First Quarter: MAPEH Reviewer

MUSIC
Characteristics of 20th Century Music:
 Melody
o Have more angular contour due to alternating upward and downward direction of melody
o Difficult to sing
o Feature disjunct progression – wide leaps from one note to the next
o Some composers used microtones – intervals less than a semitone
 Meter and Rhythm
o Unusual Meter – used unusual time signatures
o Multimeter – frequent changes in meter or time signature
o Unconventional Meter – asymmetrically grouping of beats or notes within a measure
o Polyrhythm – two or more meters are used at the same time
 Harmony
o Chord Structures – chords were expanded by adding thirds resulting in seventh, ninth, eleventh, and
thirteenth chords
 Quartal Harmony – chords in intervals of fourths
 Polychords / Mixed Chords – two or more chords combined together
o Chord Progression -chords unrelated to the key are included in the progression
o Dissonance and Consonance
 Consonant Chord – stable, the usual chords
 Dissonant Chord – unstable and signifies tension
 Tonality
o Modulations (changes in key) and chromatic harmony overshadowed the tonal centre
o Uses microtonality or the use of microtones, new modes, and longer dissonance
o Atonality – absence of any key centre
o Polytonality – simultaneous use of two or more keys
 Texture
o Homophonic textures commonly
o Predominance of counterpoint- composed of two or more melodic lines
Debussy and Impressionism:
Impressionism – 1st important stylistic trend in music, a term borrowed from the visual arts
Symbolists – people that break from traditional ways in relation to the arts
Characteristic of Impressionistic Music:
 Programmatic
 Describes emotions based on what is seen
 Vague sounding scales, clouded tonality, and luminous quality
 Neomodality – uses church modes
 Open chords – chords have fifth and octaves but no thirds
 Whole tone mode – scale with six whole steps to the octave
 Parallelism – two or more melodies moves at the same time, same direction, and by the same interval
 Free rhythms and less use of regular rhythms
 Wide intervals and extreme registers
Claude Debussy – foremost impressionist composer
 Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun (1894) – hallmark of impressionism
 Orchestral works: La Mer (The Sea), Nocturnes
 Piano Compositions: Petite Suite, Suite Bergamasque (includes Claire de Lune), Children’s Corner, Estampes,
Images
 Jeux – Debussy’s ballet
 Pelleas and Melisande – Debussy’s only operas
Maurice Ravel- one of Debussy’s contemporary who used impressionist techniques also
Schoenberg and Expressionism:
Expressionism – emphasizes intense and subjective emotion rather than portraying the outward appearances
Characteristic of Expressionistic Music:
 Emotionally oriented
 Harshly dissonant
 Without a stable sense of key signatures
Atonality – no tonal centre or underlying key
Twelve-tone System – music based on the manipulation of the 12 chromatic pitches
 On this rigid system, the basic musical unit is called a tone row
 Tone row – contains all 12 tones of the chromatic octave
Multiple Serialization:
 Serialism – only the pitches of the tone row are manipulated in the series
Arnold Schoenberg – most influential composer of the 20th century
 Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21 (Moonstruck Pierrot) – a cycle of 21 songs from female voice and chamber group
accompaniment played by 5 musicians
 A Survivor from Warsaw. Op. 46 – twelve-tone technique and Sprechstimme were used in the cantata
 The Violin Concerto, Op. 36 and Piano Concerto, Op. 42
Sprechstimme or sprechgesang – a gliding speech-song
Electronic Music:
Musique Concrete – French term for “concrete music” which combined recorded sounds in different ways
Features of Electronic Music:
 Not limited to the human performance because composers can manipulate various sounds
 There was a need for a new way to notate their work, the traditional way does not provide an exact means of
notating electronic music
 Some composers have forsaken the elements of beat and meter and considers time instead
Developmental Stages of Electronic Music:
Tape Music Stage: 1940 – 1950
 Germans used magnetic audio tape at the same time as Italian musicians were using it to explore possibilities
in music
 Live or concrete sounds are recorded
 The recorded sounds can be treated by altering the speed, reversing its direction, cutting and splicing to form
new combinations, and combinations of the previous procedures
 The results are called musique concrete
 Role of the human performer is diminished or eliminated
 Melodic and harmonic elements are of less importance
 Rhythm is important
Composers:
 Germany – Karlheinz Stockhausen
 France – Pierre Schaffer, Pierre Henry, Pierre Boulez
 Italy – Luciano Berio
 United States – Edgard Varse, Mel Powell, Otto Luening, John Cage

Analog-Synthesizer Stage: 1970s

 Analog synthesizer – complex electronic instrument that contain oscillators
 Oscillators – establish and maintain fluctuations of voltage
 The technology was able of producing and altering sounds
  The technology was able to control the properties of sound
Examples of Analog-Synthesizer
1. RCA Electronic Music Synthesizer
2. Moog Synthesizer
3. Buchla Synthesizer
4. ARP Synthesizer
Composer of Synthesized Music
1. Milton Babbitt
2. Charles Wuorinen
3. Wendy Carlos
4. Morton Subotnik
5. John Ealton
Digital- Synthesizer: 1980s
 Digital computer is used to create electronic music
 Analog sound is converted to digital information in a process called sampling
 Sampling is done by an analogue-to-digital converter
 Sound is then edited and manipulate by composer
 Audio quality is much higher
 Editing or manipulation of sound is easier
Composer of Digital Computer Music
1. James Dashow
2. Paul Lansky
3. Charles Dodge
4. John Cage
5. James Tenney
Edgard Varese – father of electronic music, for him music is just a collection of noises in a pleasant way
Chance Music:
Indeterminacy – also known as chance music or aleatory music is one of the most radical trends pf 20th century
1. Composer determinacy of randomly chosen event
a. Composer uses a computer random generator to choose his piece or materials
2. Composer determinacy of randomly ordered event
a. A composer may flip a coin or roll a dice in ensuring a chance selection of sequencing
3. Use of Indeterminate notations
a. Graphics or notations on the piece allow the performer to be flexible
4. Music notated traditionally but performed indeterminately
a. Performer may rearrange the sequence of a traditionally notated music
5. Pure performer indeterminacy
a. Performance is left to the performer
John Cage – most important figure in the development of aleatory music
 Music of Changes – 43-minute piano piece in which every musical aspect is determined by coin tosses
 Imaginary Landscape No. 4 – contains exact directions for the 24 performers to manipulate the dials of 12
radios
 4’33” – the length of time that the performers are required not to create any sound, listeners should listen to
the unintentional sound produced
Other Composers of Chance Music
 Morton Feldman – Projection II
 Earle Brown
 Christian Wolf
 Lukas Foss
  Larry Austin
European Composer of Chance Music
 Karlheinz Stochkausen
o Klavierstucke XI – composed of 19 parts for the piano
o Zyklus – score for one percussion player written in a circular form
 Yannis Xenakis
o Strategie – aleatory musical piece by Xenakis which is based on mathematical laws of chance and
computer indeterminacy which he called stochastic music
ART
MODERN ART
Modern Art
 artworks made from around 1870 to 1970
 emergence of modernism is traced to many factors
a. Industrial revolution resulted with new patrons of the arts; Church commissioned art declined.
b. invention of photography- one of the factors that sparked the modernism movement
c. invention of the collapsible tin paint tubes by John Rand (1841) - made it easier for artist to go out
without worrying the paints would dry out and spill
d. The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud (1899) - influenced artists of the time to use dreams,
symbolism, & iconography
 Modernist painters- use subjects such as people, places and ideas w/c the artist had direct connection with.
 Realist painters- catalysts to the rise of modernism
a. Painters: Gustave Courbet and Jean Francois Millet (1st to question the prevailing academic traditions
of their period)
 Modernism- movement away from the traditional and classical modes in the painting that many artists felt
outdated.
 Chromolithography- multicolor printmaking method
 Pointillism- painting technique that branched out Impressionism w/c made use of colored dots to create forms
& images.
 Impressionism- one of the 1st artistic style that emerged from this era
Impressionism
Impressionism – comes from the art critic Louis Leroy, after he saw Claude Monet’s “Impression, Sunrise)
Impressionists- French artists who share the realistic interest of the world, they chose to paint modern life and the
middle class simply relaxing and enjoying, a trait shared with realists
Common Characteristic of Impressionism:
 Done in open air – impressionists left the confines of their studios
 No preparatory sketches and modelling involved
 Pure colours of paint are used
 Paint is directly dabbed and mixed on the canvas
 Quick, spontaneous brushstrokes
 Uses strong colours to show movement of light
Brief History:
 Art community did not support the art movement
 Impressionist work was denied exhibit to salon
 Many impressionists faced financial issues but survived due to the help of other members of the members
o Notable painters of this movement:
 Edouard Manet
 Degas
 Paul Cezanne
 Claude Monet – founder and most productive practitioner of the movement, his work
Impression, Sunrise gave the movement its name
Post-impressionism
Post-impressionism – a phase in modern art that started when artists felt the need to go beyond the imitative style of
the impressionistic works
Brief History:
 Started in France
 Resulted in the emergence of different movements (neo-impressionism, expressionism, art nouveau, and
Fauvism)
 Paul Cezanne – bridge between impressionism and cubism
o Started as impressionist and was later a key figure in post-impressionism
o French and was born into a wealthy family
o In Salon des Refuses (which featured rejected artworks from salons), Cezanne’s work was included
and the harsh critic forced him to leave Paris to find a new style of art
o Nature for him is composed of three basic shapes (spheres, cylinders, and cones)
 Vincent Van Gogh – most popular artist in modern art
o Important post-impressionist painter
o Used the impasto technique- thick paint is applied on the surface, leaving brushstrokes visible
o Born to a religious family in the southern parts of Netherlands
o His earlier works were gloomy, inspired by the works of Jean-Francois Miller
o He transferred to Paris where he gained the influence of impressionist styles from other impressionist
painters
o He was influenced by Paul Gauguin in the post-impressionistic style
o Admitted himself to a mental asylum where he continued to paint
Expressionism
 Characterized as deeply personal style
 Artist communicates his personal feelings about subject
 Representation is sometimes distorted or replaced
 Reaction to post-passive style of Impressionists
 Manifested in Germany and Paris
Characteristics of Expressionism:
 uses thick applications of paint (impasto) for texture and intense/ violent mood
 colors used are bold, unnatural and strong
 brush strokes are loose and applied freely
Artist of Expressionism:
Edward Munch – Norwegian painter and print maker
 Life is full of tragedy & death (lost his mother at 5, elder sister after few years, younger sister with mental
illness and brother died after marriage)
 Artworks have feeling of anxiety, isolation, rejection and death
 Scream – famous artwork for his “soul painting”
Cubism
Cubism – style of painting developed by Pablo Picasso & Georges Braque
 inspired by geometric style and composition by Paul Cezanne
 term came from Louise Vauxcelles after reviewing Braque’s artwork
 broke the traditional ideas of what art is
o Synthetic Cubism – third and final stage of Cubism
o innovative use of bright colors, collage and paper cutouts
 Les Demoiselles D’Avignon (The Ladies of Avignon) – five female nudes depicted by geometric and
disjointed bodies with two women wearing African masks
Characteristics of Cubism:
 showcases objects with different points of view at different times
 concentrated on two dimensional surfaces
  rejected linear techniques of perspective and modeling
 outlines are defined by straight or curved lines
Dadaism
DADA- an anti-art movement that started in 1916
 reaction to the First World War
 rebellion against the ruling establishment and art institutions
 movement against everything that the Dadaist believed contributed to the WWI
 developed both in Europe and United States
 its term “dada” - was chosen randomly from a German-French dictionary by the poet Richard Hulsenback
o a nonsensical word which is probably why it was chosen by the group
o meant different things in different languages; which has nothing to do with the ideology of the
movement
 was intentionally off-putting, scandalous and shocking
 undermined the established rules and traditions of art through demonstrations, publications of manifestos, and
exhibitions of absurd art
 Dadaist believes that art can be made of anything and the idea behind the art was more important than the art
itself; which is clearly seen in Marcel Duchamp’s readymades and photomontages
o Readymades - art made from found objects but used differently from their normal context
o Photomontage - a technique similar to that of the collage of the cubist
 used clipping of photos or reproduced images that were pasted together
 sought to find new ways of presenting ideas that are not tainted by the traditional concepts of art = new
experimental forms and techniques in art which were a precursor and inspiration for later and modern
contemporary art
Earliest example: Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain sculpture (1887-1968) - an uninstalled urinal with a signed
pseudonym “R. Mutt”; submitted to Society of Independent Artist Exhibition in Paris (1917) which was rejected
since “it was not art”; rejection= resignation from the board of group
 movement ended in the 1920s when many of them have felt the lost relevance and the movement had reached
its limits = SURREALISM
Surrealism
Surrealism -an art movement that started in 1924 and ended in 1966 and was started by Dadaist Andre Breton
Sigmund Freud
 a psychologist whose works influenced surrealism
 ‘dreams were our subconscious way of dealing with personal issues and realities’
Representational Surrealism
 expressed through realistic depiction of objects but is set or distorted beyond the capabilities of reality
 combines objects or elements that’d never be together in real life
 give a dreamlike quality
Abstract Surrealism
 based on shapes and forms which do not represent anything in real life
 forms made by the subconscious
Painting Techniques
1. Frottage
a. piece of paper would be placed on top of a texture surface
b. pencil or crayon would be rubbed on paper that would produce an impression of the surface
Decalcomania
c. paint is splashed on a piece of paper; while paint is wet, another piece of paper will be rubbed onto it
2. Grattage
a. painted canvass will be placed on top of a textured surface; paint will then be scraped away to create
an impression
3. Fumage
a. a piece of paper will be placed and moved over a lighted candle
 4. Automatic drawing
a. uses a writing instrument and let it move around a medium without conscious thought
5. Drip painting
a. uses paint drips form a moving can of paint
Salvador Dali
 an academy-trained Spanish artist
 known for his careful attention to detail, bizarre subject matter and use of Freudian dream symbolisms which
he refers to ‘hand painted dream photographs’
 he painted his most recognizable artwork “The Persistence of Memory” in 1931 which shows a number of
melting clocks in a barren landscape
Abstract Expressionism
 movement in 1940s in the United States
 artworks are characterized as “nonrepresentative paintings”
 its term was first used to describe the work of the German expressionists; later applied to the American Art
Movement
 flourished in the United States, a series of parallel movements appeared in Europe under different names such
as an Art Informel, Tachisme
Characterized by 2 distinct styles:
1. action painting - energetic style where the paint is splashed, dripped, or spilled onto the canvas; practiced by
a. Jackson Pollock -named “Jack the Dripper” because of his trademark style
2. color field painting - more passive; uses flat areas or fields of color inviting the viewers to contemplate and
create an emotional response: were large in order to create an impact more personal to the viewer
OP art
 1964-1970
 named by Time Magazine
 other term is optical arts
 is an example of kinetic art, an art form that fools the eye into thinking that the artwork is moving
 optical illusion is achieved by using geometric designs arranged in a careful mathematical pattern
 abstract art made of geometric shapes
 earliest op art was black and white, later developed to vibrant colours
 was used in different mediums such as interior design, fashion, advertising, album art, etc.
 it became popular in latter 1960s but it quickly waned after
One of the proponents of op art is Bridget Riley (1931- present)
 British artist
 known for her artworks that produce dizziness to the viewer, causing one to look away
 arrangement carefully planned, is often intuition rather than by mathematical calculations.
POST-MODERNISM AND CONTEMPORARY ART
Post-modernism – reaction against modernism, covers art made starting from 1970s
Contemporary Art – art of the present, started in the 1960s
Difference between post-modernism and contemporary art = post-modernism is an attitude and style; contemporary art
refers to art made in a fifty-year time period
Pop-art – an art style that began in 1955
 the term pop art was coined by Lawrence Alloway
 began in New York and London
 expressed by simple, daring, everyday images from contemporary culture
 used lively block colours that gives art a trendy vibe
 rejected traditional values of modernism
 most recognizable and popular art style
Happening – avant-garde art forms whose earliest shape developed from the Dada movement, started in 1960s
 combined elements of drama and visual arts
 the term Happening was first used by Allan Kaprow
o his first happening was in New York and it was titled “Admission piece: 18 happenings in 6 parts”
o idea behind it was to remove the difference between life and art
o happenings are planned beforehand but are performed spontaneously
Performance Art – art form where the artist makes use of himself and his live actions to express his art
 overly theatrical
 takes the form of intense acting and movement not ordinarily accepted in live theatre
 incorporates other mediums such as dance
 presented anywhere as long as it is live
 spontaneous or rehearsed
Installation Art- art form which involves the arrangement of objects in space
 product of space and the objects is the artwork
 allows viewers to be in the artwork
 viewer can move around and sometimes interact with the art
 not only visual but can also appeal to taste, smell, touch, sound, and taste
 can be very simple or elaborate
 makes use of different materials
 possibilities are endless
Graffiti Art – (street art) controversial form of contemporary art
 can be considered as vandalism
 illegal in many cities
 existed during prehistoric times
 terms refer to the trend that started in 1960s where city structures were vandalized
 public art commonly done on the sides of a building, billboards, walls, and public transport
 emerged as urban protests started in Europe and America
 Bansky- elusive and most well-known graffiti artist
PE
Physical Fitness Testing – continuous process that leads to the awareness on the importance of the holistic wellness
that focuses on the mind and the body
Two types of Physical Fitness:
1. Health-related Fitness
a. Body composition – relative percentage of body fat compared to lean body mass; measured through
the BMI
b. Muscular Strength – amount of force that a person can produce in a single muscle contraction;
measured through partial curl-ups/push-ups/trunk lift
c. Muscular Endurance – capacity of a group of muscles to contract over a long period of time’
measured through partial curl-ups/push ups/trunk lift
d. Cardiovascular Endurance – capacity of the heart to effectively pump in order to meet the demands of
exercise; measured through 1 Km run/walk
e. Flexibility – capacity to use joints in its normal range of movements; measured through shoulder
stretch/ sit-and-reach
2. Skill-related Fitness
a. Speed – capacity of the body to cover a certain distance for a short period of time; measured through
40-meter sprint
b. Agility – capacity to control body movements and to shift direction quickly; measured through
hexagon agility test
c. Balance – capacity to maintain equilibrium even when moving; measured through stork stand test
d. Coordination – capacity of the body to use all the senses and its parts together and execute moves
smoothly and efficiently; measured through paper juggling
 e. Power – capacity to transfer force at a rapid pace, product of strength and power; measured through
standing long jump
f. Reaction time – capacity to respond quickly to stimulus; measured through stick drop test
Lifestyle diseases – common due to the different risk factors
 Obesity – excessive fat of a person gained from food or inactive lifestyle
o Don’ts of eating:
 Skipping breakfast – breakfast is the most important meal of the day
 Weight targets – setting specific weight targets will put pressure and stress to a person
 Not eating fruit and vegetables – not eating fruits and vegetables makes person prone to
sickness
 Night, social, and emotional eating – unplanned eating must be avoided to prevent gain
o How to overcome obesity?
 Exercise daily: Follow the FITT Principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type
 Eat only when hungry
 Reduce passive pastimes
 Eat balanced-meals
 Diabetes – condition where the amount of sugar in the blood is too high and the body cannot use it properly
because it cannot enter the cells
 Heart Diseases – leading global cause of death
o How to avoid heart diseases?
 Adopt a healthy lifestyle
 Have a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to protect the heart
 Change unhealthy lifestyle
 Practice regular physical involvement
 Stay happy and avoid life stresses
Dynamic Sports Participation – brings not only enjoyment but also fulfilment to personal health objectives
 Individual Sports – require self-monitoring skills
o Athletics – the beginning of athletics started in the prehistoric times when people use several skills in
survival
 Throwing Event: Discus Throw
 Running Event: Sprinting
 Jumping Event: Long Jump
 Dual Sports – partner play, co-players must attain a harmonious play
o Badminton – originated in India (Poona), played over a net using a racket and a shuttlecock, can be
indoor or outdoor and played by men or women in singles or doubles match
 Materials and Equipment:
 Court: rectangular in shape and 40mm wide
 Post and Net: post is 1.55m in height and the net is made of fine cord with a depth of
760mm
 Shuttle: has 16 feathers fixed in the base that I firmly fastened with thread
 Racket: has the handle, stringed area, head, shaft, and frame
 Basic Skills:
 Correct gripping – made near the end of the handle
o Forehand – universal grip
o Backhand – allows the racket to push through the air with greater speed
 Ready Position – weigh is on the balls of the feet with knees slightly bent
 Footwork
o Forehand shot – left foot is forwarded
o Backhand – right foot is forwarded
 Types of Service:
 Long shot- shuttle falls beyond the service line
 Long high – shuttle falls within the rear boundary line
 Drive – quick flip that makes the shuttle falls directly to the desired spot
 Basic Strokes:
 Forehand – performed to return the shuttle from the right side
 Backhand – performed to return the shuttle from the left side
 Overhand – performed to return a high shot
  Drop – performed by dropping the shuttle when it passes the net
 Drive – makes the opponent run from side to side
 Smash – attack shot
 Team Sport - Football – team sport that requires speed, power, agility, and coordination
HEALTH
Health Consumer – someone who buys things the help takes care of the body
Wise Health consumer – someone that follows a plan for making choices on what to buy
 Find out all the possible choices you can make
 Think of the consequences of each choice
 Select what seems to be the best choice
Consumer health – deals with the decisions individuals make regarding the purchase of available products and health
services that will have a direct effect on their health
Health Products – substances, materials, or equipment manufactured for consumer purchase and used in the
maintenance of health
Health Services – activities, information, or works furnished to help satisfy the needs or wants of the consumer
Package Label – provides you with some of the facts that you need such as: name of product, kind of health product,
quantity/amount, ingredients, directions for use, precautions before use, and price
Advertising – recommending or praising something that calls forth the attention of the public
Health Care Delivery System – employs health care providers who perform specialized roles in their area of expertise
Health Care Providers – people such as doctors, nurses, dentists, and nutritionist who directly delivers these services
Health Care Facilities – categorized into three levels
1. Primary Level – first line of contact between people and higher levels of health facilities (ex. Barangay
stations and rural health units)
2. Secondary Level – consists of district health care institutions, has 50-100 bed capacities, referral centres for
primary level (ex. Municipal hospital and district hospital)
3. Tertiary Level – specialized health care facilities, 100 and above bed capacity, has a roster of trained doctors
and specialists (ex. Regional hospitals and medical centres)
Health Care System – systematic plan of health services that are rendered to people including organizing and
networking health facilities and human resources
a) Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth): tax-exempt, government owned and controlled
corporation, main goal is to create a universal health coverage for Filipinos
a. Formal Sector – formal and contractual employees
b. Informal Sector – self-employed and OFWs
c. Indigent Members – people with no definite source of income
d. Sponsored Members- contributors are shouldered by another individual
e. Lifetime Members – people that reached retirement and paid at least 12 months of contributions
f. Senior Citizen – members who are 60 years and older
b) Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) – prepared plans covering medical expense and have been designed
by insurance companies
a. Clients can choose between a number of prepaid programs from Independent Practitioner Association
(IPA), Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) and Point Of Service (POS)
c) Private Health Insurance – individual or groups pay a premium to the insurance company
Quackery – promotion of a false or unproven method for profit; Occurs when:
 Heath care is administered by unlicensed health care providers
 Promises of cures are made about useless products
 Self-proclaimed therapeutic procedures are performed without scientific validation
Attributes of people that believe in Quackery:
 Gullible – believe easily something that is broadcasted or printed
  Desperate – they are facing an incurable health condition
 Isolated – attracted to unconventional methods because they distrust medical science
 Belief in the supernatural – believe in the promising influence of mystical powers
 Overconfident – believe that they are more knowledgeable and skilled than experts
Type of Quackery:
 Medical – practitioners engage in practices that are not science-based and have no proven value
 Nutrition – multilevel companies market health-related products that are inappropriate or overpriced
 Devices – people believe that health is purchasable
Preparation of Medicinal Plants:
 Decoctions – done by boiling the roots, stems, and leaves of the plant to extract the medicinal properties
 Infusion – prepared by allowing the flowers, stems, or leaves to remain in thot or cold water.
o Hot Infusion – used chopped up dry leaves
o Cold Infusions – use fresh leaves
 Poultices – made by heating flowers or leaves then applying it like an ointment
Alternative Health Care Modalities:
 Acupuncture – involves piercing the skin with thin long needles
 Ventosa Massage- uses cups that form a vacuum on the skin
 Reflexology – hands and feet have reflex points that are manipulated
 Naturopathy – employs a wide range of natural means to restore health
 Ayurveda – ancient philosophy based on a deeper understanding if the body, mind, and spirit
 Homeopathic Medicine – substances that can cause symptoms in a person can also be a cure to another person
 Biofield Therapy - directs a healing force from an outside source to the body through the laying of hands
 Chiropractic – manipulation of the spine to relive muscle tension
 Massage – application of touch and movement to the muscles and joints
 Ozone Therapy – uses ozone gas to increase amount of oxygen in the body