MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION PRACTICES OF

CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE CATTLE RAISING PRACTICES

BRGY. ILIN, SAN JOSE, OCCIDENTAL MINDORO

An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of College of Agriculture

OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
Murtha Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
Major in Animal Science

GEROME E. VENTURINA
2016

1
 CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

The Philippines is primarily an agricultural country. Growth in agriculture is crucial,

considering that this sector is the base of 70% of the population. The livestock and poultry sub-

sector, in particular, is a vital segment of the economy. Livestock is firmly integrated into the

economic structure of farm and village life. Livestock raising is being recognized as a key element

which contributes to rural income and to the efficient use of the available resources in the rural

sector. The raising of farm animals is still on a small scale basis since it is intimately tied-in with

farmers' activities and way of life. Cattle and carabao are mainly raised for draught purposes and

as source of cash in time of needs. Also, these animals offer a means whereby crop products and

farm residues as well as native vegetation in uncultivated areas are converted into meat, milk, hides

and other by-products (Castillo,2002)

Cattle Raising has gained prominence as an important business project of the livestock

industry in the Philippines. It gives the farmer year-round work and provides him with extra

income, (BAR,2012).

Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over

periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in the average

weather conditions or a change in the distribution of weather events. Climate change may be

limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth ( Cook, 2011).

2
 Animals in farming systems play a very important multifunctional role throughout the

developing world of much significance for resource-poor farmers. A very large portion of the poor

farmers own animals for socio-economic reasons and food security. Climate changes will have a

significant effect on animal production systems (Devendra,2012).

In this study, the proponent aims to determine the perception of the cattle raisers on the

effect of climate change in the cattle production in Brgy. Ilin, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro.

Statement of the Problem

1. What are the profile of cattle raisers in terms of :

a. Age ;

b. Educational attainment ;

c. Total land area;

d. Household size

e. Training and Seminar attended related to cattle raising and

f. Organizational affiliation

2. What are the effects of climate change to the cattle in terms of:

a. Topography of pasture area

b. Number of years engaged in cattle raising

c. Number of workers employed in cattle raising

d. Source of cattle Stocks

e. Number of cattle stock raised

f. Type of cattle grazing

3
 g. Types of cattle breed; and

h. System of Breeding?

3. What are the effects of climate change in cattle raising?

4. What are the impacts of climate change in cattle raising?

5. What are the migitation and adaptation practices applied by the cattle raisers on the effect

and impact of climate change in the cattle raising?

Objectives of the Study

1. To describe the profile of the cattle raisers.

2. To determine the cattle raising practices employed by the cattle raisers.

3. To determine the effect of climate change in cattle raising.

4. To determine the impact of climate change in cattle raising.

5. To determine the mitigation practices applied by the cattle raiser.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will be a great help to the concerned authorities and agencies to

gain relevant information about the impact of climate change in cattle production and its coping

mechanism. It will also provide relevant knowledge to the following:

Cattle Raisers. The generate knowledge will provide to the cattle raisers to use the coping

strategies to reduce the impact of climate change in cattle production.

Academe. The facts and information will be used in extension program of the college to the cattle

raisers as well as to the animal producers in the province.

4
 Local Government Units. The data will be utilized by the LGU planners for the development of

plan particularly in animal production in their respective areas.

Researchers in Animal Society. The data and information will be used as reference to their related

studies about climate change.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will be focused only on the impact of climate change and mitigation practices

in cattle raising in Brgy Ilin, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. The respondents are the selected cattle

raisers and owners in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. This study will be conducted on June to

October 2015.

Conceptual Framework

The figure 1 shows the research paradigm of the study, the left box will illustrate the cattle

raisers profile and right box will indicate the cattle raising practices. The center shape will

corroborate the result of this study.

Conceptual Framework

Climate Change
Mitigation and
Cattle Raisers Profile Climate
Adaptation Practices in
ChangeEffects and
Island of Ilin, San Jose,
Impacts
Occidental Mindoro

Fig. 1. Research paradigm.

5
Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally for better understanding of the study:

Profile of cattle raiser- in this study, profile of cattle raisers were describe in terms of age,

educational attainment, total land area, household size, training and seminar attended, and

organizational affiliation.

Age- the length of time or duration of life of a person has existed. In this study, age was

measured using mean.

Educational attainment-refer to highest degree of education of a person has completed. In this

study, educational attainment was classified as elementary undergraduate, elementary graduate,

high school graduate, vocational, college undergraduate and college graduate.

Land area. Refer to the size of the farm area utilize in farming. In this study, land area was

measuring using mean.

Household size. Refer to number of person in a farm family living together in a home. In this

study, household size was measured using mean.

Training and seminar attended. Refer to the education participated in relation to cattle raising

and climate change. In this study, training and seminar attended was measured by counting the

number of attendances.

Organizational affiliation. Refer to the membership of a person in any organization. In this

study, organizational affiliation was measured by mean yes or no.

6
Cattle raising practices – In this study, cattle raising practices were described in terms of

topography of pasture area, number of year engaged in cattle raising, number of workers

involved in cattle raising, source of stock, number of head raised, type of grazing, type of cattle

breed and type of breeding system.

Topography of pasture area. Refer to the feature of land utilized in cattle raising. In this study,

topology of pasture area was classifies as plain, slope and highland.

Number of year engaged in the cattle raising. Refer to length of year involved in animal

farming experiences. In this study, number of year engaged in cattle raising was measured using

mean.

Number of worker involved in cattle raising. Refer to the quality of labor force work engaged

in raising the cattle. In this study, number of worker involved in cattle raising was measured

using mean.

Source of cattle stock. Refer to the number of heads of cattle produced by the cattle raisers. It

was measured using mean.

Number of cattle stock raised. Refer to the number of heads of cattle produced by the cattle

raisers. It was measured using mean.

Types of cattle grazing. Refer to the nature of foraging or feeding the animals in the grassland.

In this study, cattle breed were classified as tethering and pasture type.

Types of cattle Breed. Refer to the kind of strain of cattle raised in the production of animal. In

this study, cattle breed were classified as native and upgraded type.

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System of Breeding Refer to the method of animal breeding in the field. In this study, breeding

was classified as crossbreeding and inbreeding practices.

Effect of climate change. In this study, effect of climate change to the animals were determined

as to reproduction, animal health and frequency of drinking.

Impact of climate change. In this study, impact of climate change to the animals were assessed

as to heat stress, feed consumption rate, total reproduction cost, profitability, water availability,

pest and disease spread and control

Mitigation practices. Refer to the short term response being employed of the farmer in the field.

Adaptation Practices- refer to the long term response utilized of the farmers on the field.

8
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Cattle Production

Cattle raising has gained prominence as an important business project of the livestock

industry in the Philippines. It gives the farmer year-round work and provides him with extra

income. He can make use of cheap, plentiful farm by-products such as corn stoves, rice straw,

copra meal, rice bran and sugarcane tops, which ordinarily go to waste. Most importantly, it helps

meet the urgent demand for high-protein foods in the Filipino diet (BAR 2012).

Climate Change

Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over

periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in the average

weather conditions or a change in the distribution of weather events with respect to an average, for

example, greater or fewer extreme weather events. Climate change may be limited to a specific

region, or may occur across the whole Earth (Cook, 2011).

The Impacts of Climate Change

A. Agriculture

Climate change could affect animal production and well-being, especially because of

increases in air temperature. However, the knowledge of animal responses to heat stress during the

hot months in several areas of the world, as well as during extreme heat events, may be used to

9
evaluate the impacts of global change. Some current practices to reduce heat stress in dairy cows,

such as shades, sprinklers and ventilation will be suitable for adapting to future climates if the

economics of heat stress management do not change radically. However, farmers are not quite

aware about the impacts of global warming can produce in their operation. Therefore, good

research work is needed to help them take strategic and tactical decisions ( Silvia E. Valtorta)

Projected changes in climate induced by increasing CO2 levels, primarily manifested as

increases in air temperature, will markedly reduce milk production levels in the central Great

Plains unless counter-acting measures are taken by producers. Swine producers in some areas may

experience increases in time to market of up to 74%. Beef producers potentially face up to

16% longer feeding periods and some dairy producers may encounter production losses of more

than $100/cow/season. (Frank, Mader, Harrington, and Hahn, u.d.).

Quantification of potential impacts of climate change on livestock production allows

producers to gain a better understanding of the magnitude of the changes in production levels faced

under climate change. Projected economic losses resulting from temperature-induced reductions

in production may justify mitigation of these temperature increases through changes in

management practices, such as installation of shades or sprinklers in feedlots or evaporative

cooling of barns (Frank, Mader, Harrington, and Hahn, u.d.).

B. Aquaculture

Other effects Increased frequency of extreme weather events will affect the safety of

fishers, damage homes, services and infrastructure, particularly in coastal areas (IPCC, 2007a) and

will also damage many coastal ecosystems. Mangroves and reefs, which provided vital defence in

many areas of the Indian Ocean following the Indonesian tsunami in 2004 and which protect small

10
islands from wave damage during regular hurricanes and tropical storms, will be damaged by

climate change, reducing their effectiveness as coastal defenses (UNEP-WCMC, 2006). Increases

in heavy rainfall events will increase flood risk, reduce water quality and threaten physical

infrastructure ( Williams)(Rota)

Adaptation measures are well known by managers and decision makers, but political will

and action is often lacking. To build resilience to the effects of climate change and derive

sustainable benefits, fisheries and aquaculture managers needs to adopt and adhere to best practices

such as those described in the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. These practices

need to be integrated more effectively with the management of river basins, watersheds and coastal

zones. Well-designed and reliable monitoring of fish stocks and the marine ecosystem is essential

in order to detect changes and give advance warning of alterations in the productivity of individual

species and of the structure and functioning of the ecosystems on which they depend (Yazdi and

Shakouri).

C. Land use and livelihood system

Available arable land in most countries in Asia is utilized to the maximum, and in some

cases has led to degradation. Irrigated agriculture is well developed in high potential areas, but

most countries are still heavily dependent on rainfed production systems. It is relevant to note that

irrigated agriculture is likely to suffer more from water stress and increased temperature than

rainfed areas. IPPC (2007) projections suggest that warming is likely to be above the global

average for Sub-Saharan Africa, eastern Asia and South Asia. El Nino will evidently increase the

risk of droughts over large areas across South and East Asia.

11
 The importance of rainfed agriculture in South East Asia, the total rainfed area is 99 million

ha and in South Asia 116 million ha. In South East Asia the rainfed area as a proportion of total

land available ranges from 63% in Indonesia.68% in Malaysia to 97% in Cambodia. In South Asia,

the corresponding values are from 27% in Pakistan to 84% in Nepal. Only in Pakistan and Sri

Lanka does the percentage of irrigated land exceed that of the rainfed area. In absolute terms

however, the largest irrigated land area of 43.8 million ha is found in India. The contributions of

rainfed production, excluding Pakistan, to agricultural gross domestic product ranges from16% in

Malaysia to 61% in Myanmar.

The justification for targeting rainfed areas for food production is urgent, and is linked to

the following two key issues: Human-induced climate change and climate instability with an

anticipated harsher climate will cause push for extreme poverty and survival; and Ensuring that

the efficiency in the use of available natural resources and resulting benefits soil-crop-animal

interactions are consistent with productivity enhancement, environmental integrity and sustainable

development of rainfed areas (Devendra, 2012).

D. Dry Land Agriculture

The value of the rainfed areas is totally dependent on rainfall. When the rains fail, the

potential disaster is explosive with several resultant implications: more droughts and climate

instability, failure of crop production and reduced grazing lands and feed availability, millions of

households and people, with their camels, goats, sheep and cattle are 
 forced into semi-nomadism

and nomadism, poor people are marginalized further into extreme poverty, starvation and


 vulnerability, erosion of biodiversity; and damage to the environment is inevitable (Devendra,

12
2012).

E. Animal production System

There are a number of potential effects of climate change on prevailing animal production

systems (Reynolds, Crompton & Mills 2011). These include impacts on forage yields, feedstuff

quality, availability and costs, water availability, thermal or heat stress and related welfare issues,

diseases spread and control and these factors in turn affect GHG emissions(Devendra, 2012,).

13
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter present the research design, locale of the study, the instrument use, the

respondents, and data gathering procedure and statistical tools and analysis in this study.

Research Design

This study will be used descriptive method of research, to described the profile, cattle

raising practices, effect and impact of climate change and mitigation and adaptation practices of

cattle raisers;

Location of the Study

This study was conducted in barangays of Ilin Island, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. The

Barangay are located in the east coastal areas but in the upper portion of the barangay areas where

pasture land in situated. These areas are used to cattle raising activities by the raisers.

Research Instrument

The research used structured questionnaire in gathering data. The questionnaire was

prepared by the researcher and was improve through the help of panel evaluators. It was written in

English and translated to Tagalog during the interview schedule to make the communication

understandable on the part of respondents. This was done to facilitate the question in data gathering

easier and effective.

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Respondent

The respondent of this study were 50 cattle raisers. The respondent were randomly selected

from the total population of the cattle raisers under study secured from the local barangays and

Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro.

Data Gathering.

Prior to data collection, permit was secured from the office of the barangay. After the approval,

the researcher used interview schedule in data gathering. This was done through face to face

interview with the respondents. Questionnaires were used to facilitate the necessary data collected

from the respondents.

Statistical Tools

All data were organized and analyzed using mean, standard deviation, frequency,

distribution and percentage. For the effect and impact of climate change, mitigation and adaptation

practices were categorized as low, moderate and high.

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 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the results of the study. This includes the profile of the cattle raisers,

cattle raising practices, effects, and impacts of climate change to animals and the mitigation and

adaptation practices employed. The gathered data were statistically analyzed and interpreted.

Profile of Cattle Raisers

Table 1 represents the profile of the cattle raisers in terms of age, sex, educational

attainment, total land area, household size, attendance to trainings and seminars and organizational

affiliation.

The mean age of the cattle raisers is 43.84 years old. This indicates that the cattle raisers

are at middle ages. It may suggests that these cattle raisers are physically fit to raise cattle in the

farm.

The cattle raisers were both male (50%) and female (50%). It means that sex is not an issue

in the cattle raising. Both sex have a significant role in the management of cattle.

In terms of activity educational attainment, majority were elementary graduate.

16
This is followed by high school undergraduate (20%) and elementary undergraduate (18%). Few

(10%) finish high school and college graduate (10%) respectively. This implies that cattle raiser

have acquired low level of basic education. It suggests that education is not a hindrance in cattle

raising.

It shows that the land area involved in cattle raising is small land area hectares raiser registered

mean of 2.70 hectares. The recommended number of head per hectares according PCARRD ratio

1:1 is this means that 1 cattle needs 1 hectares of graving area.

The mean household size of the cattle raiser is 5.78 members. This implies that the cattle

raiser were family size living together in home. They are working cooperative in rearing the cattle

in the pasture areas.

Majority (56%) of the cattle raisers attended trainings and seminars realated to climate

change while 44% of them have no attend climate change trainings signifies the cattle raisers are

interested on information on the climate change . They would like to know the effect of climate

change to their animals.

Majority (62%) of the cattle raisers were members of affiliated organization and 38% are

not members. This implies that the organization of the cattle raiser are essential to to them to

acquire needed support services from the concern government and non-government organizations.

Support services provided by the concern organization possibly encouraged to them.

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Table 1. Profile of cattle raisers in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro.

Cattle Raisers Profile Frequency (n=50) Percentage (%)

Age
23 – 33 11 22.00
34 – 44 16 32.00
45 – 55 15 30.00
56 – 66 6 12.00
67 – 77 2 4. 00
Mean = 43. 84 years old
SD = 11. 88 years
Sex
Male 25 50.00
Female 25 50.00

Educational Attainment
Elementary Undergraduate 9 18.00
Elementary Graduate 20 40.00
High School Undergraduate 10 20.00
High School Graduate 5 10.00
Vocational 1 2.00
College Undergraduate 5 10.00
College Graduate 0 0

Total Land Area (ha)

1– 2 25 50.00
3-4 20 40.00

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 5–6 5 10.00
7–8 0 0.00
9 - 10 0 0.0
Mean = 2.70 hectares
SD = 1.33 hectares
Household Size
1–3 5 10.00
4–6 31 62.00
7–9 11 22.00
10 – 12 2 4.00
13 – 15 1 2.00
Mean = 5.78 members
SD = 2.31 members
Attendance to training and seminar related to climate change
Attended 28.56.00
NO attendance 2244.00
Organizational Affiliation
Members 3162.00
Non-member 1938.00

Cattle raising Practices

The cattle raising practices of the cattle raiser is presented in table 2, Majority (78%)

pastured teir cattle in highland topography. This suggest that topography is suitable and favorable

to the cattle because most of the forages are growing in the highland or hilltop areas. Some (20%)

19
of the cattle raisers has mean experience 7.70 years engaged in cattle raising. this short term

involvement of raising required more knowledge, skills and practices. About climate change.

The average number of workers involved in cattle raising is 5.46. this implies that workers

involved in cattle raising are the family members of the cattle raisers. They are helping each other

in the care and management of the animals.

Majority (94%) sources of the cattle stock is provided by the Plan International and 6% of

the locality. This indicates that the cattle raisers are recipients of the non-government organization

that is helping the poor farm family or their livelihood.

The cattle raisers had mean cattle stock raised of 5.78 heads. This implies that they are

raising in the small scale pasture of the cattle in the pasture areas.

Majority (88%) of the cattle raisers practices tethering and 12% of them practiced pasture.

This show that the tethering of the animals in the grazing land is necessary for the protection of

the cattle against a stray animals and provide comfort to the cattle raisers in restraining the animals.

20
 Majority (64%) of the type of the cattle breed is upgraded. While native breed raised is

36%. This means that upgraded bred of cattle are most preferred by the cattle raisers. The upgraded

cattle are the product of crossbreeding between native and brahman breed.

Most (62%) raisers practice inbreeding and some (38%) practiced crossbreeding. This

indicates that the cattle breeding practices in the area is coming only to the same breed of animals

of their possession.

Table 2. Cattle raising in Ilin Island, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro.

Cattle Raisers Profile Frequency (n=50) Percentage (%)

Topography of pasture area

Plain 10 20.00
Slope 1 2.00
Highland 39 78.00

Number of years engaged in cattle raising

5–9 46 92.00
10 – 14 3 6.00
15 – 19 0 0.00
20 – 24 0 0.00
25 - 29 1 2.00
Mean = 7. 70 years

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 SD = 3.00 years
Number of workers involved in cattle raising
1–2 3 6.00
3–4 10 20.00
5–6 25 50.00
7–8 9 18.00
9 – 10 3 6.00
Mean -= 5.46 workers
SD = 1.85 workers
Sources of cattle stock
Plan International 47 94.00
Ilin Island 3 6.00
Number of cattle stock raised
1–2 6 12.00
3–4 11 22.00
5–6 15 30.00
7–8 6 12.00
9 – 10 12 24.00

Mean =5.78 heads

SD = 2.65 heads

Type of cattle graving

Tethering 4488.00
Pasture 612.00
Type of cattle breed
Native 1836.00
Upgraded (Native X Brahman) 3264.00
System Breeding

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 Crossbreeding 1938.00
Inbreeding 3162.00

Effects of climate change to cattle raising

Table 3 shows of climate change in cattle raising. The effect of climate change to the

animals is low in terms of animal reproduction, health and frequency of drinking. It implies that

the effect of climate change to the cattle is tolerable. This scenario is acceptable because of the

suitable environmental situation of the area for the cattle. The sound condition of the area could

minimize the effect of climate change.

Table 3. Effects of climate change to cattle raising in Ilin Island, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro

Effect Variables Weighted Mean Interpretation

Reproduction
Reducing calving rate 1.98 Moderate effect
Longer Calving interval 1.98 Moderate effect
Decrease of calf survival 1.02 Low effect

Animal Health
Morbidity 1.90 Moderate effect
Mortality 1.92 Moderate effect

Frequency of Drinking 1.02 Low effect

Overall Mean 1.64 Low Effect
Legend: Low effect (1.00-1.66); Moderate effect (1.67-2.33); High effect (2.34-3.00)

Impact of Climate Change to Cattle Raising

23
 Table 4 presents the impact of climate change to cattle raising indicates that the impact of

climate change to cattle raising is low (m=1.55). The low impact is considered is insignificant to

the animal behavior, feeding habit, cost, income, water consumption, pests and deceases.

Table 4. Impact of climate change to cattle raising in Ilin Island, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro

Impact variables Weight mean Interpretation

Heat stress
Increase of animal aggressive behavior 1.96 Moderate Impact
Prepare to stay under shade 2.16 Moderate Impact
Feed consumption rate
Decrease roughage consumption 1.26 Low Impact
Decrease commercial feeds consumption 1.30 Low Impact
Total Production cost (positive/ negative) 2.00 Moderate Impact
Profitability (positive / negative) 1.88 Moderate Impact
Water availability 1.02 Low Impact
Pest and diseases spread and control 1.12 Low Impact

Overall Mean 1.59 Low Impact

Legend: Low impact (1.00-1.66); Moderate Impact (1.67-2.33); High Impact (2.34-3.00)

Cattle raiser’s mitigation and adaptation practices on climate change

Table 5 presents the mitigation and practices of the cattle raisers employed to address the

problems of climate change. For mitigation practices, majority (98%) of the cattle raiser favored

planting of trees, followed planting of mungbeans (24%) planting of pigeon peas (6%) and

soybeans (6%) . this signifies that the planting of trees is a long term mitigation practices to sustain

the cattle production in the community.

24
 In terms of adaptation practices, feeding of bamboo leaves (48%), feeding of commercial

feeds (44%) feeding rice bran (42%) cut and carry (40%), feeding of coconut leaves (30%) and

feeding of fruits (26%) were practiced. This indicates that the cattle raiser employed various

adaptation practices in a short term period of time to resolve the climate change problems that

affects the cattle production in the locality.

Table 5.

Mitigation and adaptation practices employed by the cattle raisers on climate change effect

and impact in cattle raising in Ilin Island, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro

Cattle raiser’s practices Frequency Percentage

on climate change (N=50) (%)

Mitigation practices *
Planting of trees 49 98.00
Planting of mungbeans 12 24.00
Planting of pigeon peas 3 6.00
Planting of soybeans 3 6.00
Adaptation practices *
Feeding of bamboo leaves 24 48.00
Feeding of commercial 22 44.00
Feeding of rice bran 21 42.00
Cut and carry method 20 40.00
Feeding of coconut leaves 530.00

25
 Feeding of fruits 13 26.00

Multiple response

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the Summary of finding, Conclusion and Recommendations.

Summary of Findings

26
1. The cattle raisers half an average of age of 43.84 years old, obtained elementary graduate (40%), with

with an average household size of 5.78 members. They were male (50%) and female (50%) attended

trainings and seminars related to climate change and members of affiliated organizations (68%).

2. The cattle raisers raising practices had an average of 7.70 years, employed highland topography (78%)

areas and had workers of 5.56 persons. The cattle stock raised in 5.7 heads provided by non-government

organization as cattle stocks sources (94%). They practiced tethering (88%), utilizing upgraded (64%) type

of cattle breed and native (36%). Inbreeding (62%) in the common practiced of cattle breeding system and

crossbreeding (38%) respectively.

3. The overall mean effect of climate change to cattle animals is low (1.64) in terms of animal reproduction,

health and frequency of drinking.

4. The overall mean impact of climate change to cattle animals is low (1.59) in terns of their animal

behavior, feeding habit, cost, income, water consumption and pest and diseases.

5. The mitigation and adaptation practices to climate change, majority of the cattle raisers in favor of

planting with tress (98%), mungbeans (22%), pigeon peas (6%) and soybeans (6%) as their mitigation

practices. However, adaptation practices involved feeding of bamboo leaves (48%), commercial feeds

(44%), rice bran (42%), coconut leaves (30%) and fruits (26%) cut and curry (40%) method.

Conclusion

Based on relevant findings, the following are drawn:

1. The cattle raisers are at productive stage of age, literate, farm owner, family labor force, active participant

and member of the organization.

27
2. The cattle raising are mostly employed in upland areas, with little experience in animal farming using

family labor. They are farmer’s beneficiaries of the small scale animal livelihood project using upgraded

breed and local cultural practices.

3. The effect of climate change have a little influence to cattle animals in an acceptable manner.

4. The impact of climate change to cattle animals insignificant effect of the cattle production.

5. Planting of trees is primary consideration for long mitigation practices to climate change and adaptation

practices is an immediate response to climate change problems.

Recommendations

Based on findings and conclusions, the following are recommendations:

1. Relevant education, training and seminars should be provided by the DENR, DA, NGO, and Academe

to the cattle raisers to have additional understanding and information regarding on climate change.

2. Appropriate technical assistance on cattle raising practices should be delivered by the Municipal

Agriculture Office and Bureau of Animals Industry personnel to improve their cattle production system.

3. Suitable multi-purpose trees should planted to the pasture land as source of forages and use as soil and

water conversation technique must be practice.

4. Cattle raiser's organization should be strengthened to obtain additional support services from the

government agencies.

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