Civildatas - Blogspot.in: CE 2038 Scad Engineering College, Cheranmahadevi APM
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CE 2038 SCAD ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHERANMAHADEVI APM
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Air pollution is the excessive concentration of foreign matters in the air which adversely
affects the human beings of the individual or causes damage to the property (Or) Any
substance in the air that causes damages to health and properties. (Or)
The presence in ambient atmosphere of substances, generally resulting from the activity of
man, in sufficient concentration, present for a sufficient time and under circumstances to
interfere significantly with comport, health or welfare of persons or with full use or
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enjoyment of property.
2.What are natural contaminants?
It reduces the ability of the hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the body tissues. Neurological
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disasters take place
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4.What is Fog
Better correlation in summer and at inland stations. Most important variables for ozone
prediction: 850-mb (about 5,000 feet high) temperature. 950-mb temperature, inversion base
height, inversion magnitude, and maximum mixing height also show significant correlations
with ozone concentration.
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Photochemical (summer smog) forms when pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and organic
compounds react together in the presence of sunlight. A gas called ozone is formed Nitrogen
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7.Ozone
This is a very general representation of the formation of ozone in the lower atmosphere. In
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Combustion process
Chemical processes
Petroleum operations.
Metallurgical processes
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Smog is a synchronism of two wards- smoke and fog. Smoke can be of two types-
photochemical or coal induced.
10.Briefly Explain Particulate matters:-
Particulate matter," also known as particle pollution or PM, is a complex mixture of extremely
small particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components,
including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust
particles.
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11. Effect of Pollution Damage to Plants
With the destruction and burning of the rain forests more and more CO2 is being released into
the atmosphere. Trees play an important role in producing oxygen from carbon dioxide. "A
115 year old Beech tree exposes about 200,000 leaves with a total surface to 1200 square
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meters.
During the course of one sunny day such a tree inhales 9,400 liters of carbon dioxide to
produce 12 kilograms of carbohydrate, thus liberating 9,400 liters of oxygen. Through this
mechanism about 45,000 liters of air are regenerated which is sufficient for the respiration of
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2 to 3 people". This process is called photosynthesis which all plants go though but some
yield more and some less oxygen. As long as no more wood is burnt than is reproduced by
the forests, no change in atmospheric CO2 concentration will result.
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12. How to Reduce the Pollution
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You can help to reduce global air pollution and climate change by driving a car that gets at
least 35 miles a gallon, walking, bicycling, and using mass transit when possible. Replace
incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs, make your home more energy
efficient, and buy only energy efficient appliances. Recycle newspapers, aluminum, and other
materials.
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Plant trees and avoid purchasing products such as Styrofoam that contain CFCs. Support
much stricter clean air laws and enforcement of international treaties to reduce ozone
depletion and slow global warming
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(or acid deposition, as it's called in technical circles) is produced by the burning of fossil
fuels. It is formed when emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react in the
atmosphere with water, oxygen and oxidants to form various acidic compounds. These
compounds then fall to the ground in either wet or dry form. Refer to all precipitation-rain,
snow, and dew which is more acidic than normal.
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t.in
The word portable typically conveys an object that is Carried or moved with ease, such as a
light or small box
The definition of mobile is essentially capable of moving or of being moved readily from
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place to place: a mobile organism; a mobile missile system.
oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature
increased 0.74 0.18 C (1.33 0.32 F) during the last century. The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that most of the observed temperature increase
since the middle of the 20th century is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse
gases resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation
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An aerosol can be defined as a dispersion of solid and liquid particles suspended in gas.
Atmospheric aerosols, unsurprisingly, refer to solid and liquid particles suspended in air.
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Aerosols are produced by dozens of different processes that occur on land and water surfaces,
and in the atmosphere itself. Aerosols occur in both the troposphere and the stratosphere, but
there are considerable differences in the size ranges, chemical nature and sources of the
aerosols that occur in these two atmospheric layers.
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24.Effect on CO,
The main and immediate benefits of using reformulated gasoline in the car is the reduction in
the CO exhaust emissions levels. The addition of an oxygenate suchas MTBE to the gasoline
provides extra oxygen to the fuel combustion process and it works in the same way as the
oxygen contained in the external combustion air supplied to the engine. As a result, more
complete combustion of the hydrocarbons occur and more CO is oxidized to CO2. The net
results is a decrease in the concentrations of CO exhaust emissions.
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The reformulated gasoline containing MTBE decreases the ozone formation in the
atmosphere. The oxygen present in the MTBE added to the gasoline ensures more complete
combustion of fuel hydrocarbons and thus UBHC released to the atmosphere are reduced. As
stated earlier, a reduction in NOx level is also achieved using MTBE-gasoline blends. Both
hydrocarbons as well as NOx are precursors of ozone formation. Thus a reduction in the
concentrations of precursors decreases the ozone formation in the atmosphere.
25. What are Effects of Air Pollutants
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Air pollution effects may also be divided into several categories, with such effects
encompassing those that are health-related as well as those associated with damage to
materials or which cause decreases in atmospheric aesthetic features. Examples of effects on
human health include eye irritation, headaches and aggravation of respiratory difficulties.
Plants and crops have been subjected to undesirable consequences of air pollution, including
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abnormal growth patterns, leaf discoloration or spotting and death. Property damage include
property devaluation because of odors, deterioration of materials such as concrete statutory,
discoloration of painted surfaces. The aesthetic effects include reductions in visibility,
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discoloration of air, photochemical smog- related traffic disruptions at airports and the
general nuisance aspects of odors and duct.
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UNIT II DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS
PART A
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Primary standard to protect public health. One-hour average ozone > 0.12 ppm for federal
standard. One-hour average ozone > 0.09 ppm for state standard.
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Height above the earths surface to which related pollutants will extend, primarily through
the action of atmospheric turbulence
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7.Define Fumigation
The phenomenon in which pollutants that are aloft in the air are brought rapidly to ground
level when the air destabilizes
8.Define Dispersion.
The mixing of gases contain the high concentration of pollutant
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10.Define Mass concentration
Concentration expressed in terms of mass of a substance per unit volume of gas or liquid.
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The differential pressure b/w two points in a system. The resistance to flow b/w in the two
points.
12.Relative humidity
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The ratio of the actual vapors pressure of the air to the saturation vapor pressure.
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13.What is Inversion
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Condition in the atmosphere in which air temperature increases with elevation, under this
conditions, the atmosphere is said to be in stable equilibrium.
14. Briefly explain Box model dispersion
The box model is the simplest of the model types It assumes the air shed (i.e., a given volume
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of atmospheric air in a geographical region) is in the shape of a box. It also assumes that the
air pollutants inside the box are homogeneously distributed and uses that assumption to
estimate the average pollutant concentrations anywhere within the airshed. Although useful,
this model is very limited in its ability to accurately predict dispersion of air pollutants over an
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air shed because the assumption of homogeneous pollutant distribution is much too simple.
15. Briefly explain Gaussian model
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The Gaussian model is perhaps the oldest (circa 1936) and perhaps the most commonly used
model type. It assumes that the air pollutant dispersion has a Gaussian distribution, meaning
that the pollutant distribution has a normal probability distribution. Gaussian models are most
often used for predicting the dispersion of continuous, buoyant air pollution plumes
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originating from ground-level or elevated sources. Gaussian models may also be used for
predicting the dispersion of non-continuous air pollution plumes (called puff models). The
primary algorithm used in Gaussian modeling is the Generalized Dispersion Equation for a
Continuous Point-Source Plume.
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A Lagrangian dispersion model mathematically follows pollution plume parcels (also called
particles) as the parcels move in the atmosphere and they model the motion of the parcels as a
random walk process. The Lagrangian model then calculates the air pollution dispersion by
computing the statistics of the trajectories of a large number of the pollution plume parcels. A
Lagrangian model uses a moving frame of reference] as the parcels move from their initial
location. It is said that an observer of a Lagrangian model follows along with the plume.
17. Briefly explain Eulerian dispersion model
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Eulerian dispersions model is similar to a Lagrangian model in that it also tracks the
movement of a large number of pollution plume parcels as they move from their initial
location. The most important difference between the two models is that the Eulerian model
uses a fixed three- dimensional Cartesian grid as a frame of reference rather than a moving
frame of reference
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18. Briefly explain Dense gas dispersion model
Dense gas models are models that simulate the dispersion of dense gas pollution plumes (i.e.,
pollution plumes that are heavier than air). The three most commonly used dense gas models
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The DEGADIS model
A type of plume which occurs when an inversion exits only below the plume and the plume is
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A type of plume which has a wavy character. It occurs in a highly unstable atmosphere
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A structure with an opening or outlet from or through which any air pollutant may be emitted.
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22.Define Coning
A type of plume which is like a cone. This take place in a near neutral atmosphere when the
wind velocity is greater than 32km/h.
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The path and extent in the atmosphere of the gaseous effluent released from the source,
usually a stack
24.Briefly explain Chimney effect:
The vertical penetration of smog through the inversion layer on the south slope of the San
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Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains caused by the strong solar heating in the afternoon.
A radioactive pollutant in the air caused after the explosion of a nuclear device, its degree of
contamination depending on several factors, such as distance, wind, and power of the device.
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PART A
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2.Write down the various types of Inertial Separation
Control of gas borne pollution, particulates using centrifugal and inertial methods
5.What is adsorption?
liquid
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The most common type of collector is tubular type, consisting of tubular bags. A bag house
or bag filter consists of numerous vertical bags. They are suspended with open ends attached
to a manifolds
9.List out the type of Scrubbers
Spray towers
Venturi scrubbers
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Cyclone scrubbers
Packed scrubbers
Mechanical scrubbers
10.Define Impinger
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particulate matters.
11.What is Bag house
An air pollution control device that traps gas borne particulate by forcing the gas through
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filter bags
12.Define the term Contaminant
A type of particulate collector which depends upon centrifugal force for its action
15.Define Fumigation
The phenomenon in which pollutants that are aloft in the air are brought rapidly to GL when
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16.What is Incineration
Combustion of solid, liquid, or gases wastes under controlled condition.
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Air pollution control equipment that utilizes the principles of inertial to remove particulate
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Atmosphere is made up of only five gases: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, argon, and carbon
dioxide. Several other compounds also are present. Although this CRC table does not list
water vapor, air can contain as much as 5% water vapor, more commonly ranging from 1-
3%. The 1- 5% range places water vapor as the third most common gas
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A wind rose is a circular display of how wind speed and direction are distributed at a given
location for a certain time period. [or]
Windrose plots are usually used to display values which are related to compass directions.
For example it could be used to illustrate measured wind strengths over a time period in
different directions. An basic Windrose plot Illustrates a basic example of a windrose graph
with one windrose plot.
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which creates clouds, and so is necessary for rain and snow formation as well.
Condensation in the atmosphere usually occurs as a parcel of rising air expands and cools to
the point where some of the water vapor molecules clump together faster than they are torn
apart from their thermal energy.
21.Combustion Definition:
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Combustion is a chemical reaction chemical that occurs between a fuel and an oxidizing
agent
that produces energy, usually in the form of heat and light.
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normally increase as we get closer to the earth's surface. This is due in part to the greater
molecular activity of denser, more compressed air at lower altitudes. These conditions change
throughout a 24-hour period, as the daytime solar heating and nighttime heat loss to and
through the atmosphere tend to modify the temperature distributions.
23.Define Stable and Unstable Air
Weather is strongly affected by how stable or unstable the atmosphere is. Stable air means
that the weather is likely to be calm. It may rain or snow slowly and steadily, it may be
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sunny, but the weather will not change quickly. Unstable air means that the weather might
change quickly with very little warning. Unstable air leads to sudden thunderstorms. What
makes the atmosphere stable or unstable? Picture an invisible box of air called an air parcel.
If we compare the temperature of this air parcel to the temperature of air surrounding it, we
can tell if it is stable (likely to remain in place) or unstable (likely to move).
24.Briefly explain the Control equipment in air pollution
Any apparatus, devices, equipment or system to control the quality and manner of emission
of any air pollution and includes any devices used for securing the efficient operation of any
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industrial plant.
For air containing water vapor, it is the temperature at which liquid water begins to condense
for a given state of humidity and pressure, as the temperature is reduced.
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26.What is Dust fall
The weight of particulate matter deposited due to gravitational action per unit time per unit
area of the surface.
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UNIT IV AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
PART A
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1.How do any calculate the efficiency of the separating Device?
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= {Quantity of particulates collected from the gas / Quantity present in the gas}
Level for specific group of emitter and require that all member of these groups emit no more
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It is associated with particle charging, It is occurs due to inadequate precipitator area ,or
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An arbitrarily derived mathematical combination of air pollutions witch give a single number
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Scientific information about the levels of air pollution and the durations of exposure which
result in adverse effects on health and welfare.
7.Air Quality Index (AQI implemented since July 23, 1999 by EPA)
AQI is calculated for the 6 criteria pollutants according to the EPA formulas. The highest
AQI value is adopted as the daily AQI. Foe example, if the AQI for ozone is 90 and 88 for
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There are many ways to measure air pollution, with both simple chemical and physical
methods and with more sophisticated electronic techniques. There are four main methods of
measuring air pollution.
Passive sampling methods
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Active sampling methods
Automatic methods
Remote optical / long path-analyzers use spectroscopic techniques, make real-time
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measurements of the concentrations of a range of pollutants including nitrogen dioxide and
sulphur dioxide.
10.Definition of the Term Instrumented
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Instrumented means to be a device for recording, measuring, or controlling, especially such a
device functioning as part of a control system.
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Some of the effective methods to Control Air Pollution are as follows: (a) Source Correction
Methods (b) Pollution Control equipment (c) Diffusion of pollutant in air (d) Vegetation (e)
Zoning.
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The Environmental Protection Agency's Air Quality Index for Health (AQIH) is a number
from one to 10 that tells you what the air quality currently is in your region and whether or
not this might affect the health of you or your child. A reading of 10 means the air quality is
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very poor and a reading of one to three inclusive means that the air quality is good. The
AQIH is calculated every hour. You can see the current readings on the AQIH map.
14.Is indoor air quality (IAQ) a health and safety concern?
Indoor air quality has become an important health and safety concern.
Common issues associated with IAQ include:
Improper or inadequately maintained heating and ventilation systems.Contamination by
construction materials, glues, fibreglass, particle boards, paints, chemicals, etc.Increase in
number of building occupants and time spent indoors
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16.What are indoor air contaminants?
Here are examples of common indoor air contaminants and their main sources:
Carbon dioxide (CO2), tobacco smoke, perfume, body odours from building occupants
Dust, fibreglass, asbestos, gases, including formaldehyde from building materials
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Toxic vapours, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from workplace cleansers, solvents,
pesticides, disinfectants, glues
Gases, vapours, odours off-gas emissions from furniture, carpets, and paints
Dust mites from carpets, fabric, foam chair cushions
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Microbial contaminants, fungi, moulds, bacteria, from damp areas, stagnant water and
condensate pans
Ozone from photocopiers, electric motors, electrostatic air cleaners
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17.Define Zoning
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Zoning describes the control by authority of the use of land, and of the buildings thereon.
Areas of land are divided by appropriate authorities into zones within which various uses are
permitted.
18.What is the necessity for air quality?
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The levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public
health, vegetation and property.
19. Define frequency and Method of Air Quality Measurements
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The present study of air quality measurement in terms air pollution concentration has been
obtained by continuous monitoring for a period of eight hours at all directions and at the
proposed project site. The annual mean wind direction pattern has been compiled from the
long- term data made available from meteorological department. The sampling directions
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around the project site has been selected so as to reflect the impact of anthropogenic
activities such as emissions from transportation, generation of dust with movement of
vehicles, emissions from industrial and domestic activities. Considering the facilities and
significant impact on air quality we have selected Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM),
Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (Nox) and Carbon monoxide (CO).
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Temporary Deafness: This Persists for about 24 hours after exposure to loud noise. Permanent
Deafness: Repeated or continuous exposure to noise of around 100 dB results in permanent
hearing loss.
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Reducing the noise levels from domestic sectors, Maintenance of automobiles, Control over
vibrations, Low voice speaking, Prohibition on usage of loud speakers and Selection of
machinery
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4.What is the difference between sound and noise?
Noise is unwanted sound. Sound is a form of energy emitted by a vibrating body and on
reaching the ear it causes the sensation of hearing through nerves.
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5.What is the purpose of frequency analysis?
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The frequency analysis allow to separate the main components of the signals by dividing the
frequency range of interest into smaller frequency bands using a set of filters
Riveting 95 Trains 96
Power operated portable saw 108 Trucks 90-100
Steam turbine (12,500 kW) 91 Car horns 90-105
Pneumatic Chiseling 118 Jet takeoff 120
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health hazards.
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Noise generation is associated with most of our daily activities. A healthy human ear
responds to a very wide range of SPL from - the threshold of hearing at zero
dB,uncomfortable at 100-120dB and painful at 130-140 Db. Due to the various adverse
impacts of noise on humans and environment noise should be controlled.
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11.Write short notes on Decibel, dB and Ldn
DECIBEL is measurement unit of sound, represented by dB.The day night equivalent noise
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levels of a community can be expressed as -Ldn , dB(A) = 10 x
log10 [15/24 (10Ld/10) + 9/24 (10(Ln + 10)/10)] where, Ld = day-equivalent noise levels
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(from 6AM - 9 PM), dB (A) Ln = night equivalent noise levels (from 9 PM - 6 AM), dB (A)
The day hours in respect to assessment of noise levels, is fixed from 6 AM - 9 PM (i.e.,
15hrs) and night hours from 9 PM - 6 AM (i.e., 9 hrs). A sound level of 10 dB is added to
Lndue to the low ambient sound levels during night for assessing the Ldn values.
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14.What is noise?
Noise is defined as unwanted sound. A sound might be unwanted because it is loud,
distracting, or annoying.
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level is measured in decibels (dB), by a device called a sound level meter.
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levelsof home appliances range from 50 dB (a refrigerator) to 95 dB (a food processor).
Lawn equipment and power tools have noise levels of 80120 dB.
equivalent to 194 decibels (dB). So 194 dB is the loudest sound possible in air at sea level;
beyond that point it becomes a shock wave. (Sound waves that are transmitted through water
or other substances would have different limits.)
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effects include sleep loss, interference with concentration and learning, mood changes and
aggression, and social isolation.
Because the ear canal of a young child is smaller than an adult's, sound pressure is up to 20
dB greater than that in an adult ear. In addition to the threat to a child's hearing, noise causes
physiological and mental stress, and significantly impacts learning and cognitive
development. Background noise also interferes with speech perception and language
acquisition.
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machinery, power tools, and construction equipment.
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Noise-induced hearing impairment
Interference with speech communication
Sleep disturbances
Cardiovascular and physiological effects gs
Mental health effects
Effects on performance of tasks
Annoyance and effects on behavior
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23.What problems does noise pollution cause for animals?
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Wild animals rely on their hearing for detecting predators, finding mates, establishing
territory, and recognizing warning alerts. Unnaturally high levels of noise can damage their
hearing and can also mask more subtle sounds that they need to hear in order to survive and
reproduce. They may also react with a fight-or-flight response to artificial sounds such as
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aircraft noise, thereby using up valuable energy reserves to flee from a non-existent
predator. If noise in an area becomes too intrusive, animals may shift to a new territory or
alter their migration patterns, which can create new complications for their mating and
survival.
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national level in many countries. Community noise is typically regarded as a nuisance issue
rather than a matter of health, and is normally regulated at local levels of government. The
regulations and levels of enforcement vary widely across different communities, and
worldwide. Noise-generating products such as automobiles and aircraft may be controlled by
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industry regulations, and building codes may set requirements for reducing sound
transmission in new building construction projects.
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