Swagelok-Tube Fitters Manual 1
Swagelok-Tube Fitters Manual 1
Swagelok-Tube Fitters Manual 1
Manual
Swagelok Company
Solon, Ohio
All rights reserved. This book or any parts thereof may not be reproduced in
any form without the express permission of Swagelok Company.
Tube fittings, valves, and other fluid system components illustrated in this
manual are the subject of pending or issued U.S. and foreign patents.
iii
As industry requirements have grown and changed over the years, so too
has the content of this manual. We have expanded the manual to include in-
formation on selecting tube fittings for severe service requirements, metallurgy,
innovations in product design, and advanced manufacturing processes. Yet
the information you have always counted on, such as troubleshooting, tubing
specifications, and pressure ratings is still here.
The success of your fluid system is dependent not only upon specifying
Swagelok tube fittings, but also upon proper installation and use of high-quality
tubing. We believe that the combination of these factors will go far to help en-
sure leak-tight connections.
iv
Index 299
Table of Contents
The Swagelok Tube Fitting Advantage 2
How the Swagelok Tube Fitting Works 3
Enhanced Factors of Performance: The Big Three 4
Tube Grip 4
Gas Seal 5
Vibration Resistance 6
Materials 7
Material Standards 7
Additional Processing 8
Bored-Through Swagelok Tube Fittings 8
A Checklist for Excellence in Tube FittingSelection 10
Design 10
Performance 11
Installation 11
Quality Assurance 12
Why Close Tolerances Are Important 12
Gaugeability 14
Interchange and Intermix of Tube FittingComponents 15
Back ferrule
Hinge point
Nut
Fitting body
Excellent gas-tight sealing and tube-gripping
action
Easily achieved proper installation
Consistent reassemblies
Excellent vibration fatigue resistance and
tube support
Consisting of a nut, back ferrule, front ferrule, and body, the Swagelok
tube fitting functions as follows:
1. Tubing is inserted into the completely assembled fitting until it
bottoms against the shoulder of the fitting.
2. The nut is tightened 1 1/4 turns from finger-tight. During this
tightening, a number of different movements take place within the
fitting in a preplanned sequence.
For more information, please refer to
this video of How It Works.
www.swagelok.com/TFM
Nut
Body
Front ferrule
Back
Figure 1-3 The hinging and colleting action provides more material of the
back ferrule in close contact with the tube adjacent to the tube grip.
Gas Seal
A gas seal is achieved by the burnishing or polishing that occurs
between the front ferrule and the tube fitting body and the front ferrule
and the tubing. This burnishing action accompanies concentrated
zones of contact, as shown in yellow.
The back ferrule drives the front ferrule a sufficient distance to
achieve the gas seal. Once this is accomplished, the back ferrule
will no longer progress against the front ferrule. By controlling the
movement of the back ferrule just enough to ensure a leak-tight seal,
the Swagelok tube fitting limits the stroke and deformation on the
front ferrule.
We refer to this controlled movement of the ferrules as compensating
action. Compensating action allows the tube fitting to overcome
tubing variables such as materials, hardness, wall thickness, and
dimensions, while achieving a leak-tight seal.
Nut
Body
Vibration Resistance
To reduce the effects of bending, deflection, and vibration, the mid
portion of the back ferrule adjacent to the tube-gripping nose collets
and applies a compressive stress against the tube that isolates,
dampens, and protects the stress riser at the nose of the back
ferrule.
The live-loading, spring action and residual elasticity of the front
and back ferrules compensate for thermal cycling and thermal and
mechanical transients (rapid changes). The elasticity of the ferrules
responds and maintains a seal through these transients. This design
has a protected stress riser through our patented back ferrule
geometry, which reduces the damaging effects of system dynamics.
Materials
Material Standards
Additional Processing
Fitting bodies are processed for improved performance, as shown.
No additional processing is required for alloy 625, alloy 825, brass,
nylon, 316 stainless steel, 254 SMO stainless steel, and PTFE
materials.
First, for sizes 1/16 and 1/8 in. (4 mm and below), always tighten the
nut until the tube will not turn by hand or move axially in the fitting,
then complete the required assembly procedure.
Because many bored-through fitting applications involve thermocouples
with different types of filler materials, the user should verify the suitability
of the thermocouple with the Swagelok fitting.
With over 1 in. and over 25 mm bored-through fittings, the tubing
is inserted through the fitting body, and pull-up must be done with
wrenches and inspected with the multihead hydraulic swaging unit
(MHSU) gap gauge.
back ferrule away from the tube surface. The back ferrule will not
bow during assembly.
The sealing and gripping actions of the fitting will provide a
compensating action between ferrules that will accommodate
the allowed ranges of tube wall thickness, diameter, and material
hardness. For example, on thin wall tubing, the back ferrule will
grip the wall of the tube with less indentation than is necessary
on heavy wall tubing. The front ferrule will move farther down the
body ramp to burnish or polish a seal on the tube more than is
needed on a heavy wall tube.
The stainless steel material, from which tube fitting bodies
and components are made, will be restricted to a minimum
chromium content of 17.0 % and a minimum nickel content of
12.0 % for improved corrosion resistance, and to a maximum
carbon content of 0.05 %, which provides better corrosion-
resistant weldability.
The tube fitting nut will be internally plated with a high-purity silver
to eliminate galling during assembly.
Performance
The tube fitting will produce a leak-tight seal in pressure or vacuum
service.
The tube fitting manufacturer will specify the allowed ranges of
tube wall thickness, diameter, and material hardness.
The tube fitting will function on standard ASTM stainless steel
tubing, fully annealed according to ASTM A269 or A213.
The tube fitting will contain pressure up to a minimum of four
times (43) the working pressure of the tube without fitting material
rupture when properly installed.
Installation
The manufacturer should offer a wide variety of tools for tube
fitting installation.
The manufacturer will provide clear instructions for proper tube
fitting installation.
The tube fitting will not apply torque to or twist the tubing during
original or subsequent assembly of the connection.
The fitting should use geometry or defined axial movement of the
nut for assembly.
The tube fitting will not require fitting disassembly for inspection
after assembly.
Quality Assurance
All tube fitting metal components will be stamped to identify
manufacturer and material.
All tube fittings will have a gaugeable shoulder to check for
sufficient pull-up on initial installation. The gaugeable shoulder
will allow a gap inspection gauge to be inserted between the hex
of the nut and hex of the body shoulder. Consistently, thegap
inspection gauge will not fit between the nut and shoulder
hexes of a sufficiently tightened fitting on the initial installation.
The tube fitting manufacturer will be certified to produce fittings
under an N Stamp Program accredited by ASME.
The tube fitting manufacturer will have a Statistical Quality Control
program, which will have an acceptance quality limit (AQL) level of 1.5.
Note: Additional information may be referenced in Zero
Acceptance Number Sampling Plans, 5th Edition, written by
N.L. Squiglia, published by ASQ Press.
The tube fitting manufacturer will be committed to Statistical
ontrol of Processes for manufacture of all critical dimensions.
C
The tube fittings will be procured from the tube fitting manufacturers
distribution network supported and trained by the manufacturer.
No component of any other tube fitting manufacturer will be
interchanged or intermixed with the four components (body, nut,
front ferrule, and back ferrule) of the tube fitting.
Front
Nut
ferrule
Back Body
ferrule
Figure 1-6 Swagelok tube fitting: four components.
Nut
Gaugeability
Swageloks tube fittings are developed with such stringent control
over all variables that a gap inspection gauge can be used to ensure
proper tightening when the fittings are first installed.
On initial installation, the Swagelok gap inspection gauge assures
the installer or inspector that a fitting has been sufficiently tightened.
Position the Swagelok gap inspection gauge next to the gap between
the nut and body.
Correct Incorrect
If the gauge will not enter the If the gauge will enter the
gap, the fitting is sufficiently gap, additional tightening is
tightened. required.
Figure 1-8 Ensure proper tightening with Swagelok gap inspection gauge.
Table of Contents
Tube Specification and Ordering 18
General Comments and Suggestions 18
Tubing for Gas Service 19
Metal Tube Selection and Specification 20
Specify Limits on Your Tubing Purchase Order 22
Suggested Ordering Information by Material 23
Plastic Tubing 25
Tubing Standards 27
Seamless or Welded
Hardness
Concentricity
Wall Thickness
Surface Finish
Ovality
Figure 2-3 Tubing variables to be considered when selecting tubing.
Hardness Restrictions:
All flareless tube fittings require that the tubing be softer than the
fitting material. Various terms are used to describe tubing hardness.
In general, metal tubing should be fully annealed to work properly
with Swagelok tube fittings. Most stainless steel tubing is restricted
to a maximum Rockwell hardness of 90 HRB.
Plastic Tubing
Many different types of plastic tubing are available for use in a wide
range of fluid applications. The most common types are listed below
with certain characteristics and limitations and suggested ordering
information.
Nylon Tubing: Nylon tubing is a tough tubing material that is readily
available for a wide variety of low-pressure tubing systems. Typical
uses are on low-pressure hydraulics or air fluid power systems and
in laboratory piping. Because of its good flexibility and abrasion
resistance, it is often used for instrument air, lubrication, beverage,
and fuel lines. Size ranges generally run from 1/8 in. OD to 1/2 in. OD.
Nylon tubing is usually rated by short-time burst rating, commonly
from 1000 to 2500 psig (68 to 172 bar). Working pressure is generally
250 to 625 psig (17 to 43 bar) using a 4:1 design factor. Working
temperature range is 75 to 165F (24 to 74C).
Swagelok metal tube fittings may be used up to the maximum working
pressure of nylon tubing. Swagelok nylon tube fittings may be used at
lower tubing pressure ranges. Consult your Swagelok representative
for details.
Suggested ordering information: OD is not to exceed 60.005 in.
from nominal OD for 3/16 to 1/2 in. tubing and is not to exceed
60.003 in. for 1/8 in. OD.
Polyethylene Tubing: This inexpensive, flexible tubing is widely
used in laboratories, instrument air lines, and other applications. It is
more flexible than nylon but not as abrasion resistant. It is generally
very corrosion resistant, so it is very good for air service in corrosive
environments.
It is rated by burst pressure from 250 to 500 psig (17 to 34 bar) and
working pressure from 60 to 125 psig (4 to 9 bar) with a 4:1 design
factor. It is generally rated to a maximum temperature of 140F (60C).
Swagelok metal or nylon tube fittings may be used to the maximum
working pressure of such tubing. No insert is required unless the
tubing OD is larger than 1/2 in.
Suggested ordering information: OD is not to exceed 60.005 in.
from nominal OD for 3/16 to 1/2 in. tubing and is not to exceed
60.003 in. for 1/8 in. OD.
Polypropylene Tubing: An excellent flexible tubing that is much
stronger than polyethylene. It is rated by burst pressure from 1600
to 2400 psig (110 to 165 bar) and working pressure from 400 to
600 psig (28 to 41 bar) with a 4:1 design factor. It has unusually good
temperature characteristics and is generally rated to a maximum
temperature of 250F (121C).
Swagelok metal tube fittings are satisfactory for use on polypropylene
tubing. Swagelok nylon tube fittings may be used for lower tubing
pressure ranges. No insert is required unless the tubing OD is larger
than 1/2 in.
Suggested ordering information: OD is not to exceed 60.005 in.
from nominal OD for 3/16 to 1/2 in. tubing and is not to exceed
60.003 in. for 1/8 in. OD.
PFA and TFE Tubing: This tough tubing is used in a wide variety
of fluid handling operations. It has excellent properties that resist
corrosion. It has good temperature capabilities to 400F (204C).
Standard metal Swagelok tube fittings may be used on TFE or PFA
tubing. When TFE fittings are used on TFE tubing, there is very little
holding power because of the very low coefficient of friction when
a TFE fitting tries to hold a length of TFE tubing. However, the PFA
Swagelok tube fitting, when used with Swagelok PFA tubing (and
grooved with the Swagelok groove cutter), will hold to the rated
working pressure of the tubing. Consult your Swagelok representative
for pressure rating information on this combination.
Suggested ordering information: OD is not to exceed 60.005 in.
from nominal OD for 3/16 to 1/2 in. tubing and is not to exceed
60.003 in. for 1/8 in. OD.
Soft PVC Tubing: This tubing is very soft, plasticized PVC, used
for flexibility and corrosion resistance in many laboratory, medical,
food, and pharmaceutical applications. It is normally rated at
approximately 165F (74C). When used with Swagelok metal
or plastic tube fittings, a serrated insert must be used. The insert
supports the tube wall from the inside so that ferrules can grip and
seal the tubing. Swagelok hose connectors may also be used with
this type of tubing (see Chapter 6 for details). Reinforced soft PVC
tubing is also available. An inner braid is imbedded in the tube wall to
increase strength and working pressure.
Swagelok tube fittings should NOT be used with reinforced soft PVC
tubing because of possible leakage from the end of the tube around
the braid, within the tube wall. An inside diameter seal, such as a
Swagelok hose connector, should be used.
Suggested ordering information: OD is not to exceed 60.005 in.
from nominal for 3/16 to 1/2 in. tubing and is not to exceed 60.003
in. for 1/8 in. OD.
Tubing Standards
The following list covers the commonly encountered metal tubing
specifications for tubing to be used with Swagelok tube fittings.
For OD tolerances, refer to the table shown here.
Stainless Carbon
Swagelok Decimal ASTM Steel Steel Copper Aluminum
Tube Tube Equivalents A213 and ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM
OD (in.) Size (in.) A249 A269 A179 B75 B210
1/16* 100 0.0625 .004 in. .005 in. .004 in. .002 in. .003 in.
1/8* 200 0.125 .004 in. .005 in. .004 in. .002 in. .003 in.
3/16 300 0.1875 .004 in. .005 in. .004 in. .002 in. .003 in.
1/4 400 0.0250 .004 in. .005 in. .004 in. .002 in. .003 in.
5/16 500 0.3125 .004 in. .005 in. .004 in. .002 in. .003 in.
3/8 600 0.375 .004 in. .005 in. .004 in. .002 in. .003 in.
1/2 810 0.500 .004 in. .005 in. .004 in. .002 in. .003 in.
5/8 1010 0.625 .004 in. .005 in. .004 in. .002 in. .004 in.
3/4 1210 0.750 .004 in. .005 in. .004 in. .0025 in. .004 in.
7/8 1410 0.875 .004 in. .005 in. .004 in. .0025 in. .004 in.
1 1610 1.000 .006 in. .005 in. .005 in. .0025 in. .004 in.
1 1/4 2000 1.250 .006 in. .005 in. .006 in.
1 1/2 2400 1.500 .006 in. .010 in. .006 in.
2 3200 2.000 .010 in. .010 in. .010 in.
Notes:
Certain austenitic stainless tubing has an allowable ovality tolerance double the OD tolerance. Such oval tubing
may not fit into Swagelok precision tube fittings.
* 60.003 in. maximum recommended for 1/16 and 1/8 in. OD tubing when used with Swagelok tube fittings
SAF 2507 Super Duplex Covers fully annealed SAF 2507 Super
ASTM A789 Duplex tubing, such as would be used
Seamless and welded ferritic/ with Swagelok SAF 2507 Super Duplex
austenitic stainless steel tubing tube fittings. Hardness not to exceed
for general service. 32 HRC. Tubing to be free of scratches,
suitable for bending and flaring.
Alloy 825
ASTM B163
Seamless nickel and nickel
Covers fully annealed seamless alloy
alloy condenser and heat-
825 tubing, ASTM B163, ASTM B423, or
exchanger tubes.
equivalent, such as would be used with
Swagelok alloy 825 tube fittings. Fully
ASTM B423
annealed, welded alloy 825 tubing, ASTM
Nickel-iron-chromium-
B704, class 1 or equivalent. Hardness not
molybdenum-copper alloy
to exceed HR15T90 or 201 HV. Tubing to
seamless pipes and tubes.
be free of scratches, suitable for bending
ASTM B704 and flaring. Wall thickness tolerances not
Welded UNS N06625, UNS to exceed 610 %.
N06219, and UNS N08825
alloy tubes.
Alloy 254
ASTM A269
Seamless and welded
Covers fully annealed seamless or welded
austenitic stainless steel tubing
and drawn alloy 254 hydraulic tubing,
for general service.
ASTM A269 or ASTM A213, or equivalent,
such as would be used with Swagelok
ASTM A213
alloy 254 tube fittings. Hardness not to
Seamless ferritic and austenitic
exceed 96 HRB. Tubing to be free of
alloy steel boiler, superheater,
scratches, suitable for bending and flaring.
and heat-exchanger tubes.
Table of Contents
Tubing Handling 35
Tubing System Layout 36
Advantages of Tubing versus Pipe 42
Tube-Straightening Techniques 45
Stainless Steel Tubing: Coils 47
Tube Bending 47
Marks Used in Bend Layout 54
The Measure-Bend Method 56
Tube Bending Defects 60
Swagelok Tube Benders 61
Hand Tube Bender 62
Bench Top Tube Bender 63
Electric Tube Bender 64
Minimum Straight Tube Length 65
Tube Preparation 67
Tube Cutter 67
Hacksaw 69
Tube Deburring 70
Tube Facing Tool 72
Handling of Tube Fittings 74
Tubing Handling
Careful handling of tubing, from receiving to installation, will promote
leak-free systems.
Good handling practices will reduce scratches, gouges, and nicks,
which can interfere with proper sealing (particularly on gas service).
Figure 3-1.
1/4" SS
STREAM 7
1/4" SS
STREAM 6
1/4" SS
STREAM 5
1/4" SS
STREAM 4
1/4" SS
STREAM 3
1/4" SS
STREAM 2
1/4" SS
STREAM 1
WR RELIEF
1/2" SS HDR
Figure 3-2.
Other considerations:
Figure 3-3.
Correct
Incorrect
Figure 3-4.
Figure 3-5.
Figure 3-6.
Figure 3-9.
Figure 3-10.
Correct Incorrect
Figure 3-11.
Ease of Installation
Standard wrenches
No threading
No flaring
No soldering or brazing
No welding
Figure 3-12.
Figure 3-13.
Figure 3-14.
Figure 3-15.
Tube-Straightening Techniques
Straightness of tubing is important from two standpoints.
Where the tube enters the fitting, it is necessary to have a
straight run long enough to allow the tube to bottom in the fitting
body.
Also, straight tubing is easier to support properly and makes
access for maintenance simpler. Straight tube runs are also more
attractive and reduce support installation time.
Softer tube materials such as copper and aluminum are often
furnished in coils, and some straightening must be done to make the
tubing ready for use.
Figure 3-16.
Begin rolling the coil away from the end of the tubing with the other
hand.
Figure 3-17.
Slide the first hand along the tubing, following the coil in such a
manner that the tubing lies flat on the flat surface. Unroll the coil rather
than pulling the tubing end out sideways from the coil. Uncoiling from
the side of the roll can twist or weaken the tubing and will tend to
throw the tubing out of round.
Figure 3-18.
Tube Bending
Bend Terminology
Blueprints, engineering drawings, and bend templates typically
indicate the position of a tube bend as the point where the centerlines
of two straight sections of tube intersect.
The straight sections are referred to as legs, whereas the intersection
point of the two legs is called the vertex.
Figure 3-19.
Figure 3-20.
Figure 3-21.
180 Bends
The legs of 180 bends are parallel and, as a result, do not have a
vertex. For layout purposes, the intersection of a line tangent to the
midpoint of the 180 bend (B) is treated as if it were the vertex of the
bend. The length of a leg containing a 180 bend is measured from
the beginning point of the leg (A), along the centerline, and then
extended to a point perpendicular to a line tangent to the midpoint of
the 180 bend (B). It is not measured directly from (A) to (B).
Midpoint
B
C B2
Incorrect! 180
A B1
5 in.
Line tangent to
midpoint of bend
Figure 3-22.
In the example at right, the length of the leg from (A) to (B) is correctly
dimensioned at 5 in. along a straight line from (A) to (B1). In the same
way, a leg dimensioned from (B) to (C) would be measured parallel to
the leg from (B2) to (C), not at an angle from (B) to (C).
C B2
Correct 180
A B1
5 in.
Line tangent to
midpoint of bend
Figure 3-23.
Bend Radius
The radius of tube bends is defined as the radius to the center of
the tube. This table shows commonly used bend radii on currently
available tube benders.
Tube material, wall thickness, and type of equipment used will
influence the smallest bend radius that can be attained.
Tube OD Radius
1/8 in. 3/8 in.
1/4 in. 9/16 in.
3/8 in. 15/16 in.
1/2 in. 11/2 in.
5/8 in. 11/2 in.
3/4 in. 13/4 in.
7/8 in. 2 in.
1 in. 4 in.
1 1/4 in. 5 in.
1 1/2 in. 6 in.
2 in. 8 in.
Offset Bends
The purpose of an offset bend is to change the centerline of the run,
usually to avoid an obstruction. In an offset bend, two bends of the
same angle (E) are placed back-to-back on opposite sides of the tube.
In many applications, the length of the offset (O) may be provided
or known rather than the actual vertex-to-vertex length (L) between
the bends.
E
L
Figure 3-24.
Example:
Springback
Springback occurs when a material is bent from its original form. The
bent tube will elastically spring back slightly toward its original pre-
bent form as the pressure exerted on it during the bending process
is released.
As a tube is bent around a bend radius, it will conform to the radius
of the bend die; however, once the pressure is released, the tube will
spring away from the bend die. For example, a stainless steel tube
bent 180 using a bender with a 3/4 in. bend radius (1 1/2 in. diameter)
may spring open to as much as 1 5/8 in. diameter after bending.
The amount of springback will vary depending on variables such as
the bend radius, tube material, diameter, and wall thickness.
Springback can also vary with the bend angle, with a larger bend
angle exhibiting more springback than a smaller angle. In extreme
cases, springback can be so great that large bend angles may not be
achievable using the hand bender.
There are two ways to compensate for springback:
The operator can anticipate the amount of springback by bending
the tube past the angle indicated on the bend die. As the bend
pressure is released, the tube will spring open slightly.
The bender can be manufactured with the angle marks on the bend
die offset to compensate for a predetermined amount of springback.
The Swagelok hand tube bender is designed in this manner, with
the angle marks offset approximately 3 to compensate for the
springback typically observed when bending stainless steel. When
bending softer tube, such as copper and aluminum, do not bend all
the way to the angle mark!
Figure 3-25.
Stretch
The term stretch is used to describe the difference between a bend
marked and bent using conventional trigonometry (theory) against
what is actually produced.
In practice, tubing often appears to lengthen slightly, or stretch, as
it is bent.
NOTE: In some cases the tubing may also appear to get shorter,
or shrink (usually the result of a mismarked bender die or bend
reference mark).
Regardless of the reason, whether the resulting piece is longer or
shorter than desired, without accounting for stretch, the location of
the bend is likely to be wrong.
Figure 3-26.
Reference Mark
The reference mark is placed at one end of the tube and is used to
indicate the end of the tubing from where all measurements were made.
Bend Marks
Bend marks are used to indicate the location of the bend on the tube.
Use of bend marks will vary depending on the layout method used.
Always make bend marks neatly all the way around the tube to make
sure they will be visible when changing direction.
Reference
Mark
Bend
Mark
Figure 3-27.
Directional Marks
When making multiple bends on a single piece of tube, it is important
to make sure that each bend is made in the correct direction.
Directional marks help ensure that the bend is made in the intended
direction.
The directional mark is placed across the bend mark on the outside
surface, or heel, of the intended bend.
Directional marks provide two visual reminders for the operator:
The directional mark will be visible when the tube is correctly
positioned in the bender.
As the rollers are placed against the tube, they will contact the
directional mark.
Directional mark
Outside surface
(heel) of bend
Figure 3-28.
Directions
1. Estimate the overall length of tubing required by adding the length
of each of the sections together.
For example, the estimated length of tube needed to complete the
elbow pictured at right is 5 in. or 125 mm.
However, there are two special circumstances that will require
additional calculations:
Offsets
180 bends
Figure 3-29.
Offsets
As explained earlier, offsets require the length of tube (L) to be calculated.
E
L
Figure 3-30.
180 Bends
Unlike other bends where the legs intersect at the vertex, the legs of
180 bends are parallel.
As a result, consideration must also be made for the tube consumed
by the bend. This can be done by multiplying the bend radius by a
factor of 1.25 and then adding this amount to the sum of the legs.
Figure 3-31.
2. Make a reference mark at the end of the tube from which your
measurements will begin.
Figure 3-32.
Figure 3-33.
5. Measure 2 in. or 50 mm from the vertex of the first bend and make
a mark equal to the length of the second leg. This indicates the cut
length.
6. Cut the tube to length.
Figure 3-34.
Figure 3-35.
Wrinkled Bend
Bender is intended for Use the correct size
use with a larger tubing bender for the tubing
diameter being bent
Kinked Bend
continued
Excessive Tube
Deformation
Figure 3-36.
Figure 3-37.
Straight tube
Length Mark
Roll Support
Nameplate
Figure 3-38.
Figure 3-39.
Control
Pendant
Tube
Bend
Clamp
Shoe
Tail
Roller
Roller
Tower
Figure 3-40.
R
T Tube OD
R Radius of Bend
SWAG
L
LStraight Tube Length
(See table)
tightening. Springing the tube into position with the fitting can
result in excessive stress on the tubing and the connection.
Proper bends in the tubing and proper alignment will ensure a
good, trouble-free connection.
Tube Preparation
Proper tube preparation is critical when making up tube fitting
assemblies. Most assemblies will be constructed of short lengths
of tube that have been carefully measured, marked, and cut from
longer lengths of tube. Prior to learning how to install a Swagelok
tube fitting, it is important to learn how to prepare the tube being
used in an assembly. Two common tools are used to cut tube. These
are (1) the tube cutter and (2) the hacksaw. Once cut, burrs created
during the cutting process must be removed.
Tube Cutter
Tube cutters do not remove material, but rather push material aside
and down.
Figure 3-44 Turn the tube cutter completely around the tubing.
Hacksaw
If a tube cutter of the proper size is not available, a hacksaw may be
used. Tube should always be cut to length with a square cut. When
using a hacksaw to cut tube, a Swagelok tube sawing guide should
be used to facilitate a square cut and to keep the tube from flattening
out. Hacksaw blades should have at least 24 teeth per inch.
Tube Deburring
During the cutting process, tube cutters push burrs into the inside
diameter (ID) of the tube, and hacksaws will burr both the ID and the
OD of the tube. Regardless of which method is used to cut the tube,
these burrs must be removed.
Deburring is important for proper fitting function as well as for clean,
leak-free systems. If burrs are not removed from the OD of the tube,
they could prevent the tube from being fully inserted through the nut
and ferrules or against the shoulder of the fitting body. ID burrs could
also break off and cause damage to components in other parts of the
system by lodging in small holes or vents or by scratching valve seats
or soft seals such as O-rings.
Deburring Tools
Outside deburring can be accomplished with a smooth file. Inside and
outside deburring can be accomplished using Swagelok deburring
tools.
Figure 3-52.
Swagelok offers four tools to fit most needs: the TF16, TF24, TF40,
and TF72 series.
Some of the features include:
Tube sizes of 1/8 to 4 1/2 in. and 3 to 114.3 mm
Maximum wall thickness of 0.118 in. or 3 mm
Portable and lightweight design for mobility and easy operation
Corded and cordless tools
Graduated microfeed advancement for controlled material removal
High-performance coated tool bit with two cutting edges
Heavy-duty industrial motor with easy speed adjustment and control
No tools required to change the collet sets to different sizes
Removable bench mount bracket included with corded tools
Clear safety shield or guards to protect operator from the cutting area
Optional holder to enable bevel cutting
Storage and shipping case included
CE marked cordless tools also feature:
Robust lithium ion battery packs with capacity display
Electronic overload protection with integrated temperature
monitoring
Air-cooled technology for quick charging and long service life
Nut
Figure 3-53.
The diffusion has gone into the surface of the ferrule and is not a layer
applied on top of the ferrule. That white ribbon is the consistent effect
of carbon diffused into the surface providing incredible hardness
and corrosion resistance, without dimension change, while retaining
ductility.
Prior to installation:
Make sure the proper-sized fitting for the tubing you are using has
been selected.
Never mix metric components with fractional components.
Tubing and Tube Fitting Handling and Installation 75
Figure 3-54.
3. While holding the fitting body steady, tighten the nut 1 1/4 turns to
the 9 oclock position.
For 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in. or 2, 3, and 4 mm tube fittings, tighten
the nut 3/4 turn to the 3 oclock position.
2. Mark the tube at the top of the DMT with a pen, pencil, or adequate
marking device. Use marking pens with low-chloride ink when
marking any stainless steel component, particularly those to be
used in nuclear and high-safety applications. Many marking pens
are manufactured with permanent ink that contains chlorides,
which cause stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steel.
3. Remove the tube from the DMT and insert into the Swagelok
fitting until it is fully bottomed inside the fitting body. Inspect the
mark on the tube prior to fitting assembly. If any portion of the
mark on the tube can be seen above the fitting nut, the tube has
not fully inserted into the fitting.
Figure 3-60 Removing the tube. Figure 3-61 Visual inspection of mark.
4. While holding the fitting body steady, install the fitting by using the
following instructions, including using the gap inspection gauge.
No Disassembly Inspection
There is no need to disassemble a Swagelok fitting to inspect the
connection after assembly. Exhaustive tests and on-the-job performance
have proven that disassembly is not needed as long as the fitting has
been assembled in accordance with the installation instructions.
Position the Swagelok gap inspection gauge next to the gap between
the nut and body and gently attempt to push it into the gap.
Be sure to choose the correct Swagelok gap inspection gauge for the
size of the fitting being inspected, as well as the method of assembly.
Reassembly
You may disassemble and reassemble Swagelok tube fittings many
times.
Always depressurize the system before
CAUTION:
disassembling a Swagelok tube fitting.
Do not use the Swagelok gap inspection gauge with reassembled
fittings.
Reassembly Procedure
1. Prior to disassembly, mark the tubing at the back of the nut; mark
a line along the nut and body flats.
Use these marks to ensure that you return the nut to the previously
pulled-up position.
Figure 3-67 Insert tube with preswaged ferrules into the fitting body.
3. While holding the fitting body steady, rotate the nut with a wrench
to the previously pulled-up position, as indicated by the marks
on the tubing and flats. At this point, you will feel a significant
increase in resistance. Tighten the nut slightly.
Preswaging Tools
For Swagelok tube fitting installations in close quarters, the Swagelok
preswaging tool is a convenient accessory allowing the preswaging
of ferrules onto the tube when working in a more open or safe area.
After using the tool, follow the retightening instructions discussed
earlier in the manual.
Preswaging tools have a finite life. After frequent use, ask your
Swagelok representative to have them checked.
Dirt, chips, and other metal inclusions can interfere with proper
swaging action. The tool should be thoroughly cleaned after each
use.
Preswaging Operation
This illustrates tubing with a union connected high above ground. If a
run of tubing were to be connected, it would be difficult to pull up the
second end of the union
Figure 3-69.
Assemble the Swagelok nut and ferrules onto the preswaging tool.
Insert tubing through the ferrules into the preswaging tool until it rests
firmly on the shoulder of the preswaging tool body. Tighten the nut
1 1/4 turns from finger-tight (sizes 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in.; 2, 3, and
4 mm require only 3/4 turn).
Figure 3-70.
Figure 3-71.
Completed installation.
Figure 3-72.
When properly used, the AHSU provides Swagelok tube fittings that
are 100 % gaugeable when installed. In addition, use of the AHSU:
Places no initial strain on the nut or fitting body threads or on body
seal surfaces
Requires no threading of the nut on or off the tooling
Reduces assembly and installation time and operator error
Hydraulic housing
Nut retainer Indicator knob
Air pump
Air input
decal
Base
Air input
Air inlet
Operating Indicator knob valve
instructions set lever
Figure 3-73.
Indicator knob
Base
MHSU hydraulic
housing
Safety glasses Die heads
Retaining ring pliers
Figure 3-74.
Figure 3-77 Install the end opposite the tube adapter end first.
2. Insert the tube adapter into the Swagelok tube fitting. Make sure
that the tube adapter rests firmly on the shoulder of the tube fitting
body and that the nut is finger-tight.
3. Mark the nut at the 6 oclock position.
4. While holding the fitting body steady, tighten the nut 1 1/4 turns to
the 9 oclock position.
For 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in. or 2, 3, and 4 mm tube fittings, tighten the
nut 3/4 turn to the 3 oclock position.
Figure 3-80 Remove the nut and ferrules from the tube
fitting end connection.
3. Insert the tube adapter with preswaged ferrules into the fitting
until the front ferrule seats against the fitting body; rotate the nut
finger-tight.
Figure 3-81 Make sure the tube adapter rests firmly on the
shoulder of the tube fitting body.
Plug
1. Remove and discard the nut and ferrules from the Swagelok tube
fitting end connection.
3. While holding the fitting body steady, tighten the nut 1/4 turn.
For 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in. or 2, 3, and 4 mm tube fittings, tighten the
nut 1/8 turn.
For over 1 in./25 mm installation, see page 63 in MS-01-140.
Do not use the Swagelok gap inspection gauge with plug
assembly.
Port Connector
Machined Ferrule End
1. Remove the nut and ferrules from the Swagelok tube fitting end
connection. Discard the ferrules.
SWAGELOK
SWAGELOK
SWAGELOK
Figure 3-86 Remove the nut and ferrules from the tube fitting end
connection.
2. Slip the nut over the machined ferrule end of the port connector.
Over 1 in./25 mm sizes:
The nut is preassembled on the port connector.
3. Insert the port connector into the end connection and finger-
tighten the nut.
SWAGELOK
4. While holding the fitting body steady, tighten the nut 1/4 turn.
For 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in. or 2, 3, and 4 mm tube fittings, tighten the
nut 1/8 turn.
Do not use the Swagelok gap inspection gauge with machined
ferrule ends.
Figure 3-91.
2. Mark the nut at the 6 oclock position. While holding fitting body
steady, tighten the nut 1 1/4 turns to the 9 oclock position.
12
3
6
Figure 3-92.
For 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in. or 2, 3, and 4 mm tube fittings, tighten the
nut 3/4 turn to the 3 oclock position.
For preswaged over 1 in./25 mm tube fittings, tighten the nut 1/2 turn
to the 12 oclock position.
Do not use the Swagelok gap inspection gauge with preswaged
tube adapter connections over 1 in./25 mm.
Bulkhead Connections
Unions
Figure 3-93.
U Drive Screw
Panel wall Bulkhead retainer
Figure 3-94.
SWAGELOK
Figure 3-95 Male SAE/MS
Connector.
O-Ring Seals
O-ring seal fittings include a 70 durometer Buna N O-ring. Other
straight-thread fittings with O-rings include a 90 durometer
fluorocarbon FKM O-ring. Other O-ring materials are available
upon request. O-rings are coated with a thin film of silicone-
based lubricant. Removal of factory-applied lubricants may alter
performance.
Arbor
Preassembled
cartridge
Female body
Male nut
Figure 3-97.
Figure 3-98.
Figure 3-99.
Fitting body
Figure 3-100.
Assembly
Safe, leak-tight operation of any medium- or high-pressure system
depends on preparing and installing the coned and threaded
connections correctly.
These instructions apply to 1/4, 3/8, 9/16, 3/4, and 1 in. medium-
pressure cone and thread fitting sizes and 1/4, 3/8, and 9/16 in. high-
pressure cone and thread fitting sizes.
1. Lubricate all male threads with an anti-seize lubricant, such as a
Swagelok Goop product. Lubricate the cone end of the tubing
with a system-compatible lubricant.
2. Slide the coned and threaded (C&T) tubing into the gland.
3. Thread the collar counterclockwise (left-hand thread) onto the
C&T tubing.
4. Continue threading until one to two full threads are exposed at
the cone end of the tubing. This will indicate proper position of the
collar.
5. Insert the C&T tubing with collar into the fitting body.
6. Make sure the cone end of tubing rests firmly on the angled seat
of the fitting body.
7. Thread the gland into the fitting body until finger-tight. Hold the
fitting body steady and tighten the gland to the required torque
shown.
ISO 7/1
Thread taper 5 147
Truncation of roots and crests are rounded
Pitch measured in threads per inch
55 thread angle
FPO
Figure 3-101.
147
Figure 3-102.
Thread Sealants
Threaded Fitting Installation
Proper sealing depends on many variables, including quality and
cleanliness of threads, temperature, component material, installation
torque, specific gravity of system media, and system operating
pressures.
Figure 3-103.
Thread Sealant
Tapered threads always need a sealant to seal system fluids and
prevent galling of the threads during installation.
Swagelok PTFE tape and liquid products such as SWAK
anaerobic pipe thread sealant and PTFE-Free pipe thread sealant
help to achieve both the sealing and lubricating functions required of
tapered threads.
Figure 3-104.
Swagelok SWAK
Swagelok SWAK anaerobic thread sealant provides reliable sealing
on metal pipe threads for service in applications between 65 and
350F (53 and 176C). It also acts as a lubricant during assembly,
resisting galling or seizing of threads. SWAK sealant is applied as
a paste to the male threads. Once the threaded components are
assembled it hardens or cures to form a reliable seal. SWAK pipe
thread sealant with PTFE is a semi-liquid, packaged in a squeezable
plastic tube with a ribbon applicator.
Some fluids and materials are NOT compatible with SWAK
sealant. Please contact your Swagelok Authorized Sales and
Service Center for more information.
Swagelok PTFE-Free
For some applications, Swagelok PTFE-Free pipe thread sealant
may provide an alternative liquid thread sealant. For service in
applications between 65 and 300F (53 and 148C), it seals
metal pipe threads upon assembly while providing lubrication to
resist galling or seizing of threads.
Figure 3-105.
Figure 3-106.
NOTE:
Tighten the jaws ONLY on the flats.
Tighten just enough to securely hold the component because
overtightening could result in damage to the component.
Figure 3-107.
5. While viewing the male threads from the open end, or face, of the
threaded connection, locate the point where the root of the thread
(dashed line) blends into the thread chamfer near the face of the
fitting. This point is referred to as the scratch mark.
Figure 3-108.
Figure 3-109.
Figure 3-110.
Figure 3-111.
10. Tighten the male end connection into the female end connection
until finger-tight.
Use an appropriately sized wrench.
An oversized wrench will permit
CAUTION:
overtightening and might lead to galling
of the threads.
11. Tighten the male end connection until wrench-tight.
There is no standard for torque or number of turns. ANSI/ASME
B1.20.11983 states, NPT taper pipe threads are intended to be
made up wrench-tight and with a sealant whenever a pressure-tight
joint is required. Do not overtighten so much as to strip the threads!
Figure 3-112.
Figure 3-113.
NOTE:
Tightenthe jaws ONLY on the flats.
Tighten just enough to securely hold the component because
overtightening could result in damage to the component.
Use a back-up wrench in applications where a vise cannot be used.
Figure 3-114.
3. While viewing the male threads from the open end, or face, of the
threaded connection, locate the point where the root of the thread
(dashed line) blends into the thread chamfer near the face of the
fitting. This point is referred to as the scratch mark.
Figure 3-115.
4. Place the edge of the tape on the crest immediately behind this point.
Use 1/4 in. wide tape on 1/8, 1/4, and 3/8 in. male tapered pipe
threads.
Use 1/2 in. wide tape on larger male pipe threads.
Figure 3-116.
5. While keeping the edge of the tape parallel to the face of the
fitting, wrap the tape in the direction of the thread spiral (clockwise
for right-hand threads) two to three revolutions.
Figure 3-117.
NOTE:
If the tape is applied in the opposite direction of the thread spiral, it
is likely to fall off as the male component is tightened into the female
component.
Figure 3-118.
6. Draw the free end of the tape around the threads tautly so that it
conforms to the threads. Cut or tear off excess tape.
Do not cut across the threads.
Figure 3-119.
Firmly press the tape into the threads. Properly applied PTFE tape
will exhibit the following:
Figure 3-120.
All crests will be covered. There will be no slices or gouges in the tape.
Tape must be clear of dirt and debris.
Figure 3-121.
Figure 3-122.
7. Tighten the male end connection into the female end connection
until finger-tight.
Use an appropriately sized wrench. An
CAUTION: oversized wrench will permit overtightening
and might lead to galling of the threads!
8. Tighten the male end connection until wrench-tight.
There is no standard for torque or number of turns. ANSI/ASME
B1.20.11983 states, NPT taper pipe threads are intended to be
made up wrench-tight and with a sealant whenever a pressure-tight
joint is required. Do not overtighten so much as to strip the threads!
If the tapered end connection is on an elbow, tee, cross, valve, or
pressure gauge, assembly may not result in the desired alignment
of the component.
Once tight, do not loosen the connection! Doing so could mean
leakage at the pipe thread.
Table of Contents
Safety Considerations for Severe Service Systems 125
Severe Service Requirements 126
Assembly in High-Pressure Applications and
High Safety Factor Systems for Tubing Diameters
1 in. (25 mm) and Smaller 126
Five Categories of Compressed Gases 129
Oxygen Systems 130
Toxic, Flammable, Explosive Gases 130
Tracing 131
Tracer Installation on Process Lines 132
Tracer Installation on Vertical Lines 132
Tracer Installation on Horizontal Lines 133
Tracer Attachment to Process Lines 134
Multiple Tracers 134
Before Selecting a Tracing Method 135
System Start-Up Instructions 137
Leak Test 137
Tube Fittings 138
Tracer Installation on Process Equipment 138
Heat Transfer Fluids 140
Ultra-Clean Systems 141
Vacuum Systems 141
Severe Service
Fittings connect some of a plants most essential and costly
equipment. Because fluid mobility is an integral part of a plants most
critical systems, these applications are often custom-designed and
highly engineered, making them significant financial investments.
Years of successful performance in the field and rigorous testing
have validated the performance of Swagelok tube fittings. These tube
fittings have been engineered to perform reliably in a wide range of
critical applications, from ambient conditions to the extreme, high-
pressure, high-temperature, or highly-corrosive environments.
Swagelok tube fittings are used in severe service applications across
many industries.
Gap Gauge
Swagelok gap inspection gauges assure the installer or inspector
that the fitting has been sufficiently tightened on initial installation.
Correct Incorrect
If the gauge will not enter the If the gauge will enter the
gap, the fitting is sufficiently gap, additional tightening is
tightened. required.
Figure 4-2Position the Swagelok gap inspection gauge next to the gap
between the nut and body.
Oxygen Systems
Oxygen has unique and hazardous properties. Handling it, either in
the liquid or gaseous state, is a specialized field. Design and safety
are the responsibility of oxygen system users, who should obtain
qualified professional assistance to establish design specifications
and operating practices for the safe use of oxygen.
When installing Swagelok tube fittings for steam service, the following
precautions should be taken:
Material selection should be based on pressure, temperature,
and environmental conditions. Both fitting and tubing must have
compatible thermal properties.
Steam should be considered a gas for purposes of wall thickness
determination.
Deep scratches or gouges of tube OD must be avoided. A very
slight steam leak through such a defect will become a larger leak
as erosive steam etches a deeper valley in the tubing.
If steam temperatures are above 400F (204C), consider the use of
Silver Goop high-temperature thread lubricant on fitting nut threads.
Tracing
Tracing is a method of providing heat or cold input to raise, lower,
or maintain temperature in process piping systems and equipment.
Swagelok tube fittings are commonly used to connect steam tracing
tubing to prevent freeze-up in cold weather. Some heat transfer fluids
other than steam, such as Therminol or Dowtherm, are also used.
Tracing can also be applied to piping and equipment that contain
materials that could solidify or become extremely viscous, even in
summer months.
This method is not covered in depth since the amount of tracing required
will vary with the application. An engineering analysis is recommended
on viscous fluid tracing requirements. The severity of winters in a
particular locale usually determines the need and methods of tracing.
Individual plant practices and preferences also influence requirements.
The methods suggested in this manual are for guidance only.
Process lines and equipment can be protected from freezing by
using tubing as the tracing lines. Common steam tracing line sizes of
copper tubing are:
1/4 in. OD 3 0.035 in. wall
3/8 in. OD 3 0.049 in. wall
1/2 in. OD 3 0.065 in. wall
The heavier wall tubing is preferred because the thicker wall gives
improved performance during a cool-down period from full steam
temperature and increases temperature cycling ability. It is during
that time that thin wall tubing tries to shrink away from the fitting.
Once this occurs, any slight scratch becomes a potential leak path.
The tubing should be a fully annealed quality.
Steam In
Steam In
Fastener Correct
too Close
Unequal to Flange
Condensate
Trapped
Incorrect
copper tubing
2 in. and 0.065 in. wall, in. 1 150 ft. 150 ft.
2 in. OD copper tubing
3 in. to 4 in. 0.065 in. wall, in. 2 150 ft. 150 ft.
OD copper tubing
6 in. and 8 in. 0.065 in. wall, in. 3 150 ft. 150 ft.
OD copper tubing
10 in. and 0.065 in. wall, in. 4 150 ft. 150 ft.
12 in. OD copper tubing
Max. Tracer
Process No. of Max. Tracer Length Between
Pipe Size Tracer Size2 Tracers2 Length Traps1
40 mm and 6 3 0.80 mm, 1 18 m 18 m
smaller 8 3 0.90mm, or
10 30.90mmwall
copper tubing
50 mm and 12 3 1.20 mm wall 1 45 m 45 m
65 mm copper tubing
80 mm to 12 3 1.20 mm wall 2 45 m 45 m
100 mm copper tubing
150 mm and 12 3 1.20 mm wall 3 45 m 45 m
200 mm copper tubing
250 mm and 12 3 1.20 mm wall 4 45 m 45 m
300 mm copper tubing
1. Use individual traps for each tracer line. Never attach tracer lines
to one trap via a manifold.
2. Or as required by individual needs.
Multiple Tracers
When attaching multiple tracer lines to a process line, fasten each
tracer individually to the process line. This will prevent the tracer lines
from sliding to the bottom of the process line.
Incorrect Correct
Insulation
Provide proper support for wiring the horizontal discharge line and
accessories.
Suggested arrangement of components is shown in the steam trap
installation graphic.
Tube Fittings
Swagelok brass tube fittings are suggested for use on copper
tracer lines (trace steam temperature up to 400F [204C]), since
they provide easy, reliable, leak-tight connections. In many cases,
stainless steel tracing systems may be required due to the external
environment.
For ease of maintenance, insulation should not be placed over the
Swagelok tube fittings because each Swagelok tube fitting is a union
joint. Access to the fittings allows easy replacement of corroded or
damaged tube sections.
Wherever possible, locate the Swagelok tube fittings at the process
pipe flanges or other uninsulated areas.
When a Swagelok tube fitting must be used in an insulated
area, provide a small window in the insulation for accessibility as
shown here.
Window
Swagelok Union
Steam In
Swagelok Union
Steam In
Swagelok Union
Figure 4-11 Spiral loop wrapping of process equipment for easy removal.
3 in. Radius
6 in.
6 in.
6 in.
Swagelok Union
Ultra-Clean Systems
Todays high-technology demands call for ever-more-stringent
cleanliness requirements. Standard production Swagelok tube
fittings are carefully degreased, but for certain electronic, aerospace,
and ultra-pure gas systems, special cleaning may be required.
Anumber of different methods may be used, depending on system
requirements and fitting materials. Swagelok specially cleaned
fittings are packaged individually in sealed plastic bags. Consult your
Swagelok representative for details. If Swagelok tube fittings are
specially cleaned in the field, we suggest the following:
Cleaning of the nut or back ferrule should be avoided because only
the body and front ferrule are wetted parts.
Galling and possible leakage may occur when absolutely dry
parts are brought together under the high loads necessary to seal.
Therefore, use specially cleaned, silver-plated Swagelok front
ferrules, or apply a system-compatible anti-gall material.
Vacuum Systems
Swagelok tube fittings are widely used on industrial vacuum
applications. The importance of keeping all action moving in an axial
direction with absolutely no torque or rotary motion in making a seal
is demonstrated in applying Swagelok tube fittings to vacuum work.
Any scoring of the sealing surfaces could prevent a helium leak-
tight seal. The axial motion, when making and remaking joints with
Swagelok tube fittings, results in pressing the sealing surfaces together
so that there is no scoring of any surfaces and, therefore, helium leak-
tight joints can be made over and over again. Extreme care should be
used in the handling of tubing for vacuum service to ensure successful
use in your system. Scratches on tube surfaces can cause problems.
In vacuum work, cleanliness is absolutely essential. All tubing used
should be degreased and then dried thoroughly. If this is not done,
oils and moisture may vaporize as pressure is reduced and the
system will appear to leak even though it is tight. Tube fittings for
vacuum work should also be specially cleaned.
When using stainless steel or other special alloys that have
tendencies to gall, we suggest that only the body and front ferrule
be degreased as these are the only items that are within the system.
The nut and rear ferrule are outside the sealed system, and special
lubricants that have been applied to prevent galling should not be
removed.
Coefficient of Expansion
Material in./in./F
Stainless Steel (304 and 316) 9.00 to 11 106
Alloy 400 7.80 106
Brass 11.40 106
Aluminum 13.00 14 106
Carbon Steel 8.40 106
Copper 9.80 x 106
Vibration
Systems such as compressor or pump piping often have stringent
requirements regarding the fittings resistance to vibration. Well-designed
fittings such as Swagelok tube fittings have built-in vibration protection.
In applications where severe vibration is present, the best protection is
to properly support the tubing near the fitting. Limiting the amplitude of
the vibration increases fitting and tube connection life. It is particularly
important in vibration applications to install fittings exactly according to
suggested installation instructions. The bottoming of the tube against
the shoulder of the fitting body should receive careful attention. If the
tube is fully bottomed, the tube OD ahead of the ferrules is increased
during pull-up, creating a more rigid assembly. We have conducted
extensive tests on vibration service, particularly on stainless steel
fittings. The results are summarized in Product Test Reports.
Disassembly/Reassembly
One of the key qualities that distinguishes a well-designed tube
fitting from the ordinary is the ability to take frequent disassembly
and reassembly service without losing sealing integrity. In instrument
systems or temporary laboratory experiments, where constant cleaning
or maintenance is required, a tube fitting with good disassembly/
reassembly abilities may often save its price many times over.
Swagelok tube fittings have earned their reputation since 1947 by
their ability to seal difficult fluids repeatedly, after many disassembly
and reassembly cycles. Swagelok test programs are described in
Chapter 7.
As in any application, the original installation will often determine
just how many disassembly/reassembly cycles a connection can
take while remaining leak free. Swageloks tests indicate that 25
disassembly/reassembly cycles are not unusual with proper care,
although customers routinely report far more than just 25disassembly/
reassembly cycles.
The compensating action of the two Swagelok ferrules promotes
longtime service under disassembly/reassembly conditions.
Impulse/Shock
Impulse or pressure cycling is caused by many factors, but primarily
by quick-opening valves in hydraulic systems. It causes considerable
stress on a tubing system. The Swagelok two-ferrule design absorbs
such stress and allows the use of off-the-shelf tube fittings for such
service. Proper support of tube runs, as close as possible to the
fitting, will prolong the life of tubing connections. Proper assembly
of tubing and fitting is essential. Tube wall (within the limits shown in
Chapter 9) should be carefully considered, and an additional design
factor should be considered where severe impulses are present.
Swageloks impulse testing is described in Chapter 7.
One example is a quick-closing valve that causes very rapid
pressure changes.
Shock may take many forms in tubing systems. It normally is considered
as any type of a sudden, violent stress that may affect a tubing system.
An example would be the shock that must be absorbed if an
ambient temperature component is quickly immersed in liquid
nitrogen. Another type of shock is a sudden jolt near a forging
Materials
The first consideration is the material required to resist high
temperatures and temperature excursions over a long period of
service. Temperature limits of most fitting and tubing materials are
listed in ANSI piping codes, including specific conditions regarding
tubing materials and methods of manufacture.
This table shows the general range of maximum temperatures for
the given materials.
Tensile Strength
The second consideration is that as temperature increases, the
tensile strength of metal decreases. Thus the allowable working
pressure of tubing is lower at elevated temperatures than at room
temperature.
This table lists the factors used to determine tubing pressure ratings
at elevated temperatures. Multiply working pressure rating by the
factors shown for temperature indicated.
Wall Thickness
Finally, as temperatures increase, some fluids that are normally
liquids can become gases. It is important to use the minimum wall
thickness recommended for gas service as listed on pp. 19 and 213
for these applications.
Cryogenic Service
For purposes of definition, cryogenic temperatures will be considered
as temperatures substantially below room temperature. The primary
consideration is similar to the primary consideration for elevated
temperatures: material characteristics.
Plastic Materials
In general, plastic and elastomer materials are not satisfactory
for cryogenic applications. Plastics have much higher thermal
coefficients of expansion than metals. Therefore, plastic components
used as sealing members at room temperature will shrink markedly
when temperatures are lowered, causing leakage. Many plastics
also have some porosity, which allows water absorption. Water will
solidify when temperatures are lowered and make the tube or fitting
material brittle. Plastic manufacturers should be consulted before
using plastics in cryogenic service.
Elastomer Materials
Most elastomers harden at low temperatures and may crack. Care
should be exercised in selecting elastomer seals when cryogenic
temperatures are required. Elastomers also have much higher
thermal coefficients of expansion than metals. Used as sealing
members at room temperature, they will shrink markedly when
temperatures are lowered. This shrinkage may result in leakage.
Metal Materials
The most commonly used materials in cryogenic piping systems are
aluminum and austenitic stainless steel. Alloy 600, alloy 400, and
titanium are also selected for some applications. It is particularly
important to use the same alloy for both tube fitting and tubing so
that thermal coefficients are the same. Tube wall thicknesses should
be selected from the minimum wall for gas service as shown in tables
earlier in this chapter. It should be remembered that minimum walls
for gas service should be considered even if cryogenic liquids are
the system fluid. If at some time the system is brought up to ambient
temperatures, the liquid will become a gas.
Table of Contents
Introduction 150
Troubleshooting 150
Introduction
This section is designed to guide you through the installation of trouble-
free fittings. The information is not exhaustive. Should you encounter
a problem that is not covered in this section, please contact the local
Swagelok Authorized Sales and Service Center for assistance.
Troubleshooting
Recommended
Trouble Possible Cause Corrective Measures
1.Tubing will not Burrs on tubing from Deburr tubing. Use outside
fit into fitting. tube cutting operation. diameter (OD) deburring tool.
Flattened tubing from Use caution in cutting soft tubing
bearing too hard with with hacksaw.
hacksaw in cutting or
using dull hacksaw.
Tubing out of round Swagelok tube fittings are
from bending. manufactured to tolerances to
accept the upper limit of allowed
tubing diameters used in tubing
manufacture. If tubing is bent
too far out of round by improper
bend, the tubing will not fit into
the tube fitting. Use caution with
bends when near the end of
tubing.
Tubing is the wrong Make sure you use the proper
size for fitting. This size fitting for each diameter
seldom occurs, but tubing.
infrequently a piece of Check OD of tubing.
3/8 in. tubing may be
used with a 5/16 in. Determine if it is fractional or
fitting by mistake. millimeter size tubing.
Recommended
Trouble Possible Cause Corrective Measures
2.Fitting cannot This could happen Buy fully annealed, hydraulic
be pulled up with steel or stainless or pressure type steel and
proper amount steel tubing that is stainless steel tubing of
of turns. very hard and not recommended hardness.
intended for fluid
system applications.
Interchange of Use only Swagelok tube fittings.
other manufacturers DO NOT INTERCHANGE.
components.
Components have Never remove lubricants from nut.
been cleaned, If special cleaning is required,
removing proprietary clean body and front ferrule only.
lubricants. In stainless steel and special
alloys, use specially cleaned,
silver-plated front ferrules.
Dirt or other Protect all thread and seal
contaminants on surfaces from contamination.
threads.
Tube wall is too heavy. Use tubing within suggested
wall thickness.
Galled threads on nut Replace complete fitting.
or body.
3.Leakage at pipe Fittings not sufficiently Tighten fittings.
thread. tightened with mating
thread.
Pipe threads require Swagelok PTFE tape should
a sealant to make a be used on all pipe threads to
leak-free connection. provide leak-tight sealing. SWAK
anaerobic pipe thread sealant
with PTFE is also an excellent
pipe thread sealant.
Pipe threads damaged Good pipe thread sealants such
from galling of as Swagelok PTFE tape or
materials during SWAK also help prevent galling
installation. of pipe threads. Discard galled
components.
Poor-quality pipe Use high quality pipe threads,
thread either on such as on Swagelok fittings.
female or male end. These pipe threads are
precision-manufactured, but
this is not sufficient to make a
leak-tight connection with a pipe
thread on other equipment. Use
a good sealant.
Recommended
Trouble Possible Cause Corrective Measures
4.Leakage at Poor flares. Cracked Use Swagelok tube fittings.
flare joint. or split flare.
5.Tubing leaks at Not using Swagelok Use Swagelok tube fittings.
fitting after initial tube fittings. Fittings Follow installation instructions.
installation. not pulled up properly. Check for hard tubing or galling.
Use good-quality annealed
tubing. Check for sufficient
pull-up with a Swagelok gap
inspection gage.
Tubing not bottomed in Cut off ferrules and replace.
fitting body. Insert tube until it fully bottoms
against shoulder of fitting body.
Tubing has deep Handle tubing with care.
longitudinal scratches Replace tubing or cut off
or is nicked or damaged section and reconnect.
otherwise damaged.
Fitting body was Always connect fittings by
rotated, instead of nut, rotating the nut while holding
galling seat and/or body stationary.
front ferrule.
Fitting not tightened Preswage or use the Multihead
according to Hydraulic Swaging Unit
installation instructions (MHSU), then snug 1/2 turn.
because of See preswaging and hydraulic
inaccessible location. swaging instructions in
Chapter 3.
Fitting was used as Replace tubing. Never use the
vise or anchor to bend fitting as a holding device for
tubing by hand. bending. This will deform the
tubing inside of the fitting and
pull the tube away from the seal.
Interchange of other Use only Swagelok tube fittings.
manufacturers DO NOT INTERCHANGE.
components.
Poor weld bead Use high-quality, annealed,
removal on welded welded and drawn hydraulic
and drawn tubing. stainless steel tubing. If OD weld
Raised bead or flat is easily seen with the naked
spots interfere with eye, leakage may result.
proper sealing.
Recommended
Trouble Possible Cause Corrective Measures
6.Tubing leaks Damage caused by Replace tubing and fitting.
at fitting mechanical means Relocate where damage is less
after system outside the system. likely to be a problem. Check
installation. tubing supports.
Corrosion is eating Inspect connection for corrosion.
away fitting or tubing. If present, check corrosion
compatibility of fluid, tubing, and
fitting materials and ambient
atmosphere. Consider galvanic
action as a possible cause or
microbial influenced corrosion
(MIC) in marine applications.
Cracking of tubing due Swagelok tube fittings should
to overstressing while be used to replace such fittings
making flare for a flare and avoid this difficulty.
fitting.
Interchange of other Use only Swagelok tube fittings.
manufacturers DO NOT INTERCHANGE.
components.
7.Copper tubing Copper tubing Heavier wall copper tubing will
leaks at fitting becomes very weak help in some cases in which the
after operation above 400F (204C). temperature is close to 400F for
above 400F This is an inherent temperature cycling, but copper
(204C). characteristic of the tubing should not be used above
function of fitting 400F (204C). Stainless steel
performance. Codes tubing and fittings can be used.
limit copper tubing to
400F (204C).
8.Tubing is Excessive pressure. Use stronger material or heavier
deformed Tubing of insufficient wall tubing. Use Swagelok FK or
after system tensile strength or wall IPT fittings
has been in thickness was used.
operation. Freeze-up of water or
condensate in steam Prevention through proper
tracing. installation, operation, and
maintenance.
9.Polyethylene Check ferrule Use metal or nylon Swagelok
tubing slips materialPTFE tube fittings with polyethylene
from fitting. ferrules not tubing whenever possible. If
satisfactory or possible tubing is very soft, use an insert.
undersized tubing.
Recommended
Trouble Possible Cause Corrective Measures
10.PTFE tubing Slippery characteristic Use all metal fittings whenever
slips from of PTFE material. possible. PTFE fittings have very
fitting. low pressure ratings.*
NOTE: * The Swagelok PFA
tube fitting, when used with
Swagelok PFA tubing (which
has been grooved with the
Swagelok groove cutter),
will hold to the rated working
pressure of the tubing. Consult
your Swagelok representative
for pressure rating information
on this combination.
11.Glass tubing Metal ferrule used Use Swagelok Ultra-Torr
breaks when improperly. vacuum fittings. With Swagelok
connecting tube fittings, use a plastic front
fitting. and back ferrule.
12.Tubing leaks at Fitting not properly Follow instructions.
reconnection retightened.
following Dirt got into fitting Observe cleanliness practices
maintenance. or on ferrules while whenever disconnecting and
disconnected. reconnecting. Clean out foreign
material and inspect fitting for
damage. If ferrules or seat are
damaged, replace the damaged
parts.
Interchange of other Use only Swagelok tube fittings.
manufacturers DO NOT INTERCHANGE.
components.
13.Flows are too Obstruction in system. When assembling a system,
low in system. be cautious so that gravel, dirt,
sand, or other foreign materials
do not get in tubing or fitting.
Single-ferrule fitting Use only Swagelok tube
has overswaged, fittings.
restricting tube inside
diameter (lD).
System sized too Check to determine if system
small. should be constructed of a
larger diameter tubing.
Recommended
Trouble Possible Cause Corrective Measures
14.Fittings cannot Pipe threads have SILVER GOOP lubricant may
be taken apart welded together. Nut be used on high-temperature
after high threads have welded alloys for operation at high
temperature to threads on tube temperatures to 1200F (649C).
operation. fitting body. While SILVER GOOP may
prevent galling, it will not be a
sealant. We know of no good
thread sealant for use above
450F (204C).
15.Fittings Proprietary lubricants There are a number of different
gall or leak have been removed. special cleaning options
after special available. Contact your local
cleaning by Swagelok Sales and Service
customer. Center to determine which is
best for you.
Table of Contents
Special Purpose Fittings 158
Weld Fittings 158
Tube Socket Weld Fittings (TSW) 159
Automatic Tube Socket Weld Fittings (ASW) 159
Pipe Socket Weld Fittings (PSW) 160
Adapters 160
Pipe to Tube Weld (MPW) 160
Tube to Tube Weld (MTW) 161
Tube Butt Weld Fittings (TBW) 161
Automatic Tube Butt Weld Fittings (ABW) 162
Micro-Fit Fittings 162
Welding System 163
Face Seal Fittings 164
VCR Metal Gasket Face Seal Fitting 164
VCO O-Ring Face Seal Fittings 164
Ultra-Torr Vacuum Fittings and Tubing 165
Fittings for Very Soft Plastic Tubing 166
Fittings for Harder Plastic Tubing 167
Cone and Thread Fittings 167
JTC Tube Fittings 168
Snubber Fittings (Gauge Protectors) 169
Gaugeable Chromatograph and Column End Fittings 170
Orifice Plate and Wire Drilled Fittings 171
Flange Adapters and Lap Joint Connectors 172
Weld Fittings
Swagelok produces a complete range of tube and pipe weld fittings.
Swagelok weld fittings provide permanent welded connections for critical
applications involving corrosive fluids, shock from pressure surges,
temperature cycling, system vibration, and ultra-pure applications.
Swagelok offers a variety of weld connections. They include:
Tube socket weld (TSW)
Pipesocket weld (PSW)
Male pipe weld (MPW)
Male tube weld (MTW)
Automatic socket weld (ASW)
Automatic tube weld (ATW)
Tube butt weld (TBW)
Adapters
Standard surface
finish is average
10in. (0.25 m) Ra.
Controlled surface
finish is available Precisely finished diameter
Figure 6-9 Union elbow. for ultrahigh-purity matches tubes diameter.
systems.
Figure 6-10 Tube butt weld fitting.
Figure 6-11 Union tee. Figure 6-12 Automatic tube butt weld fitting.
Micro-Fit Fittings
(Miniature Tube Butt Weld)
Swagelok Micro-Fit weld fittings are designed for tubing systems
requiring light weight, close component spacing, and cleanliness.
These miniature fittings equal the flow rate and service ratings of
larger fittings designed for the same size tubing. They are available
in standard fractional and metric sizes.
Marking identifies
manufacturer, material,
and, when applicable,
Material heat code ultrahigh-purity
is roll stamped to cleaning.
ensure raw material
traceability.
Welding System
The Swagelok welding system M200 power supply offers precision
and control combined with easy-to-use touch-screen operation for
orbital welding.
It can be used to weld a variety of tubing and valves and fittings with
weld end connections. The Swagelok welding system uses the gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process, which is commonly referred
to as TIG (tungsten inert gas) welding. During the welding process,
the components to be welded are held stationary in a fixture while
an electric arc is mechanically rotated around the weld joint. Various
weld heads are available that allow the Swagelok welding system to
accommodate outside diameter sizes ranging from 1/16 in. to 4 in.
and from 2 mm to 114.3mm.
Side-load retainer gasket for Test port at two locations for Markings identify manufacturer,
easy installation and minimal easy leak testing material, and when applicable,
clearance for removal the appropriate process
designator, in accordance with
Standard surface finish Swagelok Ultrahigh-Purity
on glands and bodies is Process Specification (SC-01),
a roughness average of MS-06-61
10 m (0.25 m) Ra
VCO Body
VCO Gland
Smooth finish on VCO Nut
gland face ensures
positive seal
Figure 6-19 Insert used in Tygon tubing with Swagelok male connector.
Figure 6-20 Male hose connector for soft PVC tubing with sleeve.
Elements
With five basic elements available, snubber fittings can meet the
requirements of fluid applications ranging from light gases to liquids
with viscosities above 1000 SUS (Saybolt universal seconds)
Sintered 316
stainless
steel element
(Magnified 13)
Orifice Plates
Swagelok orifice plate fittings allow for pressure adjustments by
reducing the orifice size with a plate predrilled to the specified
dimensions.
MINIMUM OPENING
AS SPECIFIED
BY CUSTOMER
TUBE O.D.
NUT HEX
BODY HEX
ORIFICE PLATE
Wrench flats
Sealing face
Table of Contents
Testing and Evaluation of Tube Fitting Performance 174
Reasons for a Tube Fitting Performance
Test Program 174
Overview 174
Test Program Planning 174
Planning the Test Program 176
Quality Control 179
Implementing the Test Program 179
Gas Leak Tests 179
Vacuum Tests 181
Disassemble/Reassemble Tests 182
The Importance of Disassemble/Reassemble
Testing 183
Rotary Flex Vibration Tests 184
Tensile Pull Tests 186
Rotation Tests 186
Hydraulic Impulse Tests 187
Hydraulic Burst Tests 187
Thermal Cycling Tests 189
Factors Affecting Seals 190
Effects of Steam 190
Evaluating Product Test Reports (PTR) 190
Intermix/Interchange 191
Summary 191
Overview
Over the years, tubing systems have become more complex, creating
the need for more thorough testing in addition to a wider and deeper
evaluation of tube fitting performance. The goal of leak testing is to
eliminate safety hazards and the high costs of leakage in fluid systems.
When reviewing leak test results or establishing a leak test program, it is
important to select tests that fairly represent actual usage. We begin our
discussion on how to conduct effective tests and then continue with an
overview of common tests performed. Because Swagelok Company has
been in the fluid systems industry since 1947, the observations, data,
and recommendations offered here are the results of that experience.
Leak testing at Swagelok includes in-house testing, customer-specific
tests, industry standard testing, and external or independent tests.
3. Select sizes.
When establishing your test pattern, remember that the larger
the seal, the larger the potential leak. Test the largest fitting you
anticipate installing more times than testing the smallest fitting you
plan to install. If the test succeeds on the larger 1 in. fitting, it is likely
that it will work on the smaller 1/8 in. fitting. The reverse is not true.
4. Select materials.
Test fittings in all materials you expect to install. A brass fitting may
work well, but the same fitting in steel or stainless steel may fail. The
fact that it works in stainless steel does not necessarily indicate that
it will work in other alloys such as alloy 400 or SAF 2507.
Cap
Union Elbow
Union
Male Connector
Front Back
Body Ferrule Ferrule Nut
Inside bore
X X X X
diameter
Skirt diameter X
Outside diameter X X
Length X X X
Quality Control
Measure the total spread of measurements of each manufacturer
to check consistency and quality control.
Never average the variations in any critical dimension. Maximum
deviation from highest to lowest measurement of such dimensions
will reveal a great deal about a manufacturers quality control.
Thorough planning in the above areas is time well spent in
ensuring a comprehensive, objective, and valid test program,
and information gained may determine that further tests are not
needed.
The best test of any component, such as a tube fitting, is repeated
use in large numbers under various installation and operating
conditions in the field.
Vacuum Tests
Vacuum tests are excellent tests of seal integrity. Any fitting that must
rely on internal system pressure to help effect a seal will usually fail
vacuum tests.
Vacuum tests are advisable where vacuum is in regular use,
particularly ultra-high vacuum in sophisticated instruments. The
equipment is expensive, but so is the cost of failures. Usually,
helium leak detectors of the mass spectrometer type are used.
Disassemble/Reassemble Tests
A tube fittings ability to stand many make/break cycles is perhaps
the best measure of comparison among competitive products.
These tests can be extremely important in instrumentation fitting
applications where periodic maintenance requires making, breaking,
and remaking tube connections. Therefore, disassemble/reassemble
tests should be performed very carefully. When equated to field
usage, disassemble/reassemble test results can greatly reduce
in-service tube fitting costs. But such tests will not relate to field
usage unless they incorporate the following two vital procedures:
1. Use a variety of configurations (elbows, tees, crosses, unions,
bulkhead unions, male and female connectors) to ensure a fair
representation of quality parts has been tested, as discussed
earlier.
2. Randomly reassemble nut-ferrule-tubing assemblies with different
bodies to simulate field conditions.
Rotation Tests
These tests sometimes are performed to determine what torque
would be required to twist a piece of tubing so severely as to break
the ferrule-tubing seal and cause leakage. Although we can test
fittings this way, the test rarely would be equated to a field type of
malfunction.
Figure 7-11 Tubing yield before burst. Figure 7-12 Tube burst.
Figure 7-13 1000 psig (68 bar) gas test at 1000F (538C).
Effects of Steam
Among all temperature cycling applications, steam is perhaps the
most common fluid and, in many ways, the most difficult. Its erosive
properties are well known, and these properties often preclude the
luxury of retightening if a leak does occur. A high-velocity, erosive
steam leak passing through a very small orifice usually increases
the original leak rate greatly and, therefore, the cost of leaks. Extra
tightening seldom stops that first steam leak (particularly on copper
steam-trace tubing) because the high-velocity steam etches a deeper
and deeper path in the soft tubing under the sealing ferrule.
Intermix/Interchange
Many manufacturers claim that their fitting components are
interchangeable and/or intermixable with Swagelok tube fittings.
These claims are sometimes accompanied by some test data.
However, these tests are often subject to many of the pitfalls
mentioned earlier in the chapter (lack of objectivity, governed by
predetermined results, lack of statistical validity, extrapolation, etc.).
It should be noted that many users of tube fittings have developed
their own tests of tube fitting component interchangeability. It is
generally agreed that component interchange is not a recommended
or accepted practice.
Behind this is the fact that there is no third-party commercial
design standard that governs component design and dimension for
Swagelok and other ferrule-type tube fittings. The lack of a third-party
design standard means that test results would not be repeatable.
See Chapter 1, page 15, for more information on tube fitting intermix/
interchange.
Summary
Plan test programs with fittings, tubing, materials, and configurations
that will ensure objectivity and statistical validity, while avoiding
predetermined results and extrapolation. Pay close attention to
the same considerations when evaluating test results from outside
sources.
Recognize the fact that existing plants represent the most reliable
test labs possible. Those who ignore field operating results and rely
on limited lab test programs are overlooking their most valuable input.
Table of Contents
Introduction 194
Screw Thread Terminology 194
Pipe Threads 196
Tapered Threads 196
National Pipe Tapered (NPT) 197
National Pipe Tapered Dryseal (NPTF) 198
ISO 7/1 (British Standard Pipe Taper) 198
Parallel Threads 200
Unified Screw Thread 200
ISO 228/1 Parallel Pipe Thread
(British Standard Pipe Parallel) 201
Metric (ISO 261) 202
Unified Screw Threads 204
SAE/MS Internal Straight Thread Boss 205
Metric Screw Threads (ISO 261) 207
Additional Items to Consider 208
Introduction
Proper sealing of threads depends on many variables: quality and
cleanliness of threads, temperature, component material, installation
torque, specific gravity of system media, and system operating pressures.
The type of thread used for a connection can enhance the quality
of the seal. This chapter lists the most common threads and their
typical use. It is important to note that even experienced workers
sometimes have difficulty identifying threads, regardless of their
thread identification procedure and the quality of their gauges.
Screw threads are straight (not tapered). They are described in terms
of thread OD and threads per inch. An example is a nominal 3/8 in.
SAE port using a 9/1618 UNF-2A thread.
All Swagelok tube fittings use American National screw threads in
which a nut and threaded body work together to advance the nut and
swage the ferrules onto the tube.
Pipe Threads
There are two general categories of threads, tapered and parallel.
This refers to how the threads are applied to the end connection in
relation to the center of rotation of the thread form.
Tapered Threads
Tapered threads are applied at an angle, most commonly 147
(which reflects a taper of 1/16 in. per foot). Tapered pipe threads
are designed to seal between the flanks of the threads. However,
manufacturing tolerances and truncation limits for crests and roots
will rarely create a leak-tight seal.
Tapered pipe threads work by interference fit. The tolerances for
angles, lengths, heights, etc., cannot be held closely enough to
make a seal.
Male pipe threads cannot be manufactured to tolerances that will
seal on a taper with female pipe threads without a sealant.
1 47
For this reason, a good thread sealant is always needed to fill in the
gaps between the crests and roots and to prevent system fluids from
penetrating the connection. The sealant, such as Swagelok PTFE
tape, will fill the voids between the threads. The thread sealant will
also act as an anti-galling lubricant between the sealing surfaces.
Leakage due to thread galling is prevalent with threads made of
stainless steel and other nickel alloys that are more prone to seizing.
Standards:
ANSI/ASME B1.20.1
SAE AS71051
National Pipe Tapered (NPT) is made to specifications outlined in
ANSI B1.20.1. This is the pipe thread used on the pipe end of all
Swagelok tube fittings when the abbreviation NPT is used in the
Swagelok Product Binder.
Swagelok manufactures NPT pipe ends that exceed the standards
of ANSI B1.20.1 (Pipe Threads, except Dryseal). Some type of pipe
thread sealant is always required. Swagelok PTFE tape is made
specifically for pipe thread sealing. Swagelok SWAK is an anaerobic
pipe thread sealant with PTFE. For further information, consult your
authorized Swagelok representative.
Standards:
BS EN 10226-1
JISB0203
BS 21
DIN 2999
ISO tapered threads are equivalent to DIN 2999, BSPT, and JIS
B0203.
In applications, ISO threads are used similarly to NPT threads.
However, care should be used that ISO and NPT threads are not
mixed. ISO threads have a 55 angle versus 60 for NPT. Thread
pitch is usually measured in millimeters but may be expressed in
inches. In many sizes, the number of threads per inch is different,
and the root and crest configurations are different from NPT.
Parallel Threads
Parallel (sometimes referred to as straight) threads are applied
parallel to the centerline.
Unlike tapered threads, which seal as the flanks of the threads
are drawn together, there is no interference between the flanks,
crests, and roots of parallel threads.
Almost all tube fittings and valves use parallel threads for nut and
fitting end threads, valve stems, lock nuts, jam nuts, etc.
Standard:
ANSI/ASME B1.1
SAE/MS straight thread
Standard:
JIS B0202
BSPP
ISO parallel threads are equivalent to DIN IS0 228/1, BSPP, and JIS
B0202. These pipe threads are similar in configuration to 7/1 threads
except there is no taper. Therefore, they do not work by thread
interference like the tapered pipe threads of ISO 7/1 or NPT. A gasket
or O-ring is normally used to seal into the parallel female threaded
component. In some cases, the body is tightened until a face on
the hex is imbedded into the female threaded component. Surface
flatness perpendicular to the axis of the threads is essential.
Standard:
ISO68-1
JISB0205
ANSI/ASME B1.13M
Metric Pitch in MM
Thread Designation
Threads 205
OD in MM
60
90
Axis
Figure 8-16 Straight threads.
U
.010
.005 R
Z 100
B Minimum
Boss Height
D Diameter This Dimension Applies
Only When Tap Drill Cannot
Pass Thru Entire Boss.
Swagelok_Ch08.indd 206
Nom Z
Tube Thread Pitch Dia Minor Dia D Dia Depth 0.00 0 Dia P S 0.000 1
OD Size Min Max Min Max Min Min Min Min Max Max Y Dia Deg
1/8 5/1624 0.2854 0.2902 0.267 0.277 0.062 0.390 0.074 0.438 0.468 0.062 0.358 0.674 12
3/16 3/824 0.3479 0.3528 0.330 0.340 0.125 0.390 0.074 0.500 0.468 0.062 0.421 0.753 12
1/4 7/1620 0.4050 0.4104 0.383 0.395 0.172 0.454 0.093 0.563 0.547 0.062 0.487 0.832 12
206 Tube Fitters Manual
5/16 1/220 0.4675 0.4731 0.446 0.457 0.234 0.454 0.093 0.625 0.547 0.062 0.550 0.911 12
3/8 9/1618 0.5264 0.5323 0.502 0.515 0.297 0.500 0.097 0.688 0.609 0.062 0.616 0.989 12
1/2 3/416 0.7094 0.7159 0.682 0.696 0.391 0.562 0.100 0.875 0.688 0.094 0.811 1.186 15
5/8 7/814 0.8286 0.8356 0.798 0.814 0.484 0.656 0.100 1.000 0.781 0.094 0.942 1.344 15
3/4 1 1/1612 1.0084 1.0158 0.972 0.990 0.609 0.750 0.130 1.250 0.906 0.094 1.148 1.619 15
7/8 1 3/1612 1.1334 1.1409 1.097 1.115 0.719 0.750 0.130 1.375 0.906 0.094 1.273 1.777 15
1 1 5/1612 1.2584 1.2659 1.222 1.240 0.844 0.750 0.130 1.500 0.906 0.125 1.398 1.934 15
1 1/4 1 5/812 1.5709 1.5785 1.535 1.553 1.078 0.750 0.132 1.875 0.906 0.125 1.713 2.288 15
1 1/2 1 7/812 1.8209 1.8287 1.785 1.803 1.312 0.750 0.132 2.125 0.906 0.125 1.962 2.564 15
2 2 1/212 2.4459 2.4540 2.410 2.428 1.781 0.750 0.132 2.750 0.906 0.125 2.587 3.470 15
All dimensions in inches.
* Diameter U shall be concentric with thread pitch diameter within 0.005 full indicator reading (FIR) and shall be free from longitudinal and spiral tool marks.
Annular tool marks up to 100 min. maximum shall be permissible.
Maximum recommended spotface depth to permit sufficient wrench grip for proper tightening of the fitting or locknut.
If face of boss is on a machined surface, dimensions Y and S need not apply.
Tap drill depths given require use of bottoming taps to produce the specified full thread lengths. Where standard taps are used, the tap drill depths must
be increased accordingly.
Note: MS16142 ports are almost identical to SAE ports except for spotface dimensions.
4/3/15 1:49 AM
Threads 207
M 10 X 1.5
Metric Pitch in MM
Thread Designation OD in MM
60
90
Axis
Figure 8-19 Typical designation.
Table of Contents
Tubing Calculations and Pressure Ratings 210
Gas Service 212
Tubing for Gas Service Tables 213
Suggested Allowable Working Pressures for
Stainless Steel and Copper 214
Table 1Fractional Stainless Steel
Seamless Tubing 214
For Welded Tubing 214
Suggested Ordering Information 215
Table 2Metric Stainless Steel Seamless Tubing 216
For Welded Tubing 216
Suggested Ordering Information 217
Table 3Fractional Copper Tubing 218
Suggested Ordering Information 218
Table 4Metric Copper Tubing 219
Suggested Ordering Information 219
Factors Used to Determine Tubing Pressure
Ratings at Elevated Temperatures 220
Pipe End Pressure Ratings 221
Nominal OD 0.375
Actual OD 0.370 to 0.380 in. (60.005 in.)
Nominal wall 0.049 in.
Actual wall 0.042 to 0.056 in. (615 %)
Gas Service
Gases (air, hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, etc.) have very small molecules
that can escape through even the most minute leak path. Some
surface defects on the tubing can provide such a leak path. As tube OD
increases, so does the likelihood of a scratch or other surface defects
interfering with proper sealing.
The most successful connection for gas service will occur if all
installation instructions are carefully followed and the heavier wall
thicknesses of tubing shown with no shading in the Tubing Data
Sheet are selected.
A heavy wall tube resists ferrule action more than a thin-wall tube and,
therefore, allows the ferrules to coin out minor surface imperfections.
A thin-wall tube will collapse, thus offering little resistance to ferrule
action during pull-up. This reduces the chance of coining out surface
defects, such as scratches. For performance reliability against
surface defects in any gas system, use a wall thickness no less than
the following:
Swagelok_Ch09.indd 214
Allowable working pressures are calculated from an S value of 20 000 psi (137.8 MPa) for ASTM A269 tubing at 220
to 100F (228 to 37C), as listed in ASME B31.3, and ASTM A213 tubing at 220 to 100F (228 to 37C), as listed in
ASME B31.1, except as noted.
For welded and drawn tubing, a derating factor must be applied for weld integrity:
For double-welded tubing, multiply working pressure by 0.85
For single-welded tubing, multiply working pressure by 0.80
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Swagelok_Ch09.indd 215
1/2 2 600 3 700 5 100 6700 810
5/8 2 900 4 000 5200 6000 1010
3/4 2 400 3 300 4200 4900 5800 1210
7/8 2 000 2 800 3600 4200 4800 1410
1 2 400 3100 3600 4200 4700 1610
1 1/4 2400 2800 3300 3600 4100 4900 2000
1 1/2 2300 2700 3000 3400 4000 4900 2400
2 2000 2200 2500 2900 3600 3200
For higher pressures, see the Swagelok Medium-Pressure Fittings catalog, MS-02-335, or the Swagelok High-Pressure Fittings catalog, MS-01-34.
Rating based on repeated pressure testing of the Swagelok tube fitting with a 4:1 design factor based upon hydraulic fluid leakage.
For other tubing materials and the latest information, refer to the Swagelok Tubing Data Sheet (MS-01-107).
4/3/15 1:54 AM
Table 2Metric Stainless Steel Seamless Tubing
Allowable working pressures are calculated from an S value of 137.8 MPa (20 000 psi) for EN ISO 1127 tubing (D4, T4
tolerance for 3 to 12 mm; D4, T3 tolerance for 14 to 50 mm) at 228 to 37C (220 to 100F), as listed in ASME B31.3,
Swagelok_Ch09.indd 216
and ASTM A213 tubing at 228 to 37C (220 to 100F), as listed in ASME B31.1, except as noted.
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Swagelok_Ch09.indd 217
18 150 200 260 290 320 370 18M0
20 140 180 230 260 290 330 380 20M0
22 140 160 200 230 260 300 340 22M0
25 180 200 230 260 290 320 25M0
28 180 200 230 260 280 330 28M0
30 170 180 210 240 260 310 30M0
32 160 170 200 220 240 290 330 32M0
38 140 160 190 200 240 270 310 38M0
50 150 180 210 240 270 50M0
Rating based on repeated pressure testing of the Swagelok tube fitting with a 4:1 design factor based upon hydraulic fluid leakage.
4/3/15 1:54 AM
Table 3Fractional Copper Tubing
Allowable working pressures are calculated from an S value of 6000 psi (41.3 MPa) for ASTM B75 and ASTM B88 tubing
at 220 to 100F (228 to 37C), as listed in ASME B31.3 and ASME B31.1.
Swagelok_Ch09.indd 218
Tube Wall Thickness, in.
0.028 0.030 0.035 0.049 0.065 0.083 0.095 0.109 0.1 20 0.134
Tube Working Pressure, psig Swagelok
OD Note: For gas service, select a tube wall thickness outside of the shaded area. Fitting
218 Tube Fitters Manual
4/3/15 1:54 AM
Pressure Ratings 219
4/3/15 1:54 AM
Pressure Ratings 221
Table of Contents
Introduction 224
What Is Leakage? 224
Causes of Leakage 224
Leak Testing Terminology and Principles 224
Leakage Formula 228
What Is Energy Management? 230
Introduction
This chapter discusses why leakage is a serious consideration in
the design, construction, and operation of fluid control systems.
Components must be leak-tight to ensure the reliable performance
of fluid systems.
What Is Leakage?
The uncontrolled flow into or out of a pipe or tube system, such as
leakage to the atmosphere
Causes of Leakage
Unreliablemetal-to-metal seals
Improperly installed tube fittings
Poor tubing selection and preparation
Be aware that a leak detector using a gas such as helium cannot tell
the difference between the helium that gets detected from a real leak
and that from a virtual leak, permeation, or outgassing.
One way of detecting system leaks is to use SNOOP liquid leak
detector, as shown in the following illustrations.
Figure 10-6 Small leak being identified by Snoop liquid leak detector.
Snoop liquid leak detection fluid illustrates a leak in the medium range; larger,
more frequent bubbles are escaping from the back of the nut. The important
thing to remember with Snoop versus detecting leaks with simple soap and
water is that the Snoop will continue producing bubbles for a short period of
time after being applied, whereas the soap and water may only give you one
set of bubbles to observe before dissolving.
A large leak identified with Snoop may display large bubbles, similar to the
photograph above, or Snoop may be completely blown off the nut by the
escaping media. If a large leak is suspected, use caution when checking for
leakage.
Leakage Formula
The leakage formula was created in an effort to determine how much
leakage may exist throughout a system.
Q 5 Leak rate, ft3/s
DP 5 Pressure drop, (P1 P2), psi
H 5 Height or gap between sealing surfaces, in.
W 5 Width or circumference of leakage area, in.
96 5 Mathematical constant
m 5 Absolute viscosity, lbs/in2
L 5 Length of leakage path, in.
Table of Contents
PL 5
P L
114.7
100 100 14.7 1 P 4605301 t
where DPL refers to pressure drop (in psi) of air per L feet of tubing
at conditions of pressure (P in psig) and temperature
(t in F)
P
refers to pressure drop at 100 psig, 70F for 100 ft. of tubing
100
In order to use Charts 11 through 20, it is necessary to obtain
equivalent conditions at 100 psig. This is most easily explained by
example problems shown here.
Example 1
What is the pressure drop for 6 CFM of 100 psig air at 70F for 100 ft.
of 3/4 in. 0.095 wall tubing?
Solution: From Chart 15, read 7.5 psi pressure drop
Example 2
Same problem as Example 1 but for 200 ft. of tubing
Solution: Pressure drop is directly proportional to length. Therefore,
if 7.5 psi is the pressure drop for 100 ft., 2 3 7.5 5 15 psi is drop
for 200 ft.
Example 3
Same problem as Example 1 but for 50 ft. of tubing
Solution: Pressure drop is directly proportional to length. Therefore,
if 7.5 psi is the pressure drop for 100 ft., 1/2 3 7.5 5 3.75 psi is the
drop for 50 ft. of tubing.
Example 4
10 CFM free air is to pass through 75 ft. of tubing at 80 psig inlet
pressure and 75F. The diameter of the proper tubing is to be found
knowing the maximum allowable pressure drop is 6 psi.
Solution:
1. Find the pressure drop for 100 ft. of tubing at 70F and 100 psig
so that the charts may be used.
P 5 6 5
P 75 114.7
100 100 14.7 1 80 460 1 75
530
PL
5 6.55 psi drop per 100 ft. at 100 psig at 70F
100
2. Change flow rate at 80 psig and 75F to the flow rate at 100 psig
and 70F.
Qair at 100 psig, 70F 5 Qair at 80, 75
14.7 1 80
114.7
530
460 1 75
5 8.18 CFM
3. On Chart 16, note that all 1 in. tubing will give a pressure drop of
less than 6.55 psi at 8.18 CFM flow at 100 psig.
Example 5
Helium is to pass through 100 ft. of tubing at 25 psig inlet pressure
and 70F. The flow rate of free helium is 8 CFM. What is the pressure
drop in 3/8 in. 0.035 in. wall tubing?
Solution:
1. Find the equivalent air flow so that air flow charts may be used.
flow rate of air 5 flow rate of helium specific gravity of helium
Qair 5 QHe (S.G.) He
Qair 5 8 CFM 0.138 5 3 CFM
2. Change flow rate at 25 psig to the flow rate of air at 100 psig.
P 5
P
L 114.7
100 100 14.7 1 P
460 1 t
530
56
100 114.7 530
100 14.7 1 25 530
5 6 (2.9) 5 17.3 psi pressure drop
Example 6
8 CFM of 15 psig, 70F air is to pass through 10 ft. of 1/2 in. OD,
0.049 wall tubing. What is the pressure drop?
Solution:
1. Change flow rate at 15 psig to flow rate at 100 psig.
2. From Chart 14, pressure drop at 100 psig is found to be 6 psi for
100 ft. of tubing.
3. Change this pressure drop to the condition of the problem.
P 5 14.7
P L
100 100 1 P 530
114.7 460 1 t
56
100 14.7 1 15 530
10 114.7 530
From mmHg in.Hg in.H2O ft.H2O atm lb/in.2 kg/cm2 kPa bar
mmHg 1 0.03937 0.5353 0.04461 0.00132 0.01934 0.00136 0.1333 0.0013
in.Hg 25.40 1 13.60 1.133 0.03342 0.4912 0.03453 30.387 0.0339
in.H2O 1.868 0.07355 1 0.08333 0.00246 0.03612 0.00254 0.2490 0.0025
ft.H2O 22.42 0.8826 12 1 0.02950 0.4334 0.03048 2.988 0.0299
atm 760 29.92 406.8 33.90 1 14.70 1.033 101.3 1.013
lb/in.2 51.71 2.036 27.69 2.307 0.06805 1 0.07031 6.894 0.0689
kg/cm2 735.6 28.96 393.7 32.81 0.9678 14.22 1 98.05 0.981
kPa 7.500 0.2953 4.016 0.3347 0.00987 0.1451 0.0102 1 0.01
bar 750 29.53 401.6 33.47 0.987 14.51 1.02 100 1
3/18/15 2:56 AM
Swagelok_APPA.indd 261
FLOW RATE CONVERSIONS
To
From L/s gal/min ft.3/s ft.3/min bbl/hr bbl/day
L/s 1 15.85 0.03532 2.119 22.66 543.8
gal/min 0.06309 1 0.00223 0.1337 1.429 34.30
ft.3/s 28.32 448.8 1 60 641.1 1.54 3 104
ft.3/min 0.4719 7.481 0.01667 1 10.69 256.5
bbl/hr 0.04415 0.6997 0.00156 0.09359 1 24
bbl/day 0.00184 0.02917 6.50 3 105 0.00390 0.04167 1
Appendix A 261
3/18/15 2:56 AM
Swagelok_APPA.indd 262 3/18/15 2:56 AM
Appendi x B
Table of Contents
Swagelok_APPB.indd 266
1.0 101.74 38 264.16 84 315.42 160 363.53 520 471.07
1.2 107.92 39 265.72 85 316.25 162 364.53 540 475.01
1.4 113.26 40 267.25 86 317.07 164 365.51 560 478.85
1.6 117.99 41 268.74 87 317.88 166 366.48 580 482.58
1.8 122.23 42 270.21 88 318.68 168 367.45 600 486.21
266 Tube Fitters Manual
3/18/15 2:58 AM
Swagelok_APPB.indd 267
15 213.03 61 293.79 114 337.42 215 387.89 980 542.17
16 216.32 62 294.85 116 338.72 220 389.86 1,000 544.61
17 219.44 63 295.90 118 339.99 225 391.79 1,050 550.57
18 222.41 64 296.94 120 341.25 230 393.68 1,100 556.31
19 225.24 65 297.97 122 342.50 235 395.54 1,150 561.86
20 227.96 66 298.99 124 343.72 240 397.37 1,200 567.22
21 230.57 67 299.99 126 344.94 245 399.18 1,250 572.42
22 233.07 68 300.98 128 346.13 250 400.95 1,300 577.46
23 235.49 69 301.96 130 347.32 260 404.42 1,350 582.35
24 237.82 70 302.92 132 348.48 270 407.78 1,400 587.10
25 240.07 71 303.88 134 349.64 280 411.05 1,450 591.71
26 242.25 72 304.83 136 350.78 290 414.23 1,500 596.23
27 244.36 73 305.76 138 351.91 300 417.33 1,600 604.90
28 246.41 74 306.68 140 353.02 320 423.29 1,700 613.15
29 248.40 75 307.60 142 354.12 340 428.97 1,800 621.03
30 250.33 76 308.50 144 355.21 360 434.40 1,900 628.58
31 252.22 77 309.40 146 356.29 380 439.60 2,000 635.82
32 254.05 78 310.29 148 357.36 400 444.59 2,200 649.46
33 255.84 79 311.16 150 358.42 420 449.39 2,400 662.12
34 257.08 80 312.03 152 359.46 440 454.02 2,600 673.94
35 259.29 81 312.89 154 360.49 460 458.50 2,800 684.99
36 260.95 82 313.74 156 361.52 480 462.82 3,000 695.36
37 262.57 83 314.59 158 362.03 500 467.01 3,200 705.11
Note: To convert psia into psig, subtract 14.7 (approx.)
Appendix B 267
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268 Tube Fitters Manual
Table of Elements
Swagelok_APPB.indd 271
Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight
Actinium Ac 89 227 Copernicium Cn 112 285
Aluminum Al 13 26.982 Copper Cu 29 63.54
Americium Am 95 243 Curium Cm 96 247
Antimony Sb 51 121.76 Darmstadtium Ds 110 281
Argon Ar 18 39.948 Dubnium Db 105 262
Arsenic As 33 74.922 Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50
Astatine At 85 210 Einsteinium Es 99 254
Barium Ba 56 137.33 Erbium Er 68 167.26
Berkelium Bk 97 247 Europium Eu 63 151.96
Beryllium Be 4 9.0122 Fermium Fm 100 253
Bismuth Bi 83 208.98 Flerovium Fl 114 289
Boron B 5 10.811 Fluorine F 9 18.9984
Bromine Br 35 79.907 Francium Fr 87 223
Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25
Calcium Ca 20 40.078 Gallium Ga 31 69.723
Californium Cf 98 249 Germanium Ge 32 72.630
Carbon C 6 12.012 Gold Au 79 196.97
Cerium Ce 58 140.12 Hafnium Hf 72 178.49
Cesium Cs 55 132.91 Helium He 2 4.0026
Chlorine Cl 17 35.453 Holmium Ho 67 164.93
Chromium Cr 24 51.996 Hydrogen H 1 1.00797
Cobalt Co 27 58.933 Indium In 49 114.82
Appendix B 271
continued
3/18/15 2:58 AM
Swagelok_APPB.indd 272
Table of Elements (Continued)
Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight
Iodine I 53 126.90 Rhenium Re 75 186.2
Iridium Ir 77 192.22 Rhodium Rh 45 102.905
272 Tube Fitters Manual
3/18/15 2:58 AM
Swagelok_APPB.indd 273
Nobelium No 102 254 Thulium Tm 69 168.93
Osmium Os 76 190.23 Tin Sn 50 118.71
Oxygen O 8 15.999 Titanium Ti 22 47.867
Palladium Pd 46 106.42 Tungsten W 74 183.85
Phosphorous P 15 30.974 Ununoctium Uuo 118 294
Platinum Pt 78 195.08 Ununpentium Uup 115 288
Plutonium Pu 94 242 Ununseptium Uus 117 294
Polonium Po 84 210 Ununtrium Uut 113 286
Potassium K 19 39.098 Uranium U 92 238.03
Praseodymium Pr 59 140.91 Vanadium V 23 50.942
Promethium Pm 61 147 Xenon Xe 54 131.29
Protactinium Pa 91 231.04 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.05
Radium Ra 88 226 Yttrium Y 38 88.906
Radon Rn 86 222 Zinc Zn 30 65.38
Zirconium Zr 40 91.224
Appendix B 273
3/18/15 2:58 AM
274 Tube Fitters Manual
Volume Conversions
To Convert Into Multiply By
Cubic feet Cubic centimeters 2.83 3 104
Cubic feet Cubic meters 0.02832
Cubic feet Cubic yards 0.03704
Cubic feet Cubic in. 1728
Cubic feet Gallons (Br.) 6.229
Cubic feet Liters 28.32
Cubic feet BBL (oil) 0.1781
Cubic feet BBL (liq.) 0.2375
Gallons Cubic centimeters 3785
Gallons Cubic millimeters 0.00379
Gallons Cubic feet 0.1337
Gallons Cubic in. 231
Gallons Gallons (Br.) 0.8327
Gallons Liters 3.785
Gallons Pounds of water 8.35
Gallons BBL (oil) 0.02381
Gallons BBL (liq.) 0.03175
Liters Cubic centimeters 1000
Liters Cubic millimeters 0.001
Liters Cubic yards 0.00131
Liters Cubic feet 0.0353
Liters Cubic in. 61.02
Liters Gallons (Br.) 0.2200
Liters Gallons 0.2642
Liters BBL (oil) 0.00629
Liters BBL (liq.) 0.00839
Cubic centimeters Cubic meters 1 3 1026
Cubic centimeters Cubic feet 3.531 3 1025
Cubic centimeters Cubic in. 0.06102
Cubic centimeters Gallons (Br.) 2.20 3 1024
Cubic centimeters Gallons 2.642 3 1024
Cubic centimeters Liters 0.001
Cubic centimeters BBL (oil) 6.29 3 1026
Cubic centimeters BBL (liq.) 8.39 3 1026
Cubic in. Cubic centimeters 16.387
Swagelok_APPB.indd 275
Area Conversions
To
From cm2 m2 km2 in.2 ft.2 mile2
cm2 1 0.0001 1 3 1010 0.1550 0.00108 3.86 3 1011
m2 1 3 104 1 1 3 106 1550 10.76 3.86 3 107
km2 1 3 1010 1 3 106 1 1.55 3 109 1.08 3 107 0.3861
in.2 6.452 6.45 3 104 6.45 3 1010 1 0.00694 2.49 3 1010
ft.2 929.0 0.09290 9.29 3 108 144 1 3.59 3 108
mile2 2.59 3 1010 2.59 3 106 2.590 4.01 3 109 2.79 3 107 1
Appendix B 275
3/18/15 2:58 AM
276 Tube Fitters Manual
Decimal Equivalents
8ths 32nds 64ths
1/8 5 0.125 1/32 5 0.03125 1/64 5 0.015625 33/64 5 0.515625
1/4 5 0.250 3/32 5 0.09375 3/64 5 0.046875 35/64 5 0.546875
3/8 5 0.375 5/32 5 0.15625 5/64 5 0.078125 37/64 5 0.578125
1/2 5 0.500 7/32 5 0.21875 7/64 5 0.109375 39/64 5 0.609375
5/8 5 0.625 9/32 5 0.28125 9/64 5 0.140625 41/64 5 0.640625
3/4 5 0.750 11/32 5 0.34375 11/64 5 0.171875 43/64 5 0.671875
7/8 5 0.875 13/32 5 0.40625 13/64 5 0.203125 45/64 5 0.703125
16ths 15/32 5 0.46875 15/64 5 0.234375 47/64 5 0.734375
1/16 5 0.0625 17/32 5 0.53125 17/64 5 0.265625 49/64 5 0.765625
3/16 5 0.1875 19/32 5 0.59375 19/64 5 0.296875 51/64 5 0.796875
5/16 5 0.3125 21/32 5 0.65625 21/64 5 0.328125 53/64 5 0.828125
7/16 5 0.4375 23/32 5 0.71875 23/64 5 0.359375 55/64 5 0.859375
9/16 5 0.5625 25/32 5 0.78125 25/64 5 0.390625 57/64 5 0.890625
11/16 5 0.6875 27/32 5 0.84375 27/64 5 0.421875 59/64 5 0.921875
13/16 5 0.8125 29/32 5 0.90625 29/64 5 0.453125 61/64 5 0.953125
15/16 5 0.9375 31/32 5 0.96875 31/64 5 0.484375 63/64 5 0.984375
Corrosion Charts
The data presented is believed reliable, but a chart of this sort
cannot cover all conditions of concentration, temperature, impurities,
and aeration. It is suggested that this chart be used only to select
possible materials for use and then a more extensive investigation
be made of published corrosion results under the specific conditions
expected. Where such information cannot be found, corrosion testing
should be conducted under actual usage conditions to determine
which materials can be utilized.
Steel
Viton
2. Good, most conditions.
Brass
Nylon
Delrin
316 SS
Buna-N
Alloy 20
TFE/PFA
Titanium
Alloy 600
Neoprene
Aluminum
Alloy C276
restricted conditions.
Swagelok_APPC.indd 284
Polyethylene
Alloy 400/405
4.Unsatisfactory.
Acetaldehyde 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 4 3 4 2 2 1
Acetic Acid 2 4 4 3 1 1 4 3 3 4 3 4 2 3 1 1
Acetic Anhydride 1 4 4 1 2 4 2 3 4 3 4 1
284 Tube Fitters Manual
Acetone 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 3 1 1
Acetylene 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Acrylonitrile 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 4 1 1 1
Alcohols 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Aluminum Chloride 4 4 4 2 4 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 1
Aluminum Fluoride 1 4 4 2 3 1 2 2 2 2
Aluminum Hydroxide 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1
Aluminum Sulfate 3 4 4 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 1
Amines 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 4 1 2 2 1 1
Ammonia, Anhydrous 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1
Ammonium Bicarbonate 2 4 2 4 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 4 1
Ammonium Carbonate 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
Ammonium Chloride 4 4 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
Ammonium Hydroxide 2 4 2 4 1 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
Amm. Monophosphate 2 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
Ammonium Nitrate 2 4 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 3
Ammonium Phosphate 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ammonium Sulfate 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
3/18/15 2:59 AM
Ammonium Sulfite 4 4 4 3 2 1 2 4
Amyl Acetate 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 2 1 1 1
Swagelok_APPC.indd 285
Aniline 2 4 1 2 1 1 4 3 3 1 2 2 1
Apple Juice 2 3 4 2 1 1 1 1 1
Arsenic Acid 4 4 4 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
Asphalt 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1
Barium Carbonate 4 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
Barium Chloride 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Barium Hydroxide 4 4 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Barium Nitrate 2 4 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 2
Barium Sulfate 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Barium Sulfide 4 4 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Beer 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Beet Sugar Liquor 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Benzene 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 2 4 1 1 2 1
Borax 3 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
Blk. Sulfate Liquor 4 2 1 1 1 2 1
Boric Acid 2 2 4 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Brine 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
BromineDry 2 4 4 3 4 1 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4
BromineWet 4 4 4 2 4 1 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4
Bunker Oil 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1
Buttermilk 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Butyric Acid 2 4 4 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 1 3 1 1
Calcium Bisulfite 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 1 1
(continued)
Appendix C 285
3/18/15 2:59 AM
1.Excellent.
Steel
Viton
2. Good, most conditions.
Brass
Nylon
Delrin
316 SS
Buna-N
Alloy 20
TFE/PFA
Titanium
Alloy 600
Neoprene
Aluminum
Alloy C276
restricted conditions.
Swagelok_APPC.indd 286
Polyethylene
Alloy 400/405
4.Unsatisfactory.
Calcium Carbonate 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Calcium Chloride 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Calcium Hydroxide 3 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Calcium Hypochlorite 4 4 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 4 2 1
286 Tube Fitters Manual
Calcium Sulfate 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1
Carbolic Acid 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 4 2 4 4 2 1 1
Carbon Bisulfide 1 3 2 2 2 1 4 1 4 1 1
Carbon Dioxide 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 1
Carbonic Acid 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Carbon TetWet 4 2 4 1 1 1 2 3 4 2 4 1 1 1 1
Carbon TetDry 1 3 4 1 2 1 4 2 4 1 1 1 1
Carbonated Water 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Castor Oil 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1
Chlorinated Solvent 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 1 1 1 1 1
Chloric Acid 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 1
Chlorinated Water 4 4 4 1 3 1 4 1 1
Chlorine GasDry 4 4 2 1 2 1 4 3 3 2 3 1 4 1 4
Chlorine GasWet 4 4 4 2 3 1 4 3 4 4 2 4 1
ChloroformDry 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 4 1 1 2 1
ChlorosulfonicDry 1 4 1 3 2 1 4 4 4 3 1 4
ChlorosulfonicWet 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 3 1
3/18/15 2:59 AM
Chrome Alum 3 3 2 1 1 2 2
Chromic Acid 4 4 2 4 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 2 2 1
Swagelok_APPC.indd 287
Citric Acid 2 4 4 2 3 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1
Coconut Oil 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Coke Oven Gas 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 3 1
Copper Acetate 4 4 3 1 2 1 1 2 1
Copper Chloride 4 4 4 2 4 1 4 1 1 1 1
Copper Nitrate 4 4 4 4 2 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 4 2 1
Copper Sulfate 4 2 4 2 2 1 2 1 2
Corn Oil 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 2
Cottonseed Oil 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 1
Creosote 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 2
Crude Oil, Sweet 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2
Diesel Fuel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1
Diethylamine 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1
Dowtherm 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 4 1
Drying Oil 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 1
Epsom Salt 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ethane 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Ethers 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
Ethyl Acetate 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 1 1
Ethyl Alcohol 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ethyl ChlorideDry 2 2 1 2 1 1 4 3 3 1 1 2 1
Ethyl ChlorideWet 2 2 4 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 1
Ethylene Glycol 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1
Appendix C 287
(continued)
3/18/15 2:59 AM
1.Excellent.
Steel
Viton
2. Good, most conditions.
Brass
Nylon
Delrin
316 SS
Buna-N
Alloy 20
TFE/PFA
Titanium
Alloy 600
Neoprene
Aluminum
Alloy C276
restricted conditions.
Swagelok_APPC.indd 288
Polyethylene
Alloy 400/405
4.Unsatisfactory.
Ethylene Oxide 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 3 4 4 4 2 2 1 1
Fatty Acid 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1
Ferric Chloride 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 4 2 1
Ferric Nitrate 4 4 4 4 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 2
288 Tube Fitters Manual
Ferric Sulfate 4 4 4 4 2 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ferrous Chloride 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 2 1
Ferrous Sulfate 3 4 4 2 2 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Fish Oils 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1
FluorineDry 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 4
FluorineWet 4 4 4 1 4 1 2 3 1 2 4
Fluoroboric Acid 4 1 1 1 1 4
Fluorosilicic Acid 4 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 4
FormaldehydeCold 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
FormaldehydeHot 2 2 4 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
Formic AcidCold 1 2 4 3 2 1 4 1 1 4 3 1 1 4
Formic AcidHot 4 2 4 4 2 1 4 1 1 4 4 2 2 4
Freon 2 2 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3
Fuel Oil 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
Furfural 2 2 2 2 2 1 4 4 1 3 1 2 2 2
Gasoline 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 1 4 1 1 1 1
3/18/15 2:59 AM
Gas, Manufactured 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Gas, Natural 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Swagelok_APPC.indd 289
Gas Odorizers 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
Gelatin 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Glucose 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Glue 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Glycerine 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1
Glycols 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1
Grease 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Heptane 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Hexane 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1
Hydraulic Oil 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Hydrobromic Acid 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 3 3 1
Hydrochloric Acid 4 4 4 2 4 1 4 2 2 3 4 4 4 4
Hydrocyanic Acid 1 4 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 2 1
Hydrofluoric Acid 4 4 4 2 4 1 4 3 3 4 4 2 3
Hydrogen GasCold 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Hydrogen ClDry 4 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
Hydrogen ClWet 4 4 4 3 4 1 4
Hydrogen PeroxDil 1 4 4 2 2 1 4 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
Hydrogen PeroxCon 1 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 1 1 1
Hydrogen SulfideDry 2 2 2 2 1 1 4 2 3 4 4 4 2 2 1
Hydrogen SulfideWet 2 4 3 1 1 1 4 2 3 4 4 4 2 2 1
Hydrofluosilicic 4 4 4 1 3 1 2 1 1
Illuminating Gas 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Appendix C 289
(continued)
3/18/15 2:59 AM
1.Excellent.
Steel
Viton
2. Good, most conditions.
Brass
Nylon
Delrin
316 SS
Buna-N
Alloy 20
TFE/PFA
Titanium
Alloy 600
Neoprene
Aluminum
Alloy C276
restricted conditions.
Swagelok_APPC.indd 290
Polyethylene
Alloy 400/405
4.Unsatisfactory.
Ink 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1
Iodine 4 4 4 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 4 2 4
Iodoform 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Isooctane 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
290 Tube Fitters Manual
Isopropyl Alcohol 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1
Isopropyl Ether 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1
JP-4 Fuel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
JP-5 Fuel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
JP-6 Fuel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
Kerosene 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1
Ketchup 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ketones 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 1
Lactic Acid 1 4 4 2 2 1 2 3 3 4 1 2 1
Lard Oil 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1
Magnesium Bisulfate 2 2 3 2 1
Magnesium Chloride 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mag. HydroxideCold 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Mag. HydroxideHot 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Magnesium Sulfate 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Maleic Acid 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Malic Acid 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3/18/15 2:59 AM
Mayonnaise 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1
Melamine Resin 2 2 1
Swagelok_APPC.indd 291
Mercuric Cyanide 4 4 2 2 1 2 1
Mercury 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
Methane 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Methyl Acetate 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 1
Methyl Acetone 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 1
Methyl Alcohol 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1
Methyl Chloride 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 1 2
Methylamine 2 4 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 2
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 2 2 1
Methylene Chloride 1 2 2 2 2 1 3 4 3 4 1 2 1
Milk 1 4 4 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1
Mineral Oil 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
Molasses 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
Mustard 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Naphtha 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 1
Naphthalene 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 4 1 2 1
Nickel Chloride 4 4 4 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1
Nickel Nitrate 3 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Nickel Sulfate 4 3 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Nitric Acid10 % 4 4 4 4 1 1 3 1 2 4 4 1 1
Nitric Acid30 % 4 4 4 4 1 1 3 1 3 4 3 1 1
Nitric Acid80 % 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 2 4 4 1 4 2
Nitric Acid100 % 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 2 4 4 1 4 2
(continued)
Appendix C 291
3/18/15 2:59 AM
1.Excellent.
Steel
Viton
2. Good, most conditions.
Brass
Nylon
Delrin
316 SS
Buna-N
Alloy 20
TFE/PFA
Titanium
Alloy 600
Neoprene
Aluminum
Alloy C276
restricted conditions.
Swagelok_APPC.indd 292
Polyethylene
Alloy 400/405
4.Unsatisfactory.
Nitric AcidAnhyd. 4 4 1 4 1 1 4 1 2 4
Nitrobenzene 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 1
Nitrogen 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Nitrous Acid10 % 4 4 4 4 2 1 3 1 1
292 Tube Fitters Manual
Nitrous Oxide 3 2 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 4 2
Oils, Animal 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
Oleic Acid 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1
Oleum 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 4 2 1 2
Olive Oil 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1
Oxalic Acid 3 2 4 2 2 1 3 1 1 3 2 2 4
Oxygen 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
OzoneDry 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1
OzoneWet 1 4 3 1 1 1
Palmitic Acid 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1
Paraffin 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1
Paraformaldehyde 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2
Pentane 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
Parez 607 4 4 1
Phenol 2 1 1 2 2 1 4 2 4 4 2 1 1
Phosphoric, 10 %Cold 1 2 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1
3/18/15 2:59 AM
Phosphoric, 10 %Hot 1 2 4 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 4 1 4
Phosphoric, 50 %Cold 4 2 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 4
Swagelok_APPC.indd 293
Phosphoric, 50 %Hot 4 2 4 1 4 1 2 1 2 4 4 1 4 4
Phosphoric, 85 %Cold 4 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 4 1 1 4
Phosphoric, 85 %Hot 4 2 3 1 1 1 3 2 4 4 1 4
Phthalic Acid 2 2 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 1
Phthalic Anhydride 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1
Picric Acid 3 4 4 4 2 1 3 1 2
Pine Oil 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1
Pineapple Juice 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
Potassium Bisulfite 2 2 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 3
Potassium Bromide 4 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Potassium Carbonate 4 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Potassium Chlorate 4 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 1
Potassium Chloride 4 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Potassium Cyanide 4 4 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Potassium Dichromate 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Potassium Diphosphate 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Potassium Ferricyanide 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Potassium Ferrocyanide 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Potassium Hydroxide 4 4 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 4
Pot. Hypochlorite 4 4 3 4 2 1 4 2 1
Pot. Permanganate 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
Potassium Sulfate 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Potassium Sulfide 4 4 4 4 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
(continued)
Appendix C 293
3/18/15 2:59 AM
1.Excellent.
Steel
Viton
2. Good, most conditions.
Brass
Nylon
Delrin
316 SS
Buna-N
Alloy 20
TFE/PFA
Titanium
Alloy 600
Neoprene
Aluminum
Alloy C276
restricted conditions.
Swagelok_APPC.indd 294
Polyethylene
Alloy 400/405
4.Unsatisfactory.
Propane 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Propyl Alcohol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1
Pyrogallic Acid 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Salad Oil 4 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
294 Tube Fitters Manual
Salicylic Acid 2 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Salt 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Seawater 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Silver Bromide 4 4 4 2 4 1 2 1 1 1
Silver Chloride 4 4 4 2 4 1 2 1
Silver Nitrate 4 4 4 4 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 1 1
Sodium Acetate 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1
Sodium Aluminate 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Sodium Bicarbonate 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sodium Bisulfate 2 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Sodium Bisulfite 4 4 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
Sodium Borate 1
Sodium Bromide 4 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Sodium Carbonate 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sodium Chlorate 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
Sodium Chloride 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3/18/15 2:59 AM
Sodium Chromate 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sodium Cyanide 4 4 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Swagelok_APPC.indd 295
Sodium Fluoride 2 4 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Sodium Hydroxide 4 4 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 2
Sodium Nitrate 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sodium Perborate 4 4 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 2
Sodium Peroxide 4 4 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 2
Sodium Phosphate 4 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1
Sodium Silicate 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
Sodium Sulfate 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
Sodium Sulfide 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Sodium Sulfite 1 4 4 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1
Sodium Thiosulfate 2 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Soybean Oil 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1
Stannic Chloride 4 4 4 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2
Starch 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1
Steam212F 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 4 1 1 1
Stearic Acid 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 2
Styrene 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 1 1
SulfateBlk. Liq. 1 4 2 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 1
SulfateGrn. Liq. 4 4 2 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 2 2
SulfateWhi. Liq. 2 3 3 2 1 3 3 1 1
Sulfur 1 4 2 1 1 1 4 4 2 1
Sulfur Chloride 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 1
Sulfur DioxideDry 1 3 2 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 1 2 4
Appendix C 295
(continued)
3/18/15 2:59 AM
Swagelok_APPC.indd 296
1.Excellent.
Steel
Viton
2. Good, most conditions.
Brass
Nylon
Delrin
316 SS
Buna-N
296 Tube Fitters Manual
Alloy 20
TFE/PFA
Titanium
Neoprene
Aluminum
Alloy C276
restricted conditions.
Polyethylene
Alloy 400/405
4.Unsatisfactory.
Sulfur DioxideWet 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 2 1
SulfurMolten 1 4 2 1 1 1 4 4 3 4 1
Sulfur Trioxide 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
Sulfuric Acid07 % 1 3 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 2
Sulfuric Acid20 % 4 3 4 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 3
Sulfuric Acid50 % 4 3 4 4 4 1 3 1 3 4 4 2 4
Sulfuric Acid100 % 4 3 2 4 1 1 4 2 4 4 4 2 4
Sulfurous Acid 2 4 4 4 2 1 3 1 3 3 4 2 1
Tannic Acid 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
Tartaric Acid 1 4 4 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 2
Tetraethyl Lead 2 2 3 2 1 1
Toluene 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 1
Tomato Juice 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
Transformer Oil 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
3/18/15 2:59 AM
Tributyl Phosphate 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3
Trichloroethylene 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 4 4 2 4 1 1 2 1
Swagelok_APPC.indd 297
Turpentine 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 1
Urea 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 2
Varnish 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1
Vegetable Oil 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Vinegar 3 4 4 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 2 1 1
Water, Boiler Feed 3 3 2 1 1 1
Water, Fresh 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
Water, Salt 3 3 4 1 2 1 2
Whiskey 3 3 4 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Wine 3 2 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
XyleneDry 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 2 4 1
Zinc Chloride 4 4 4 2 4 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
Zinc Hydrosulfite 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
Zinc Sulfate 3 4 4 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
NOTE: USE THIS CORROSION CHART WITH CAUTION! See p. 281.
Appendix C 297
3/18/15 2:59 AM
I n d ex
MS-13-03