Asme Sec V A-2-2004 PDF

ARTICLE 2
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
T-210 SCOPE a degree that the resulting radiographic image due to any
surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with
The radiographic method described in this Article for
the image of any discontinuity.
examination of materials including castings and welds
shall be used together with Article 1, General Require- T-222.2 Welds. The weld ripples or weld surface
ments. Definitions of terms used in this Article are in irregularities on both the inside (where accessible) and
Mandatory Appendix V of this Article. outside shall be removed by any suitable process to such
Certain product-specific, technique-specific, and appli- a degree that the resulting radiographic image due to any
cation-specific requirements are also given in other Man- surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with
datory Appendices of this Article, as listed in the table the image of any discontinuity.
of contents. These additional requirements shall also be The finished surface of all butt-welded joints may be
complied with when an Appendix is applicable to the flush with the base material or may have reasonably uni-
radiographic or radioscopic examination being con- form crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that speci-
ducted. fied in the referencing Code Section.
T-223 Backscatter Radiation

T-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A lead symbol “B,” with minimum dimensions of 1⁄2
T-221 Procedure Requirements in. (13 mm) in height and 1⁄16 in. (1.5 mm) in thickness,
04 T-221.1 Written Procedure. Radiographic examina- shall be attached to the back of each film holder during
tion shall be performed in accordance with a written each exposure to determine if backscatter radiation is
procedure. Each procedure shall include at least the fol- exposing the film.
lowing information, as applicable:
(a) material type and thickness range, T-224 System of Identification
(b) isotope or maximum X-ray voltage used, A system shall be used to produce permanent identifi-
(c) source-to-object distance (D in T-274.1), cation on the radiograph traceable to the contract, compo-
(d) distance from source side of object to film (d in nent, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as appropriate.
T-274.1), In addition, the Manufacturer’s symbol or name and the
(e) source size (F in T-274.1), date of the radiograph shall be plainly and permanently
(f) film brand and designation, and included on the radiograph. This identification system
(g) screens used. does not necessarily require that the information appear
T-221.2 Procedure Demonstration. Demonstration as radiographic images. In any case, this information shall
of the density and IQI image requirements of the written not obscure the area of interest.
procedure on production or technique radiographs shall
be considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with T-225 Monitoring Density Limitations of
that procedure. Radiographs
Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film
T-222 Surface Preparation shall be used for judging film density.
T-222.1 Materials Including Castings. Surfaces
shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable materials T-226 Extent of Examination
specification or referencing Code Section, with additional The extent of radiographic examination shall be as
conditioning, if necessary, by any suitable process to such specified by the referencing Code Section.
7
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T-230 2004 SECTION V T-233.1
TABLE T-233.1
HOLE-TYPE IQI DESIGNATION, THICKNESS, AND HOLE DIAMETERS
IQI 1T Hole 2T Hole 4T Hole
IQI Thickness, Diameter, Diameter, Diameter,
Designation in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm)
5 0.005 (0.13) 0.010 (0.25) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02)

7 0.0075 (0.19) 0.010 (0.25) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02)
10 0.010 (0.25) 0.010 (0.25) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02)
12 0.0125 (0.32) 0.0125 (0.32) 0.025 (0.64) 0.050 (1.27)
15 0.015 (0.38) 0.015 (0.38) 0.030 (0.76) 0.060 (1.52)
17 0.0175 (0.44) 0.0175 (0.44) 0.035 (0.89) 0.070 (1.78)
20 0.020 (0.51) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02) 0.080 (2.03)
25 0.025 (0.64) 0.025 (0.64) 0.050 (1.27) 0.100 (2.54)
30 0.030 (0.76) 0.030 (0.76) 0.060 (1.52) 0.120 (3.05)
35 0.035 (0.89) 0.035 (0.89) 0.070 (1.78) 0.140 (3.56)
40 0.040 (1.02) 0.040 (1.02) 0.080 ((2.03) 0.160 (4.06)
45 0.045 (1.14) 0.045 (1.14) 0.090 (2.29) 0.180 (4.57)
50 0.050 (1.27) 0.050 (1.27) 0.100 (2.54) 0.200 (5.08)
60 0.060 (1.52) 0.060 (1.52) 0.120 (3.05) 0.240 (6.10)
70 0.070 (1.78) 0.070 (1.78) 0.140 (3.56) 0.280 (7.11)
80 0.080 (2.03) 0.080 (2.03) 0.160 (4.06) 0.320 (8.13)
100 0.100 (2.54) 0.100 (2.54) 0.200 (5.08) 0.400 (10.16)
120 0.120 (3.05) 0.120 (3.05) 0.240 (6.10) 0.480 (12.19)
140 0.140 (3.56) 0.140 (3.56) 0.280 (7.11) 0.560 (14.22)
160 0.160 (4.06) 0.160 (4.06) 0.320 (8.13) 0.640 (16.26)
200 0.200 (5.08) 0.200 (5.08) 0.400 (10.16) ...
240 0.240 (6.10) 0.240 (6.10) 0.480 (12.19) ...
280 0.280 (7.11) 0.280 (7.11) 0.560 (14.22) ...
T-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

T-231 Film
T-231.1 Selection. Radiographs shall be made using
industrial radiographic film.
TABLE T-233.2 04
T-231.2 Processing. Standard Guide for Controlling
WIRE IQI DESIGNATION, WIRE DIAMETER,
the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing, AND WIRE IDENTITY
SE-999, or paragraphs 23 through 26 of Standard Guide
for Radiographic Examination SE-94 shall be used as a Set A Set B
guide for processing film. Wire Wire Wire Wire
Diameter, in. (mm) Identity Diameter, in. (mm) Identity
T-232 Intensifying Screens 0.0032 (0.08) 1 0.010 (0.25) 6

0.004 (0.10) 2 0.013 (0.33) 7
Intensifying screens may be used when performing 0.005 (0.13) 3 0.016 (0.41) 8
radiographic examination in accordance with this Article. 0.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 (0.51) 9
0.008 (0.20) 5 0.025 (0.64) 10
T-233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design 0.010 (0.25) 6 0.032 (0.81) 11
T-233.1 Standard IQI Design. IQIs shall be either
the hole type or the wire type. Hole-type IQIs shall be Set C Set D
manufactured and identified in accordance with the Wire Wire Wire Wire
requirements or alternates allowed in SE-1025. Wire-type Diameter, in. (mm) Identity Diameter, in. (mm) Identity
IQIs shall be manufactured and identified in accordance 0.032 (0.81) 11 0.100 (2.54) 16
with the requirements or alternates allowed in SE-747, 0.040 (1.02) 12 0.126 (3.20) 17
except that the largest wire number or the identity number 0.050 (1.27) 13 0.160 (4.06) 18
may be omitted. ASME standard IQIs shall consist of 0.063 (1.60) 14 0.200 (5.08) 19
0.080 (2.03) 15 0.250 (6.35) 20
those in Table T-233.1 for hole type and those in Table 0.100 (2.54) 16 0.320 (8.13) 21
T-233.2 for wire type.
T-233.2 ARTICLE 2 — RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-262.4
T-233.2 Alternative IQI Design. IQIs designed and (a) A national standard step tablet or a step wedge
manufactured in accordance with other national or inter- calibration film, traceable to a national standard step tablet
national standards may be used provided the requirements and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities from at
of either (a) or (b) below, and the material requirements least 1.0 through 4.0, shall be used. The step wedge
of T-276.1 are met. calibration film shall have been verified within the last
(a) Hole Type IQIs. The calculated Equivalent IQI year by comparison with a national standard step tablet
Sensitivity (EPS), per SE-1025, Appendix X1, is equal unless, prior to first use, it was maintained in the original
to or better than the required standard hole type IQI. light-tight and waterproof sealed package as supplied by
(b) Wire Type IQIs. The alternative wire IQI essential the manufacturer. Step wedge calibration films may be
wire diameter is equal to or less than the required standard used without verification for one year upon opening, pro-
IQI essential wire. vided it is within the manufacturer’s stated shelf life.
(b) The densitometer manufacturer’s step-by-step
T-234 Facilities for Viewing of Radiographs instructions for the operation of the densitometer shall
be followed.
Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background
(c) The density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0
lighting of an intensity that will not cause troublesome
on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibra-
reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph. Equip-
tion film shall be read.
ment used to view radiographs for interpretation shall
provide a variable light source sufficient for the essential (d) The densitometer is acceptable if the density read-
IQI hole or designated wire to be visible for the specified ings do not vary by more than ± 0.05 density units from
density range. The viewing conditions shall be such that the actual density stated on the national standard step
light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or tablet or step wedge calibration film.
coming through low-density portions of the radiograph T-262.2 Step Wedge Comparison Films. Step wedge
does not interfere with interpretation. comparison films shall be verified prior to first use, unless
performed by the manufacturer, as follows:
T-260 CALIBRATION (a) The density of the steps on a step wedge compari-
son film shall be verified by a calibrated densitometer.
T-261 Source Size
(b) The step wedge comparison film is acceptable if
T-261.1 Verification of Source Size. The equipment
the density readings do not vary by more than ± 0.1
manufacturer’s or supplier’s publications, such as techni-
density units from the density stated on the step wedge
cal manuals, decay curves, or written statements docu-
comparison film.
menting the actual or maximum source size or focal spot,
shall be acceptable as source size verification. T-262.3 Periodic Verification 04
T-261.2 Determination of Source Size. When manu- (a) Densitometers. Periodic cablibration verification
facturer’s or supplier’s publications are not available, checks shall be performed as described in T-262.1 at the
source size may be determined as follows: beginning of each shift, after 8 hr of continuous use, or
(a) X-Ray Machines. For X-ray machines operating at after change of apertures, whichever comes first.
500 kV and less, the focal spot size may be determined (b) Step Wedge Comparison Films. Verification
by the pinhole method,1 or in accordance with SE-1165, checks shall be performed annually per T-262.2.
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots T-262.4 Documentation
of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging. (a) Densitometers. Densitometer calibrations required
(b) Iridium-192 Sources. For Iridium-192, the source by T-262.1 shall be documented, but the actual readings
size may be determined in accordance with SE-1114, for each step do not have to be recorded. Periodic densi-
Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of tometer verification checks required by T-262.3(a) do not
Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources. have to be documented.
(b) Step Wedge Calibration Films. Step wedge calibra-
T-262 Densitometer and Step Wedge tion film verifications required by T-262.1(a) shall be
Comparison Film documented, but the actual readings for each step do not
04 T-262.1 Densitometers. Densitometers shall be cali- have to be recorded.
brated at least every 90 days during use as follows: (c) Step Wedge Comparison Films. Step wedge com-
1 parison film verifications required by T-262.2 and
Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Volume I, First Edition, pp.
14.32–14.33, “Measuring Focal-Spot Size.” Also, pp. 20–21 of Radiog- T-262.3(b) shall be documented, but the actual readings
raphy in Modern Industry, Fourth Edition. for each step do not have to be recorded.
T-270 2004 SECTION V T-275
T-270 EXAMINATION the minimum number of exposures indicated in (b)(1) or

T-271 Radiographic Technique 2 (b)(2) above.
A single-wall exposure technique shall be used for

T-272 Radiation Energy
radiography whenever practical. When it is not practical
to use a single-wall technique, a double-wall technique The radiation energy employed for any radiographic
shall be used. An adequate number of exposures shall be technique shall achieve the density and IQI image require-
made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been ments of this Article.
obtained.
T-271.1 Single-Wall Technique. In the single-wall T-273 Direction of Radiation
technique, the radiation passes through only one wall of The direction of the central beam of radiation should
the weld (material), which is viewed for acceptance on be centered on the area of interest whenever practical.
the radiograph.
T-271.2 Double-Wall Technique. When it is not T-274 Geometric Unsharpness
practical to use a single-wall technique, one of the follow- T-274.1 Geometric Unsharpness Determination. 04
ing double-wall techniques shall be used. Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall be deter-
(a) Single-Wall Viewing. For materials and for welds mined in accordance with:
in components, a technique may be used in which the Ug p Fd /D
radiation passes through two walls and only the weld
(material) on the film-side wall is viewed for acceptance where
on the radiograph. When complete coverage is required
for circumferential welds (materials), a minimum of three Ug p geometric unsharpness
exposures taken 120 deg. to each other shall be made. F p source size: the maximum projected dimension
(b) Double-Wall Viewing. For materials and for welds of the radiating source (or effective focal spot)
in components 31⁄2 in. (89 mm) or less in nominal outside in the plane perpendicular to the distance D from
diameter, a technique may be used in which the radiation the weld or object being radiographed, in.
passes through two walls and the weld (material) in both D p distance from source of radiation to weld or
walls is viewed for acceptance on the same radiograph. object being radiographed, in.
For double-wall viewing, only a source-side IQI shall be d p distance from source side of weld or object being
used. Care should be exercised to ensure that the required radiographed to the film
geometric unsharpness is not exceeded. If the geometric D and d shall be measured to the approximate center
unsharpness requirement cannot be met, then single-wall of the area of interest.
viewing shall be used.
(1) For welds, the radiation beam may be offset NOTE: Refer to Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing SE-94 for
a method of determining geometric unsharpness. Alternatively, a nomo-
from the plane of the weld at an angle sufficient to sepa-
graph as shown in Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing SE-94
rate the images of the source-side and film-side portions may be used.
of the weld so that there is no overlap of the areas to
be interpreted. When complete coverage is required, a T-274.2 Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. Rec-
minimum of two exposures taken 90 deg. to each other ommended maximum values for geometric unsharpness
shall be made for each joint. are as follows:
(2) As an alternative, the weld may be radiographed Material Ug
with the radiation beam positioned so that the images of Thickness, in. (mm) Maximum, in. (mm)
both walls are superimposed. When complete coverage Under 2 (50) 0.020 (0.51)
is required, a minimum of three exposures taken at either 2 through 3 (50–75) 0.030 (0.76)
Over 3 through 4 (75–100) 0.040 (1.02)
60 deg. or 120 deg. to each other shall be made for
Greater than 4 (100) 0.070 (1.78)
each joint.
(3) Additional exposures shall be made if the NOTE: Material thickness is the thickness on which the IQI is based.
required radiographic coverage cannot be obtained using
T-275 Location Markers
2
Sketches showing suggested source, film, and IQI placements for
pipe or tube welds are illustrated in Article 2, Nonmandatory Appen- Location markers (see Fig. T-275), which are to appear
dix A. as radiographic images on the film, shall be placed on the
10
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
Source side
acceptable
Film side Source side
unacceptable acceptable
Film side
Film side Source side unacceptable
unacceptable acceptable
Flat component or longitudinal seam Curved components with radiation source to Curved components with convex surface
[See T-275.1(a)(1)] film distance less than radius of component towards radiation source
[See sketch (e) for alternate] [See T-275.1(a)(2)] [See T-275.1(a)(3)]
(a) (b) (c)
11
Either side
location marker
is acceptable
D
t
ARTICLE 2 — RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
x Mf x
Source side
unacceptable Film side
Source side marker alternate
acceptable
Flat component or logitudinal seam
Curved components with radiation source to x = (t / D) (Mf / 2) Curved components with radiation source
film distance greater than radius of curvature x = additional required coverage at center curvature
[See T-275.1(b)(1)] beyond film side location marker [See T-275.1(c)]
(d) t = component thickness (f)
Mf = film side location marker interval

LEGEND: Radiation source — D = source to component distance
[See T-275.1(b)(2)]
Location marker — (e)
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FIG. T-275 LOCATION MARKER SKETCHES
T-275 2004 SECTION V T-277.1
part, not on the exposure holder /cassette. Their locations T-276 IQI Selection
shall be permanently marked on the surface of the part T-276.1 Material. IQIs shall be selected from either
being radiographed when permitted, or on a map, in a the same alloy material group or grade as identified in
manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph to SE-1025, or SE-747, as applicable, or from an alloy mate-
be accurately traceable to its location on the part, for the rial group or grade with less radiation absorption than
required retention period of the radiograph. Evidence the material being radiographed.
shall also be provided on the radiograph that the required
T-276.2 Size. The designated hole IQI or essential
coverage of the region being examined has been obtained.
wire shall be as specified in Table T-276. A thinner or
Location markers shall be placed as follows.
thicker hole-type IQI may be substituted for any section
T-275.1 Single-Wall Viewing thickness listed in Table T-276, provided an equivalent
(a) Source-Side Markers. Location markers shall be IQI sensitivity is maintained. See T-283.2.
placed on the source side when radiographing the fol- (a) Welds With Reinforcements. The thickness on
lowing: which the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall thick-
ness plus the estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed
(1) flat components or longitudinal joints in cylin-
the maximum permitted by the referencing Code Section.
drical or conical components;
Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of
(2) curved or spherical components whose concave the thickness in IQI selection. The actual measurement
side is toward the source and when the “source-to-mate- of the weld reinforcement is not required.
rial” distance is less than the inside radius of the com- (b) Welds Without Reinforcements. The thickness on
ponent; which the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall thick-
(3) curved or spherical components whose convex ness. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as
side is toward the source. part of the weld thickness in IQI selection.
(b) Film-Side Markers
T-276.3 Welds Joining Dissimilar Materials or
(1) Location markers shall be placed on the film
Welds With Dissimilar Filler Metal. When the weld
side when radiographing either curved or spherical com-
metal is of an alloy group or grade that has a radiation
ponents whose concave side is toward the source and attenuation that differs from the base material, the IQI
when the “source-to-material” distance is greater than the material selection shall be based on the weld metal and
inside radius. be in accordance with T-276.1. When the density limits of
(2) As an alternative to source-side placement in T-282.2 cannot be met with one IQI, and the exceptional
T-275.1(a)(1), location markers may be placed on the density area(s) is at the interface of the weld metal and
film side when the radiograph shows coverage beyond the base metal, the material selection for the additional
the location markers to the extent demonstrated by Fig. IQIs shall be based on the base material and be in accor-
T-275, sketch (e), and when this alternate is documented dance with T-276.1.
in accordance with T-291.
(c) Either Side Markers. Location markers may be
T-277 Use of IQIs to Monitor Radiographic
placed on either the source side or film side when radio-
Examination
graphing either curved or spherical components whose
T-277.1 Placement of IQIs
concave side is toward the source and the “source-to-
material” distance equals the inside radius of the com- (a) Source-Side IQI(s). The IQI(s) shall be placed on
the source side of the part being examined, except for
ponent.
the condition described in T-277.1(b).
T-275.2 Double-Wall Viewing. For double-wall When, due to part or weld configuration or size, it is
viewing, at least one location marker shall be placed not practical to place the IQI(s) on the part or weld, the
adjacent to the weld (or on the material in the area of IQI(s) may be placed on a separate block. Separate blocks
interest) for each radiograph. shall be made of the same or radiographically similar
materials (as defined in SE-1025) and may be used to
T-275.3 Mapping the Placement of Location Mark- facilitate IQI positioning. There is no restriction on the
ers. When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the separate block thickness, provided the IQI /area-of-inter-
placement of markers as stipulated in T-275.1 and est density tolerance requirements of T-282.2 are met.
T-275.2, a dimensioned map of the actual marker place- (1) The IQI on the source side of the separate block
ment shall accompany the radiographs to show that full shall be placed no closer to the film than the source side
coverage has been obtained. of the part being radiographed.
12
T-277.1 ARTICLE 2 — RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-277.2
TABLE T-276
IQI SELECTION
IQI
Nominal Single-Wall Source Side Film Side
Material Thickness Range
Hole-Type Wire-Type Hole-Type Wire-Type
in. mm Designation Essential Wire Designation Essential Wire
Up to 0.25, incl. Up to 6.4, incl. 12 5 10 4

Over 0.25 through 0.375 Over 6.4 through 9.5 15 6 12 5
(2) The separate block shall be placed as close as (a) Multiple IQIs. If the requirements of T-282 are met
possible to the part being radiographed. by using more than one IQI, one shall be representative of
(3) When hole-type IQIs are used, the block dimen- the lightest area of interest and the other the darkest area
sions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline of interest; the intervening densities on the radiograph
of at least three sides of the IQI image shall be visible shall be considered as having acceptable density.
on the radiograph. (b) Special Cases3
(b) Film-Side IQI(s). Where inaccessibility prevents (1) For cylindrical components where the source is
hand placing the IQI(s) on the source side, the IQI(s) placed on the axis of the component for a single exposure,
shall be placed on the film side in contact with the part at least three IQIs, spaced approximately 120 deg. apart,
being examined. A lead letter “F” shall be placed adjacent are required under the following conditions:
to or on the IQI(s), but shall not mask the essential hole (a) When the complete circumference is radio-
where hole IQIs are used. graphed using one or more film holders, or;
(c) IQI Placement for Welds — Hole IQIs. The IQI(s) (b) When a section or sections of the circumfer-
may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The identifica- ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost
tion number(s) and, when used, the lead letter “F,” shall sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using
not be in the area of interest, except when geometric one or more film holders. Additional film locations may
configuration makes it impractical. be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.
(d) IQI Placement for Welds — Wire IQIs. The IQI(s) (2) For cylindrical components where the source is
shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the placed on the axis of the component for a single exposure,
wires is perpendicular to the length of the weld. The at least three IQIs, with one placed at each end of the
identification numbers and, when used, the lead letter span of the circumference radiographed and one in the
“F,” shall not be in the area of interest, except when approximate center of the span, are required under the
geometric configuration makes it impractical. following conditions:
(e) IQI Placement for Materials Other Than Welds. (a) When a section of the circumference, the
The IQI(s) with the IQI identification number(s), and, length of which is greater than 120 deg. and less than
when used, the lead letter “F,” may be placed in the area 240 deg., is radiographed using just one film holder, or;
of interest.
(b) When a section or sections of the circumfer-
04 T-277.2 Number of IQIs. When one or more film ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost
holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image
shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined in (b)
3
below. Refer to Nonmandatory Appendix D for additional guidance.
13
T-277.2 2004 SECTION V T-282.2
sections span less than 240 deg., is radiographed using T-277.3 Shims Under Hole IQIs. For welds, a shim
more than one film holder. of material radiographically similar to the weld metal
(3) In (1) and (2) above, where sections of longitudi- shall be placed between the part and the IQI, if needed,
nal welds adjoining the circumferential weld are radio- so that the radiographic density throughout the area of
graphed simultaneously with the circumferential weld, interest is no more than minus 15% from (lighter than)
an additional IQI shall be placed on each longitudinal the radiographic density through the IQI.
weld at the end of the section most remote from the The shim dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions
junction with the circumferential weld being radio- such that the outline of at least three sides of the IQI
graphed. image shall be visible in the radiograph.
(4) For spherical components where the source is
placed at the center of the component for a single expo-
T-280 EVALUATION
sure, at least three IQIs, spaced approximately 120 deg.
apart, are required under the following conditions: T-281 Quality of Radiographs
(a) When a complete circumference is radio- All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemi-
graphed using one or more film holders, or; cal, or other blemishes to the extent that they do not mask
(b) When a section or sections of a circumfer- and are not confused with the image of any discontinuity
ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost in the area of interest of the object being radiographed.
sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using Such blemishes include, but are not limited to:
one or more film holders. Additional film locations may (a) fogging;
be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing. (b) processing defects such as streaks, watermarks, or
(5) For spherical components where the source is chemical stains;
placed at the center of the component for a single expo- (c) scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static
sure, at least three IQIs, with one placed at each end of marks, smudges, or tears;
the radiographed span of the circumference radiographed (d) false indications due to defective screens.
and one in the approximate center of the span, are required
under the following conditions: T-282 Radiographic Density
(a) When a section of a circumference, the length
T-282.1 Density Limitations. The transmitted film
of which is greater than 120 deg. and less than 240 deg., density through the radiographic image of the body of
is radiographed using just one film holder, or; the appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to the designated
(b) When a section or sections of a circumfer- wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest shall be 1.8
ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost minimum for single film viewing for radiographs made
sections span less than 240 deg. is radiographed using with an X-ray source and 2.0 minimum for radiographs
more than one film holder. made with a gamma ray source. For composite viewing
(6) In (4) and (5) above, where other welds are of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite
radiographed simultaneously with the circumferential set shall have a minimum density of 1.3. The maximum
weld, one additional IQI shall be placed on each other density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing.
weld. A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations
(7) For segments of a flat or curved (i.e., ellipsoidal, between densitometer readings.
torispherical, toriconical, elliptical, etc.) component T-282.2 Density Variation
where the source is placed perpendicular to the center of (a) General. If the density of the radiograph anywhere
a length of weld for a single exposure when using more through the area of interest varies by more than minus
than three film holders, at least three IQIs, one placed 15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of
at each end of the radiographed span and one in the the hole IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire
approximate center of the span, are required. IQI, within the minimum /maximum allowable density
(8) When an array of components in a circle is ranges specified in T-282.1, then an additional IQI shall be
radiographed, at least one IQI shall show on each compo- used for each exceptional area or areas and the radiograph
nent image. retaken. When calculating the allowable variation in den-
(9) In order to maintain the continuity of records sity, the calculation may be rounded to the nearest 0.1
involving subsequent exposures, all radiographs exhib- within the range specified in T-282.1.
iting IQIs that qualify the techniques permitted in accor- (b) With Shims. When shims are used with hole-type
dance with (1) through (7) above shall be retained. IQIs, the plus 30% density restriction of (a) above may
14
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T-282.2 ARTICLE 2 — RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-292
TABLE T-283 tion from backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph

EQUIVALENT HOLE-TYPE IQI SENSITIVITY shall be considered unacceptable. A dark image of the
Hole-Type “B” on a lighter background is not cause for rejection.
Designation Equivalent Hole-Type Designations
2T Hole 1T Hole 4T Hole
T-285 Evaluation by Manufacturer 04
10 15 5
12 17 7
15 20 10
The Manufacturer shall be responsible for the review,
17 25 12 interpretation, evaluation, and acceptance of the com-
20 30 15 pleted radiographs to assure compliance with the require-
25 35 17 ments of Article 2 and the referencing Code Section. As
30 40 20 an aid to the review and evaluation, the radiographic
35 50 25
40 60 30
technique documentation required by T-291 shall be com-
50 70 35 pleted prior to the evaluation. The radiograph review
60 80 40 form required by T-292 shall be completed during the
80 120 60 evaluation. The radiographic technique details and the
100 140 70 radiograph review form documentation shall accompany
120 160 80
160 240 120
the radiographs. Acceptance shall be completed prior to
200 280 140 presentation of the radiographs and accompanying docu-
mentation to the Inspector.
be exceeded, and the minimum density requirements of

T-282.1 do not apply for the IQI, provided the required T-290 DOCUMENTATION
IQI sensitivity of T-283.1 is met.
T-291 Radiographic Technique 04
Documentation Details
T-283 IQI Sensitivity
T-283.1 Required Sensitivity. Radiography shall be The Manufacturer shall prepare and document the
performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to radiographic technique details. As a minimum, the fol-
display the designated hole IQI image and the 2T hole, lowing information shall be provided.
or the essential wire of a wire IQI. The radiographs shall (a) identification as required by T-224
also display the IQI identifying numbers and letters. If (b) the dimensional map (if used) of marker placement
the designated hole IQI image and 2T hole, or essential in accordance with T-275.3
wire, do not show on any film in a multiple film technique, (c) number of radiographs (exposures)
but do show in composite film viewing, interpretation (d) X-ray voltage or isotope type used
shall be permitted only by composite film viewing. (e) source size (F in T-274.1)
04 T-283.2 Equivalent Hole-Type Sensitivity. A thin- (f) base material type and thickness, weld thickness,
ner or thicker hole-type IQI than the required IQI may weld reinforcement thickness, as applicable
be substituted, provided an equivalent or better IQI sensi- (g) source-to-object distance (D in T-274.1)
tivity, as listed in Table T-283, is achieved and all other (h) distance from source side of object to film (d in
requirements for radiography are met. Equivalent IQI T-274.1)
sensitivity is shown in any row of Table T-283, which (i) film manufacturer and Manufacturer’s type/desig-
contains the required IQI and hole. Better IQI sensitivity nation
is shown in any row of Table T-283, which is above the (j) number of film in each film holder/cassette
equivalent sensitivity row. If the required IQI and hole (k) single- or double-wall exposure
are not represented in the table, the next thinner IQI row (l) single- or double-wall viewing
from Table T-283 may be used to establish equivalent
IQI sensitivity.
T-292 Radiograph Review Form
T-284 Excessive Backscatter
The Manufacturer shall prepare a radiograph review
If a light image of the “B,” as described in T-223, form. As a minimum, the following information shall be
appears on a darker background of the radiograph, protec- provided.
15
T-292 2004 SECTION V T-292
(a) a listing of each radiograph location (d) identification (name) of the Manufacturer’s repre-
(b) the information required in T-291, by inclusion or sentative who performed the final acceptance of the radio-
by reference graphs
(c) evaluation and disposition of the material(s) or (e) date of Manufacturer’s evaluation
weld(s) examined
16
ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX
APPENDIX I — IN-MOTION c p distance from weld side of the diaphragm to the

RADIOGRAPHY source side of the weld surface
F p source size: the maximum projected dimension
I-210 SCOPE of the radiating source (or focal spot) in the
In-motion radiography is a technique of radiography plane perpendicular to the distance b + c from
where the object being radiographed and /or the source the weld being radiographed
of radiation is in motion during the exposure. NOTE: Use consistent units.
In-motion radiography may be performed on weld-
ments when the following modified provisions to those
in Article 2 are satisfied.
I-270 EXAMINATION
I-274 Geometric and In-Motion Unsharpness
I-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS I-274.1 Geometric Unsharpness. Geometric 04
I-223 Backscatter Detection Symbol Location unsharpness for in-motion radiography shall be deter-
mined in accordance with T-274.1.
(a) For longitudinal welds the lead symbol “B” shall
be attached to the back of each film cassette or at approxi- I-274.2 In-Motion Unsharpness. In-motion
mately equal intervals not exceeding 36 in. (914 mm) unsharpness of the radiograph shall be determined in
apart, whichever is smaller. accordance with:
(b) For circumferential welds, the lead symbol “B” wd
UM p
shall be attached to the back of the film cassette in each D
quadrant or spaced no greater than 36 in. (914 mm),
whichever is smaller. where
UM p in-motion unsharpness
w p beam width at the source side of the weld mea-
I-260 CALIBRATION sured in the direction of motion determined as
I-263 Beam Width specified in I-263
d p distance from source side of the weld being
The beam width shall be controlled by a metal dia- radiographed to the film
phragm such as lead. The diaphragm for the energy D p distance from source of radiation to weld being
selected shall be at least 10 half value layers thick. radiographed
The beam width as shown in Fig. I-263 shall be deter-
mined in accordance with: NOTE: Use consistent units.
c (F + a) I-274.3 Unsharpness Limitations. Recommended 04

wp +a maximum values for geometric unsharpness and in-
b
motion unsharpness are provided in T-274.2.
where
w p beam width at the source side of the weld mea-
I-275 Location Markers
sured in the direction of motion
a p slit width in diaphragm in direction of motion Location markers shall be placed adjacent to the weld
b p distance from source to the weld side of the at the extremity of each film cassette and also at approxi-
diaphragm mately equal intervals not exceeding 15 in. (381 mm).
17
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I-277 2004 SECTION V I-279
FIG. I-263 BEAM WIDTH DETERMINATION
I-277 Placement and Number of IQIs on the weld seam in each quadrant or spaced no greater
(a) For longitudinal welds, hole IQIs shall be placed than 36 in. (914 mm) apart, whichever is smaller. Wire
adjacent to and on each side of the weld seam, or on the IQIs, when used, shall be placed on the weld seam so
weld seam at the beginning and end of the weld seam, that the length of the wires is perpendicular to the length
and thereafter at approximately equal intervals not of the weld and spaced as indicated above for hole IQIs.
exceeding 36 in. (914 mm) or for each film cassette. Wire
IQIs, when used, shall be placed on the weld seam so I-279 Repaired Area
that the length of the wires is perpendicular to the length
of the weld and spaced as indicated above for hole IQIs. When radiography of a repaired area is required, the
(b) For circumferential welds, hole IQIs shall be length of the film used shall be at least equal to the length
placed adjacent to and on each side of the weld seam or of the original location marker interval.
18
ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX
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APPENDIX II — REAL-TIME II-235 Calibration Block

RADIOSCOPIC EXAMINATION The calibration block shall be made of the same mate-
II-210 SCOPE rial type and product form as the test object. The calibra-
tion block may be an actual test object or may be
Real-time radioscopy provides immediate response fabricated to simulate the test object with known disconti-
imaging with the capability to follow motion of the nuities.
inspected part. This includes radioscopy where the motion
of the test object must be limited (commonly referred to
as near real-time radioscopy). II-236 Calibrated Line Pair Test Pattern and
Real-time radioscopy may be performed on materials Step Wedge
including castings and weldments when the modified pro- The line pair test pattern shall be used without an
visions to Article 2 as indicated herein are satisfied. additional absorber to evaluate the system resolution. The
SE-1255 shall be used in conjunction with this Appendix step wedge shall be used to evaluate system contrast
as indicated by specific references in appropriate para- sensitivity.
graphs. SE-1416 provides additional information that The step wedge must be made of the same material as
may be used for radioscopic examination of welds. the test object with steps representing 100%, 99%, 98%,
and 97% of both the thickest and the thinnest material
sections to be inspected. Additional step thicknesses are
II-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS permissible.
This radioscopic methodology may be used for the
examination of ferrous or nonferrous materials and weld- II-237 Equivalent Performance Level
ments.
A system which exhibits a spatial resolution of 3 line
pairs per millimeter, a thin section contrast sensitivity of
II-221 Procedure Requirements 3%, and a thick section contrast sensitivity of 2% has an
A written procedure is required and shall contain as a equivalent performance level of 3% — 2% — 3 lp /mm.
minimum the following (see SE-1255, 5.2):
(a) material and thickness range
(b) equipment qualifications II-260 CALIBRATION
(c) test object scan plan System calibration shall be performed in the static
(d) radioscopic parameters mode by satisfying the line pair test pattern resolution,
(e) image processing parameters step wedge contrast sensitivity, and calibration block dis-
(f) image display parameters continuity detection necessary to meet the IQI require-
(g) image archiving ments of T-276.
II-263 System Performance Measurement

II-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Real-time radioscopic system performance parameters
II-231 Radioscopic Examination Record
shall be determined initially and monitored regularly with
The radioscopic examination data shall be recorded the system in operation to assure consistent results. The
and stored on videotape, magnetic disk, or optical disk. system performance shall be monitored at sufficiently
19
II-263 2004 SECTION V II-292
scheduled intervals to minimize the probability of time- the components specified in II-278. (See SE-1255, 6.1.)
dependent performance variations. System performance When using wire IQIs, the radioscopic examination
tests require the use of the calibration block, line pair system may exhibit asymmetrical sensitivity, therefore,
test pattern, and the step wedge. the wire diameter axis shall be oriented along the axis
System performance measurement techniques shall be of the least sensitivity of the system.
standardized so that they may be readily duplicated at
the specified intervals.
II-264 Measurement With a Calibration Block II-290 DOCUMENTATION

The calibration block shall also be placed in the same
position as the actual object and manipulated through the II-291 Radioscopic Technique Information
same range and speed of motions as will be used for the
actual object to demonstrate the system’s response in the To aid in proper interpretation of the radioscopic exam-
dynamic mode. ination data, details of the technique used shall accom-
pany the data. As a minimum, the information shall
include the items specified in T-291 when applicable,
II-270 EXAMINATION
II-221, and the following:
II-278 System Configuration
(a) operator identification
The radioscopic examination system shall, as a mini-
mum, include the following: (b) system performance test data
(a) radiation source
(b) manipulation system
(c) detection system
(d) information processing system II-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer
(e) image display system Prior to being presented to the Inspector for acceptance,
(f) record archiving system the examination data shall be interpreted by the Manufac-
turer as complying with the referencing Code Section.
II-280 EVALUATION The Manufacturer shall record the interpretation and dis-
II-286 Factors Affecting System Performance position of each weldment examined on a radiographic
The radioscopic examination system performance interpretation review form accompanying the radio-
quality is determined by the combined performance of scopic data.
20
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ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX
APPENDIX III — DIGITAL IMAGE III-234 Viewing Considerations

ACQUISITION, DISPLAY, AND The digital image shall be judged by visual comparison
STORAGE FOR RADIOGRAPHY AND to be equivalent to the image quality of the original image
RADIOSCOPY at the time of digitization.
III-210 SCOPE
Digital image acquisition, display, and storage can be III-236 Calibrated Optical Line Pair Test
applied to radiography and radioscopy. Once the analog Pattern and Optical Density Step
image is converted to digital format, the data can be Wedge
displayed, processed, quantified, stored, retrieved, and
An optical line pair test pattern operating between 0.1
converted back to the original analog format, for example,
and 4.0 optical density shall be used to evaluate the
film or video presentation.
modulation transfer function (MTF) of the system. The
Digital imaging of all radiographic and radioscopic
optical density step wedge shall be used to evaluate sys-
examination test results shall be performed in accordance
tem contrast sensitivity.
with the modified provisions to Article 2 as indicated
herein.
III-250 IMAGE ACQUISITION AND
III-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS STORAGE
III-221 Procedure Requirements III-255 Area of Interest
A written procedure is required and shall contain, as a Any portion of the image data may be digitized and
minimum, the following system performance parameters: stored provided the information that is digitized and
(a) image digitizing parameters — modulation transfer stored includes the area of interest as defined by the
function (MTF), line pair resolution, contrast sensitivity, referencing Code Section.
and dynamic range;
(b) image display parameters — format, contrast, and
III-258 System Configuration
magnification;
(c) image processing parameters that are used; The system shall, as a minimum, include the following:
(d) storage — identification, data compression, and (a) digitizing system
media (including precautions to be taken to avoid data (b) display system
loss); (c) image processing system
(e) analog output formats. (d) image storage system
III-222 Original Image Artifacts

III-260 CALIBRATION
Any artifacts that are identified in the original image
shall be noted or annotated on the digital image. The system shall be calibrated for modulation transfer
function (MTF), dynamic range, and contrast sensitivity.
III-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
III-231 Digital Image Examination Record III-263 System Performance Measurement
The digital image examination data shall be recorded System performance parameters (as noted in III-221)
and stored on video tape, magnetic disk, or optical disk. shall be determined initially and monitored regularly with
21
III-263 2004 SECTION V III-292
the system in operation to assure consistent results. The III-290 DOCUMENTATION

system performance shall be monitored at the beginning III-291 Digital Imaging Technique Information
and end of each shift to minimize the probability of time-
dependent performance variations. To aid in proper interpretation of the digital examina-
tion data, details of the technique used shall accompany
the data. As a minimum, the information shall include
items specified in T-291 and II-221 when applicable,
III-280 EVALUATION III-221, III-222, and the following:
III-286 Factors Affecting System Performance (a) operator identification
(b) system performance test data
The quality of system performance is determined by
the combined performance of the components specified
in III-258. III-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer
Prior to being presented to the Inspector for acceptance,
III-287 System-Induced Artifacts the digital examination data from a radiographic or radio-
scopic image shall have been interpreted by the Manufac-
The digital images shall be free of system-induced turer as complying with the referencing Code Section.
artifacts in the area of interest that could mask or be The digital examination data from a radiograph that
confused with the image of any discontinuity in the origi- has previously been accepted by the Inspector is not
nal analog image. required to be submitted to the Inspector for acceptance.
22
ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX
APPENDIX IV — INTERPRETATION, the unprocessed original full image and the digitally pro-
EVALUATION, AND DISPOSITION cessed image, shall be recorded and stored on video tape,
OF RADIOGRAPHIC AND magnetic tape, or optical disk.
RADIOSCOPIC EXAMINATION TEST
RESULTS PRODUCED BY THE IV-221 Procedure Requirements
DIGITAL IMAGE ACQUISITION
AND DISPLAY PROCESS A written procedure is required and shall contain, as a
minimum, the following system performance parameters:
IV-210 SCOPE (a) image digitizing parameters — modulation transfer
The digital image examination test results produced in function (MTF), line pair resolution, contrast sensitivity,
accordance with Article 2, Mandatory Appendix II, and dynamic range, and pixel size;
Article 2, Mandatory Appendix III, may be interpreted (b) image display parameters — monitor size includ-
and evaluated for final disposition in accordance with the ing display pixel size, luminosity, format, contrast, and
additional provisions to Article 2 as indicated herein. magnification;
The digital information is obtained in series with radi- (c) signal processing parameters — including density
ography and in parallel with radioscopy. This data collec- shift, contrast stretch, log transform, and any other tech-
tion process also provides for interpretation, evaluation, niques that do not mathematically alter the original digital
and disposition of the examination test results. data, e.g., linear and area measurement, pixel sizing, and
value determination;
(d) storage — identification, data compression, and
media (including precautions to be taken to avoid data
IV-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS loss). The non-erasable optical media should be used
The digital image shall be interpreted while displayed for archival applications. This is frequently called the
on a cathode ray tube (soft display). The interpretation WORM (Write Once Read Many) technology. When stor-
may include density and contrast adjustment, quantifica- age is accomplished on magnetic or erasable optical
tion, and pixel measurement, including digital or optical media, then procedures must be included that show
density values and linear or area measurement. trackable safeguards to prevent data tampering and guar-
The interpretation of a digitized image is dependent antee data integrity.
upon the same subjective evaluation by a trained inter-
preter as the interpretation of a radiographic or radio-
scopic image. Some of the significant parameters IV-222 Original Image Artifacts
considered during interpretation include: area of interest, Any artifacts that are identified shall be noted or anno-
image quality, IQI image, magnification, density, con- tated on the digital image.
trast, discontinuity shape (rounded, linear, irregular), and
artifact identification.
The digital image interpretation of the radiographic and
radioscopic examination test results shall be performed in IV-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
accordance with the modified provisions to Article 2 as IV-231 Digital Image Examination Record
indicated herein.
After the interpretation has been completed, the inter- The digital image examination data shall be recorded
pretation data and the digital image, which shall include and stored on video tape, magnetic disk, or optical disk.
23
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IV-234 2004 SECTION V IV-292
IV-234 Viewing Considerations IV-263 System Performance Measurement

The digital image shall be evaluated using appropriate System performance parameters (as noted in IV-221)
monitor luminosity, display techniques, and room lighting shall be determined initially and monitored regularly with
to insure proper visualization of detail. the system in operation to assure consistent results. The
system performance shall be monitored at the beginning
and end of each shift to minimize the probability of time-
IV-236 Calibrated Optical Line Pair Test
dependent performance variations.
Pattern and Optical Density Step
Wedge
An optical line pair test pattern operating between 0.1 IV-280 EVALUATION
and 4.0 optical density shall be used to evaluate the
IV-286 Factors Affecting System Performance
modulation transfer function (MTF) of the system. High
spatial resolution with 14 line-pairs per millimeter The quality of system performance is determined by
(lp /mm) translates to a pixel size of 0.0014 in. (0.035 the combined performance of the components specified
mm). Lesser spatial resolution with 2 lp /mm can be in IV-258.
accomplished with a pixel size of 0.012 in. (0.3 mm).
The optical density step wedge shall be used to evaluate
system contrast sensitivity. Alternatively, a contrast sensi- IV-287 System-Induced Artifacts
tivity gage (step wedge block) in accordance with The digital images shall be free of system-induced
SE-1647 may be used. artifacts in the area of interest that could mask or be
confused with the image of any discontinuity.
IV-250 IMAGE ACQUISITION, STORAGE,

AND INTERPRETATION IV-290 DOCUMENTATION
IV-255 Area of Interest IV-291 Digital Imaging Technique Information
The evaluation of the digital image shall include all To aid in proper interpretation of the digital examina-
areas of the image defined as the area of interest by the tion data, details of the technique used shall accompany
referencing Code Section. the data. As a minimum, the information shall include
items specified in T-291 and II-221 when applicable,
IV-258 System Configuration III-221, III-222, IV-221, IV-222, and the following:
(a) operator identification
The system shall, as a minimum, include:
(b) system performance test data
(a) digital image acquisition system
(c) calibration test data
(b) display system
(c) image processing system
(d) image storage system IV-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer
Prior to being presented to the Inspector for acceptance,
the digital examination data from a radiographic or radio-
IV-260 CALIBRATION
scopic image shall have been interpreted by the Manufac-
The system shall be calibrated for modulation transfer turer as complying with the referencing Code Section.
function (MTF), dynamic range, and contrast sensitivity. The digitized examination data that has previously been
The electrical performance of the hardware and the qual- accepted by the Inspector is not required to be submitted
ity of the digital image shall be measured and recorded. to the Inspector for acceptance.
24
ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX
APPENDIX V — GLOSSARY OF calibrated line pair test pattern — see optical line pair
TERMS FOR RADIOGRAPHIC test pattern
EXAMINATION calibrated step wedge film — a radiograph with discrete
density steps, which is traceable to a national standard
V-210 SCOPE
cathode ray tube (soft display) — a device that pro-
This Mandatory Appendix is used for the purpose of duces an image by exciting a fluorescent substance with
establishing standard terms and definitions of terms relat- a magnetically guided beam
ing to radiographic examination. data compression — a reduction in the size of a digital
data set to a smaller data set
density shift — a function that raises or lowers all
V-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS density /greyscale values equally such that contrast is
(a) The Standard Terminology for Nondestructive maintained within the data set
Examinations (ASTM E 1316 has been adopted by the designated wire — the specific wire that must be dis-
Committee as SE-1316. cernible in the radiographic image of a wire-type image
(b) SE-1316 Section 7 provides the definitions of terms quality indicator
listed in V-230(a). diaphragm — an aperture (opening) in a radiation
(c) For general terms, such as Indication, Flaw, Dis- opaque material that limits the usable beam size of a
continuity, Evaluation, etc., refer to Article 1, Mandatory radiation source
Appendix I. display pixel size — the length and width dimensions
(d) Paragraph V-230(b) provides a list of terms and of the smallest element of a displayed image
definitions that are Code specific. Paragraph V-230(c) display system — a system that can display an array
provides a list of terms and definitions that are specific of pixels on a screen (CRT)
to Section V, Article 2, Appendix VI. dynamic range — the range of operation of a device
between its upper and lower limit; this range can be
given as a ratio (e.g., 100:1) of the maximum signal level
V-230 REQUIREMENTS capability to its noise level, the number of measurable
(a) The following SE-1316 terms are used in conjunc- steps between the upper and lower limits, the number of
tion with this Article: analog image, back scattered radia- bits needed to record this number of measurable steps,
tion, cassette, composite viewing, contrast sensitivity, or the maximum and minimum measurable values
contrast stretch, densitometer, density (film), digital, digi- equivalent IQI sensitivity — that thickness of hole-
tal image, digitize, digital image acquisition system, eras- type IQI, expressed as a percentage of the part thickness,
able optical medium, focal spot, fog, geometric in which 2T hole would be visible under the same radio-
unsharpness, intensifying screen, IQI sensitivity, line pair graphic conditions
per millimeter, line pair test pattern, location marker, essential hole — the specific hole that must be discern-
luminosity, magnetic storage medium, optical density, ible in the radiographic image of a hole-type IQI
pixel, pixel size, radiograph, screen, source, step wedge, image processing system — a system that uses mathe-
system-induced artifacts, transmission densitometer, and matical algorithms to manipulate digital image data
transmitted film density. image quality indicator
(b) The following Code terms are used in conjunction hole type — a rectangular plaque, made of material
with this Article. radiographically similar to that of the object being radio-
annotate — to provide an explanatory note on the graphed, with small diameter holes (1T, 2T, and 4T) used
digital image to check the image quality of the radiograph
25
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V-230 2004 SECTION V V-230
wire type — a set of small diameter wires, made of shim — a material, radiographically similar to the
material radiographically similar to that of the object object being radiographed, that is placed between a hole-
being radiographed, used to check the image quality of type IQI and the object in order to reduce the radiographic
the radiograph density through the image of the hole- type IQI
image storage system — a system that can store digital source side — that surface of the area of interest being
image data for future use radiographed for evaluation nearest the source of radi-
IQI — image quality indicator ation
line pair resolution — the number of line pairs per step wedge calibration film — a processed film with
unit distance that are detectable in an image discrete density steps that have been verified by compari-
log transform — a function that applies a logarithmic son with a national standard step tablet
mapping to all density /greyscale values in an image; this step wedge comparison film — a processed film with
operation is often performed when the resulting distribu- discrete density steps that have been verified by use of
tion is normal, or if the resulting relationship with another a calibrated densitometer, which is used to determine if
variable is linear production radiographs meet density limits
modulation transfer function (MTF) — a measure of WORM (write once read many) — a term relating to
spatial resolution as a function of contrast; a plot of these a type of digital storage media where the data can be
variables (spatial resolution and contrast) yields a curve stored only once but accessed (nondestructively) many
representing the frequency response of the system times
national standard step tablet — an x-ray film with (c) The following Code terms are used in conjunction
discrete density steps produced and certified by a nation- with Article 2, Appendix VI:
ally recognized standardizing body contrast sensitivity — the size of the smallest detectable
nonerasable optical media (optical disk) — a storage change in optical density
media that prevents the erasure or alteration of digital dynamic range — the extent of measurable optical
data after it is stored density obtained in a single scan
optical density step wedge — a radiographic image of a image — the digital representation of a target on the
mechanical step wedge with precise thickness increments reference film used to evaluate both the digitization and
and may be used to correlate optical film density to the display aspects of a film digitization system
thickness of material, also known as a step tablet reference film — a single industrial radiographic film
penetrameter — no longer used in Article 2; see image that encompasses the targets necessary for the evaluation
quality indicator and quantification of the performance characteristics of
quantification — the act of determining or expressing a film digitization system
a quantity (i.e., giving a numerical value to a measurement spatial linearity — the accuracy to which a digitization
of something) system reproduces the physical dimensions of informa-
radiographic examination — a nondestructive method tion on the original film [both in the horizontal (along a
for detecting discontinuities in materials and components single scan line) and vertical (from one scan line to
using penetrating radiation to produce an image on a another) directions]
recording medium spatial resolution — the size of the smallest detectable
sensitivity — the smallest discernible detail and /or element of the digitized image
contrast change (e.g., IQI hole or wire) in a radiographic target — a physical pattern on a reference film used
image to evaluate the performance of a film digitization system
26
ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX
APPENDIX VI — DIGITAL IMAGE (e) image display pixel size as defined by the vertical/
ACQUISITION, DISPLAY, horizontal resolution limits of the monitor;
INTERPRETATION, AND STORAGE (f) luminance of the video display; and
OF RADIOGRAPHS FOR NUCLEAR (g) data storage medium.
APPLICATIONS
VI-222.2 Digitizing Technique
VI-210 SCOPE
(a) digitizer spot size (in microns) to be used (see
Digital imaging process and technology provide the VI-232);
ability to digitize and store the detailed information con- (b) loss-less data compression technique, if used;
tained in the radiograph (analog image), thus eliminating (c) method of image capture verification;
the need to maintain and store radiographs for permanent
(d) image processing operations;
record.
(e) time period for system verification (see VI-264);
(f) spatial resolution used (see VI-241);
VI-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (g) contrast sensitivity (density range obtained) (see
VI-221 Supplemental Requirements VI-242);
VI-221.1 Additional Information. Article 2, Manda- (h) dynamic range used (see VI-243); and
--``,``,``,,,```,,,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
tory Appendices III and IV, contain additional informa- (i) spatial linearity of the system (see VI-244).
tion that shall be used to supplement the requirements of
this Appendix. These supplemental requirements shall be
documented in the written procedure required by this
VI-223 Personnel Requirements
Appendix.
VI-221.2 Reference Film. Supplement A contains Personnel shall be qualified as follows:
requirements for the manufacture of the reference film. (a) Level II and Level III Personnel. Level II and Level
III personnel shall be qualified in the radiographic method
VI-222 Written Procedure as required by Article 1. In addition, the employer’s writ-
ten practice shall describe the specific training and practi-
A written procedure is required. The written procedure cal experience of Level II and Level III personnel
shall be the responsibility of the owner of the radiographs involved in the application of the digital imaging process
and shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the and the interpretation of results and acceptance of system
Authorized Nuclear Inspector (ANI). When other performance. Training and experience shall be docu-
enforcement or regulatory agencies are involved, the mented in the individual’s certification records.
agency approval is required by formal agreement. The (b) As a minimum, Level II and III individuals shall
written procedure shall include, as a minimum, the fol- have 40 hours of training and 1 month of practical experi-
lowing essential variables: ence in the digital imaging process technique.
VI-222.1 Digitizing System Description (c) Other Personnel. Personnel with limited qualifica-
(a) manufacturer and model no. of digitizing system; tions performing operations other than those required for
(b) physical size of the usable area of the image the Level II or Level III shall be qualified in accordance
monitor; with Article 1. Each individual shall have specified train-
(c) film size capacity of the scanning device; ing and practical experience in the operations to be per-
(d) spot size(s) of the film scanning system; formed.
27
VI-230 2004 SECTION V VI-261
VI-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS VI-250 TECHNIQUE

VI-231 System Features The reference film described in Supplement A and Fig.
The following features shall be common to all digital VI-A-1 shall be used to determine the performance of
image processing systems: the digitization system. The system settings shall be
adjusted to optimize the display representation of the
(a) noninterlaced image display format;
reference targets (images). The reference film and all
(b) WORM — write-once/read-many data storage; and
subsequent radiographs shall be scanned by the digitiza-
(c) fully reversible (loss-less) data compression (if
tion system using these optimized settings.
data compression is used).
VI-251 Spatial Resolution Evaluation
VI-232 System Spot Size At least two of the converging line pair images (0 deg.,
The spot size of the digitizing system shall be: 45 deg., and 90 deg. line pairs) shall be selected near the
(a) 70 microns, or smaller for radiographs made with opposite corners of the digitizing field and one image
energies up to 1 MeV; or near the center of the digitized reference film. The spatial
(b) 100 microns or smaller for radiographs made with resolution in each position and for each orientation shall
energies over 1 MeV. be recorded as the highest indicated spatial frequency (as
determined by the reference lines provided) where all of
the lighter lines are observed to be separated by the darker
VI-240 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE lines. The system resolution shall be reported as the poor-
REQUIREMENTS est spatial resolution obtained from all of the resolution
images evaluated.
System performance shall be determined using the digi-
tized representation of the reference targets (images). No VI-252 Contrast Sensitivity Evaluation
adjustment shall be made to the digitizing system which
Using the contrast sensitivity images and the digitized
may affect system performance after recording the refer-
stepped density scale images to evaluate the detectability
ence targets.
of each density step (the observed density changes shall
be indicative of the system’s capability to discern 0.02
VI-241 Spatial Resolution density differences), the detectability of each density step
and the difference in density between steps shall be eval-
Spatial resolution shall be determined as described in
uated.
VI-251. The system shall be capable of resolving a pattern
of 7 line pairs/millimeter (lp/mm) for systems digitizing
VI-253 Dynamic Range Evaluation
with a spot size of 70 microns or less, or 5 line pairs/
millimeter for spot sizes greater than 70 microns. The dynamic range of the digitization system shall be
determined by finding the last visible density step at both
ends of the density strip. The dynamic range shall be
VI-242 Contrast Sensitivity measured to the nearest 0.50 optical density.
Contrast sensitivity shall be determined as described
in VI-252. The system shall have a minimum contrast VI-254 Spatial Linearity Evaluation
sensitivity of 0.02 optical density. The digitization system shall be set to read the inch
scale on the reference film. The measurement tool shall
VI-243 Dynamic Range then be used to measure the scale in a vertical direction
and horizontal direction. The actual dimension is divided
Dynamic range shall be determined as described in by the measured dimension to find the percentage of error
VI-253. The system shall have a minimum dynamic range in the horizontal and vertical directions.
of 3.5 optical density.
VI-260 DEMONSTRATION OF SYSTEM
VI-244 Spatial Linearity PERFORMANCE
Spatial linearity shall be determined as described in VI-261 Procedure Demonstration
VI-254. The system shall return measured dimensions The written procedure described in VI-222 shall be
with 3% of the actual dimensions on the reference film. demonstrated to the ANI and, if requested, the regulatory
28
--``,``,``,,,```,,,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
VI-261 ARTICLE 2 — MANDATORY APPENDICES VI-292
agency, as having the ability to acquire, display, and VI-280 EVALUATION

reproduce the analog images from radiographs. Evidence VI-281 Process Evaluation
of the demonstration shall be recorded as required by
VI-291. The Level II or Level III Examiner described in
VI-223(a) shall be responsible for determining that the
digital imaging process is capable of reproducing the
VI-262 Processed Targets original analog image. This digital image shall then be
The digitizing process and equipment shall acquire transferred to the write-once-read-many (WORM) opti-
and display the targets described in Supplement A. The cal disc.
digitally processed targets of the reference film shall be
used to verify the system performance. VI-282 Interpretation
When interpretation of the radiograph is used for
VI-263 Changes in Essential Variables acceptance, the requirements of Article 2, Mandatory
Any change in the essential variables identified in Appendix IV and the Referencing Code Section shall
VI-222 and used to produce the results in VI-250 shall apply. If analog radiographs must be viewed in composite
be cause for reverification of the System Performance. for acceptance, then both radiographs shall be digitized.
The digital image of the analog radiographs shall be
interpreted singularly.
VI-264 Frequency of Verification
The System Performance shall be initially verified in VI-283 Baseline
accordance with VI-262 at the beginning of each digitiz-
ing shift. Reverification in accordance with VI-262 shall Digital images of previously accepted radiographs may
take place at the end of each shift or at the end of 12 be used as a baseline for subsequent in-service inspec-
continuous hours, whichever is less, or at any time that tions.
malfunctioning is suspected.
VI-290 DOCUMENTATION
VI-265 Changes in System Performance VI-291 Reporting Requirements
Any evidence of change in the System Performance The following shall be documented in a final report:
specified in VI-240 shall invalidate the digital images (a) spatial resolution (VI-241);
processed since the last successful verification and shall (b) contrast sensitivity (VI-242);
be cause for reverification. (c) frequency for system verification;
(d) dynamic range (VI-243);
(e) Traceability technique from original component to
VI-270 EXAMINATION
radiograph to displayed digital image, including original
VI-271 System Performance Requirements radiographic report(s). (The original radiographic reader
The digitizing system shall meet the requirements spec- sheet may be digitized to fulfill this requirement);
ified in VI-240 before digitizing archival radiographs. (f) condition of original radiographs (VI-281);
(g) procedure demonstration (VI-261);
(h) spatial linearity (VI-244);
VI-272 Artifacts
(i) system performance parameters (VI-241); and
Radiographs shall be visually examined for foreign (j) personnel performing the digital imaging process
material and artifacts (e.g., scratches or water spots) in (VI-223).
the area of interest. Foreign material not removed and
artifacts observed shall be documented.
VI-292 Archiving
When the final report and digitized information are
VI-273 Calibration
used to replace the analog radiograph as the permanent
The calibration for a specific set of parameters (i.e., record as required by the referencing Code Section, all
film size, density range, and spatial resolution) shall be information pertaining to the original radiography shall
conducted by following VI-240 and Supplement A. The be documented in the final report and processed as part
results shall be documented. of the digital record. A duplicate copy of the WORM
29
VI-292 2004 SECTION V VI-A-240
storage media is required if the radiographs are to be mm. The spatial resolution targets shall be located in
destroyed. each corner of the needed film sizes.
VI-A-232.2 Parallel Line Pair Targets. Parallel line
pairs shall consist of parallel line pairs in at least the
ARTICLE 2 vertical direction on the reference film. It shall have a
MANDATORY APPENDIX VI — maximum resolution of at least 20 lp/mm and a minimum
SUPPLEMENT A resolution of no less than 0.5 lp/mm. It shall have distinct
resolutions of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, and 20
VI-A-210 SCOPE lp/ mm and have the corresponding reference marks. It
The reference film described in this supplement pro- shall be located near the middle of the reference film.
vides a set of targets suitable for evaluating and quantify-
ing the performance characteristics of a radiographic VI-A-233 Constrast Sensitivity Targets
digitizing system. The reference film is suitable for evalu-
ating both the radiographic film digitization process and Contrast sensitivity targets shall consist of approxi-
the electronic image reconstruction process. mately 0.4 in. by 0.4 in. (10 mm by 10 mm) blocks
The reference film shall be used to conduct perform- centered in 1.6 in. by 1.6 in. (40 mm by 40 mm) blocks
ance demonstrations and evaluations of the digitizing of a slightly lower density. Two series of these step blocks
system to verify the operating characteristics before radio- shall be used with an optical density of approximately
graphs are digitized. The reference film provides for the 2.0 on a background of approximately 1.95, an optical
evaluation of spatial resolution, contrast sensitivity, density change of 0.05. The second block series will have
dynamic range, and spatial linearity. an optical density of approximately 3.5 on a background
of approximately 3.4, an optical density change of 0.10.
The relative density change is more important than the
--``,``,``,,,```,,,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
VI-A-220 GENERAL absolute density. These images shall be located near the
edges and the center of the film so as to test the contrast
VI-A-221 Reference Film sensitivity throughout the scan path.
The reference film shall be specified in VI-A-230 and
VI-A-240. VI-A-234 Dynamic Range Targets
Stepped density targets shall consist of a series of 0.4
VI-A-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS in. by 0.4 in. (10 mm by 10 mm) steps aligned in a row
with densities ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 with no greater
VI-A-231 Reference Targets
than 0.5 optical density steps. At four places on the density
The illustration of the reference film and its targets is strip (at approximately 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 optical densi-
as shown in Fig. VI-A-1. ties), there shall be optical density changes of 0.02 which
shall also be used to test the contrast sensitivity. These
stepped density targets shall be located near the edges of
VI-A-232 Spatial Resolution Targets
the film and near the center so as to test the dynamic
The reference film shall contain spatial resolution tar- range throughout the scan path.
gets as follows:
VI-A-232.1 Converging Line Pair Targets. Con- VI-A-235 Spatial Linearity Targets
verging line pairs shall consist of 3 identical groups of
Measurement scale targets shall be located in the hori-
no less than 6 converging line pairs (6 light lines and 6
zontal and vertical dimensions. The measurement scale
dark lines). The targets shall have a maximum resolution
targets shall be in English and/or metric divisions.
of no less than 20 line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm) and
a minimum resolution of no greater than 1 lp/mm. The
3 line pair groups shall be oriented in the vertical, hori-
VI-A-240 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS
zontal, and the last group shall be 45 deg. from the previ-
ous two groups. The maximum resolution shall be Manufacturing specifications shall be minimum
oriented toward the corners of the film. Reference marks requirements necessary for producing the reference film.
shall be provided to indicate spatial resolution at levels The reference film shall have a unique identification
of no less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, and 20 lp/ which appears as an image when digitized.
30
ARTICLE 2 — MANDATORY APPENDICES
FIG. VI-A-1 REFERENCE FILM
31
--``,``,``,,,```,,,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
VI-A-241 2004 SECTION V VI-A-245
VI-A-241 Material (a) The tolerance for the optical density changes stated
The reference film shall be a fine grain, industrial type in VI-A-233 and VI-A-234 shall be ±0.005.
film. The film used will be of high quality so the required (b) The measured densities shall be within ±0.15 of
specifications in VI-A-230 are met. the values stated in VI-A-233 and VI-A-234. The actual
--``,``,``,,,```,,,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
densities shall be recorded and furnished with the refer-

VI-A-242 Film Size ence film.
(c) Density requirements shall be in accordance with
The film size shall be sufficient to accommodate the
ANSI IT-2.19.
largest area of interest to be digitized.
(d) The background density, where there are no images
VI-A-243 Spatial Resolution located, shall have a 3.0 optical density ±0.5.
The spatial resolution shall be a minimum of 20 lp/mm.

VI-A-245 Linearity
VI-A-244 Density
The relative densities stated in VI-A-233 and VI-A- The measurement scale targets shall be accurately elec-
234 shall be within ±0.005 optical density. tronically produced to ±0.05 in. (±1.3 mm).
32
ARTICLE 2
MANDATORY APPENDIX
APPENDIX VII — RADIOGRAPHIC (a) Casting Areas Prior to Finish Machining. The IQI
EXAMINATION OF METALLIC shall be based on a thickness that does not exceed the
CASTINGS finished thickness by more than 20% or 1⁄4 in. (6 mm),
whichever is greater. In no case shall an IQI size be
VII-210 SCOPE based on a thickness greater than the thickness being
Metallic castings, due to their inherent complex con- radiographed.
figurations, present examination conditions that are (b) Casting Areas That Will Remain in the As-Cast
unique to this product form. Condition. The IQI shall be based on the thickness being
Radiographic examination may be performed on cast- radiographed.
ings when the modified provisions to Article 2, as indi-
cated herein, are satisfied.
VII-280 EVALUATION
VII-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS VII-282 Radiographic Density

VII-282.1 Density Limitations. The transmitted film
VII-224 System of Identification
density through the radiographic image of the body of
A system shall be used to produce permanent identifi- the appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to the designated
cation on the radiograph traceable to the contract, compo- wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest shall be 1.5
nent, or part numbers, as appropriate. In addition, each minimum for single film viewing. For composite viewing
film of a casting being radiographed shall be plainly and of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite
permanently identified with the name or symbol of the set shall have a minimum density of 1.0. The maximum
Material Manufacturer, Certificate Holder, or Subcontrac- density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing.
tor, job or heat number, date, and, if applicable, repairs A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations
(R1, R2, etc.). This identification system does not neces- between densitometer readings.
sarily require that the information appear as radiographic
images. In any case, this information shall not obscure
the area of interest. VII-290 DOCUMENTATION
VII-293 Layout Details1
VII-270 EXAMINATION To assure that all castings are radiographed consistently
VII-271 Radiographic Technique in the same manner, layout details shall be provided. As
VII-271.2 Double-Wall Viewing Technique. A dou- a minimum, the layout details shall include:
ble-wall viewing technique may be used for cylindrical (a) sketches of the casting, in as many views as neces-
castings 31⁄2 in. (88 mm) or less in O.D. or when the sary, to show the approximate position of each location
shape of a casting precludes single-wall viewing. marker; and
(b) source angles if not perpendicular to the film.
VII-276 IQI Selection
VII-276.3 Additional IQI Selection Requirements. 1
Sample layout and technique details are illustrated in SE-1030,
The thickness on which the IQI is based is the single- Appendix (Nonmandatory Information) X1, Fig. X1.1, Radiographic
wall thickness. Standard Shooting Sketch (RSS).
33
ARTICLE 2
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX
04 APPENDIX A — RECOMMENDED
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
SKETCHES FOR
PIPE OR TUBE WELDS
A-210 SCOPE
The sketches in this Appendix illustrate techniques
used in the radiographic examination of pipe or tube
welds.
Other techniques may be used.
34
ARTICLE 2 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES
FIG. A-210-1 SINGLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES 04
Source-Weld-Film Arrangement IQI

Location
Exposure Radiograph Marker
O.D. Technique Viewing End View Side View Selection Placement Placement
Film Source
Single-
Wall Side
T-271.1 T-277.1(a)
T-276 Either
Single- and Side
Any
Wall Table T-275.3
Source T-275.1(c)
T-276
Film
Side
T-277.1(b)
Exposure Arrangement — A
Single- Source
Wall Side
Source
T-271.1 T-277.1(a)
T-276 Film
and Side
Any Single-
Table T-275.1
Wall
T-276 (b)(1)
Film
Film
Side
Exposure Arrangement — B T-277.1(b)
Source
Source
Side
Single- T-277.1(a)
Wall
T-271.1 T-276 Source
Film and Side
Any Single-
Wall Table T-275.1
T-276 (a)(3)
Film
Side
Exposure Arrangement — C T-277.1(b)
35
2004 SECTION V
04 FIG. A-210-2 DOUBLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

Source-Weld-Film Arrangement IQI Location
Exposure Radiograph Marker
O.D. Technique Viewing End View Side View Selection Placement Placement
Optional
source
location Source
Double- Side T-
Wall: T- 277.1(a)
271.2(a) at
T-276 Film
Least 3
Single- and Side
Any Exposures
Wall Table T- T-275.1
120 deg. to
276 (b)(1)
Each Other
for Complete
Coverage Film Side
Film T-277.1(b)
Exposure arrangement — D
Optional
source
location Source
Double- Side T-
Wall: T- 277.1(a)
271.2(a) at
T-276 Film
least 3 Expo-
Single- and Side T-
Any sures 120
Wall Table T- 275.1
deg. to Each
276 (b)(1)
Other for
Complete
Coverage Film Side
T-277.1(b)
Film
Exposure arrangement — E
Source
Double-Wall
Double-
T-
Wall
271.2(b)(1)
(Ellipse): T-276
1 at Least 2 Source Either
3 ⁄2 in. (88 mm) Read Off- and
Exposures at Side T- Side T-
or Less set Source Table T-
90 deg. to 277.1(a) 275.2
Side and 276
Each Other
Film Side
for Complete
Images
Coverage
Film
Exposure arrangement — F
(continued)
36
--``,``,``,,,```,,,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. A-210-2 DOUBLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES (CONT’D)

Source-Weld-Film Arrangement IQI Location
Radiograph
Exposure Marker
Viewing
O.D. Technique End View Side View Selection Placement Placement
Source
Double-
Wall: T- Double-
271.2(b)(2) Wall: Read
at Least 3 Super- T-276
Source Either
31⁄2 in. (88 mm) Exposures at imposed and
Side T- Side T-
or Less 60 deg. or Source Table T-
277.1(a) 275.2
120 deg. to Side and 276
Each Other Film Side
for Complete Images
Coverage
Film
Exposure arrangement — G
37
--``,``,``,,,```,,,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ARTICLE 2
APPENDIX C — HOLE-TYPE rial to demonstrate suggested locations of IQIs and are

IQI PLACEMENT SKETCHES not intended to cover all configurations or applications
FOR WELDS of production radiography. Other IQI locations may be
used provided they comply with the requirements of Arti-
C-210 SCOPE cle 2. Wire IQIs shall be placed in accordance with the
The figures in this Appendix demonstrate typical IQI requirements of Article 2.
(hole type) placement for welds. These sketches are tuto-
38
--``,``,``,,,```,,,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--``,``,``,,,```,,,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
GENERAL NOTE: LEGEND:

P and P1 are suggested placements of IQIs and are not intended P p IQI placement
to cover all geometric configurations or applications of production P1 p alternate IQI placement
radiography. SH p shim
T p weld thickness upon which the IQI is based
TN p nominal wall thickness
TS p total thickness including backing strip and/or reinforcement
when not removed
FIG. C-210-1 SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE-TYPE IQI PLACEMENTS
39
--``,``,``,,,```,,,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 2004 SECTION V
GENERAL NOTES: LEGEND:

(a) P and P1 are suggested placements of IQIs and are not intended P p IQI placement
to cover all geometric configurations or applications of produc- P1 p alternate IQI placement
tion radiography. SH p shim
(b) IQI is based on the single-wall thickness plus reinforcement. T p weld thickness upon which the IQI is based
when not removed
40
GENERAL NOTE: LEGEND:

P and P1 are suggested placements of IQIs and are not intended P p IQI placement
to cover all geometric configurations or applications of production P1 p alternate IQI placement
radiography. SH p shim
when not removed
41
--``,``,``,,,```,,,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--``,``,``,,,```,,,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 2004 SECTION V
GENERAL NOTES: LEGEND:

(a) P and P1 are suggested placements of IQIs and are not intended
to cover all geometric configurations or applications of production P p IQI placement
radiography. P1 p alternate IQI placement
(b) IQI is based on the single-wall thickness plus reinforcement. SH p shim
TS p total thickness including backing strip and/or reinforce-
ment when not removed
42
ARTICLE 2
APPENDIX D — NUMBER OF special cases described in T-277.2(b). These figures are

IQIs (SPECIAL CASES) not intended to cover all configurations or applications
of production radiography.
D-210 SCOPE
The figures in this Appendix illustrate examples of the
number and placement of IQIs that may be used in the
43
2004 SECTION V
FIG. D-210-1 COMPLETE CIRCUMFERENCE FIG. D-210-2 SECTION OF CIRCUMFERENCE

CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT 240 deg. OR MORE CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT
[T-277.2(b)(1)(a) & T-277.2(b)(3)] (EXAMPLE IS ALTERNATE INTERVALS)
[T-277.2(b)(1)(b) & T-277.2(b)(3)]
FIG. D-210-3 SECTION(S) OF CIRCUMFERENCE FIG. D-210-4 SECTION(S) OF CIRCUMFERENCE

LESS THAN 240 deg. CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT EQUAL TO OR MORE THAN 120 deg. AND LESS THAN
[T-277.2(b)(2)(b)] 240 deg. CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT
[T-277.2(b)(2)(b) OPTION]
44
,,,````,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- ARTICLE 2 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES
FIG. D-210-6 WELDS IN SEGMENTS OF SPHERICAL

COMPONENT
[T-277.2(b)(5) & T-277.2(b)(5)(b) & T-277.2(b)(6)]
FIG. D-210-5 COMPLETE CIRCUMFERENTIAL

WELDS SPHERICAL COMPONENT
[T-277.2(b)(4)(a) & T-277.2(b)(6)]
FIG. D-210-7 PLAN VIEW A-A FIG. D-210-8 ARRAY OF OBJECTS IN A CIRCLE
[T-277.2(b)(7)]
45

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ARTICLE 2

T-223 Backscatter Radiation

5 0.005 (0.13) 0.010 (0.25) 0.020 (0.51) 0.040 (1.02)

T-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

T-232 Intensifying Screens 0.0032 (0.08) 1 0.010 (0.25) 6

T-270 EXAMINATION the minimum number of exposures indicated in (b)(1) or

A single-wall exposure technique shall be used for

message: please call the Document Policy Group at 303-397-2295.

new u/2110503106, 11/18/2004 11:25:19 MST Questions or comments about this

Document provided by IHS Licensee=Fluor Corp no FPPPV per administrator /use

Up to 0.25, incl. Up to 6.4, incl. 12 5 10 4

TABLE T-283 tion from backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph

be exceeded, and the minimum density requirements of

APPENDIX I — IN-MOTION c p distance from weld side of the diaphragm to the

c (F + a) I-274.3 Unsharpness Limitations. Recommended 04

FIG. I-263 BEAM WIDTH DETERMINATION

APPENDIX II — REAL-TIME II-235 Calibration Block

II-263 System Performance Measurement

II-264 Measurement With a Calibration Block II-290 DOCUMENTATION

APPENDIX III — DIGITAL IMAGE III-234 Viewing Considerations

III-222 Original Image Artifacts

the system in operation to assure consistent results. The III-290 DOCUMENTATION

IV-234 Viewing Considerations IV-263 System Performance Measurement

IV-250 IMAGE ACQUISITION, STORAGE,

VI-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS VI-250 TECHNIQUE

agency, as having the ability to acquire, display, and VI-280 EVALUATION

FIG. VI-A-1 REFERENCE FILM

densities shall be recorded and furnished with the refer-

The spatial resolution shall be a minimum of 20 lp/mm.

VII-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS VII-282 Radiographic Density

FIG. A-210-1 SINGLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES 04

Source-Weld-Film Arrangement IQI

04 FIG. A-210-2 DOUBLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

FIG. A-210-2 DOUBLE-WALL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES (CONT’D)

APPENDIX C — HOLE-TYPE rial to demonstrate suggested locations of IQIs and are

GENERAL NOTE: LEGEND:

FIG. C-210-1 SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE-TYPE IQI PLACEMENTS

GENERAL NOTES: LEGEND:

FIG. C-210-2 SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE-TYPE IQI PLACEMENTS

GENERAL NOTE: LEGEND:

FIG. C-210-3 SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE-TYPE IQI PLACEMENTS

GENERAL NOTES: LEGEND:

FIG. C-210-4 SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE-TYPE IQI PLACEMENTS

APPENDIX D — NUMBER OF special cases described in T-277.2(b). These figures are

FIG. D-210-1 COMPLETE CIRCUMFERENCE FIG. D-210-2 SECTION OF CIRCUMFERENCE

FIG. D-210-3 SECTION(S) OF CIRCUMFERENCE FIG. D-210-4 SECTION(S) OF CIRCUMFERENCE

FIG. D-210-6 WELDS IN SEGMENTS OF SPHERICAL

FIG. D-210-5 COMPLETE CIRCUMFERENTIAL

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