sufficiently specific, so that non-critical implementation of accepted
methodology could lead to (potentially) wrong conclusions.
3 Utility companies (that is, companies in charge of maintaining city areas, water, electricity and
gas supply, public transport in the city and similar activities) are excluded from the population as
these are organisations with a specific objective – to meet the needs of the community, and not to
maximize profit or other type of economic benefits.
4 Owing to this, the research group includes, in addition to large companies with over 250
employees, medium-sized companies with more than 250 employees (companies do not comply
with one of the remaining two criteria for determining the company size), that could potentially
become large in the year of the research, from the statistical point of view.
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based on the data from the Croatian Chamber of Economy, from the records of
the court registry 5, or alternatively from professional magazines.
Since a ‘large company registered as an independent legal entity’ was used

as a basic unit of the research process, the application of the described division
criteria resulted in the population consisting of 318 companies (joint stock
companies and limited liability companies). The population thus defined can be
encompassed with available instruments for data collection in a relatively
simple manner, resulting in the decision that the entire selected population was
included in the research, that is, all 318 companies.
3.2. Questionnaire
The key instrument for data collection was a questionnaire that was sent to
general managers and chairmen of the Board of Directors of all companies in
the population.
To facilitate completion of a relatively long questionnaire, questions were

mostly of the closed-ended type. The questions with an offered list of answers
were mostly used to establish objective facts, whereas closed-ended questions
with intensity scales were used to determine the attitudes of managers. Here a
discrete Likert scale was used with five levels of intensity, which is also
theoretically considered to be the best solution in devising questionnaires
(Zelenika, 1998, p. 371).
The survey was conducted through email and the Internet. For this purpose
the infrastructure of SRCE (University Computing Centre of the University of
Zagreb) was used. SRCE offers a service based on the open source tool
LimeSurvey 6 used for designing questionnaires.
The questionnaire, using the Internet infrastructure, was limited to only one
response that could be sent from a single email address, which had to be entered
in the system. Participants were sent a unique token through email by means of
which they could access the questionnaire. 7 This served as a protection against
multiple responses from a single email address and prevented artificial creation
5 https://sudreg.pravosudje.hr/registar
6 More information at www.limesurvey.org/
7 http://www.srce.unizg.hr/clanovi-akademske-zajednice/limesurvey/ (accessed on June 6, 2012).
The service is available at the address http://limesurvey.srce.hr/. Further instructions for use are
available at the address http://limesurvey.srce.hr/upute.html
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of large number of responses. Otherwise, the research as well as scientific

contribution itself would have been compromised.
During the research, 106 completed questionnaires were returned, which

accounts for 33.3% of the population. The return rate was significantly higher
than in some European and Croatian studies, which indicated that, according to
the obtained results, relevant conclusions could be made about the set
hypotheses.
The collected data were analysed by using the Microsoft Excel 2010
software and statistical analysis software SPSS for Windows (v.18), where
certain (available) financial data were added for the researched companies and
research results were further processed. Different approaches to analysis of the
collected data were used, which are common when applying statistical scientific
method. These include:
• Descriptive statistical analysis of the collected data;

• Descriptive analysis of mutual relations between particular variables;
• Analysis of statistical relations between selected variables, and
• Testing for statistical differences between selected variables.
Graphic account of data and results of statistical analysis were also

developed on a computer by means of Microsoft Excel 2010, Microsoft Power
Point 2010 and SPSS for Windows (v.18).
3.3. Research hypothesis
The basic research hypothesis in this paper is as follows:
H1. There is a positive, empirically verifiable correlation between application

of the business excellence concept and business performance of large
Croatian enterprises.
To accept or reject the hypothesis, the business excellence concept was

decomposed into the following parts (Figure 3).
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Figure 3. Analysis of the basic research hypothesis

Source: Authors.
4. RESEARCH RESULTS
Figure 4 provides a simplified presentation of the average ratings, given by

top managers as to how particular core values are applicable to their company,
in form of an average grade given by them for a particular core value. 8
Figure 4. Perception of applicability of eleven core values of business excellence on

companies
Source: Research results (N=106).
8A Likert scale was used with five degrees of freedom. The ratings are given descriptively on the
scale from 1 (the lowest) to 5 (the highest): 1- Strongly Disagree; 2 – Disagree; 3 – Partially
Agree; 4 – Agree; 5 – Strongly Agree.
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According to average ratings (Table 1), they are mostly focused on results
and value creation (3.92), future (3.87), customers (3.82) and social
responsibility (3.82), whereas they fall behind in management by fact (3.24),
visionary leadership (3.39) and innovation (3.45).
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of eleven core values of business excellence
responsibility
Management
Partner and
results and
Innovation
leadership
evaluation
Visionary
employee
Focus on
by fact
values
Social
N Valid 106 106 106 106 106 106
Mean 3.63 3.45 3.39 3.24 3.82 3.92
Median 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 4.00
Std.
.908 .917 .952 .962 .892 .847
Deviation
Variance .825 .841 .906 .925 .796 .718
Perce 25 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
ntiles 50 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 4.00
75 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.25
Organisational
and personal
Focus on the
perspective
Customer-
Systems of
excellence
learning
focused
Agility
future
N Valid 106 106 106 106 106

Mean 3.61 3.82 3.55 3.56 3.87
Median 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Std.
.879 .814 .885 1.006 .885
Deviation
Variance .773 .663 .783 1.011 .782
Perce 25 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
ntiles 50 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
75 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
4.1. Management by Fact and leadership
The research results, presented in Table 2, show that there is a small, but
statistically significant negative correlation among three of the four observed
variables (protection level of the information system, information system
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quality, quality of monitoring business processes through a system) and

collection days 9.
Table 2. Correspondence between the properties of the information system and

company performance
Share of
employee
Spearman's rho Collection
cost in total
costs
We have an excellent Correlation Coefficient -.242* -.120
information system Sig. (2-tailed) .013 .219
Our information system is Correlation Coefficient -.250** -.077
well-protected Sig. (2-tailed) .010 .431
We monitor business Correlation Coefficient -.213* -.262**
processes easily through the Sig. (2-tailed)
.028 .007
information system
Our system provides Correlation Coefficient -.151 -.159
information on competition Sig. (2-tailed) .122 .103
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
It should be noted that one of the observed variables is significant at the

level of 1% (reliability level 99%), whereas two are significant at the level of
5% (reliability level 95%). This means that companies with a better and more
protected system enabling monitoring of processes collect their receivables
faster, which can be seen as a contribution, i.e. advantage of the information
system containing information about customers and balance of receivables. The
information provided by the system allows better collection later on, as it
9 Many authors give different intervals with values for determining the correlation strength. They
differ both in values and in the number of intervals. For the purpose of this paper the following
way of determining the size of correlation coefficient can be accepted (Pallant, 2009, p. 135):
• 0.10 < |r| < 0.29 = small,
• 0.30 < |r| < 0.50 = medium,
• 0.50 < |r| < 1.00 = large.
The above values are applied regardless of the positive or negative sign in front of the coefficient.
The sign only shows the direction of correlation, not its strength. For example, coefficients 0.5
and -0.5 are equally strong. The only difference is in their direction.
It is important to note that upper intervals are intended for rough interpretation only, as statistical
significance of the correlation coefficient depends on particular properties of the observed
variables and is determined by means of additional statistical methods (Papić, 2005, p. 134).
156
probably provides correct and timely information without delays to employees

working on these tasks.
In addition, the research results show that there is a statistically significant

negative correlation between the quality of monitoring of business processes
and the share of employee cost in total costs. Spearman’s Rank Correlation
Coefficient is -0.262, with significance being 0.007. This means that there is a
negative correlation between the observed variables at the significance level of
1%. In other words, companies whose information system allows good
monitoring of business processes have a lower share of employee cost in total
costs. This is very important, as today almost all companies, due to the crisis,
strive to reduce the share of this cost in total costs.
4.2. Organisational learning and improvements
Table 3 shows how properties of business processes influence the

performance of researched companies. It is interesting to note that where
processes are well-planned and success of every process can be determined, the
number of both payments and collections is lower, which now at the time of
crisis speaks about the efficiency of such companies, that is, their better results,
because liquidity of such companies is thus improved.
Table 3. Correspondence between the properties of business processes and company

performance
Spearman's rho EBITDA EBIT Collection Payment ROE

Processes are Correlation
.272** .199* -.233* -.180 .055
well-planned Coefficient
and designed Sig. (2-tailed) .005 .041 .016 .065 .577
We are able Correlation
.209* .114 -.249* -.221* .051
to determine Coefficient
the success Sig. (2-tailed)
level of any .032 .246 .010 .023 .607
process
Successfulness Correlation
.165 .173 -.191* -.303** .262**
of the process Coefficient
is associated Sig. (2-tailed)
.091 .076 .050 .002 .007
with rewards
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

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4.3. Strategic integration and leadership
The results in Table 4 show that there is a positive, statistically significant

correlation between using a scientific method in the process of adopting a
strategy and all observed business results.
Table 3. Correlation of using scientific methods when adopting company strategy and
company performance
Total revenue
Current ratio
Number of
employees
NWC per
employee
employee
Payment
Product.
Cost per
NWC
Spearman's rho
...a Corr.
,242* ,252** -,305** ,241* ,310** ,226* ,291**
scientific Coeff.
method Sig. (2-
,012 ,009 ,001 ,013 ,001 ,020 ,002
is used tailed)

Table 5 shows the results of the influence of ISO 9001 certificate and the
total number of certificates owned by a company on company performance.
Table 4. Correspondence between ISO 9001 certificate and company performance
ISO Spearman's rho ISO 9001

Spearman's rho
9001
Total revenue Correlation Coefficient .071 Correlation Coefficient .071
Sig. (2-tailed) .469 Sig. (2-tailed) .469
EBITDA Correlation Coefficient .078 Correlation Coefficient .078
Quick ratio Correlation Coefficient .224* Correlation Coefficient .224*
Defensive Correlation Coefficient .290** Correlation Coefficient .290**
interval Sig. (2-tailed) .003 Sig. (2-tailed) .003
Collection Correlation Coefficient .383** Correlation Coefficient .383**
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Research results show that having an ISO 9001 certificate is in positive,

statistically significant correlation with most of the observed business results.
Table 5. Correspondence between management methods and company performance
Bench-
Spearman's rho TQM BPR BSC EFQM
marking
Total Correlation
.023 .215* .280** .178 .167
revenue Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .816 .027 .004 .068 .086
EBITDA Correlation
.035 .242* .320** .181 .167
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .725 .013 .001 .063 .086
EBIT Correlation
.003 .162 .311** .188 .167
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .976 .097 .001 .054 .086
EBT Correlation
-.013 .128 .252** .195* .167
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .899 .190 .009 .045 .086
Financial Correlation
.015 .173 .201* .229* .085
leverage Coefficient
index Sig. (2-tailed) .880 .077 .039 .018 .385
Payments Correlation
-.234* -.150 .048 -.077 -.088
Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .016 .125 .624 .431 .371
Number of Correlation
.291** .239* .296** .156 .164
employees Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .002 .014 .002 .110 .092
Cost per Correlation
-.053 .152 .231* .198* .129
employee Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .589 .119 .017 .042 .187
NWC per Correlation
.101 .001 .193* .192* .030
employee Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .303 .995 .047 .049 .758

The results (Table 6) show clearly that companies carrying out

reengineering of business processes achieve better business results, thus
increasing their own competitiveness. This result additionally confirms the
current position of large Croatian companies on the market, that is, their need
for restructuring.
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4.4. Workforce focus
The obtained results show (Table 7) that employers benefit from investing
in employees in form of additional education. Companies investing in additional
education of their employees achieve greater overall revenue in an absolute
amount. At the same time EBIT is growing as well as the revenue per employee
(higher productivity of employees).
Table 6. Correspondence between additional education of employees and company

performance
Revenue
Total Cost per
Spearman's rho EBIT per
revenue employee
employee
Additional Correlation
.246* .200* .194* .341**
studying Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .011 .040 .047 .000
Learning Correlation
.209* .142 .224* .456**
foreign Coefficient
languages Sig. (2-tailed) .032 .146 .021 .000
Conferences Correlation
.205* .187 .269** .359**
and meetings Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .035 .055 .005 .000
Professional Correlation
.182 .140 .228* .297**
seminars Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .062 .152 .019 .002

On the other hand, employees also benefit from additional education,

acquiring knowledge and skills that help them in their work. Although cost per
employee in the companies providing additional education is higher, a
conclusion can be made that in spite of increased cost per employee that a
company has due to additional education and other compensations, at the same
time it achieves better results that can be measured through certain financial
results.
5. CONCLUSION
The research results show that companies applying the core values of
business excellence in their operation achieve better business results. The
research carried out in the Croatian business environment showed some
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characteristics of local enterprises and discovered their weak points in relation

to the values of business excellence, as well as values that are nonetheless
applied in daily business. The research results show that disadvantages of
Croatian companies are management by fact, visionary leadership and
innovation. A conclusion can be made that applying business excellence in
operations results in improved company performance, which in turn implies
greater level of competitive advantage achieved by such companies. Croatian
companies should use scientific method in practice more as research results are
showing positive, statistically significant correlation between scientific method
usage in the process of adopting a strategy and all observed business results.
Also, companies which are carrying out reengineering of business processes
achieve better business results, thus increasing their own competitiveness.
The limitation of the research is that it was conducted within one year, and,
although it provided valuable insights, it could not provide answers regarding
the trends of research variables over a longer time period. A several years
period would be an interesting timeframe, and this remains a task for future
research.
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POSLOVNA IZVRSNOST KAO ČIMBENIK POSTIZANJA POSLOVNIH

REZULTATA VELIKIH HRVATSKIH PODUZEĆA
Sažetak
Hrvatske tvrtke trebaju novi pristup, koji će im pružiti konkurentsku snagu, a koji je
zasnovan na poslovnoj izvrnosti. Stoga je nužno uvođenje novih koncepata u poslovni
svijet, posebno u velike tvrtke koje su tradicionalno inertne i izložene globalnoj
konkrurenciji, a nalaze se u tranzicijskim zemljama poput Hrvatske. Danas 75% izvora
vrijednosti u tvrtci više nije moguće izmjeriti standardiziranim računovodstvenim
tehnikama, pa se u 21. stoljeću više nije moguće pouzdati isključivo u financijske
pokazatelje poslovanja. Autori ističu kako je, uz financijsko mjerenje, potrebno pronaći
način za mjerenje nefinancijskih parametara unutar tvrtke. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti
utjecaj poslovne izvrsnosti i važnosti iste u poslovnoj izvedbi za poslovne rezultate
tvrtki u hrvatskoj poslovnoj praksi. Autori su proveli istraživanje 106 velikih hrvatskih
poduzeća s više od 250 zaposlenih, istražujući povezanost između vrijednosti poslovne
izvrsnosti i poslovnih rezultata. Utvrđena je pozitivna korelacija između primjene
principa poslovne izvrsnosti i poslovnih rezultata.
162

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BUSINESS EXCELLENCE AS A SUCCESS FACTOR FOR THE

PERFORMANCE OF LARGE CROATIAN ENTERPRISES

Received: 5. 9. 2014 Preliminary communication

Keywords: business excellence, company performance, performance measurement,

Croatia. Phone +385 21 430 614, E-mail: zelimir.dulcic@efst.hr

Tintor (2009, p. 159) defines a company as a subsystem of the environment

Organisations oriented toward change management have a much more

The fundamental thought, underlying business excellence is the idea that

with integrated approach to management of organisational performances

According to Adebanjo (2001, p. 39), business excellence took off where

Figure 1. The Road to Business Excellence

Source: Adapted from Oslić (2008, p. 92).

Business excellence is defined as a high level of maturity of a

Whereas most approaches to excellence go back to the roots of TQM, the

• Leadership. Typical behaviour of the management when establishing a

ability of the process is based on the ability to meet customers’

Respecting these principles, several business excellence models were

Business excellence models represent a systematic, integrated and more

Business excellence models are nothing but an “extended hand” of TQM,

There are different views on how to measure organisational performance.

1 As attributed to H. J. Harrington, quoted by CIO, September 1999.

• Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA)

Figure 2. Sources of data used in the research

3.1. Defining the population and sample

The population consisted of large companies, excluding financial

Although the accepted criterion for categorisation of companies according

All companies against which a bankruptcy or liquidation procedure was

Since a ‘large company registered as an independent legal entity’ was used

To facilitate completion of a relatively long questionnaire, questions were

of large number of responses. Otherwise, the research as well as scientific

During the research, 106 completed questionnaires were returned, which

• Descriptive statistical analysis of the collected data;

Graphic account of data and results of statistical analysis were also

3.3. Research hypothesis

The basic research hypothesis in this paper is as follows:

H1. There is a positive, empirically verifiable correlation between application

To accept or reject the hypothesis, the business excellence concept was

Figure 3. Analysis of the basic research hypothesis

Figure 4 provides a simplified presentation of the average ratings, given by

Figure 4. Perception of applicability of eleven core values of business excellence on

Source: Research results (N=106).

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of eleven core values of business excellence

N Valid 106 106 106 106 106

Source: Research results (N=106).

4.1. Management by Fact and leadership

quality, quality of monitoring business processes through a system) and

Table 2. Correspondence between the properties of the information system and

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Source: Research results (N=106).

It should be noted that one of the observed variables is significant at the

probably provides correct and timely information without delays to employees

In addition, the research results show that there is a statistically significant

4.2. Organisational learning and improvements

Table 3 shows how properties of business processes influence the

Table 3. Correspondence between the properties of business processes and company

Spearman's rho EBITDA EBIT Collection Payment ROE

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Source: Research results (N=106).

4.3. Strategic integration and leadership