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Fabric softener (also called fabric conditioner) is used to prevent static cling and make fabric softer. It is
available as a liquid or as dryer sheets. Popular brand names include Downy (Lenor), Gain, Snuggle,
Bounce, Comfort and Sta-Soft.

Fabric softener is a product used while laundering to make clothes soft and eliminate static cling.
Depending on the brand of fabric softener one purchases, it can be added at the beginning of the
laundry cycle at the same time detergent is dispensed or during the rinse cycle. Fabric softener can also
come in sheets to be placed in the dryer.

- The benefits of using a fabric softener are many. For instance, it reduces static cling.
Thanks to fabric softener, socks don't stick to sweaters when they're taken out of the
dryer and all who come in contact with you won't receive an electric shock. Fabric
softener also reduces wrinkles in clothes. Some materials will still have to be ironed, but
adding a little fabric softener to your laundry will help reduce the amount of wrinkles
your laundry usually has. Many busy housekeepers appreciate any time that can be saved
on chores such as ironing.

Of course, fabric softener makes clothes feel better too. This is very apparent on laundry items
such as towels and sheets, especially those that are hung outside. When fabric softener isn't used,
these items tend to feel stiffer. Who doesn't want to crawl between a nice soft set of sheets or dry
off with a fluffy towel? The fabrics we use on a daily basis shouldn't be abrasive.

Allergy prone people or those with sensitive skin may have problems using fabric softener. The
allergic reaction might be due to the ingredients giving the fabric softener its fresh scent. If this is
the case, a non-scented fabric softener might be preferable. There are also organic fabric
softeners on the market. If fabric softener simply cannot be used, vinegar can be added to the
rinse cycle to make clothes softer and eliminate some of the static.

There is an assortment of fabric softener products on the market today. They come in many
different sizes and price ranges. Many people have their favorites, but truthfully, one brand is not
necessarily better than another. Choose the brand in your price range with a scent you enjoy, or
no scent at all if that's more to your liking.

Varieties
Most modern washing machines have a dispenser which can add liquid fabric softener to the load
of laundry automatically on the final rinse; in launderettes one may need to add it manually.
Some brands of washing powder have fabric conditioning built in which is claimed to save
money when compared to buying ordinary washing powder and fabric softener separately. Some
fabric softeners are also claimed to make ironing easier or to make clothes dry faster. For best
results, undiluted liquid fabric softener should not be poured directly onto clothes.

Fabric softeners may also come in the form of dryer sheets, which are added to clothing in the
tumble dryer to soften the fabrics and prevent static. Many alternative uses of dryer sheets have
been suggested by users.[1]

Fabric softeners work by coating the surface of the cloth fibers with a thin layer of chemicals;
these chemicals have lubricant properties and are electrically conductive, thus making the fibers
feel smoother and preventing buildup of static electricity. Other functions are improvements of
iron glide during ironing, increased resistance to stains, and reduction of wrinkling and pilling.

Cationic softeners bind by electrostatic attraction to the negatively charged groups on the surface
of the fibers and neutralize their charge; the long aliphatic chains are then oriented towards the
outside of the fiber, imparting lubricity. Vinegar works on some materials in a similar way, as
the hydrogen ions bind to the anionic groups on the fibers.

The disadvantage of coating fibers by hydrophobic layer is in decreasing the water absorption
properties of the fabric, which may be undesirable in towels and diapers. Therefore the cationic
softeners are often combined with other chemicals with lower affinity to the fibers. The use of
fabric softener is contraindicated in some articles, such as microfibre textiles.

Most good quality all-cotton towels do not need to be treated with fabric softener and with
repeated washings and dryings, they become softer naturally. Over time, towels that have been
softened with fabric softener are less absorbent.

Introduction to Unilever

On any given day, two billion people use our products. From feeding your family to keeping
your home clean and fresh, our brands are part of everyday life.

Life partners
With 400 brands spanning 14 categories of home, personal care and foods products, no other
company touches so many people's lives in so many different ways.

Our brand portfolio has made us leaders in every field in which we work. It ranges from much-
loved world favourites including Lipton, Knorr, Dove and Omo, to trusted local brands such as
Blue Band and Suave. 

From comforting soups to warm a winter's day, to sensuous soaps that make you feel fabulous,
our products help people get more out of life. 

We're constantly enhancing our brands to deliver more intense, rewarding product experiences.
We invest nearly €1 billion every year in cutting-edge research and development, and have five
laboratories around the world that explore new thinking and techniques to help develop our
products. 

Continuous development

Consumer research plays a vital role in our brands' development. We're constantly developing
new products and developing tried and tested brands to meet changing tastes, lifestyles and
expectations. And our strong roots in local markets also mean we can respond to consumers at a
local level. 

By helping improve people's diets and daily lives, we can help them keep healthier for longer,
look good and give their children the best start in life. 

We also believe that the very business of conducting business in a responsible way has a positive
social impact. We create and share wealth, invest in local economies and develop people's skills
– both inside our organisation and in the communities around us. 

Today Unilever employs 163 000 people, sells products in 170 countries worldwide, and
supports the jobs of many thousands of distributors, contractors and suppliers. 

Health & personal care

 First launched in France in 1983, our leading male grooming brand, Axe, now gives guys the
edge in the mating game in over 60 countries
 Our oral care brands Mentadent, Peposodent and Signal have teamed up with the world's
largest dental federation, the FDI, which represents over 750 000 dentists around the world
 Lux became the first mass-marketed soap when it launched in 1924. Today it achieves annual
global sales of over €1 billion
 Domestos is a best-selling brand in nine of the 35 countries in which it's sold 
 Recent breakthroughs at Rexona include Rexona Crystal, a deodorant that eliminates unsightly
white deposits on dark garments
 Our Small & Mighty concentrated liquid fits into a smaller bottle, requiring half the packaging,
water and lorries to transport it, making it kinder on the environment
  Hindustan Unilever in India has launched a hand-wash product, Surf Excel Quick Wash,
with a low foaming formulation, reducing the amount of water needed for rinsing by up
to two buckets per wash.

Foods

 Knorr is our biggest food brand with a strong presence in over 80 countries and a product range
including soups, sauces, bouillons, noodles and complete meals 
 Lipton's tea-based drinks include the international Lipton Iced Tea range, the Lipton range in
North America and Lipton Yellow Label, the world's favourite tea brand
 Becel/Flora pro.activ products have been recognised as the most significant advancement in the
dietary management of cholesterol in 40 years
 In the mid-1990s we led the industry with our programme to eliminate almost all trans fat from
our margarine 
 We're the world's largest ice cream manufacturer, thanks to the success of our Heartbrand
which includes Magnum, Cornetto, Carte d'Or and Solero, and Ben & Jerry's and Breyers in the
US.
Fabric Softener
History
A fabric softener is a liquid composition added to washing machines during the rinse cycle to make
clothes feel better to the touch. These products work by depositing lubricating chemicals on the fabric that
make it feel softer, reduce static cling, and impart a fresh fragrance. The first fabric softeners were
developed by the textile industry during the early twentieth century. At that time the process that was used
to dye cotton fibers left them feeling harsh. In the early 1900s, preparations known as cotton softeners
were developed to improve the feel of these fibers after dyeing. A typical cotton softener consisted of
seven parts water, three parts soap, and one part olive, corn, or tallow oil. With advances in organic
chemistry, new compounds were created that could soften fabric more effectively. These improved
formulations soon found their way into the commercial market.

By the 1960s several major marketers, including Procter and Gamble, had begun selling liquid fabric
softener compositions for home use. The popularity of these products dramatically increased over the
next decade as manufacturers developed new formulations that provided improved softness and more
appealing fragrances.

Despite their growing popularity, fabric softeners suffered from one major disadvantage: the softener
chemicals are not compatible with detergents and therefore they can not be added to the washer until all
the detergent has been removed in the rinse cycle. Initially, this restriction required the consumer to make
an extra trip to the washing machine if they wanted to soften their clothes. In the late 1970s
manufacturers found a way to deliver fabric softening benefits in a dryer sheet format. These sheets
provide some of the benefits of fabric softeners but give the added convenience of being able to be added
in the dryer instead of the washer rinse cycle. However, while dryer sheets are very popular today, liquid
softeners are still widely used because they are more effective.

In the 1990s, environmentally minded manufacturers began test marketing ultra-concentrated

formulations. These "ultra" formulations are designed such that only about one-quarter as much product
has to be used and therefore they can be packaged in smaller containers. However the perceived value
to the consumer is lower because there is less product and the price is higher. It remains to be seen if
these ultra concentrates will succeed in today's marketplace.

By the end of the 1990s, annual sales of liquid fabric softeners in the United States reached
approximately $700 million (in supermarkets, drug stores, and mass merchandisers). For the sake of
comparison, about $400 million worth of dryer sheets are sold each year. The major manufacturers such
as Procter and Gamble (Downy) and Lever Brothers (Snuggle), dominate about 90% of the market share
while private label brands account for the remaining 10%.

Design
Product development chemists create fabric softeners that are designed to meet a series of specific
marketing requirements. First, the formulations must deliver a variety of attributes desired by consumers
such as superior softness, improved iron glide, reduced wrinkle formation during the wash cycle,
improved wrinkle removal after washing, better color retention, and enhanced stain protection. In addition,
the formulas must be safe to use, environmentally friendly, aesthetically pleasing, and cost effective.
Chemists use technical evaluations in combination with consumer testing to design formulations that are
both effective and affordable.
Raw Materials
Conditioning agents
Early fabric softener formulas were relatively simple dispersions of fatty materials that would deposit on
the fabric fibers after washing. One of the most common ingredients used was dihydrogenated tallow
dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), which belongs to a class of materials known as quaternary
ammonium compounds, or quats. This kind of ingredient is useful because part of the molecule has a
positive charge that attracts and binds it to negatively charged fabric fibers. This charge interaction also
helps disperse the electrical forces that are responsible for static cling. The other part of the molecule is
fatty in nature and it provides the slip and lubricity that makes the fabric feel soft.

While these quats do soften fabrics very effectively, they also can make them less absorbent. This is a
problem for certain laundry items such as towels and diapers. To overcome this problem, modern
formulations use quats in combination with other more effective ingredients. These newer compounds
have somewhat lower substantivity to fabric which makes them less likely to interfere with water
absorption.

One of the new classes of materials employed in fabric softener formulations today is
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Siloxane is a silicone based fluid that has the ability to lubricate fibers to
give improved softening and ease of ironing. Other silicones used in softeners include amine-functional
silicones, amide-functional silicones and silicone gums. These silicone derivatives are modified to be
more substantive to fabric and can dramatically improve its feel.

Emulsifiers
The conditioning ingredients used in fabric softeners are not typically soluble in water because of their oily
nature. Therefore, another type of chemical, known as an emulsifier, must be added to the formula to
form a stable mixture. Without emulsifiers the softener liquid would separate into two phases, much like
an oil and vinegar salad dressing does.

There are three types of emulsifiers used in fabric softener formulations: micro-emulsions, macro-
emulsions, and emulsion polymers. Macro-emulsions are creamy dispersions of oil and water similar to
hand lotions or hair conditioners. The emulsifier molecules surround the hydrophobic oil or silicone
droplets and allow them to be dispersed in water. A micro-emulsion is chemically similar, but it creates oil
particles that are so small that light will pass around them. Therefore, a micro-emulsion is characterized
by its clarity and transparency as opposed to being milky white. Furthermore, one of the advantages of
micro-emulsion is that the silicone particles are so tiny that they will actually penetrate into the fibers,
while macro-emulsions only deposit on the fiber's surface. The third type, emulsion polymers, create
dispersions that look similar to a macro-emulsion. This system does not use true emulsifiers to suspend
and dissolve the oil phase. Instead, emulsion polymers create a stabilized web of molecules that suspend
the tiny silicone droplets like fish caught in a net.

The emulsifying system used in softeners must be chosen carefully to ensure the appropriate level of
deposition on the fabric. A blend of non-ionic emulsifiers (those that have no charge) and cationic
emulsifiers (those that have a positive charge) are typically used. Anionic surfactants (which have a
negative charge) are rarely used because the fabric conditioning agents have a positive charge which
would tend to destabilize an anionic emulsion.

Other ingredients
In addition to conditioning agents and emulsifiers, fabric softeners contain other ingredients to improve
their aesthetic appeal and to ensure the product will be shelf stable. For example, fragrance and color are
added to make the product more pleasing to consumers. In addition, emulsion stabilizers and
preservatives are used to ensure the product quality.
 The Manufacturing
Process
1. The preferred method for manufacturing liquid softeners involves heating the ingredients together
in one large mixing vessel. Mixing tanks should be constructed from high grade stainless steel to prevent
attack from the corrosive agents in the formula. The tank is typically equipped with a jacketed shell that
allows steam and cold water to be circulated, so the temperature of the batch can be easily controlled. In
addition the tank is fitted with a propeller type mixer that is driven by a large electric motor. This kind of
mixing blade provides the high shear that is needed to properly disperse the ingredients.
The first step in the manufacturing process is to fill the tank with the specified amount of water. Water is
added first because it acts as a carrier for all the other ingredients. Deionized water is used because it is
free from metal ions that can affect the performance of the batch. Conventional formulations can contain
as much as 80-90% water.

2. Once the water has been added to the tank, heating and mixing is initiated. When the water has
reached the appropriate temperature, the emulsifiers are added. Since these chemicals tend to be waxy
solid materials they are added at relatively high temperatures (between 158-176TF [70-80°C]). While the
order of addition depends on the specific formula, it usually more effective to disperse the emulsifiers prior
to adding the less water-soluble materials. Emulsifiers are used between 1-10%, depending on the
specific chemicals that are selected.
3. The conditioning ingredients used in softeners are not typically water soluble, so they are added
to the water phase after the emulsifiers. For a typical strength formulation about 5% is used. For more
concentrated formulations, levels of 10% are more common. When blends of quats and silicones are
used, the silicones are used at levels as low as 0.5-1.5%.
4. When pre-emulsified silicones are used in the formula they are added late in the process when
the temperature is lower and there is less mechanical agitation in the batch. If higher molecular weight
silicones are used that have not been pre-emulsified they must be added to the batch at high
temperatures with a high level of agitation to ensure the silicone oil droplets are evenly dispersed.
5. Heating and mixing continues until the batch is homogeneous. At this point cool water is
circulated around the tank to lower the temperature. As the batch cools, the remaining ingredients, such
as preservatives, dyes, and fragrance, are added. These ingredients are used at much lower
concentrations, typically below no more than a few percent for fragrance and less than 1% for
preservatives and dyes. When the batch is complete, a sample is sent to the analytical chemistry lab to
ensure it meets quality control standards for solids, pH, and viscosity. The completed batch may be
pumped to a filling line or stored in tanks until it is ready to be filled.
6. When the product is ready to be filled into the package, it is transferred to an automated filling
line. Plastic bottles are fed onto a conveyor belt that carries them under a filling nozzle. At the filling head
there is a large hopper that holds the formulation and discharges a controlled amount, usually set by
volume, into the bottle. The filled package continues down the conveyor line to a capping machine that
applies the closure and tightens it. Finally, the filled bottles are packed in cartons and stacked pallets for
shipping.
Quality Control
The finished fabric softer formulations are tested using a number of different protocols. Simple laboratory
tests are used to determine basic properties such as pH, viscosity, and percent solids. These tests can
help confirm that the correct ingredients were added at the appropriate levels.

Other, more rigorous, tests are done to ensure the formulation is functioning correctly. One such
evaluation is a water absorbency test, sometimes called the Drayes Wetting Test. This procedure
involves dropping small pieces of treated fabric onto water and recording the length of time required for
the fabric to sink. This measurement is taken 10 times to obtain an average result.

Anti-wrinkle properties can be evaluated by asking panelists to rate samples of fabric before they have
been ironed. They are asked to numerically rate the amount of wrinkling between the test sample and the
fabric softener treated sample. The test to measure ease of ironing is also done using trained panelists.
These tests are performed on swatches of identical fabrics with the only difference being that one fabric
has been treated with softener and the other has been washed in detergent only. 100% cotton
pillowcases are used for wrinkling and ironing tests while 100% cotton terry towels are used for evaluating
softness and water absorbency. The swatches are dried in a controlled environment at 71.6°F (22°C) and
65% relative humidity for 24 hours before testing.

The Future
There are two formula related areas that will affect the future of fabric softeners. The first is the impact the
ultra-concentrates will have on the market. At the time of this writing it is too soon to tell if they will be
accepted by consumers. The second area is related to the role that multi-functionality will play in the
future. As chemists develop new more efficacious ingredients there is more potential for additional
consumer-perceivable benefits. At the turn of the millennium, multifunctional fabric softener formulations
are the latest trend. These new products not only soften clothes but also improve the ease of ironing,
reduce wrinkling in the dryer, and provide stain protection. Both Lever Brothers and Procter and Gamble
have capitalized on this trend with new formulations that deliver multiple fabric care benefits.

Finally, manufacturers may turn to new delivery forms to make softeners easier to use. One new method
introduced by P&G in the late 1990s is the "Downy Ball." This is a reusable plastic tennis ball sized
sphere that is filled with liquid Downy and added to the washer at the beginning of the cycle. The ball
stays sealed during washing but the spinning of the rinse cycle triggers it to open and release the
softener. For consumer who do not have an automatic softener dispenser on their washing machines, the
"Downy Ball" saves them from the trouble of adding the liquid in a separate step. Other innovative
dispensing devices like this may become more common as manufacturers strive to differentiate their
products from the competition.

Where to Learn More

Comfort fabric conditioner

 Caring for your clothes is important as it allows you and your family to look and feel fresh and
clean. But Comfort does more than this. It helps you and your loved ones feel cared for every
day.

New ideas to soften everyday life

As well as delivering exceptional softness, our range of fabric conditioners now includes a
variety of sensuous fragrances, enabling you to give your family's clothes that little bit of extra
care and freshness. 'Wild pear and gingko', 'lily and rice flower' and 'passion flower and ylang
ylang' are just some of the new versions we've unveiled.

Infusing freshness

Our new easy-iron product, Comfort Vaporesse, is equally innovative. Simply pour it into your
iron and it makes ironing a breeze, infusing your clothes with a freshness that lasts. It also
increases the lifespan of your iron by preventing the build-up of limescale.

Unique technology

To speed up drying (and help eliminate the unsightly spectacle of damp clothes draped around
your home), we've launched Comfort Fast Dry. With its unique patented technology, Fast Dry
removes the surplus water in your clothes during the spinning cycle of your wash. And we have
lots more great ideas like these in the pipeline, so watch this space.

Key facts
  Comfort makes up 20% of the global fabric conditioners market
 Comfort is the number 1 in 14 of the 23 countries in which it's sold
 Comfort is the laundry brand with the greatest global coverage  

From our range

Comfort concentrate pure

Comfort concentrate sunshine

Comfort concentrate tropical burst

Comfort naturals