Modification of Hot Mix Asphalt Using Polyethylene PDF
Modification of Hot Mix Asphalt Using Polyethylene PDF
Modification of Hot Mix Asphalt Using Polyethylene PDF
1, 2017
ahmed.mancy@muc.edu.iq
Received: 27/04/2017
Accepted: 22/05/2017
ABSTRACT- This study covers usage of Polyethylene Therephthalate (PET) waste bottles to modify the
properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. The study adopted usage of ground PET waste bottles
with maximum particle size of 2.36 mm with different contents (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 0.9%, and
1.1% by the weight) to replace an equivalent portion of fine aggregate. The study involved a number of
laboratory tests to investigate the effects of the mentioned PET content on the engineering properties of
HMA. In addition to tests implemented to specify the properties of materials used and to determine
mixing and compaction temperatures, the testing program included Marshall tests, rutting susceptibility
tests, and indirect tensile strength tests applied on a number of control (unmodified) and modified
samples. The results exhibited significant improvement in engineering properties of mixtures modified
with optimum PET content (which was found to be 0.5%) in terms of increase in stability, stiffness, and
indirect tensile strength and decrease in rutting susceptibility without adverse effects on the other
desirable properties of the mixture.
ﺗﺑﻧت اﻟدراﺳﺔ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗك. ﺗﻐطﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻟدراﺳﺔ اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﺧﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﻧﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺑﻼﺳﺗﻛﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﺧواص اﻟﺧﻠطﺎت اﻷﺳﻔﻠﺗﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺧﻧﺔ-اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﻠص
ﻣن وزن%1.1 ؛ و%0.9 ؛%0.7؛%0.5 ؛%0.3 ؛%0.1) ﻣﻠم و ﺑﻧﺳب اﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﯾﺷﻣل2.36 اﻟﻣﺳﺣوق ﺑﻣﻘﺎس ﺣﺑﯾﺑﻲ ﻻ ﯾﺗﺟﺎوز
ﺷﻣﻠت اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﻋدد ﻣن اﻟﻔﺣوص اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑرﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺑﯾن ﺗﺎﺛﯾر اﻟﻣﺿﺎف اﻟﻣﺷﺎر اﻟﯾﻪ و.اﻟرﻛﺎم( ﻻﺳﺗﺑدال ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺋﺔ ﻣن اﻟرﻛﺎم اﻟﻧﺎﻋم ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺿﺎف اﻟﻣﻘﺗرح
ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺣوص اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﺗﺑﻧﯾﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد ﺧواص اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ و.ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳب اﻟﻣﺑﯾﻧﻪ اﻋﻼﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺧواص اﻟﻬﻧدﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺧطﺎت اﻻﺳﻔﻠﺗﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺧﻧﺔ
ﺗم اﺟراء ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻔﺣوص.ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد درﺟﺎت ﺣرارة اﻟﻣزج و اﻟرص؛ ﺷﻣل ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﺣوص ﻓﺣص ﻣﺎرﺷﺎل و ﻓﺣص اﻟﺗﺧدد و ﻓﺣص اﻟﺷد ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر
ﺑﯾﻧت اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺣﺳﻧﺎ ﻣؤﺛرا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧواص اﻟﻬﻧدﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﻠطﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﺳﻧﺔ.ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋدد ﻣن اﻟﻧﻣﺎذج ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺣﺳﻧﺔ و ﺗﻠك اﻟﻣﺣﺳﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳب اﻟﻣﺷﺎر اﻟﯾﻬﺎ
ﯾﻼﺣظ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺛﺑﺎت و اﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺷد ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر و اﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﻠطﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺧدد دون.( ﻣن اﻟﻣﺿﺎف اﻟﻣﻘﺗرح%0.5) ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﺛﻠﻰ
.ﺗﺎﺛﯾر ﺳﻠﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧواص اﻟﺧﻠﯾط
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SUST Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences (JECS), Vol. 18, No.1, 2017
materials due to the huge volumes of highways prepared samples. The testing procedure includes
projects. A number of researches were performed a number of tests to specify the properties of
in this domain [47-62]. Ahmadinia et al. (2011, 2012) materials used and viscosity tests to determine
and Baghaee et al. (2012) studied the performance mixing and compaction temperatures related to
of PET on stone mastic asphalt [47-49]. The project predetermined asphalt viscosities. In addition, the
includes a series of researches, majorly, focused testing program applied on unmodified and
on resistance of mastic asphalt to permanent modified samples includes Marshall tests, rutting
deformations. Vasudevan et al. (2012) proposed a susceptibility tests, and indirect tensile strength
technique to use PET in flexible pavements [62]; tests (ITS) for unconditioned and conditioned
similar approach was adopted by Gürü et al. samples. The results exhibited significant
(2014) [56]. Rahman and Wahab (2013) studied the improvement in engineering properties of
possibility of using recycled PET in HMA based modified samples compared to those of control
on Malaysian standards and conditions [60]. (unmodified) samples.
Baghaee et al. (2014, 2015) studied the effects of
PET on permanent deformations in asphalt MATERIALS AND METHODS
mixtures under dynamic and static loads [50-54]. In a. Aggregate
addition to laboratory approach, the researches The aggregate used in this investigation was
adopted theoretical approaches including statistical obtained from Al-Nibaee in Salah Aldine
analysis and neuro-fuzzy methodology to achieve Governorate. Generally, the aggregate used in this
the objectives of the researches. Modarres and study is angular, and free from clay, organics, and
Hamedi (2014) and Dehghan and Modarres (2017) foreign materials. It has uniform quality,
adopted PET fibers to study the fatigue composed of sound, tough, and durable particles.
characteristics of HMA [55, 57,58]. Soltani et al. To investigate the properties of aggregate, a
(2015) adopted response surface methodology to number of tests were performed. All properties
analyze fatigue properties of HMA mixed with comply with the requirements of Iraqi standard
PET. Moghaddam et al. (2016) adopted a specifications for roads and bridges where
theoretical approach involving genetic algorithm, applicable as shown in Table 1. The gradation of
neural network and fuzzy logic to estimate the the aggregate is illustrated in Figure 1.
fatigue life of MHA modified with PET waste [59]. b. Asphalt cement
However, the research in this domain must be The asphalt cement used in this investigation was
extended to cover more effects of PET on the obtained from Al-Dora refinery in Baghdad city in
properties of asphalt mixtures. Therefore, this Iraq. The properties of asphalt cement used in this
study aims to fill the gaps left in the other study were investigated based on extensive
researches through adopting additional tests, laboratory testing. The results of the tests were
different asphalt grade, different PET contents and compared with Iraqi requirements where specified.
particles’ size, and different aggregate origin and All properties comply the requirements of Iraqi
gradation. In addition, the present study aims to standard specifications for roads and bridges as
study the long term effects of using PET as a shown in Table 2.
HMA modifier under different conditions such as
saturation and freezing and thawing cycles. This c. PET
study selected PET waste bottles due to its great PET is a semi-crystalline polymer has high tensile
availability everywhere. This paper covers a strength, high chemical resistance, and melting
laboratory-oriented study to investigate the effects point of 260±10oC [63]. PET waste bottles, in this
of using different PET contents (0.1%, 0.3%, study, were collected from local trash and,
0.5%, 0.7%, 0.9%, and 1.1% by the weight of mechanically, grinded into fine particles (not more
aggregate) on the engineering properties of HMA. than 2.36 mm) to replace an equivalent portion of
The PET content was considered to replace fine aggregate of HMA mixtures. The main
equivalent amount of fine aggregates as the properties of PET used in this study are presented
particle size of PET used in this study is within the in Table 3.
range of fine aggregate. This action (equivalent This work, carried out in Khartoum North Power
replacement) ensures constant asphalt contents in Station. The power station included two
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SUST Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences (JECS), Vol. 18, No.1, 2017
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SUST Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences (JECS), Vol. 18, No.1, 2017
different PET contents on the properties of the contents are slighter than those of air void ones.
mixture. The justification of this trend is similar to that
The results exhibited that the bulk specific stated in case of air voids trend.
gravity(Gmb) values of modified samples decrease
c. Results of Rutting Tests
with increase of PET content as shown in Figure
Figure 4-a illustrates the results of this test for
2-a. This behavior can be attributed to the decrease
unmodified samples and those modified with
in overall specific gravity of aggregate (Figure 2-
different PET contents. The results exhibited that
b) as a result to decrease in overall specific gravity
the rutting susceptibility of modified samples is
of fine aggregate (Figure 2-c) with increase of
less than that of control samples. Figure 4-b
PET content as the specific gravity of PET is less
abstracts the values of rut depth after 20000 wheel
than that of fine aggregates; a portion of fine
passes for unmodified and modified samples.
aggregate was replaced with equivalent amount of
However, rut depth values decrease with increase
PET as, previously, mentioned. In addition,
of PET content up to 0.5% then increases with
decrease in Gmb values with increase of PET
increase of PET content. This behavior can be
content can be a result of decrease in mixture
attributed to the generation of stiffer mixture using
compatibility. Decrease in mixture compatibility
moderate PET content [47]. However, using
can be justified by two reasons: inconsistence
excessive PET contents decreases the stability and
structure of PET and reduction in lubrication by
increases the air voids which increase the rutting
hot asphalt during compaction due to absorption of
susceptibility. Unfortunately, mixtures with low
an amount of asphalt by PET. Figure 2-d show that
rutting susceptibility are, normally, exhibit low
Stability values increase with increase of PET
resistance to cracking [64] which make them
content up to 0.5% then decease with increase of
suitable for hot regions but not suitable for cold
PET content. Moderate content of PET produces
regions where cracking is more probable [65].
stiffer mixtures which make them more stable
Although that, the modified mixtures (especially
compared to unmodified ones [48]. However,
those modified with optimum PET content) have
excessive PET content, possibly, absorbs high
properties suitable even for cold regions as the
amount of asphalt, increases the heterogeneity of
flow values are within the acceptable range. In
mixture, and reduces compatibility leading to
addition, the modified mixtures can be applied in
decrease in stability. Figure 2-e exhibited that
cold regions with some adjustments including
Marshall flow values decrease with increase of
increasing the asphalt content and using softer
PET contents up to 0.3% then increase with
asphalt cement initially. Precautions must be
increase in PET content. As mentioned, adding
adopted when applying these adjustments to cover
PET produces stiffer mixtures which decrease the
all engineering properties required in the mixture.
flow. However, as excessive PET content
Fortunately, the rut depth values in all samples are
decreases the stability, it increases the flow
less than 20% of the samples’ thickness which is
consequently. The values of Marshall stiffness
acceptable in pavement technology [66].
follow a trend similar to that obtained for Marshall
stability as shown in Figure 2-f. However, the d. Results of ITS Tests
highest stiffness value was attained using 0.3% The results of this tests of unconditioned samples
PET content. These results are expected as (control and modified) exhibited that the ITS
stiffness value is the stability divided by the flow. values of modified samples are higher than those
Figure 2-g exhibited that the air void values of control samples as shown in Figure 5-a. This
increase with increase in PET content. Three behavior is, probably, related to the reinforcing
possible reasons may justify this trend: PET role of PET in the mixtures. ITS values obtained
absorbs an amount of asphalt, decrease the mixture from testing of conditioned samples were similar
homogeneity, and decrease compatibility; these to those obtained from unconditioned samples as
factors increases the air voids. Figure 2-h shows modified samples exhibited higher ITS values than
that VMA values changed by increase in PET that attained by control samples as shown in
contents with a trend similar to that for air voids Figure 5-a. These results differ from results stated
(Figure 2-g). However, the differences among by one literature [47]. This difference may be
VMA values related to addition of different PET attributed to the differences in the properties of
65
SUST Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences (JECS), Vol. 18, No.1, 2017
materials used. Figure 5-b presents the values of [6] A. M. Mosa, R. Atiq, M. Raihantaha and A. Ismail,
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66
requirements [ ]. construction problems in rigid highway pavements,
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
CONCLUSIONS 5, no. 6, 1126-1136.
This study is a laboratory-oriented approach to [7] M. S. Ranadive and A. B. Tapase, (2016),
investigate the effects of different contents of PET Parameter sensitive analysis of flexible pavement,
International Journal of Pavement Research and
on the engineering properties of HMA. From the
Technology 9, no. 6, 466-472.
results of the tests stated in the previous [8] A. S. M. A. Rahman and R. A. Tarefder, (2016),
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Figure 5 Indirect Tensile Strength tests results of unconditioned and conditioned samples
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