1 Introduction MP MC
1 Introduction MP MC
1 Introduction MP MC
MICROCONTROLLERS • Or:
http://www.unitbv.ro/dec/Despredepartament.aspx -> Membri
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COURSE SYLLABUS COURSE SYLLABUS
1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE (definitions,
MP organisation, data & control paths, application specific vs. 4. CONTROL UNIT (Instruction sequencing and interpretation, Hardwired
general-purpose microprocessors, microcomputers, control, Microprogrammed control
microcontrollers), 5. INTRODUCTION TO PIPELINING (pipeline processing examples,
2. INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE (ISA as an interface between HW speedup, Instruction pipelining, type of hazards, principle of handling
and SW, main desirable features, Instruction formats and types, hazards)
addressing modes, classification of ISAs, CISC vs. RISC) 6. MICROCONTROLLERS’ ARCHITECTURE (Specific structures, Memory
3. PROCESSOR ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION (Basic CPU organization, control registers, timer/counter circuits, structure and
organization, CPU behaviour, control, levels of synchronization, a operation of the IO system, data transfers, power management).
simple CPU (accumulator based), some functional extensions,
interfaces to external buses of CPU, Interrupts and exceptions, Stack
memory, Overlapped register windows in RISCs)
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Bibliography ASSESSMENT
Percents from the
Romanca, M., Microprocessors and microcontrollers (in Romanian), Assessment types Assessment mode
Ed. Universităţii Transilvania, Braşov, 2015; disponibil în format final qualification
electronic la http://etc.unitbv.ro/∼romanca
Romanca, M., Computers – architecture and organisation (in Final exam written examination 70 %
Romanian), Ed. Universităţii Transilvania, Braşov, 2004
Romanca, M., Microprocessor architecture (in Romanian), Ed. as a co-operation form for
Universităţii Transilvania, Braşov, 2004;Cota depozit biblitecă: Lecture attendance 10 %
learning
III.18145 ROM
Hennessy, J., Patterson, D., Computer Architecture - A Quantitative practical, continuous
Laboratory 20%
Approach, 5th edition, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. 2012; evaluation and homework
Stallings, William, Computer Organization and Architecture, 8th
edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc., 2010.
http://etc.unitbv.ro/~romanca/Mp A successful final qualification is conditioned by obtaining at least the grade of
5 at final examination and laboratory.
If your mark at the final exam is above 9.50, the percents for the final
qualification are: 80 / 0 / 20 (final mark do not consider course attendance).
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What is a Microprocessor ? What is a computer?
• A computer is a data processing machine that is operated
A microprocessor (MP) is a Central Processing automatically under the control of a list of instructions
Unit (CPU) integrated on a single chip (called a program) stored in its main memory
The CPU of a computer it is a general-purpose
processor structure. • A computer is a combination of hardware and software
Today all the actual general purpose computers (system software) that process data according to algorithms
use microprocessors as CPUs specified and implemented by the user in user programmes
The microprocessor is the Central Processing (user software)
Unit of a (micro)computer.
• Computer hardware contain: CPU + Memory + IO
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Microcoprocessor Microcontroller
Can operate as a computing machine only if It is an autonomous computing machine General organization of a (micro)processor, pointing to
we add externals memory and I / O system having included on the chip all the necessary main interfaces
components ( microprocessor core, memory,
I/O system)
It is intended for general purpose applications It is intended for control applications Program Counter (to
Register File fetch instructions)
High performance in processing speed to Reduced speed performance, but sufficient PC
satisfy a wide range of applications run to run specific applications Instr. Address
Program is loaded into main memory when Program is usually burned into ROM
needed, usually from a hard disk memory (firmware) IR Current instruction
The instruction set contain a small number of The instruction set contain many
Instruction
instructions that can manipulate individual bits instructions that can manipulate individual
of a word bits of a word
Are used in PCs, workstations, servers, Are used in embedded computer systems,
from/to
notebooks, where software compatibility, where reliability, size and cost are critical ALU
memory
performance, generality and flexibility are Control logic
important
The IC has few pins with multiple multiplexed The IC has many pins with multiplexed
functions functions
Memory address register (to fetch data)
High capacity for addressing main memory Lower capacity for addressing program /
(typically hundreds of MB - GB) data memory (typically KB) Data Address
MAR
In order to increase the average speed of The program and data memory are included
Data
memory access use a hierarchy of internal and in the IC and rarely require external memory
MDR
external memory levels levels 16
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von Neumann / Harvard Arch. COMPUTER PROGRESS
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48 years from the Moore’s law
Trend: stop the growing of clock frequency Trend: lowering the clock frequency
• Multi-core processors that work in parallel
• As many operations as many clock cycles per second • Intel: reducing the clock frequency with 20% for a core lead to halve
the power consumption and only 13% loss of performance
• The growing power related to the growing of frequency ! (heat
dissipation) • Two core processing, with clock frequency reduced at 80%, retake to
a performance higher with 73% at a similar power consumption
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Key Terminology Key Terminology
• Hardware: Refers to objects that you can actually touch, • Data: Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in
like disks, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards a special way. All software is divided into two general
and chips categories: data and programs (code)
• Software: Computer instructions or data. Anything that • Instruction: A basic command to perform a specific task.
can be stored electronically is software. • Instruction Set: The basic set of commands, or
instructions, that a microprocessor understands. One of
• Program: An organized list of instructions that, when the principal characteristics that separates for reduced
executed, causes the computer to behave in a instruction set computer (RISC) from complex instruction
predetermined manner. Without programs, computers set computer (CISC) microprocessors is the size of the
are useless instruction set
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Key Terminology Key Terminology
• Memory: Storage areas in the computer • Byte (B) = 8 bits
Bus: A collection of wires • 1KB = 210 B = 1024 B (Kilobyte)
through which data is I/O 1 I/O 2 I/O n
transmitted from one part of a – (new IEC recomandation: 1 KiB = 1 Kibibyte)
computer to another. Usually the
internal bus of a computer
• 1MB = 210 KB = 1024 KB (Mebabyte)
Control Bus
consist in data bus, address bus
Data Bus System Bus – (1 MiB = 1 mebibyte !)
and control bus. Address Bus
• 1 GB = 210 MB = 1024 MB (Gigabyte)
– (1 GiB = 1 gibibyte !)
Main
CPU memory
• 1TB = 210 GB = 1024 GB (Gigabyte)
– (1 TiB = 1 tebibyte !)
I/O: Short for input/output (pronounced "eye-oh").
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MAIN APPLICATIONS MAIN APPLICATIONS
• Automotive
– Ignition System
– Engine Control
• Industrial Control
– Brake System (i.e., Antilock Braking System) – Robotics and Control Systems
• Consumer Electronics (Manufacturing)
– Digital and Analog Televisions
– Set-Top Boxes (DVDs, VCRs, Cable Boxes, etc.)
• Medical
– Personal Data Assistants (PDAs) – Infusion Pumps
– Kitchen Appliances (Refrigerators, Toasters, Microwave – Dialysis Machines
Ovens)
– Toys/Games – Prosthetic Devices
– Telephones/Cell Phones/Pagers – Cardiac Monitors
– Cameras
– Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
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