Hypertension in Pregnancy - Malang 23-9-201
Hypertension in Pregnancy - Malang 23-9-201
Hypertension in Pregnancy - Malang 23-9-201
in Pregnancy
Syakib Bakri
Makassar
Maternal mortality ratios for 2000 by medical cause
and world region
• 1%-5% of pregnancies
• Secondary hypertension
• Target organ damage
• Maternal age ≥40 years
• Microvascular disease
• Previous loss
• BP ≥180/110 mmHg
Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrating the
association of chronic hypertension with pregnancy
complications
Gestational Hypertension
• 6%-7% of pregnancies
• 5%-7% of pregnancies
Maternal Complications
Abruptio placentae (1% - 4%)
Disseminated coagulopathy / HELLP syndrome (10% - 20%)
Pulmonary edeme / aspiration (2% - 5%)
Acute renal failure (1% - 5%)
Eclampsia (<1%)
Liver failure of hemorrhage (<1%)
Stroke (rare)
Death (rare)
Long-term cardiovascular morbidity
Neonatal Complications
Preterm delivery (15% - 67%)
Fetal growth restriction (10% - 25%)
Hypoxia-neurologic injury (<1%)
Perinatal death (1% - 2%)
Long-term cardiovascular morbidity associated with low birth weight (fetal origin of adult
disease)
Pathogenesis of preeclampsia: two-stage
model
AT1-AA, autoan/bodies to angiotensin receptor 1; COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase; HTN, hypertension; LFT, liver
func/on test; PlGF1, placental growth factor 1; PRES, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; sEng, soluble endoglin;
sFlt-1, soluble fms–like tyrosine kinase 1; sVEGFR1, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1; VEGF, vascular
endothelial growth factor
Stage 1
Poor
First half of No symptoms
placenta/on
pregnancy
Maternal systemic
inflammatory stress
Clinical sign of
pre-eclampsia
Aims of an8hypertensive treatment
• Prevent and treat severe hypertension
• Prolong pregnancy for as long as safety
possible
• Maximizing the gesta/onal age of the
newborn
• Minimize fetal exposure to medica/on that
may have adverse effects
Some facts related to ini/a/on an/-hypertensive
drugs in pregnant women with mild hypertension:
• Lack of evidence that treatment of mild hypertension in pregnancy
leads to improved maternal outcomes
• Assump/on that mild hypertension of 4–5 months dura/on does
not adversely affect immediate and long-term cardiovascular
disease (CVD)
• Concern that decreased maternal BP may compromise
uteroplacental and fetal circula/on, thus, resul/ng in small-for-
gesta/onal–age (SGA) infant
• Poten/al increase in risk for fetal adverse effects due to exposure
to poten/ally harmful medica/ons in utero.
Summary of society guidelines regarding blood
pressure treatment thresholds and targets
Abbrevia/ons: NHBPEP, the Na/onal High Blood Pressure Educa/on Program; ACOG, American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists; HTN, hypertension; NICE, Na/onal Ins/tute for Health and Clinical
Excellence
Vest AR, Cho LS. Cardiol Clin 30 (2012) 407–423
An8hypertensive Drugs in Pregnancy (1)
Methyldopa : firstline agent historically because it is
associated with stable uteroplacental blood flow &
fetal hemodynamic
Calcium channel blocker (Long-ac/ng formula/on):
firstline agent. Nifedipine, Dil/azem, Verapamil is
safe.
Beta-blockers : safety issue is controversial due to
reports of premature labor, fetal growth retarda/on,
neonatal apnea, bradycardia & hypoglycemia.
Should probably be avoided before third semester.
An8hypertensive Drugs in Pregnancy (2)
Diure8cs : the use of diure/c remains controversial.
Not contraindicated in pregnancy except in sekng in
uretoplacental perfusion is already reduced (i.e.
preeclampsia and/or fetal growth retarda/on
Drug ac8ng on Renin-Angiotensin System :
contraindicated, even in women are planning to
become pregnant (increased risk of malforma/ons,
fetal growth retarda/on, oligohydramnions, neonatal
renal failure, neonatal death)
Labetalol (alpha & beta-blockers) : firstline agent
according of many experts. Not available in Indonesia
Preven/on of preeclampsia
• Low dose aspirin : use advised in women at
high risk
• Fish oil supplementa/on : not recomended
• Calcium supplementa/on : use advised in low
calcium intake popula6on
• Vitamin C and E : not remcomended
• Other an/-oxidant : not recomended
• The op/mal /ming and choice of therapy for hypertensive pregnancy disorders
involves carefully weighing the risk-versus-benefit ra/o for each individual pa/ent,
with an overall goal of improving maternal and fetal outcomes.
• Methyldopa and calcium channel blocker can be used as a firstline drugs. Diure/cs
and betablockers can be used as a secondline drugs by taking into account risk-
benefit ra/o. Drugs ac/ng on renin-angiotensin system are contraindicated in
pregnancy.