APL 001 Stebbins
APL 001 Stebbins
APL 001 Stebbins
a-Pac
cific Lingu
L uistic
cs
Open A
Access
s Monog
graphs
_________
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____________________
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Studies in the Languagu
ues of Islland Mellanesia
Collage of A
Asia and the Pacific
The Austral ian National University
Maali (B
Bain
ning
g) diictioonarry
Mali-B
Bainin
ng Amthamo
on Ang
gtha T
Thvaik
k
A-PL 001
0
Assia-Pa
acific Linguisttics
Op
pen Acce
ess Mono
ographs
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_________
_________
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Stu
udies in the
t Langu
uagues of
o Island Melanesia
M ia
Dewey Numb
mber: 499.112
For speakers of Mali: past, present and future.
Table of contents
4
Community preface
Diva ngi rm mamr svt kama To truly know the Mali people of the
Mali-Baining gna, mamr diva ngi su ia Baining tribe, one can study their
ngi rm nathva musnng nva bang, culture, political, economic, and social
ta tet pathm agia thondm, ta tt dul life. One aspect of the culture of the
minia dak ta vthana minia sathva Mali-Bainings is the language and
guangithong. Amusnngini chni svt expressions they use daily to
kama musneng nva mbang ma chama communicate and inter-relate with
Mali-Baining gna dai sok kama each other, their God, and nature
amethamn angt kn, ma chuneng around them.
ngmo tha tamn sthmna na ngt,
svt athva Deo, dak aguangithon pang
namt atha.
Sa tha askok mndu ve ia 1920, kama Attempts were made in the early
Pater ama naruerka, Fr Alphonse 1920s by an anthropologist and
Mayerhoper, ama ndrm bmga nama linguist priest, Fr Alphonse Mayer-
methamn, sa cha chut mk nchama hofer to print the Mali language. He
Malichana athva methamn. Ithang da published a Catholic hymn book and a
chok ta ithik da chok ta ve thi slameng Catholic prayer and catechism book in
ura tvng nangt, da sai tha chut the Mali language. These are being
mangt mchvs nani arutha ta ithik used today. There has been some
nasot. reprinting of these for todays
generation.
Ithik ama sa svt kama chutkut mamr Obviously, to come up with the written
vathm kama Malichana athva mtha- form of the Mali language, a dictio-
mon marik da so chama amthamoni- nary would serve as the basis for the
thong da ngtha thuchunmes da sa ng explanation, interpretation, defini-
ve diva sik ngthi tuchunmes svtha ma tions, and pronunciation of words and
gia mthanomini ura amethamnbs dak phrases. It is of fundamental import-
kama ngtkn ma chok kama Mali marik. ance to the Mali people of future years
Amor ngini mamr nani kama Malichna and of equal importance to non-Malis
ma mithu nasot diva sik ta ndrm interested in knowing about the Mali
nathva methamn nva bang. people through understanding and
speaking their language.
5
peia Papua New Guinea, sok amr vtha Province, Papua New Guinea, I am
ngo savuit i sok ngua lu chama mtha- really proud to see a dictionary in my
monithong da ngtha thuchunmes nma own Mali-Baining language. And I take
ngo ma Mali-Bainingga gua mthamon. this opportunity to thank Tonya
Auk sa sdamr da ngua tamn pthanas Stebbins. I thank, too, her husband
s ma Tonya Stebbins. Da chik sai atha Mark Planigale for his assistance.
lugutka ma Mark Planigale, ngua tamn
pthanas scha.
D chama thktk mamr iva achernas The work would have been difficult
mt ngt baiom dak nga nia nanggel had it not been for the close assistance
kama morka ma Julius Tayul ma cht np of village elder, interpreter, and
na methamn d ch tuchunmes svt advisor Julius Tayul. I acknowledge
kama mthamonithong. Ngua tamn the assistance of Marunga Elementary
pthanas schama amatnthmbes teachers Henry Lemka and Christop
naggel kama Elementary atha sunas Tayul and many others who contri-
vemiom ma Henry Lemka d ma Chris- buted by submitting stories and
tophe Tayul dak arutha ath ma tha von assistance in kind.
dachama asek dak chok vath ma tha
matnthm.
6
Community acknowledgements
Julius Tayul ka thk mamor ma cha Julius Tayul worked very hard and gave
vonda thuchups ama chdichn svt lots of advice about the spelling,
ka ma a msmes angt kn dchama pronunciation and translation of the
npna methamon saisath. entries.
7
General acknowledgements
Two people who have been central to the completion of this dictionary are my hus-
band Mark Planigale and our very good friend Mr Julius Tayul. Without Julius Tayul
it would have been impossible to compile such a wonderful corpus from which to
build the dictionary and to ensure that each entry was as complete and accurate as
possible. I could not have asked for a more generous, patient, or persistent partner
in my research on the language than gumamk, ma Julius Tayul. Without Mark I
would never have been brave enough to embark on this project and am not sure that
I would have been able to see it through. I would also like to acknowledge the con-
tribution Mark made to the dictionary by taking on the task of eliciting words in the
domains of flora and fauna. Very few of these words would have made it into the
dictionary without his dedicated efforts in this area since these words did not crop
up in other parts of the corpus.
I would also like to specifically thank several other members of the Mali commu-
nity who contributed directly to the dictionary. Julien Tayul deserves special mention
for all of the example sentences she wrote. Others who helped with this task were:
Julius Tayul Jnr, Henry Lemka, Christopher Tayul, Norberta Robert, Catherine Vasek
and Charles Vasek. Many others contributed to the research that led to the diction-
ary by writing or recording stories in Mali. The support of the Mali community as a
whole, and particularly in the village of Marunga, was also very important to this
project. Without the help and practical support many people in Marunga provided,
we would not have been able to complete this work.
Closer to home, I thank Jo Taylor and Bev Stebbins who assisted with the coding
associated with compiling the electronic version of the dictionary. Meifang Gu pro-
vided the technical expertise that moved the Toolbox database through LexiquePro
and into a word document and Alison Bennett made a huge contribution to format-
ting and proof-checking in the final stages. Thanks to Jeanette Coombes for her care
with typesetting the manuscript.
I would like to acknowledge the financial support of La Trobe University through
a Postdoctoral Fellowship in 200103. Particular thanks are due to Sasha Aikhen-
vald and Bob Dixon at the Research Centre for Linguistic Typology at La Trobe
University, who provided the generous encouragement and practical support that
made fieldwork in East New Britain possible. Thanks is also due to the Faculty of
Humanities and Social Sciences at La Trobe University who funded an additional
fieldtrip to make final checks to the dictionary in 2006.
8
About this dictionary
This is a dictionary of the Mali (Baining) language. It is presented in three parts. The
first section, MaliEnglish, contains entries organised around Mali headwords. This
section represents the Mali lexicon with English glosses and bilingual example sen-
tences. Other information about particular word classes, for example the inflectional
forms of verbs and the plural forms of nouns is also given here. (See 3.1 on word
class labels for further information on how each category is represented. This in-
formation is expanded in the Mali (Baining) grammar, also published by Pacific
Linguistics.) Many Mali words have alternate forms depending on their phonetic
context or grammatical value. The Mali-English section lists alternate forms in ad-
dition to the citation form where complete information is given.
The EnglishMali section contains much of the same information about the lan-
guage as the MaliEnglish section but it is organised in relation to English transla-
tions for Mali words. This section is designed to facilitate use by people who are not
familiar with Mali. This version of the dictionary was compiled manually, rather than
being generated mechanically, with the intention of maximising the likelihood that
the reader will be able to find the best match for an English word. The thesaurus is
organised into semantic groups see the guide at the start of that section for de-
tails. The thesaurus only indicates the sense of a word that is relevant for each par-
ticular semantic category. The reader should consult the Mali-English section in
order to ascertain other related senses and thus the broader semantic possibilities of
each word.
9
10 About this dictionary
examples. This method had the advantage of allowing direct contributions from a
wider group of people.
All of the material I collected was transferred to the software Shoebox (later up-
dated to Toolbox) once I returned from the field in late 2002. Since that time I have
continued to add entries and revise them for publication, adding new information as
the analysis of the grammar progressed, filling in missing example sentences with
extracts from texts, reorganising the entries into a more logical structure, coding for
semantic domains in order to produce the thesaurus, and so on. I was also able to
consult with Mr Tayul late in 2006 on some outstanding problems with the gram-
matical analysis and the material in the dictionary and, at the same time, we added a
few more entries.
At this time there are around 2200 speakers of Mali living in eleven villages
across Mali territory or in nearby villages and towns (see Map 2). There are two
dialects of Mali: a coastal dialect whose speakers are called Abilta those from the
old village and a mountain dialect whose speakers are called Arongda those from a
cold place. The dictionary includes words from both dialects. Differences between
them are most apparent at the level of phonology with Abilta speakers showing more
phonological reduction than Arongda speakers and inserting epenthetic consonants
in word final position after concordial pronouns.
parents learn Mali as their first language; however, they do not acquire extensive
Mali vocabularies. Children are fully fluent in Tok Pisin by the middle of primary
school.
Verbs Verbs head the predicate and are associated with concordial pro-
(sa-vi.) nouns that cross-reference the person, number, and gender of
(vi-so.) core grammatical arguments (4.1). Most verbs show stem initial
(vt.) mutations for tense (4.2). Verbs do not take any of the morphol-
ogy associated with nouns (i.e. specifier articles or noun class
marking) and they may not function as the head of an NP.
Within the dictionary verbs are labelled to show their argument
structure. There are three possibilities:
(sa-vi.) indicates an active intransitive verb with a single argument
marked before the verb. Examples include: bang run, dang
catch fire, gum cough, tusavus wriggle, and vanim roll
(vi-so.) indicates a stative intransitive verb with a single argument
after the verb. Examples include: bubu be dull in colour,
disse faint, irs feel sad, and mnap sleep
(vt.) indicates a transitive verb with two arguments. Examples
include: bias step on, don throw away, kthep catch,
grab, pais bind, and tal carry.
Mutations for tense be ascertained by checking for variant
forms at the end of each main entry. Each variant form is listed in
a minor entry. There are three patterns of mutation:
Type A verbs: don go.in.PRES, mon go.in.PAST, and thon go.in.FUT
Type B verbs: don thow.away.PRES, thon thow.away.NPRES
Type C verbs: tlu see.PRES, lu see.NPRES
Type D verbs: su try.NI (non-inflecting)
Nouns Nouns head noun phrases (10) and take noun class marking (8).
(n.) Nouns also take the specifier article in many contexts (10.4). This
is sometimes indicated by stem initial mutation (3.4.1.A). Nouns
may occur as copula complements.
Information about the relationship of nouns to specifier articles
is incorporated into the entries. Variant forms are listed as minor
entries.
Adjectives The class of adjectives in Mali includes some numerals and quan-
(adj.) tifiers as distinctive subclasses. Like nouns, adjectives may take
(num.) the specifier article. Where this is part of the citation form or
(quant.) where the citation form has stem initial lenition reflecting the
presence of a specifier article, this is the form used as a headword
in the dictionary and the bare form is listed as a variant. The only
distinctive characteristic of this class is the tendency for redupli-
cation of the root to encode intensification.
Pronouns There are three series of pronouns that may head an NP: (A) an-
(pro.) aphoric pronouns, (B) interrogative pronouns, and (C) indefinite
pronouns. Each series follows the noun class system and distin-
guish three numbers (singular, dual, and plural). Concordial pro-
nouns and the possessive pronouns follow the gender system.
There are three classes of concordial pronouns (classes I, II, and
About this dictionary 15
Markers of This category covers a diverse range of forms that are used in the
aspect and expression of aspect, modality, and illocutionary force in Mali. This
status includes: modality distinctions encoded within the predicate; par-
(modal.) ticles for encoding negation; and words for encoding interroga-
(neg.) tives. Additional discourse markers that encode epistemic distinc-
(interrog.) tions are discussed in the grammar in 5.2.10.
Discourse PDiscourse markers fall into one of three groups based on their
markers form and distribution. This is discussed in 14.2 of the grammar.
(disc.) All discourse markers occur in clause-initial position. Negators
and the negative imperative are formally subclasses of discourse
markers. They are also discussed in 15 of the grammar.
16 About this dictionary
See 3 of the Mali Grammar for more information about the phonetics and pho-
nology of the language. Given the highly productive nature of some phonological
processes in Mali, it is not surprising that writers vary in the way they represent
Mali.
4. English Gloss: Possible translations of the Mali word into English are provided.
5. Usage note: Any additional information that may assist the readers understanding of
the word is included here.
6. Grammar note: Where a grammatical word that is not readily translated into English
occurs, it may have a description included here.
7. Example sentence: An example sentence in Mali has been included wherever possible
for illustrative purposes.
8. Translation of sentence: An English translation of the sentence is also provided.
9. Morphological analysis: For some more complex Mali words, a morphological analysis
is provided.
10. English Gloss: English glosses are provided for the morphological analyses.
11. Plural form: The plural forms of nouns are generally listed here.
12. Variant form: As described above, there are alternate forms. Verbs vary to reflect tense
and nouns vary depending on the presence of the specifier article. These alternate forms
are included here. Variant forms for other words, for example, phonologically reduced
forms, are also presented here.
13. Borrowing: If the word has been identified as a borrowing, the source, form, and lan-
guage are included here.
14. See also: If another Mali word is very similar to the headword, it is mentioned here. The
English gloss is also provided.
15. Inflectional note: Other inflectional information is provided here.
In general, I have tried to reflect grammatical value of tense of the Mali sentence
in the English sentence as far as possible but where the resulting English sentence
sounds odd (for example reads as a habitual where none was intended) then I have
made use of other strategies. On the whole, the main strategy in the latter cases has
been to translate into the most semantically neutral tense in English. Because the
plain present tense is so often associated with other meanings such as the habit-
ual, I have often made use of the past tense in this context. In some cases another
strategy was used. For activity verbs, in the present tense I sometimes use the pro-
gressive. In the case of stative past tense verbs like mair wait where there is no
implication that the event is complete, I have sometimes used the present tense in
English where the original Mali sentence was actually in the past.
In order to determine the original tense of the example sentences then, the reader
would have to identify the verb for and the form of an A/SA pronoun and work out the
tense marking. See also 4.2 from the grammar.
Finally, there are quite different principles in Mali and English for determining
the distribution of the additive coordinator da and and the contrastive coordinator
dak but. In English but is used for situations that are counter expectation, where-
as in Mali this form is used primarily to signal a change in the key participants or the
perspective that is being given of them. Since using the literal translation was
causing problems for early readers of the dictionary, I have chosen the more idio-
matic English option where confusion may arise.
Mali English dictionary
A - a
a his; its. Usage: Abilta dialect. Pl: abiul. See: tavurki conchshell.
a interj. Oh!; well; um; expression of achabap adj. white. Baul avang ma
surprise or hesitation. A! Asingalka achabap inamuk. Bring that white
cha mk ptka un'gi. Oh! The snake piece of material (laplap) over here.
is in the dark. Variant: au. Variant: chambap.
a spec art. the. Gram: Specifier article. Inos achabapka n. white man. Chabapta
ka met naimuani mmni a renggi. tha mn diva thi thp manga th-
Inos came over from the river. tk. The white people arrived in order
abaringgi n. water that falls down a to do some work. Morph: a=chabapka.
waterfall. Kama abaringgi chi dona- Lit: SPEC=white-F.SG. Pl: achabapta. See:
nas vt kama chspka. The waterfall chulumga white man.
pours down the stony cliff. Pl: abaraing. achabapki n. white woman.
abmka n. large forest rat; brown; can achabapta athva methamn n.
be caught for food; lives in a hole in English. Augustine sok kia tamn
the ground with two entrances. Ka- nchama chabapta athva metha-
ma vaim ng nes kama abmka d nn mamr. Augustine really speaks
ng mska. The dogs bit the large English well. Morph: a=chabapta ath-
forest rat and ate it. Pl: abm. va methamn. Lit: SPEC=white-H.PL
abilm n. old place; a place where there 3H.PL.POSS language.
used to be a village. Kama abilm pe achabavs vt vi-so. be white. Gubarka
ma Angini da sa choiku nanga rutha ama chabapves vt pchn. The
ve. The old place for the village of pigeon, he is white around his neck.
Angini, now nobody lives there. achais n. left side of something. Cha ve
Pl: abilvap. cha mair snania chais. He was
Abilta n. coastal people; people from standing on the left. Morph: a=chais. Lit:
the villages of Gar, Merai, Urai, Ili, SPEC=left. Variant: chais. From: Tok Pisin:
and Karong. Arura ma tha nva kais the left; the left side.
gars d tha tes ta Bilta. People who achammga n. scabies. Athoemini
live on the coast are called Bilta. Morph: ngthi tnaik smt angt chamm-
a=bilka. Lit: SPEC=old.place-M.SG. Var- ga. The child drank something for their
iant: Bilta. scabies. Pl: achamm.
abilta athva methamn n. coastal achapdetham n. fish sp.; plentiful at
dialect of Mali. Kama arutha nave the river mouth; silver in colour; have
ma Karong dai tha tamn nchama thick lips and a stout shape; length
bilta athva methamn. The people up to 50 cm. Pl: achapdangetham.
from Karong speak the dialect of the
achchm that particular short one.
beach people. Morph: a=bilta athva
methamn. Lit: SPEC=old.place-H.PL 3H. achchs that particular flat one.
PL.POSS language. achchit that particular large one.
abiulgi n. conch shell. Ngua nari ma achglem those particular two pieces.
Peter ch pes mt kama abiulki. I acheglem those particular two short
heard Peter blow the conch shell. ones.
21
achgleng achnanggolka
22
achndichn achvam
23
achevap achluing
24
achluingbs vt achun'gi
25
achuravesik adedr
26
adeguank agars
off of it). Variant: dedr. Glenda and her husband were fighting
adeguank num. three large ones. and she hit his elbow with a piece of
Gram: Extended plural. Kama karki chi wood. Pl: adulam. Variant: dulemga.
tal kama mngink ama adeguank. adungdung adj. empty. Sa cha
The truck carried three large logs. thechem nmthava ingipki ava
Variant: andeguank. ven'gi a dungdunggi chlan. He
advaung num. three. Gram: Human plural arose from his death so the grave is
and count neutral. Cha ngip nmt ki empty. Ta thn kama urat ama
china thoes ma dvaung. He died dungdung ve mt chama bangga
and left her with three children. Variant: av chulem. They hung the empty
duvaung; andvaung. baskets in the corners of the house.
Variant: dungdung.
adichi n. taro. Nma cha mn kama
dichi avaik? Who pulled out that taro? aduvanguik num. three. Gram: Feminine
Variant: ndichi. See: anot taro. plural. Lvop ma aduvanguik. Three
women.
adigl n. 1 piece of taro. Ka ms kama
digl ma ngia von ngo. He ate the ae interj. Oh!; expression of shock. Ae!
piece of taro that you gave me. Sa ngua lu nge ma ngia svau
thguama sen'gi. Oh! I saw you, you
2 palm of hand. Pl: adigleng.
were stealing my knife.
adildil adj. dried up. Da sa uthi sp
aenm n. short iron spear for husking
kalan a tlng ama dildil. And we fall
coconuts. Variant: enm. From: English,
like dried leaves. Variant: dildil.
Tok Pisin: iron, ain.
adini n. small taro. Variant: taro. See:
aenilk tree sp. Usage: Abilta dialect.
adichi taro.
aen'ga n. iron spear. Ka chut kama
aduguagleng num. three pieces. Gram:
vlmga nchama en'ga d chama
Excised plural. Ngiat kama duligleng
plmga cha ngip. He speared the pig
ma aduguagleng saglm ngo. You
with the iron spear and the pig died.
get three flat stones for me.
Pl: aen. Variant: en'ga. From: English, Tok
aduguamlk num. three flat ones. Pisin: iron, ain.
Gram: Flat plural. Thlngimlk ma
aer adj. clear; light; especially of the
adugamlk ba ngo. There are three
sky. Sa erki. It is clear.
leaves for me.
aeraer n. dawn. Mrmr duraik ngthi
aduguaseng num. three long ones.
tnok peia aeraer. Roosters always
Gram: Long plural. Angama mngiseng
crow at dawn.
ma aduguaseng ba cha. There are
three poles for him. aerki n. light; brightness. Aer ama
chndichn. Lots of light(s). Sa ngave
aduguathong num. three small ones.
aerki. It is clearing up [Lit: becoming
Gram: Diminutive plural. Duraiki chia
brighter]. Pl: aer.
bkpt da thoes ngmo. Ngmo ng
ngip dak nvt kama aduguathong. againi pro. some small thing. Gram:
The chicken hatched her chicks. They Diminutive singular indefinite pronoun. Ngi
all died except three. bon dchama anggini avni ma
gaini d koi mamr ia ngi ni von
aduguavap num. three short ones.
schama morini? Instead of giving a
Gram: Reduced plural. Kama vlembap
little, why don't you give something
ma aduguavap ng ve mt kama
big? Variant: anggini; gaini.
ichethachi. There are three piglets
inside the fenced area. Ut von cha agapgap adj. light; not heavy. Kama
nchama singapo ma aduguavap. mng da ithang da agapgap. These
We gave him three singapores. Variant: trees are light in weight. Variant:
anduguavap. gapgap.
adulemga n. elbow. Glenda chinatha agares salty.
lugutka ini benmna da chia vai m- agars n. 1 coast. Kule ngaiom p
thaca dulemga nchama amngm. aina mbangm mano va nggars.
27
agars agiom
The two of them stayed at their village agigleng pro. some pieces. Gram: Excised
down on the coast. plural indefinite pronoun. Variant: anggig-
2 beach. Kule sa in met in dugas leng; gigleng.
vagars. Then the two went and agimlk pro. some flat ones. Gram: Flat
played at the beach. Variant: gars; plural indefinite pronoun. Tha vng bt
nggars. anga anggimlk klan ama pepa.
agars adj. salty. Ngua m nthm They covered (it with) something like
chama msms taithang sok paper. Variant: anggimlk; gimlk.
agars. I tasted this food and it was agimlm pro. some two flat ones.
really salty. Variant: anggars; agares. Gram: Flat dual indefinite pronoun. Ava
agarski n. sea. Urn nmt kama nank kia chuar nacha iva ch thap
garski amr mt ngt. Crayfish schama nmblimlm. Cha met
from the sea taste good. Variant: d cha vat vthanas ia anggimlm
anggarski; garski. ma chat imlm. His mother told him
to cut off two leaves. He went and
agethon adj. yellow. ... da muk mt
forgot which two to cut. Variant:
ngt da agethon. ... and inside them
anggimlm; gimlm.
they were yellow. Ava sravtki ma
gethon nachi. His clothes are yellow. aginait pro. some large one. Gram:
Variant: agthon. Extended singular indefinite pronoun.
Angginait ma vl vt sngait? What
agthon yellow.
long thing was it that broke? Variant:
agethonas vt vi-so. be yellow. At angginait; ginait.
baulgi ma gethonas vthachi dei
agink pro. some large ones. Gram:
ngua von gi. The piece of material
Extended plural indefinite pronoun. Cha vt
(laplap) I gave her is yellow. Variant:
anggink avi vtha va lat? What did
gethon.
he plant in his garden? Variant:
agia pro. something. Gram: Count neutral anggink; gink.
indefinite pronoun. Kama angia
aginm pro. some two large ones. Gram:
avakpik? What is that? Variant: anggia.
Extended dual indefinite pronoun. Peter
agicha pro. someone; something. Gram: cha thap s angginm nani ava
Masculine singular indefinite pronoun. bangga uvski? Which two trees did
Anggicha cha thap ava lchar? Peter cut for his house? Variant:
Which one cut his leg? Variant: anginm; ginm.
anggicha; gicha.
agini pro. some small thing. Gram:
agichm pro. some short thing. Gram: Diminutive singular indefinite pronoun. Ngi
Reduced singular indefinite pronoun. Ngn bon dchama anggini avni ma
nari agichm muk va ur ma ngam gaini d koi mamr ia ngi ni von
ngthi mbang? Did you hear some schama morini? Instead of giving a
short thing rushing through the little, why dont you give something
bushes? Variant: anggichm; gichm. big? Variant: anggini; gaini.
agichi pro. something; someone. Gram: agingt pro. something. Gram: Count
Feminine singular indefinite pronoun. Cha neutral indefinite pronoun. Klan ia cha tet
lu anggichi ma chia tet mt nk aiska d sdamr anggingt vt
agarski? Which one did he see going aiska v cheng, d ch tu ngt klan.
into the sea? Variant: anggichi; gichi. When he walks past something on the
agigl pro. some piece. Gram: Excised road he happens to shoot at (it). Tha
singular indefinite pronoun. Ngia thu chi met s chanasu d tha var sa
na anggigl d chia ve chi tnok? What gingt? Did they catch something
did you throw at her that is making her when they went fishing? Variant:
cry? Variant: anggigl; gigl. anggingt; gingt; dingt (Abilta
agiglem pro. some two pieces. Gram: dialect).
Excised dual indefinite pronoun. Variant: agiom pro. two of something; two
anggiglem; giglem. unidentified people. Gram: Masculine
28
agisem aguitagut
dual indefinite pronoun. Ngi kuar nango puppy? Variant: anggivam; givam.
ia nguat anggiom nmt gi uratki? agivap pro. some short things. Gram: Re-
Which two (things) did you tell me to duced plural indefinite pronoun. Klemun-
get from your basket? Variant: anggiom; bap ngn anggivap angt aila ma
giom. ut lu ngt. Pictures of foolish people
agisem pro. some two long ones. Gram: and something else, we saw them. Ngi
Extended dual indefinite pronoun. nangthik t anggivap d giaron
Anggisem ma in mk nank kama klan chama paimithong? What are
botki? What are those two long objects you holding that is like two puppies?
under the boat? Variant: anggisem; Variant: anggivap; givap.
gisem. agivem pro. some two people; some two
agiseng pro. some long ones. Gram: Long things. Gram: Feminine dual indefinite
plural indefinite pronoun. Achuret mt pronoun. Kvingavem da anggivem
kama amundm smni anggiseng nngavem iva koi ina tk mt kama
iva sok achuret klan avik. The flames Mande? What sort of people are those
got into something and it was really two ladies who do not come to
burning. Variant: anggiseng; giseng. Mondays work? Variant: anggivem;
agit pro. what. Gram: Count neutral indefinite givem.
pronoun. Agit ng ve mt gi uratki? agivs pro. some flat thing. Gram: Flat
What is inside your basket? Ngua singular indefinite pronoun. Variant:
thongms mthik ma choi ngua anggivs.
ingim mamr ia nga gicha agivet pro. some long thing. Gram: Long
vachvak. I turned myself around singular indefinite pronoun. Ngiat kama
without properly seeing what it was. anggivet iva thi thik schama ma-
Variant: anggit; git; gicha. miapki? What long stick would you use
agitha pro. some people. Gram: Human to shoot the pawpaw down? Variant:
plural indefinite pronoun. Arutha avath anggivet; givet.
ma tha mn da anggitha natha? agraing adj. 1 overripe; especially of
Which ones are the people who came? tuber crops. Kule chama not maulul
Variant: anggitha; githa. peva lat da sik agraing. If taro stays
agithom pro. some two small ones. in the garden too long it will get
Gram: Diminutive dual indefinite pronoun. overripe.
Kusek kama senithom in ve mt 2 overgrown. Variant: graing.
kama thalka da ngmbs n
aguervaluski n. large wooden bowl.
anggithom muk. Only two knives are
Kama aguervaluski dai ta thp
in the net bag (bilum) and nothing else.
machi nchama mng. The large
Variant: anggithom; githom.
bowl, they made it out of wood.
agithong pro. some small ones. Gram: Pl: aguervalus.
Diminutive plural indefinite pronoun. Chia
aguik pro. something; someone. Gram:
met sva lat d anggithong ma chi
Feminine singular indefinite pronoun. Nguat
tlu ngt kinai chok kia tthangt
angguik kue nvt kama urat
klan. She went to the garden and
taithang? Which one of these baskets
anything that she sees in the garden,
will I take? Variant: angguik.
she just collects it. Variant: anggithong;
githong. aguikaguik dem. 1 another. Gram:
Feminine singular contrastive demonstrative.
agivam pro. some two short ones. Gram:
Cha kuares ia chat avanga lung-
Reduced dual indefinite pronoun. K snan
gutki angguikangguik. He said that
da v nank ia chat anggivam
he would get another wife.
bisketvam ura twistisvam. He asked
his mother whether to get two biscuits 2 each. Gram: Feminine singular contras-
or two (packets of) twisties. Ngi plk tive demonstrative. Variant: angguikang-
anggivam nvt kama plmbm guik; aguitagut (Abilta dialect).
dchama vaimbam? Which of the two aguitagut another; each. Usage: Abilta
do you like best, the piglet or the dialect.
29
agungagunng ainama
30
ainanga airvthaualki
31
ais alat
ais n. wet. Kule ngia tet mt kama ais man tied his waist rope so he could put
peia arm nge. Do not go (out) in the on his bark cloth (tapa cloth). Morph:
wet when you are sick. aiski thchng. Lit: rope its-edge. Pl: ais
ais n. 1 track. Kama rutha tha tu angt kng. Variant: aiski.
chama baur smni chama vlam aiski vt vi-so. have a cold. Aiski
angtha ais diva thi plng ngt. vthango. I have a cold.
The people put the traps on the pigs aisoska n. crab yaws. Aisos ng thikina
tracks in order to kill them. nigia lchar da choi ngina met
2 way; route. D smni ais sa mamr. Crab yaws will do something
ngua tu gu snng... And on the way I to your feet and you will not be able to
began to think... walk properly. Pl: aisos. Variant: isoska.
3 transport. Ngu ngim ais nani gu aisvet n. path. Tha met nk aisvet save
muli save ia town. I am looking for sda dam. They went on the path to the
transport to get my oranges to town. mountain. Pl: aisiseng.
Variant: is.
aithir n. new growth; skin or bark that
aisinggi n. 1 spark. Ka vn kama grows in order to heal a cut. Vur
mundm d vr dchama isinggi di aithir mt kama mngga mndu tha
chia vus gu sarumgi. He hit the fire thap mcha. New bark is growing on
and the spark flew up and burnt my the tree that they cut. Ka thap mni
belly. chama viulacha nchama vthpki
2 ember. Pl: aisaing. mundu da sa ithik sa vur aithir. He
aisiska n. cold. Kule chama chilotki d made a cut on a mango tree before,
chia nathar diva chama aisiska cha with an axe, but now the cut is healed
thon. Leave the window open for the again with new bark.
cold (air) to come in. aivaik that particular one.
aiska n. road. Ut met vt aiska save ia aivang that particular one; those
arm angtha banggi. We went on particular ones.
the road to the health centre. Arenggi aivang those particular flat ones.
atha iska. Riverbed. [Lit: River its
aiyaungem tree tips.
road.]
aka n. one and only; special one. Guaka
aiski n. large road.
sa ngia ndn. My one and only, you
aiski waist rope used for tucking in have come. Pl: athei.
lade, viringgi, or simalachi.
alam n. cane leaves. Kavudmgichna
aiski n. 1 car. Kama aiski da mavo da athva bang ma chvaik dak
nachi da choiku tha met. The car was Ilichna da athva bang ma alam.
not working so they did not go. The people at Kavudmgi, their houses
2 truck. Aiski chia thal amngink are made of sword grass (kunai) but at
guank nva ur. The truck carried Ili their houses are made of cane
some logs from the bush. Pl: ais. Variant: leaves.
iski. See: araun'ga mtki car. alanaski n. saltwater eel sp.; white with
aiski n. cold. Aiski mt kdeng da arm sharp teeth; up to 1 m in length.
ama anguang. A chill in the body is a Ddr nma John ava chagethacha
bad sickness. Aiski mt kdng. Have d ka ndrm ia thinmga dak kine
a chill. [Lit: Cold in body.] Morph: aiski chama lanaski. Johns string was very
mt kdeng. Lit: cold-F.SG at body. tight and he thought it was a fish but
aiskias vi-so. be cold. Ngua va aiskias instead it was an eel. Pl: alanas.
ngo. I am cold now. Morph: aiskies. alat n. 1 garden(s). Ngua vt kama
Lit: cold-F-eat. chalasung vt kama avram pe vt
aiski thchng n. waist rope used for gua lat. I planted sweet potato
tucking in lade, viringgi, or simalachi. (kaukau) in my plot in my garden.
Chumska ch kthiknas nava iski Ngua mn nva lat da aruan ptha
diva ch thk ava simalachi. The ngo. I came back from the garden
32
alebrgiangga alik tm
33
alilu ambangga av amgi
34
ambangga ma thi ps vmga amrachuvacha
35
amr ba amethamnini
36
amethamn'gi amudmbs
which said that you will be going to amilatka n. 1 plate; dish. A msms
Rome, right? Variant: methamnini. See: ng ve vm kama milatka. The food
amethamnbes words. is on the plate.
amethamn'gi n. 1 language. Arura 2 coconut shell. Kama lamsachi
tha mo da athvema methamn'gi. at milatka ka dang mt ka mudm.
Every (group of) people has their own The coconut shell burnt in the fire.
language. Cha suk dm autha Pl: milat. Variant: milatka.
methamn. He forgot our language. amilatki n. large plate; large dish. Sa
Augustine sok kia tamn nchama chiat kama amilatki ama mor ki...
chabapta athva methann mamr. She gets a dish, a big one... Pl: milat.
Augustine really speaks the white Variant: milatki.
peoples language (English) well.
amndrmbemki n. clever woman.
2 speech.
amonelka n. 1 hunter. Johanes d
3 message. Karla cha mn scha-
chama monelka nani chama vlam.
ma methamon'gi ia guavek ta thet ti
Johanes is a hunter for pigs.
vt ma Peterus ma cha ingip peia
Marunga. Charles came with a 2 traveller. Pl: amonelta.
message that some people would go amonelki n. female traveller.
and bury Peterus who died at Marunga. amor adj. big. Ngia oemini sok
4 orders; instructions. Athoembm amorini. Your baby is really big.
da ithchm dai ngam ngthi nari Urn'ga ama morka. A big prawn.
amethamn. This small child follows Variant: mor.
orders. Pl: amethamn. Variant: ame-
amorka n. 1 adult man. As koiku, as
thamon'gi.
ka thoemga nango. Sa cha mun sa
amethamn'gi words; message. morka nango. Not yet, I was still a
amethamon'gi language; speech; child. He arrived when I was (already)
message; orders; instructions. an adult.
amthanaska n. disrespectful man; 2 leader. Kule ma ngia tu ma
specifically a person who takes things schama morka vak. You must not
without asking. Ma Bill sok kama make jokes about that leader.
mthanaska. Bill is a man who takes 3 ancestor. Autha morta thi kuar
things without asking. Pl: amthanasta. ia chama mundmbs achvs pik
amthanaski n. disrespectful woman; da methanaski chlan n ngas. Our
specifically a person who takes things ancestors say that the huge fire was a
without asking. miraculous event.
4 God. Kusek kama morka ama
amethanaski n. miraculous thing. Da
senggk ma cha mu aguvangithong
cha amethanaski schama mun-
ng mo ith mni ivtki. There is
dmbs avchs pik. And so (it was) a
only one God who put everything here
miraculous thing, that particular huge
on earth. Pl: morvap. Pl: morta.
fire.
amorki n. 1 adult woman.
amthcha n. gift of food; something
that has come from someone else. 2 leader.
Ngua ts kama chalasung ama 3 female ancestor.
mthk nanggl ma Tom. I ate the 3 goddess. Lngaem d autha
sweet potato (kaukau) that was a gift morta athvama morki. Lngaem is
from Tom. Pl: mthk. Variant: mth- our ancestors goddess. Pl: morvap. Pl:
cha. morta.
amgi n. mouth. Ava amgi da tchpki amudmbs n. 1 bonfire. Autha lotu
nchama kurem. His mouth is full of chi kuar naut ia chama mundmvs
betelnut. Pl: am. ama mor ngas ma tha tes ngas ia
imperno. Our religion tells us that
amiglem n. pair of lips. Athop mt ava
there is a big fire called hell.
amiglem nasot ava rm. He got sores
on his lips after his illness. Pl: amiglen. 2 wildfire. ... da kosa chama
37
amudmga amurmes pt
38
amureng ansnes vt
39
anvmnacha angmngga
angan pro. your. Gram: Second person plural angmngga n. 1 tree. Kama athing
possessive pronoun. avang piavik d chama angmngga
anengacha avak piavik. That particu-
angana pro. your. Gram: Second person
lar fibre from a tree, a particular one.
plural possessive pronoun and possessive
pronoun and specific article. Morph: angan= 2 stick; piece of wood. Kia ver ka
a. Lit: 2PL.POSS=SPEC. ngmngga nvt atha vuthchi di
40
angmnggi angthanga
chiave chi panist ngam mo. She mo mar sngt dak nvt kama
took the stick from her bundle of sgk. All his teeth fell out but one.
firewood and she started to beat him. Pl: angtkeng.
Morph: ang=mngka. Lit: 3.CN.POSS= angtps n. 1 top. Pl vt kama
wood-M.SG. Pl: angmng. amng angtps. The top of the tree
angmnggi n. 1 large tree. Di chia broke. Kama pletka cha ve vt kama
mas mkama ngmnggi at lalt. sospen'gi thvus. The plate is there
And she slept at the base of a big tree. on top of the saucepan.
2 log. Kama angarski chia thon 2 roof. Bangga uvs. The roof of the
kama ngmnggi save sva chuan. house. Morph: angt=ps. Lit: 3N.POSS=
The sea threw the log onto the sand. head. Variant: angtpus; vs.
Morph: ang=mngki. Lit: 3.CN.POSS= angtpus top; roof.
wood-F.SG. Pl: angmng. Pl: mng.
angtha pro. its; their. Gram: Third person
Variant: nngaik (Abilta dialect).
neuter possessive pronoun and possessive
angnanga pro. some of your. Gram: pronoun and specific article. Dak ka lu
Second person plural possessive pronoun and chama vlam angtha is. But he did
non-specific possessive pronoun. Ngni see some pigs tracks. Morph: angt=a.
thal angnanga mamiap. You all Lit: 3N.POSS=SPEC. Variant: ngtha.
carry some of your pawpaws. Morph:
angthaik ama valpal n. fingers. Vis
angn=anga. Lit: 2PL.POSS=NSPEC.
dava angthaik ama valpal. His
angenangama pro. any of your. Gram: fingers are swollen. Morph: angthaik
Second person singular possessive pronoun angtha valpal. Lit: arms 3PL.POSS twigs.
and indefinite possessive pronoun. Morph:
angthaik angtha chutkut n. script;
angen=angama. Lit: 2PL.POSS=INDEF.
handwriting. Ka chut svtha ngo
angt pro. its; their. Gram: Third person nchama angthaik angtha chut-
neuter possessive pronoun. Koi ia chlan ia kut. He wrote to me in handwriting.
kusek kama ngemeng ma vono va Morph: angthaik angtha chutkut. Lit:
angt sachong glan ngt ng arms/hands 3PL.POSS writing.
ndang. The trees burnt not only like
angtham n. 1 shore; beach;
that, they burnt from their crowns on
riverbank. Dul sna vt kama reng
top. Thi tor svt ka reng angps.
angtham. There are many stones
They are swimming at the head of the
altogether at the riverbank.
river [Lit: the river its head]. Variant:
ang. 2 front. Ma Joseph kat mair dava
mbangga avam. Joseph stood in front
angtkn n. melody. Kama ngtken'gi
of his house. Morph: angtam. Lit:
da chi mthik. The melody is
3N.POSS-mouth. Variant: avam; vam.
different. Note: no plural.
angthama pro. some of its. Gram: Third
angtkn'gi n. 1 neck.
person neuter possessive pronoun and
2 throat. Athop mt guachn'gi. emphatic possessive pronoun. Dak ka lu
My throat is sore. chama vlam angtha is. But he did
3 voice. Ava angtkn'gi da snani see some pigs tracks. Morph: angt=
ava mamk. His voice is like his ma. Lit: 3N.POSS=EMPH.
fathers. Morph: at=kn. Lit: 3F.SG.POSS
angthamatki n. cockatoo. Kama ng-
=throat. Pl: angtkn. Variant: tchn;
thamatki chia ts kama lams. The
chn'gi.
cockatoo ate the coconuts. Pl: ang-
angtkeng n. 1 edge. thamat.
2 bank; especially of a body of angthanga pro. some of their. Gram:
water such as a river or pool. Tchp Third person neuter possessive pronoun and
nchama dul vt arenggi thcheng. non-specific possessive pronoun. Kama
The riverbank is full of stones. Morph: vaim ng ms anthanga slik. The
angtkeng. Lit: 3N.POSS-teeth. Variant: dogs ate some of their meat. Morph:
cheng; keng; geng. angt=anga. Lit: 3N.POSS=NSPEC.
angtkenggi n. tooth. Ava angtkeng
41
angthangama anggarski atham
angthangama pro. any of their. Gram: angthiki. A tree fell and (part of it)
Third person neuter possessive pronoun and landed heavily on his arm.
indefinite possessive pronoun. Morph: angt 2 branch. Laur ng vai d vl
=angama. Lit: 3N.POSS=INDEF. schama viulacha ava angthiki.
angtharembem n. cause. Kama am- The wind blew and broke the branch of
bang ng mang dai angtharembem the mango tree. Morph: ang=tikki. Lit:
nanggel ma nma? Who was the 3CN.POSS=hand-F.SG. Pl: angthaik.
cause of the burnt houses? Pl: angthiki ama lvopki n. thumb. Ava
angtharembap. angthiki ama lvopki da chuvtki.
angthn'ga n. odour; smell. Ang- His thumb is short.
thn'ga nmt kama sipki da angu- angthikinggl n. palm of hand.
angga. The smell from the ship was
angthikism n. ten. Ka var schama
bad. Pl: angthn.
thinm ma angthikism. He caught
angthepki n. name. Tha tes atha ten fish. Variant: ngithikisem.
angthepki ia Namunas. They named
angthikpet num. five. Chia von ngo
her [Lit: called her name] Namunas. Gia
nchama thinm ma ngthikpet.
angthepki mnia? What is your
She gave me five fish. Variant:
name? Pl: ngthep. Variant: ngthepki.
ngthikpet.
angthiaik n. grandfather; grandfa-
angthuauk n. grandmother; grand-
ther-in-law. Gu iaik da mrmr asu-
mother-in-law. Ngu plk ma guauk
rngga vt kama bangang. My
mndu ma chi choki chi plk ngo.
grandfather always snores at night.
I love my grandmother because she
Morph: angt=iaikkna. Lit: 3CN.POSS=
loves me. Morph: angt=uauk. Lit: 3.PL.
grandfather-H.PL. Pl: angthiaikna.
POSS=grandmother. Pl: angthuaukna.
angthichm n. end of branch; specifi- Variant: angthuouk.
cally the part where the leaves are.
angthuouk grandmother;
Ngmngga vak d vthichm ma
grandmother-in-law.
mor ngam. That tree, the ends of its
branches are very leafy. Pl: angthik- angthut n. base or bottom of the in-
vap. Variant: vthichm. side of a container. Dung seng cha-
ma sospen'gi thut. The base of the
angthichini n. 1 hand; arm; refers
saucepan is burnt. D chule chama
to the entire limb; more polite word
renggi mk sng chama lechi thut.
than angthiki. Atha angthichini
And then the water stayed down in the
aruan ini. Her arm is hurting.
bottom of the hole. Morph: ang=thut.
2 twig. Lit: 3CN.POSS=underneath. Variant: thut;
angthieik n. master. Paim angthie- vut; aindut.
ik. A dogs master. Pl: angthieikna. angthutki n. sheltered place; specifi-
angthik n. side. Ka munggun seng cally an area in a valley below an
gama thoes angthik dak ti tk. He overhanging cliff. Kama vaim ng
sat beside his children and they vlng skama angthutki vt kama
worked. [Lit: He sat close to her children renggi thcheng. The dogs killed a
their sides but they work.] pig down in a sheltered part of the
angthika n. finger. Giama angthika valley near the river. Pl: angthut.
achk da achuvtka. Your particular anggars salty.
finger is short. Pl: angthaik. anggarski sea.
angthika ama secha n. little finger. anggarski atham n. beach. Ngua tet
Chia thap sa atha angthika ama vt ka garski atham d ngua lu
secha ava ravski. She cut off the nail kama vun'gi ma chia vat. I walked
of her little finger. along the beach and saw where the
angthiki n. 1 hand; arm; refers to turtle laid (its eggs). Morph: a=garski
the entire limb. Kama angmnggi at=am. Lit: SPEC=saltwater-F.SG 3F.POSS
chia sp d chia vai mni ava =mouth.
42
anggethangacha arekrechi
43
arktm aririp
sthmka Jesus. Heavens gate was Variant: rem. See: arembm buttock;
closed to Jesus. Pl: arekrek. remini base; source; cause.
arktm adj. holy. Thchnmucha armgi n. female patient.
chusek ka arktm cha. Only God the armgi ama ingun'ga n. fever. Kama
everlasting is holy. athoemini ng mt kama armgi
arektmka n. holy man. Pl: arektmda. ama ingun'ga d ng mas vt arm
arektmki n. holy woman. angtha banggi. The child got a fever
and was admitted to the hospital.
arm adj. sick. Vadi kusek ngua
thamon sthm nge ngi mamk ia, areng ama chrot n. alcohol. Areng
cha ve armga mamor. I just want to ama chrot da mamr ia ngthi
tell you about your father, he is terribly vlng aung. Alcohol can really kill
sick. somebody.
armali adj. clever. Ma Gulailang da arengga n. sweat. Ngave achrnsatm
armalika smt kama monel vaur. ngo da rengga vtha ngo. I felt hot
Gulailang is clever at hunting in the and there was sweat on me. Note: no
bush. plural.
armalika n. clever person. Kvicha da arenggi n. 1 water. D chule chama
armalika daer ma ngo. He is a more renggi mk sng chama lechi thut.
clever person than me. And then the water stayed down in the
bottom of the hole.
arm angtha banggi n. hospital;
health centre. Arm ngo mamor d 2 river. Nguaet smni arenggi. I
ngua mas vt arm angtha banggi. am going to the river. Pl: areng.
I was really sick and I slept at the arengia n. creek. Ka met smni cha-
hospital. Morph: arm angt=a bangki. ma arengia diva ch vk kama
Lit: sick 3N.POSS=SPEC house-F.SG. renggi. He went to the creek to fetch
Pl: arm angtha bang. some water. Pl: areng.
arembm n. 1 buttock. Kama neski arerika n. saw. Pl: arerik. See: socha
chia chut gua rembm. The nurse saw.
injected my buttock. areveikpmka n. saviour; redeemer.
2 n. source; cause; reason. Nmga Jesus aura reveikpmka. Jesus our
angtha rembm? Who was the saviour. Aura reveikpmka d cha
cause? See: aremgi buttock; source; mn nvtha usupki. Our redeemer
cause; reason. came from heaven.
armga n. patient. Kama armga ka arviachi n. monitor; similar to a lizard
vuk pa bang. The patient is in the with a black body and dull whitish
house. Pl: armda. spots; up to 80 cm long; edible flesh;
armgi n. illness; disease; sickness. skin is used for hand drums (kundus);
Ngim nani arm. Diagnose. [Lit: Look lives in the forest and climbs trees.
for illness.] Pl: arm. Pl: arvai.
44
arnacha asecha
45
asecha svt kama ivtki asevaik pt
46
asik asok mt
thinm. They were not happy because asivlelki n. caterpillar sp.; has black
their father did not come back with any and yellow spots; is a bit hairy; eats
fish. the leaves of the achluang plant.
2 feel proud. Asvaik pthachi Pl: asivlel.
mamr nvt athoemga ma Hugh. askok disc. 1 still. Gram: Atelic realis.
She is really proud of her son Hugh. Askok aunes, das uthi lotu np
3 be a nuisance. Asvaik pthacha bangang... (While it was) still dark, we
ma sak. He was really being a prayed at night...
nuisance. Variant: sevaik pt. 2 yet. Gram: Atelic realis. D cha met
asik disc. future; when. Gram: Irrealis na ngt ng mo d cha met d
marker. Asik peia mathchasep da savuit askok. So he passed them all
chaet save ia Tol. When it is morning and he went higher yet.
he will go to Tol. Chia mn diva sik 3 just. Gram: Atelic realis. Askok nge.
chi su chama thoes. She came in You just keep going. Morph: as=kok. Lit:
order to teach the children. Variant: sik. still=just.
asika subord. if. Gram: Irrealis marker used aslamrki n. hospital; clinic; health
to introduce conditional clauses. Asika centre. Armga da cha met smt
ngiaet d ngiaet pathm chama iska kama slamrki. He was sick so he
ma arika. If you go you must follow the went to the clinic. Arm ngo da ngua
right track. Sika chan d ngia met smt kama slamrki. I was sick
thamn sthm ngo. If he comes, you and I went to the clinic. Pl: aslamr.
tell me. Variant: sika. Variant: slamrki.
asinir n. beam; referring to a beam of aslavar n. tinea; ringworm (grile). Cha
light, e.g. from a torch or car at night, da slavar vtha cha. He has got tinea
or from sun sparkling off glass. Ngua (grile).
lu chama lamga ava sinir. I saw the aslek adj. cooperative; obedient. Ngia
beam of the lamp. that sngo dak aslecha ngo na nge.
asinir mt vi-so. be bright; be light. You will get me and I will cooperate
Ch kuar vuk pa bang d asinir mt with you.
airki svthivt. He shone (the torch) aslek pt vi-so. be willing. Ronny aslek
up at the house and it made the outside pthacha diva chaet sva lat. Ronny
light. is willing to go to the garden.
asingal n. spirit world. Note: no endings. asnan'ga n. question. Ka von dchama
asingalka n. 1 snake; worm; generic asnan ama chndichn dak angm-
term. Kama singalka cha vn vt bs ngua ndrm. He gave lots of
kama lamsachi. The snake climbed questions but I did not know. Pl: asnan.
the coconut tree. asndem ear.
2 dangerous spirit. D thi kuares asnngacha idea.
klan ia singalki. They said it was a
asnok n. excrement; faeces. Kaelcha
dangerous spirit. Kama singal d
cha irastm sma vaimga da cha
ngt ng ve mt kama amng ama
ms ka snok. The wallaby lied to the
mor d mt kama areng. The spirits
dog and he ate excrement.
are in the big trees and the rivers.
3 Satan; devil. Singalka cha met asok adj. solid. Ka vtdm dcha
mavo. The devil went the wrong way. bangga ves da asok. He covered the
Asingalka avoemga! Son of the devil! walls of the house and now it is solid.
(This expression was introduced by P. asok mt vi-so. 1 be brave. David sok
Mayerhoffer.) Pl: asingal. Variant: asok mt ka d cha vlng ma
singalka. Goliath ama srucha. David was brave
asingalki n. 1 female spirit. and so he killed Goliath the giant.
2 large snake; generic term. 2 be determined; be single-minded.
Kvichi d asok mtki iva chia
asip disc. later. Variant: sip.
thortm mt ichumgi. That woman is
47
asokmtka athama
determined, she swam across the asusur adj. blind. Ut drm ncha bilar
flooded river. scha asusur. We know old people
3 be strong. Gi lams da asok mt. become blind.
Your coconut is strong. at pro. her; its. Gram: Third person singular
4 be solid. possessive pronoun. Ngia thu at baulki
5 be challenging; e.g. a game. mni chama seska. You put her
asokmtka n. fearless man; stoic man; wraparound skirt (laplap) on the line.
someone who is solid inside. Karla Variant: te; ath.
d chama asokmtka i choi chna atm adj. whole. Mundika ama tmga.
ndlen kama thombek. Charles is a The whole year. Variant: tm. Note: only
fearless person for he is not afraid of t.
ghosts.
atpki n. 1 inferno; huge fire. Atpki
asokmtki n. fearless woman. da sok kama amundmbs ama mor
asol n. salt. Da ithik sa ta ve thi bon ngas. Atpki is a really huge fire.
dm mt kama asol... And now they 2 hell. Pl: atp.
are buying the salt... From: English, Tok
atnes pt vi-so. be sharp. Ta meng
Pisin: salt, sol.
kanggat mnichi atnes pt kama
asongga n. rafter. Mbangga vama chep. They twisted ropes with sharp
song. The rafters of the house. thorns on them.
Pl: asong.
atun'gi n. fish sp.; yellowfin tuna.
asru adj. huge; gigantic. Henry ka thap Pl: atun. From: Tok Pisin: atun tuna.
schama mrunggi ama sruchi
atha pro. her; its. Gram: Third person
samk. Henry cut down a large rose-
singular possessive pronoun. Kia ms dak
wood tree. Lamon'gi ama sruchi. A
kule atha matki. She ate but her
huge wave. Variant: sru.
sister did not. Ngua mu chama
asuchut sign; mark; line; boundary. peletka vuk vt kama tevolki atha
asuchutka n. ruler. Asunaski thoes thng. I put the plate on the top of the
tamo da achkachk da ava suchut- table [Lit: ... the table, its back]. Morph:
ka. Each of the school students has a at=a. Lit: 3F.SG.POSS=SPEC.
ruler. Pl: asuchut. athalep angthoes n. cocoa beans.
asuremgi n. shellfish sp.; lives on the athalevacha n. 1 cocoa tree.
reef; twisted cone with a spiky
2 tree sp.; looks like a cocoa tree,
mottled exterior and shiny white
only taller with narrower leaves, and
interior; up to 10 cm long. Pl: asurem.
bears small fruit rather than pods;
asureng vi-so. snore. Gu iaik da good for firewood; eating the ripe
mrmr asurengga vt kama green leaves is good for diarrhoea;
bangang. My grandfather always has larger leaves than the auska
snores at night. species. Pl: athalep.
asurngga n. snoring person. Joseph athalevachi n. cocoa pod. Pl: athalep.
pe ia munapka da asurngga.
athalevm n. cocoa bean.
Joseph, when he sleeps, he snores.
Pl: athalevavap.
asurtka n. forest rat; lives in holes in
athalka n. small net bag (bilum). Lukas
the ground. Asurt dchama
k tal ava thalks schama churem.
chaumat ama ngt nva ur ama
Lukas is carrying his small net bag
ngt tas mni chama ivitki. Asurt
(bilum) with betelnut in it. Pl: athal.
are forest rats that live in holes in the
ground. Pl: asurt. athama pro. her; its. Gram: Third person
singular possessive pronoun and emphatic
asusudamgi n. lizard sp.; black with
possessive pronoun. ... ti mbon d cha-
many small whitish spots; up to 1 m
ma lvopki sanggl athama
or more long; lives in the forest near
chumska. ... they give the woman to
pools in rivers; will dive to the bottom
her husband. Morph: at=ma. Lit:
of the river if chased. Pl: asusudam.
3F.SG.POSS=EMPH.
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athanga athvngi
athanga pro. some of her; some of its. taithchm da athepmn ngam. This
Gram: Third person singular possessive book is thick. Variant: athemn.
pronoun and non-specific possessive pronoun. athpmus n. activities. Ngia ndrm
Ngia thu athanga chalasung vuk pa nchama rutha nave ia Karong athva
mbang. You put some of her sweet thpmus? Do you know about the
potatoes (kaukau) up at the house. activities of the people from Karong?
Morph: at=anga. Lit: 3F.SG.POSS= INDEF.
athv pro. their. Gram: Third person human
athangacha n. freshwater prawn sp.; plural possessive pronoun. Ti tns ngt
transparent or light brown; fat in mt athva sgn, mt athv urat d
shape and has long hands; up to thi tal ngt save sva mbang. They
10 cm long. Pl: athang. put them in their net bags (bilums) or
athangama pro. her; its. Gram: Third their baskets and carry them to their
person feminine singular possessive pronoun houses.
and indefinite possessive pronoun. Morph: at athva pro. their. Gram: Third person human
=angama. Lit: 3F.SG.POSS=INDEF. plural possessive pronoun and possessive
atharesbana n. promise. Aina thares- pronoun and specific article. Ngaiom in dat
bana ia asik in det sva lat. Their nethem kama rura di ini tal athva
promise was that they would go to guangithong. They both helped the
the garden. people and they carried their things.
atharesdemga n. contract. Morph: athv=a. Lit: 3H.PL.POSS=SPEC.
49
athvuiki athoemgi
50
athoemini aulmangachi
51
aulul aunuchi
52
aun'gi autha
53
authama avarka
54
avath avngbngga
55
avram avirsithamngga
56
aviringgi avu
57
avucha ayauski
avucha n. bad man. Mir avutha nama designs on both sides. Pl:
rura. Long ago there were bad people awalengigleng.
around. [Lit: Long ago bad people with awan'ga n. name of dancer; masked
people.] Pl: avutha. dancer, dressed in yellow leaves from
avuchi n. bad woman. the victory leaf plant, who carries
avulikpthachi n. gecko sp.; grey; up beating sticks and punishes children.
to 10 cm long. Kama vulikpthachi Kama awan'ga cha tain sava mambl.
da achlak at kdengga. The gecko The dancer dances with his sticks.
has soft skin. Pl: avulikpet. Variant: vlik- Chumsta thi nunguik vt chama
pthachi. van. The men shout at the spirit masks
(tumbuans). Pl: awan. Variant: van;
avunathepki n. fruit bat sp.; small.
avan'ga.
Avunathepki chia ts kama vival.
The fruit bat eats mangoes. Pl: avuna- awithinggi n. ringworm; tinea that
thep. appears as white spots on the skin.
Ngua mu chama awithaing angt
avun'gi n. turtle. Ka lu chama vun'gi
marasin mt kama awithinggi mni
atha iska mni chama chun'gi. He
ga sarumgi. I applied the tinea lotion
saw a turtles track across the sand.
to the tinea on my belly. Pl: awithaing.
Pl: avun. Variant: vun'ga (Abilta dialect).
awlecha grandson; granddaughter.
avuretki n. scar. Johanes ka thap
mchama vuretki ama morki mni awret scar.
ava snaingini. Johanes has [Lit: ayachun'gi n. 1 moon. Vea yachun'gi
carved] a big scar in his thigh. chia ndn d saeng nthi sep. When
Pl: avuret. Variant: awret. the moon comes, the rain falls.
avusdingdchengarki n. freshwater 2 month. Kama yachun'gi ma
eel sp.; grey and up to 80 cm long; milatka vuauk d sok saeng mamor.
lives in large rivers. Pl: avusding- There is a lot of rain in the month of
dchengar. August. Pl: ayachun.
avuthchi n. bundle of firewood. ayar adj. alive; living. Du ut tes aut
Lvopki chi tal atha vuthchi vatha mambuves i Jesus ama yarka. And
thng. The woman carried her bundle we sing for Jesus who is alive.
of firewood on her back. Pl: avuthch. ayare n. saliva. Arm ngo d chama
Variant: vuthchi. yare ng dm. I am sick and my saliva
awal n. track; specifically the direction is sour.
of the undergrowth, like grasses, ayaungem n. tree tips; the ends of the
which shows the direction a person branches where the leaves are. Kama
has gone. Uthon d cha wal nasot ayaungem ng sp nkama mngga
kama asvo cha d ut vn mcha. We uvs. The leaf ends of the branches fell
followed the track of the thief and we from the top of the tree. Pl: ayaungbap.
belted him. Variant: aiyaungem.
awalngga n. wave; ripple. Uthi bang ayauska n. spirit. Kama yauska ark-
mt kama botki da atha ma awa- tmka cha tu aerki vm ut. The Holy
lngga cha np nchama kanucha. Spirit gives us light. Pl: ayaus.
We travelled in the boat and its wave
ayauski n. shadow. Mamr ia ngi tlu
tipped the canoe over. Pl: awalng.
gia yauski vea ngua mair mt kama
awalengiglem n. name of a pair of chunngga. You can see your shadow
Mndas masks; shield-shaped, flat, if you stand in the sun. Pl: ayaus. See:
and elongated; carried on a stick; ailachi shadow.
long edges on the bottom and top;
58
B - b
59
banglka bk pt
60
bk tm bn slp sangglm mes
61
bensenaska bing
bep d ves vi-so. fart; a noisy fart. Bep bilarki n. old woman.
dchama vaimga ves. The dog bilta coastal people.
farted. Note: only b. bing vt. roll; specifically to twist string
bpki fart. used to make net bags (bilums).
bp mt vi-so. be closed. Aruchi ma Patrica chi bing atha ses nani at
bp mt at sachong. The woman who masarka. Patricia is rolling her string
is blind. [Lit: The woman whose eyes for her net bag (bilum). Variant: ving.
62
bing bloka
63
bluston bui
64
buinem chaelki
buinem sa-vi. return. Ngi vinem Her mother felt angry and she beat
kvsnia? When will you return? her. Variant: brembm; mbrmbm.
Variant: vuinem; vinem; winem; burembm n vt. be angry with. Kule
puinem. d chama chaelka mbrembmka
buirut vi-so. be short; be stumpy; e.g. a nchama duraika. Afterwards, the
dog with a cut off tail. Vaimga ma wallaby was angry with the rooster.
birutki daves k bang. The dog with Variant: brembm n.
the stumpy tail is coming. Variant: buremga n. knot. Ngi chop kama
birut. buremga vt kama uratki thvus.
buit up. You tie the knot at the top of the
buk above. basket. Pl: burem.
bukacha n. taro sp.; black singapore. burichi n. cleared area; flattened area;
Ngiat k buka diva thi vus ka. e.g. a place in the bush where there
(You) get a black singapore in order has been a dog fight or a crocodile
for them to cook it. Pl: buka. resting. Arura tha tain mt kama
burichi. People dance in the cleared
bunacha n. 1 rich man. Asika buna-
area. Pl: buri.
cha nange mt giama gunn'ga da
sik a mumanaska nange. To become Butamgna n. Butams.
a rich man with your store you must butki n. large fire; bonfire. Gunank
be selfish. Da ma mbunatha d cha kia chuar nango ia ngu sas tcha-
mendem pathvus d choi cha na ma ngmng nmt kama butki.
vonta. The rich people, he left them My mother told me to remove the
out and he did not give them anything. firewood from the large fire. Laurka
2 selfish man. Arucha ma choiku cha wae s chama imng nmt
cha na bon da chama bunucha. A kama butki. The wind blew the light
person who does not give is a selfish ashes from a garden fire. Pl: but.
person. Pl: bunatha. buthicha n. spine; back. Aruan atha
bunachi n. 1 rich woman. buthicha. Her back was hurting.
Pl: buthi.
2 selfish woman.
buthichi n. vertebra. Tha mn pt
bungbungga firedancer; is concealed
kama buthichi ma choiku tha
inside a large, hollow, rectangular
ndrm ia gaia vachik. They found a
panel that serves as his mask.
vertebra but they did not know what it
burembm vi-so. feel angry. Burem- belonged to. Pl: buthi.
bm at nank d chia vanis tmgi.
Ch - ch
65
chagthacha charekrecha
and has a long tail; the other is on stones at night to find food.
small, dark orange, and stays on Pl: chamot. Variant: kamotki.
white sand. Pl: chael. Variant: kaelki. chanasucha n. hook. Banglka cha
chagthacha vine sp.; rope; fishing chrtp schama chvulka dak
line. kulel kama chanashucha. The shark
chais left side of something. grabbed the octopus (bait) but left the
hook. Pl: chanasu. Variant: kanasu.
chais adj. left-handed. Arura athe ma
chdichn natha da chaista. Many chaninggulucha n. freshwater fish
people are left-handed. From: Tok Pisin: sp.; yellow with white and black
han kais left hand. spots; up to 20 cm long. Pl: chaning-
gulu. Variant: kaningguluch; ninggu-
chalacha n. freshwater fish sp.; glue-
lucha.
fish; can stick themselves to a rock
with their chests. Ka chut kama chan'gan'ga n. ridge top; the bound-
chalacha dchama thinm ma ary between two river catchments;
chndichn. He speared a gluefish often very wet and mossy. Kama
and many other fish. Pl: chala. Variant: chan'gan'ga dai chama galicha
kalacha. mugurup kama areng ama mor
anga pus. The chan'gan'ga is the top
chalasunggi sweet potato (kaukau).
ridge between the head of two big
chalavurucha n. beach vines. Tchp rivers. Kama saluchachi da chi nva
nchama chalavurucha via Gisia. rong pe va changan, da chama
There are a lot of beach vines at Gisia. singal angtha mbangi nachi. The
Pl: chalavuru. wild mountain ridge palm is the place
chalvanggrka n. rainbow. Kama where the mountain spirits live.
chalvanggrka ka vuk pt usupki. Pl: chan'gan. Note: only ch.
The rainbow is up in the sky. changska n. betelnut. Pl: changes.
Pl: chalvanggr. Variant: kalvanggr. Variant: kangska.
chaliburburm shellfish sp. changska n. betelnut palm. Ch bn
chalipka n. lizard sp.; small and d chama changs d chama
grey-brown in colour; hides on tree msongga cha nes ava sachong. He
trunks and makes a squeaky noise climbed the betelnut palm and the
when people walk past; people say it ants bit his eyes. Pl: changs. Variant:
is the noise of the forest spirits. Pl: kangski.
chalip. Variant: kalipka. changgthacha n. 1 vine sp.; large,
chalukluka crab sp. thick vine. Usage: Arongda dialect.
chalun'ga n. taro sp.; singapore. Chia 2 rope; vine makes a good rope.
nges tchama chalun nva lat. She Ka mt kama kanggthacha diva
dug up the singapores from the uthi chop pt chama vlmgi. He got
garden. Pl: chalun. Variant: kalun'ga. the rope in order for us to tie up the
chama the. pig.
3 fishing line. Ddr nma John
chamangm crab sp.
ava chagthacha d ka ndrm ia
chambap white. thinmga dak kine chama lanaski.
chamerabpki n. evening star. Ut tes Johns string was very tight and he
kama lingga ma cha dn sa ba- thought it was a fish but instead it was
ngang ia chamerabpki. We call the an eel. Pl: changgt. Variant: kangg-
star that comes at night chame- thacha; chagthacha. See: charoski
rabpki. Morph: a=kamerbpki. Lit: (Abilta dialect) vine sp.
SPEC=3M.SG.I-decline.PAST-fart-F.SG. changgthait n. 1 vine sp.; especial-
Variant: kamerabpki. ly a long and narrow vine species.
chamotki n. shellfish sp.; large black 2 rope. Pl: changgthink. Variant:
shellfish from the river; lives in the kagthait.
water during the day but crawls up
charekrecha crab sp.
66
charichetka chebongbonggi
charichetka n. prawn sp.; transpar- colour; long tail with serrated ridge
ent, light brown colour; found in down the back; similar to the
groups; plentiful at the new moon; amchlingga species but smaller.
hatch in the sea and swim into river chat he; it.
mouths to stay on riverbanks. Pl:
chatlchotka n. grasshopper sp.;
charichet. Variant: karichetka. See:
greyish in colour. Pl: chatlchot.
charichethini prawn sp.
Variant: katlchotka.
charichethini n. prawn sp.; transpar-
chathachi n. taro sp.; wild singapore;
ent, light brown colour; found in
not edible. Usage: The word is some-
groups; plentiful at the new moon;
times also used to refer to edible
hatch in the sea and swim into river
varieties. Ut mn bt kama chatha
mouths to stay on riverbanks. Pl:
nva ur. We found the wild singapore
charichet. Variant: karichethini. See:
in the bush. Pl: chatha. Variant:
charichetka prawn sp.
kathachi.
charidang n. call; a special sound,
chau uncle.
ooo, is called from the bush to warn
that a Mndas is coming. Kama chaubocha plant sp.
charidang d chama paret ia cha- chaumatka n. reef fish sp.;
ma Mndaska avak ka tet. The yellow-white colour with scales; has
charidang is the sound which tells that feelers on its chin. Pl: chuamat.
the Mndaska is coming. Variant: kari- Variant: kaumat.
dang. chaumatka rat; mouse.
charirot beetle sp. chavatka n. spirit that causes illness.
charoski n. 1 vine sp.; large, thick Kavatka ka mthacha. The spirit got
vine. Usage: Abilta dialect. him. Kama kavatka cha mu na
2 rope. Tha chop pt kama rmgi vt kama thoemga da sa
vlmga nchama charotki ma vandi cha ingip. The spirit that
morki. They tied up the pig with a big causes illness made the child sick and
rope. Pl: charos. Variant: karoski. See: he was almost dead. Pl: chavat. Variant:
changgthacha (Arongda dialect) kavatka.
rope. chavatka n. adulterer. Kama chavatka
charuaika bird sp.; earlybird. cha chavat t ma Isidore ava lu-
gutki. The adulterer committed adult-
charucha n. bird sp.; black with red
ery with Isidores wife. Pl: chavata.
spots on the chest and a white spot
Variant: kavatka.
at the throat; has quite a long tail; is
very shy; hides at the top of big trees chavatki n. female adulterer.
and calls kwek, kwek, kwek at chavat tm commit adultery.
night. Pl: charu. Note: only ch. chavathm firedancer; they wear
charuvaika n. bird sp.; earlybird; sings masks with large, round, painted
early in the morning; has dull co- eyes.
loured feathers. Charuvaika dma chavenggi n. river crab sp.; brown;
mliar da aina ruaiom nana shell up to 4 cm in diameter; sits on
mamr. The earlybird and the parrot stones; hides when people approach.
had a good friendship. Pl: charuvaik. Pl: chaveng. Variant: kalenggi.
Variant: karuvaika; karuaika; cha-
chaverki palm sp.
ruaika.
chavithoski n. shellfish sp.; nautilus.
chasrki n. malaria. Chasrki ptha-
Chavithoski da chi nmt kama
ngo. I have malaria. Variant: kasrki.
garski. The nautilus is from the sea.
chaseska n. spy. Kama chaseska cha Pl: chavithos. Variant: kavithoski.
met d cha lu chama umang ang-
ch he; it.
tha bangga va ur. The spy went and
saw his enemys house in the bush. ch the.
chasuacha n. lizard sp.; greenish chebongbonggi crab sp.
67
chchm chkthom
68
chkthong chelanggum
tive dual contrastive demonstrative. Kama Those two men hid from us. See: kiom
vlmithom chkthom ma vus s those particular two.
ngithom nmt kama ichethachi. chkraik dem. just that particular one.
Those two piglets escaped from the Gram: Emphatic feminine singular con-
enclosure. See: chthom those trastive demonstrative. Chkraik ma
particular two small ones. milani ngua luchi via mambuchi. I
chkthong dem. just those particular saw that one yesterday in the singing
small ones. Gram: Emphatic diminutive group. See: kraik just that particular
plural contrastive demonstrative. Kama one.
dlangithong chkthong diva nani chkrak dem. just that particular one.
chama mugar. Those small sticks are Gram: Emphatic masculine singular con-
for the game. See: chthong those trastive demonstrative. Krak ma Joseph
particular small ones. ka ms kama thinm. That Joseph,
chkvam dem. just those particular he ate fish. Choiku n chkrak
two short ones. Gram: Emphatic reduced taith. That person is not here. See:
dual contrastive demonstrative. Kama chrak that particular one.
chalasungbam chkvam ndai ma chkrang dem. just those two
Chris av chvam. Those two small particular ones. Gram: Emphatic count
sweet potatoes (kaukaus) belong to neutral contrastive demonstrative. Kama
Chris. See: chvam those particular anot chkrang ma Julien chinma
two short ones. Salome ini thal ngt ndai nani
chkvap dem. just those particular chama msmski. Julien and Salome
short ones. Gram: Emphatic reduced will carry those two taros for the feast.
plural contrastive demonstrative. Kama Kama lams chkrang ma tha sek-
vlembap chkvap dema Andrew dm ngt. Those two coconuts, they
av chvap. Those are Andrews husked them. Variant: krang; kkrang;
small pigs. See: chvap those achkrang.
particular short ones. chlachuas grass sp.; seaweed;
chkvem dem. just those particular seagrass.
two. Gram: Emphatic feminine dual chlachuasini small area of grass sp.
contrastive demonstrative. Chkvem ma
chlachuaska area of grass sp.
indet naut mnia nenggi dasik
indet ini thal amng. Two women chlachuaski large area of grass sp.
went past us at the river to go and get chlak adv. softly. Note: only ch.
firewood. See: kvem those chlaln'gi n. platform. Ch tk m-
particular two. chama chlaln'gi sng gama
chkvs dem. just that particular flat mnggi. He made the platform
one. Gram: Emphatic flat singular contras- against the base of the large tree.
tive demonstrative. Kama tlngbs Pl: chlaln. Variant: klaln'ga.
chkvs ndai amangngas. That leaf chlamurki n. puddle. Karki chia
is dry. See: kvs that particular flat chuasin kama chlamurki mt kama
one. lechi d chama iska ava ron. The
chkvet dem. just that particular long car splashed the puddle from the
one. Gram: Emphatic long singular contras- pothole in the middle of the road.
tive demonstrative. Kama songbet Pl: chlamurvap. Variant: chlamurki;
chkvet ndai sok asrtik ngavet. klamurki.
That long rafter is really straight. See: chlan only; just; for nothing; with
chvet that particular long one. nothing.
chkiom dem. just those particular chlan like; likewise; at the time;
two. Gram: Emphatic masculine dual when.
contrastive demonstrative. Chkiom ma
chlan be like; be similar.
inmu chama sravt ma achluing.
Those two with the black shirts. chelanggum vi-so. be deserted. Thik
Aruiom chkiom in ngaip nmt ut. sa chule chi chalan ia
69
chlaska chmlm
70
chmer chrechacha
71
chrk pt chthiavs
72
chethik mt chiar vt
73
chier chlomgi
74
chluangga chuasin
chluangga n. tree sp.; has silky fibre. chrath those particular people.
Ti dng gama chluang angt kn- chrechacha loose soil.
deng iva nani chama thing. They
chrek sthm close in; block off;
scrape the chluang for their silky
forbid.
fibre. Pl: chluang. Note: only ch.
chrtki n. policeman; the name comes
chluing cloud.
from the days of the German colony
chluing black. when the police wore short pieces of
chluingga n. march fly; blue; usually material (laplaps) with belts. Chrt-
the first to arrive on a carcass in the ki cha sangaracha dak ka iras ia
bush, or to sit on rubbish. Pl: chluing. cha da ngmbs. The policeman
Note: only ch. arrested him but he pretended that he
chlumen'gi n. frog; generic term. was not the one. Pl: chrtkichna.
Karki chia vlng chama chrtkrt s rustle.
chelumen'gi. The truck killed the chririaska centipede.
frog. Pl: chlumen. Variant: kelemen'gi;
chrnas mt be brave; be hard; be
chelumen'gi.
difficult; be salty.
chlumen'gi ama iriarki n. frog sp.;
chrorachi banana flower.
large green river frog. Pl: chlumen
ama iriar. Variant: chlumen'gi ama chrorini calf; specifically the large
uras atha lchar; chlumen'gi ama muscle in the lower part of the leg.
uras d ththik. chrtp mt chop; cut up.
chlumen'gi ama uras atha l- chuan rice.
char frog sp. chuanigl n. sandy area. Ka mu cha-
chlumen'gi ama uras d th- ma baul ama cha thor ngt mni
thik frog sp. chama chuanigl. He put the clothes
chnam old garden. he had washed, on the sandy area.
Note: only ch.
choe where.
chuanik swallow.
choenei where.
chuar show.
choeng bt scrape; rub.
chuar say.
choi no.
chuaramgi n. black bird with red eyes.
choi no; not.
Ka thu chama chuaramgi. He shot
choiku no; not. the black bird with the red eyes.
choir pt vi-so. rejoice. Usage: Borrow- Pl: chuaram. Variant: kuaramgi.
ing from Ura. Mrvm ngn da chuaramgi at sachong n. native
choir pthangen. You are all happy spinach (aibika) with red stems. Ka
and you rejoice. Variant: chuarka pt. vt kana chuaramgi at sachong ve
chok just; already. va lat. He planted the red-stemmed
choki also; similarly. native spinach (aibika) in his garden.
Pl: churam angt sachong.
chop dm hang up.
chuares say.
chop mni fasten.
chuares ithm mes sa confess.
chop s tie up.
chuarka pt vi-so. rejoice. Usage:
chot spit.
Borrowing from Ura.
chot pt spit on; spit at.
chuarka pt rejoice.
chra that particular one.
chuar na tell.
chraik just that particular one.
chuar n tell.
chrak that particular one.
chuar tm light up.
chrare those particular people.
chuasin splash.
chrark dry.
chuasin toss.
75
chubururucha chumangacha
76
chumang angt nank churemgi
77
churngga chutik namt
78
chut ithm das
D - d
da coord. and. Gram: Addition marker. Ut damga n. lump. Agit angtha dam vt
met vathm chama renggi du ut lu kama rucha vak? What are the lumps
chama marupki vthat valo ang- on that man? Pl: dam.
thathng di chia mugun na ut. We damgi n. mountain. Damgi ma Everest
went along the river and we saw the sok ki saivuk daer kama dam
cassowary on her eggs and she chased ngmo. Mount Everest is really the
us. Variant: d; du; do; di. highest mountain of all. Pl: dam.
daer prep. over. Kama srucha cha mu Variant: ndamgi.
chama sospen'gi daer kama mun- damgi theves n. mountain peak. Ka
dm. The elderly man put the mair d chama damgi thvus. He
saucepan over the fire. stood on the mountain peak.
dai subord. thus; then. Asika aslek danungga n. unproductive man; a
pthachi ncha rucha vakpik, dei person who does not bring anything
thi vondmgi saglmga. If she is home for the household (e.g. no
willing to marry that particular man firewood, water, or food); someone
then they will give her to him. Variant: who cannot catch fish etc. Jackob
dei. sok ama danungga mamr. Jackob
dai asik subord. so that. Ngia ts dai is really a person who does not bring
asik aron nge. You eat so that you are anything home. Pl: danungda.
satisfied. danunggi n. unproductive woman.
dain dance. dang sa-vi. 1 catch fire. Ambang ng
dair stand; wait. mang. The houses caught fire.
dair pt walk with. 2 burn. Tiang atha mbangga cha
dair s make stand. mang ve ia Karong. Tiangs house
burned at Karong. Variant: ndang;
dair snas stand alone.
thang; mang.
dair snania lean against.
dang mt sa-vi. 1 burn; be on fire.
daith right here. Kama ambangga cha dang mt. The
daithik right now; just like this. house is on fire.
dak coord. but. Gram: Adversative marker. 2 be in a fire. Variant: ndang mt;
Vadi uthet save ia town mt k thang mt; mang mt.
botki dak laur mamor da ngmbs dar fall; particularly of fruit.
ut met. We wanted to go to town in
dar s fall out.
the boat but the wind was strong and
we did not go. dar s pour out; especially of water
from a tap.
daki also; too; similarly.
das coord. 1 and still. Tangamtta
dal carry; move; bear; give birth.
tha ndn, das koi angama Auli-
dalias adv. squatting. Ngia mugun ngalta, ura angitha, angmbs.
dalias. You are squatting. Note: only d. Tolais came, but still no Sulkas or
dama and the. anyone, no.
79
das dn
80
dn dng na
81
Deo dinas
Deo n. God. Kusek Deo asgk klan. kama palang. The rat is stuck be-
There is only one God. From: Latin: Deo. tween the planks. Variant: tht sthm;
dr excrete. mt sthm.
der refuse; decline. dethana be friends; be married; group
together.
dr pull out; uproot; clear.
dthanas help oneself; to take some-
dranas go; take off; leave.
thing without permission.
dravt weed.
dththik beside.
dravt s remove.
dvthng adj. unconnected; some-
dr na lay; specifically of a turtle thing without a known source; e.g. a
laying eggs. fatherless child or Tok Pisin, which
dr vthanas have diarrhoea. is a language without a village. PNG
des name; call by name. chna d tha tamn nchama me-
thamn ama dvthng. People
des read.
from PNG speak Tok Pisin.
ds eat.
dvthik dir. beside. Ava oemgi chia
dsa and so; then. met di shia mugun dvthik. His
desavet da sek narrate; tell a story. daughter went and sat beside him.
desavet dm narrate; tell about. Variant: dththik.
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dinasa don
dinasa adv. and really. Dak ka earlybird in order to get his clothes.
lagun'ga vak pik dinasa cha mun Ngi ser kama urat diva? Why are
avivik piavik. And that decorative you weaving the baskets?
plant, it really grew there like that. dlangga n. walking stick. Cha vl mni
Morph: da=kinasa. Lit: and=really. chama dlangga. He broke the walk-
dinei in turn; instead. ing stick. Pl: dlang.
dini coord. and those two. ... dini tek dlen sa-vi. be afraid; be frightened. Cha
naina lat, ura in donel. ... and those donel vaur da ngbs chna dlen.
two work in their gardens or hunt. He wandered in the bush and was not
Morph: da=ini. Lit: and=3DL class two. afraid. Variant: len.
din s vi-so. faint; collapse. Ddn'ga do and.
nmt areng ama ddn d diss dodm sa-vi. recount; narrate; tell.
cha. The man who collapsed was Ngu dodm nchama secha. I will
affected by alcohol. Variant: diss. tell a story. Ngu thodm svt kama
din'ga n. boom; roar. Botki atha luln'gi ma chia mon sut. I will tell
din'ga vak. That is the roar of the about how the boat capsized with us in
boat. Pl: ddin. it. Variant: thodm.
dingdm vi-so. be stuck. Dingdm dok coord. and just. Tha namu inavuk,
kama vaimga mt kama nanachi. inavuk, vaki tha mu athva chrot-
The dog was stuck in the glue. ki thaith, ma ith glm ut, mok
dingdm pt vi-so. stick. Koi anga ithik dok kia ve glm ut taithik.
vungt ding dm ngt ptha nge. They continued down, down, until they
No sin sticks to you. put our power here, close to us, where
(it is) just here and it is just with us
dingdingga n. bird sp.; very small;
now. Morph: da=kok. Lit: and=just.
some are black and some are yellow;
their call sounds like ding ding; dok impregnate.
they like sitting in orange trees. ... doki adv. 1 also; too. Ka d choki ch
da ngini ng ngaip. Dei chama tal ava vlika, da ava dul, doki
dingdingga, cha ngaip. ... and the avama chepki. He also carries his
little one hid. Thus the dingdingga, he sling and his stones, also his spear.
hid. Pl: dingding. See: dingdingini Vandi ma chvi cha doki ch thk
bird sp. (alternate name). saisavi. That one wanted to work
dingdingini n. bird sp.; very small; there too.
some are black and some are yellow; 2 similarly. Achk ka munggun
their call sounds like ding ding; doki achk ka munggun. One sat,
they like sitting in orange trees. and similarly the other sat. Morph: da=
Kama dingdingini, ps d ngini, d koki. Lit: and= also. Variant: daki.
ngthi mbang. The tiny dingdingini, dokta n. doctor. Cha met sava armgi
at once the small one flew. See: ding- diva dokta ch lu cha. He went with
dingga bird sp. (alternate name). his sickness so that the doctor could
dingt thing. Usage: Abilta dialect. look at him. Pl: doktachna. From:
dingt something. Usage: Abilta dialect. English, Tok Pisin: doctor, dokta.
diski n. dish; often refers to a large dolngengga n. bang. Ngua nari
aluminium dish. Duraik angthama dolngeng mtkama pelet. I heard
slik ng muk mt kama diski. The the banging of a plate. Pl: dolngeng.
chickens meat is in the dish. Pl: dis. don vt. 1 throw away. Kule ma ngi
From: English, Tok Pisin: dish, dis. thon amethamn. Do not throw away
diss faint; collapse. the advice. Ngi thon kama baulki
nevanas. You throw away the cloth
diva subord. in order to. Gram: Controlled
(laplap) from yourself.
purposive. Mliar ka irastm sma
Karuaik diva chat ma Karuaik ava 2 subtract. Variant: thon.
sravtki. The parrot lied to the don sa-vi. 1 go in; enter. Sunasvmda
83
don dong mes
tha chuar nathva thoes tha don wallaby wandered off and he found
svt athva ulung dasika ngbs some yellow fruit. Variant: thonel;
d sik tharavt. The teachers said to monel.
their students that they would go into don ma vt. heap up. Ngni thon ma-
their rooms, and if not, they would do chama vival angthik sthmna.
the weeding. You all heap the mango branches
2 sink. Kanucha cha mon scha- together. Variant: thon ma.
ma msms. The canoe sank with the don ma sa-vi. 1 clear land for a new
food. garden. Anmamkiom ina ainoes
3 drown. tha met thi donma vthathva val-
4 be stuck. Kama vlmga ka mon valcha. The parents and their children
mt kama baurka. The pig was stuck went to clear out a patch for a garden.
in the trap. Variant: thon; mon.
2 throw away; abandon. John k
don vt. bring in; specifically the sea donma nani chalasung. John threw
throwing things onto the shore. Mt away (everything) for the sweet potato
kama volam d ichum mt areng d (kaukau). Variant: thon ma.
agarski chi don chama amng.
don meng vt. check. Fidel chia thon
During the wet season the river floods
meng at baul mndu ma kokoros
and the sea brings in wood. Variant:
ng ms ngt. Fidel checked her
thon.
clothes because the cockroaches ate
donanas sa-vi. jump; throw oneself. them. Variant: thon meng.
Ngua thonanas svt kulp. I
don mt vt. 1 wear. Ngua mon mt
jumped into the pool. Variant:
gua su. I wore my shoes.
thonanas.
2 put on. Ngia mon mt kama
donbathm na check; examine.
singgliska di ngia np nachi ia na
donbathm n vt. check; examine. Sa vono sa muk. You put the shirt on and
chule sa nga ve ngu donbathm n (when you did) you turned it inside
chama vrsetki vaik imono. Then I out. Variant: thon mt; mon mt.
started to examine around those
don na throw.
marks. Ngu don bathm ngu lagat
ma ngua vt ngt. I checked the corn don n vt. throw. Ta thon nchama
that I planted. Variant: thonbathm n; bom savono ia Vaingait. They threw
donbathm na; thonbathm na. bombs onto Vaingait. Variant: thon n;
don na; thon na.
don d follow.
don sk move to.
don dm vt. follow. Ut thon dchama
basiochi atha iska d ut lu veia chia donsvanas tm vt. disown; dissoc-
ms kama vaimga. We followed the iate from. Minia iva ngi thons-
crocodiles path and saw where it ate vanas tm ga? Why did you disown
the dog. Variant: thon dm; don d; him? Variant: thonsvanas tm.
thon d. don svt sa-vi. move to. Ngt don
don dmna sa-vi. gather together. Ku- svt glingga snggk. They move
nngga achk, d tha mondmna. to one side. Variant: thon svt; mon
One day they gathered together. svt; don sk; thon sk; mon sk.
Variant: thon dmna; mon dmna. don vt vt. follow. Uthi tlen d uthi
donel sa-vi. 1 hunt. Kunngga ma bang d ut don vt aisini svt ma
levavet nacha da arura nainath da Geor ava bangga. We got frightened
ta donel mtak nani athanga and we ran and we followed a small
mstmna. On Thursday the people path to Geors house. Variant: thon vt.
from here went hunting for their side- dong bewitch.
dishes. dong sa-vi. turn. Ngi thong diva gia
2 wander. Sa nasot sa kama buthicha snania ut. You turn so that
chaelka ka monel sa cha mun bt your back is towards us. Variant: thong.
kama isingga avoes. Later on the dong mes sa-vi. turn. Kama plmga
84
dorlaicha du nas mk
85
dungdung -et
E - e
e there. Usage: Abilta dialect. bang. Kama basiochi chia vus atha
e interj. Oh!; exclamation of surprise. E! bemna sma, pau! Sok kia en-
Singalka ithak ma ngua viaska. Oh! mula. The crocodile closed its mouth,
Heres a snake that I stepped on. whack! It really made a bang.
ei interj. Hey! Usage: To express concern en'ga iron spear.
or annoyance. Ei, kule ma ngi tnok. er adv. first. Ka er ka chuars, Kuk
Hey, dont cry. ngni ndlen. He first said, Dont
Ekaristia n. Eucharist. D cha mu a you all be afraid. See: kuer s lead.
Sakramento i chule cha mtka er go first; go ahead; go in front.
mrmr ama Ekaristia. And he made erna sa-vi. compete. Ini erna d nma
the sacrament by staying forever in ma chaet nava ruacha da chat
the Eucharist. From: Tok Pisin: Ekaris- angguangithong. The two of you
tia. Note: no endings. compete and the one who comes
en pro. you two. Gram: Second person dual ahead of his friend gets something.
class three pronoun. Ut mn diva erngthcha n. middle finger. Morph:
uthaen. We came to get you. Ngua erngthkka. Lit: first-3N.I-touch-
thk mamr tmen da in ds. I ran MSG. Pl: erngthk. See: arnacha
into you two when you were eating. middle finger.
enm short iron spear. -et walk; go.
enmula sa-vi. make the sound of a
86
G - g
87
gelaulul gethuaing angt nank
88
gi githong
89
givam guagungmo
givam some two short ones. From: English, Tok Pisin: grace, grasia.
givap some short things. Note: no endings.
givem some two people; some two grtpes n. section of frame; e.g. one
things. side of a house frame. Abangga va-
ma grtps d sa tha mair nangas.
givet some long thing.
They have made the side of the house.
glan like; likewise; at the time; when. Pl: grtimlk.
glas sa-vi. dive; go spearfishing. Ithik, gri n. anger. Ka d chok mrmr k
ut taithik da uthi kuares ia uthi dodm nava lugutki schama gri.
glas ura sik minia... Now, we say He was always telling stories about his
that we dive or something... From: Tok wifes anger.
Pisin: glas go skin diving.
gris n. ointment. Athop angt gris.
glaski n. thermometer. Glaski ama Ointment for sores. From: English, Tok
chia tamon ithm kama armgi. A Pisin: grease, gris.
thermometer measures a fever. Pl:
grucha n. bandicoot; has spiky hair, a
glas. From: English, Tok Pisin: glass,
long tail, and strong teeth; climbs
glas.
trees and eats galip nuts (Canarium
glm near; close. indicums). Kotpu cha monel d cha
glmna near; next to each other. chthp kama grucha. Kotpu hunted
glingga n. 1 place. Tha met save ia and he caught a bandicoot. Pl: gru.
glingga vak diva tha thonel. They gu pro. my. Gram: First person singular
went to that particular place in order possessive pronoun. Gu vaim ng vlng
to hunt. kama masn'ga. My dogs killed the
2 side. Abangga ava glingga bandicoot.
achk ka mang dak achk da choi- gua pro. my. Gram: First person singular
ku. One side of the house burnt but possessive pronoun and possessive pronoun
the other did not. Pl: glaing. Variant: and specific article. Ngua var s gua
glingga. thinmgi ma morki. I pulled in my
glinginggl n. place. Mali naruer d big fish. Morph: gu=a. Lit: 1SG=SPEC.
choki cha tet gisnia ve kule cha ve guachm dem. one short one. Gram:
mni aut glinginggl. At first, Reduced singular indefinite demonstrative.
before, he had gone along as if he was Ngi thu guachm nvt kama
staying at our place. mliarvam inavuk pt kama
gotka n. 1 bamboo sp.; large. lamsachi. You shot one of the two
small parrots up in the coconut palm.
2 pole made of bamboo. Aviulacha
dai chama gotka ama tha tu cha d guagl dem. one piece. Gram: Excised
thi ns nani chama thombek diva singular indefinite demonstrative. Ngi
thi natha tha tamon. The aviulacha thon guagl nvt kama dul avang.
is a pole or a length of bamboo that You throw one of those flat stones.
they call the dead with to come to talk guaglem dem. two pieces. Gram: Excised
with them. dual indefinite demonstrative. Gu mamk
govacha n. guava tree; the leaves are ka thap schama mngigleng, ngi
good for stomach aches. Angana thal nguaglem save gia vtka. My
duraik d ng tas vuk vt k gova- father chopped the two pieces of
cha uvs. Your chickens sleep in the wood, you carry them to your house.
top of the guava tree. Pl: gova. From: guagleng dem. some pieces. Gram:
English, Tok Pisin: guava, gova. Excised plural indefinite demonstrative.
govachi n. guava. Pl: gova. From: English, Kalasung avang mt gi sipen'gi,
Tok Pisin: guava, gova. ngi von ngo n guagleng. The sweet
potato (kaukau) in your pot, you give
graing overripe; overgrown.
some to me.
grasia n. grace. Nge von ut ni ngia
guagungmo adj. greedy. Kama vaim-
grasia. You will give us your grace.
ga ma guagungmo. The dog is
90
guaiachi guathom
91
guathong gumoram
92
gumoram vt ichumigl
H - h
I - i
93
ichurki in
94
ina irski
mamr tmen da in ds. I ran into they gave each other taros.
you two when you were eating. ini pro. small one. Gram: Diminutive
2 those two, they. Gram: Third person singular reduced nominal pronoun. Amng
dual class one pronoun. Lugutvthaiom ini ma alel ini. The tree is small.
in sek na. The couple got married. In inilcha n. freshwater eel sp.; looks like
mt sva lat. Those two, they went to the anekethopki species: grey with a
the garden. white belly, but has cloudy eyes;
ina you two and; those two and. meat is greasy. Pl: inil.
inamk dir. upwards. Ngia tht ina- iniricha bottle.
mk. You come up. iniski fish sp.
inamuk dir. across towards speaker; ing go around.
forward. Ngi von d chama v-
inggiarachi land crab sp.
then'gi inamuk. You give the lime
powder towards here. ingguingga n. crab; generic term.
Inguingga avak da amorka ma ngia
inangna vi-so. be popular. Mambuchi
mthacha. That crab you got is big.
avaik sa inangna chi. That song is
Inguingga cha nes tthik. The crab
very popular.
bit her hand. Pl: ingguingbap. Pl:
inasa really; already. ingguaing.
inath dir. from here. Chi d chi na ingim look; search; shine.
inath. She is from here.
ingip die; be numb; faint.
inavi dir. from there. Ngi von ngo
ingun'ga n. heat. Ingun'ga nmt
nanga thangam na inavi. You give
kama chunnggi da ch pus kama
me some bananas from there.
achlachuaski da kosa dil tmgi.
inavuk dir. down towards speaker; The heat from the sun cooked the
downwards. Ta met inavuk milani. grass and it was dried. Pl: ingun.
They came down yesterday.
iom pro. two things; two people. Gram:
inducha n. river crab sp.; small and Third person masculine dual reduced
brown; has a hard shell; up to 4 cm nominal pronoun. Sa ch slamen dm
across; lives in small creeks and the d in mo vuaik dm iom samuk sk
headwaters of rivers. Pl: indu. chulp. He counted and the two of
in pro. 1 you two and. them jumped into the pool.
2 those two and. Morph: in=n. Lit: iras sa-vi. pretend. Chrtki cha sanga-
2/3DL.III=and. Variant: ina. racha dak ka iras ia cha da ngm-
ink pro. the large ones. Gram: Extended bs. The policeman arrested him but
plural reduced nominal pronoun. A mngi- he pretended that he was not the one.
nk ama mor ink. The tall trees are iras tm vt. lie. Auk, da chok ka irs
big. tmda, ia sik kok ma chvicha cha
inm pro. the large two. Gram: Extended mun pthacha. Well, he just lied to
dual reduced nominal pronoun. A ruinem them that he had found it.
ama ulul inm. The two men are tall. iras tm s vt. lie. Kaelka cha iras
inski n. river fish sp.; has a flat head, tm sma vaimga dak kinai cha
a very narrow mouth, and big ears; ms kama isinggi. The wallaby lied
can stick to a rock with its chest; up to the dog but actually it had eaten the
to 15 cm long; stays in areas with a yellow fruit.
fast current; makes a good soup. irs vi-so. 1 be sad. Irs kama
Pl: ins. Variant: iniski. ngthuauchi nasot at thoemga ma
ini pro. 1 you two. Gram: Second person cha ingip. The old woman was sad
dual class two pronoun. after her son died.
2 those two, they. Gram: Second 2 worry.
person dual class two pronoun. Ngaiom irski n. sadness. Pe ia aut mamk ka
ini bonana nchama not. Those two, ingip, sok ka mu di irski ththink
95
iriar ithang
96
ithat ithvem
97
ithvs ivtki
ithithong dem. these small ones. Gram: ivtki n. 1 earth; soil; dirt. Kama
Diminutive plural proximate demonstrative. dozer cha rer dchama ivitki. The
Ngias kama thinmithong ithi- dozer crumbled the earth.
thong. You eat these small fish. 2 land. Ngo, gu ivitki taithaik.
Variant: tithong; iththong. Me, my land is here. Pl: ivt.
98
ivtki atha aila kalacha
3 world; planet earth. Kama rutha ivitki earth; soil; dirt; land; world;
ma chabapta alolki natha, ivitki planet earth.
natha ura chluingda, d thamo ta ivitki n. brown.
ve mni chama ivtki ta ithaik.
ivono dir. upwards; inland; up there.
People who are white, red, brown, or
Ta met sva lat ivono ia Chnangia.
black are all on the earth. Variant:
They went to the garden up at
ivitki.
Chnangia.
ivtki atha aila n. map. Chi ngim
ivon'ga n. pandanus. Ngua thap
nani chama ivtki atha aila da
schama ivon'ga. I cut the pandanus.
ngmbs. She looked for the map but
Pl: ivon.
could not find it. Pl: ivt angtha ila.
ivui dir. upwards away from speaker.
ivtpes n. land.
Botki chi bang ivi save ia Ili. The
ivi dir. along. Ngia thet sa ivi ia boat is going along up to Ili.
Kubuia. You will go along to Kubuia.
ivuit along.
ivit adv. along. Ngia tet ivit save ia
ivuit ivuit continuously.
Ineska. You go on to Ineska. Variant:
ivuit. ivuk dir. up there. ... ivono va ur, ivuk
mni ma Chenangia angt vuski. ...
ivit ivit adv. continuously; on and on.
up in the bush, up at the head of
Chok ka tamon ivit, ivit da chok
Chenangia ridge.
koiku ia mal mtha cha. He just
talked on and on and he did not rest.
Variant: ivuit ivuit.
K - k
ka pro. he; it. Gram: Third person masculine the saltwater and move into rivers in
singular class one pronoun and third person large schools. Pl: kadinng. Variant:
masculine singular class three pronoun. Ngi chadinngga.
ns nania cha inamuk. You call for kadumbm shellfish sp.
him (to come) over here. Ka met d
kadumga n. shellfish sp.; found in the
chule sa ch vinm. He went and
river; dark brown colour; round
later he will come back. Variant: cha;
shell; up to 2 cm across. Pl: kadum.
chat; ga.
Variant: kadumbm; chadumga.
ka the.
kaelka wallaby.
kabangaska fish sp.
kaelki stingray sp.
kabolocha n. shellfish sp.; chiton;
kagthait vine sp.; rope.
found on reef close to the beach; has
a shell down the middle of its back kaivovocha n. bamboo sp.; small.
covered in small spiky hairs; sticks Achultngga d chama changanga
to the reef; up to 8 cm long; is flat avama changgat ma ngthik klan
and brown. Pl: kabolo. Variant: chabo- kama kaivovo. The achultngga
locha. species grows on high ridges, its stem
and leaves are like the kaivovo
kabunginngin'ga spider sp.
species. Pl: kaivovo. Note: only k.
kacham empty.
kakau n. cocoa. Norberta chia thal
kacholka n. tapioca. Alphonse cha var chama kakau. Norberta carried the
chama kachol. Alphonse cooked the cocoa. Note: only k.
tapioca in an earth oven (mumu).
kakauigl n. 1 cocoa plantation.
Pl: kachol. Variant: chacholka. See:
tapioka tapioca. 2 piece of cocoa. Note: only k.
kadinngga n. fish sp.; small; hatch in kalacha fish sp.; gluefish.
99
kalasunggi karuvaika
100
kasrki kglem
101
kgleng knak
102
kndenggi kseng
103
ksengdaiuika kvap
104
kvarvarki kinai
105
kinak klan
106
klavonotki krathe
107
kravum kulaucha
108
kulbingga kunnggunng dm
can drink its juice. Pl: kulau. Note: kunduchi ta ithaik? Whose hand
only k. drum is this? Pl: kundu. From: Tok
kulbingga tongue of flame. Pisin: kundu hand drum. Note: only k.
kulbingga tongue. kunmgi n. old garden; a garden that
cannot be used again for two or
kule later.
three years. Athva kunmgi da tha
kule vi-so. stay. Chule tha vaur sa lmuchi nani athva alat sei. Their
bubang d than. They are staying in old garden, they left it to be their
the bush and tomorrow they will garden again. Chunam avang d mir
return. Variant: chule. nangt. That is an old garden from
kule disc. Dont. Gram: Negative imperative. long ago. Vlngacha da sok kama
Kule ma ngi svau. Don't you steal. mngga ma cha dn pt kama
Variant: chule. chunam. The vlngacha is a tree that
kule klan interj. Never mind! Sa grows in an old garden site. Pl: kunam.
choiku ut na munggas tik d sa Variant: chnam; chunmgi.
chok kule klan. So we will not play kuneng season.
now, never mind. kunengm morning star.
kulel vt. 1 leave. Chulel giama kunngga n. 1 sun. Vadi uthet save
thalchi ith va vt d ngias sa. ia Rabaul d sa chunngga cha
Leave your bucket here at home and vn. We want to go to Rabaul but the
eat first. sun is already up.
2 throw away. Ngias kama chlok 2 day. Kunngga achk, d tha
dak kulel kama chndeng. Eat the mondmna. One day they gathered
inside but throw away the skins. together. Mni chunng. Good day.
Variant: chulel. (Greeting used from about midday to 2
kulemgi corner. pm.) Pl: kunng. Variant: chunngga.
kulp pool; liquid. 3 occasion. Arutha sok athva
lumanaski ama morki ve ia chama
kulp bowl of water; soup.
chunng ama mor. People really do
kulpka tear. big preparations during important
kulesia haze. occasions.
kulski smoke; steam. kunngga ava iski n. clock. Kunng-
kulumtka crab sp. ga ava iski chia tamon ia sa
asnggk nacha. The clock says it is
kulumga shellfish sp.
one oclock. Pl: kunngga ava ais.
kumangacha spider. Variant: chunngga ava iski. See: kilok
kumang angt nank insect sp. clock.
kumangdalska spider sp. kunengga ava lm n. mushroom sp.;
kumbarka bird sp.; dove; Victoria large, white, umbrella shape; the
crowned pigeon. stalk is 30 cm in diameter; grows in
grassy fields after heavy rain.
kumngas n. gaol; prison. Arutha ma
thi bing mni a thondm da tha tu kunengga cha don west.
tha mt kama kumngas. People kunnggunng n. dawn. Amlta thi
who break the law are put in gaol. Pl: pinem svt bang via kunnggu-
kumang. Variant: chumngas. nng. The foreigners went back to
kumer vm vt. clean. Mamr ia ngi their villages at dawn. Sa ngni
chumer vm gama milatka bango? thcham! Sa ngave chunnggu-
Can you clean the plate for me? nng. You people get up! (The day is)
Variant: chumer. dawning. Variant: chunnggunng.
kumgi knee. kunnggunng dm vi-so. be real.
Anvmnacha chna, mali sa thik
kunachacha shellfish sp.
ngaip sa thik sa ngave chuneng-
kunduchi n. hand drum. Nm av guneng dmda. The underground
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kunngngrngrka kut ithm
people, first they were hidden but now store, there is only rice. Ava nank
they are becoming real (i.e. apparent kia thk nacha nani anot d chama
to everyone). Variant: chunengguneng tangam dak chusek ka mn scha-
dm; gunengguneng dm. ma anot. His mother sent him for taro
kunngngrngrka shellfish sp. and bananas but he just brought back
taros. Variant: chusek.
kungacha tree sp.; casuarina; sister-
less man; sisterless boy. kusem intestines.
kura vt. show. Vea ngiaet da giama kusemga spinal cord.
chutdrir da ngi kur angt svt kusemgi large intestine.
ath. When you go, show your respect kusilka fish sp.
for them. Variant: chur.
kuski muddy ground.
kuracha root; artery; vein.
kut vt. serve. Ngi chut kama msms
kura tm light up. bachama morta vath iva thas. You
kuravesik na sa-vi. reveal. Jesus ka serve the food for those important
churavesik nava methamon sang- people so they can eat. Variant: chut.
gl ma Johanes vtka mlka ma kut vt. 1 pierce. Mir kama morta
Patmos. Jesus revealed his message nainath da tha chut athva
to Johanes on the island of Patmos. sndem. Long ago the ancestors used
Variant: churavesik na. to pierce their ears.
kuremga betelnut. 2 spear. Ka chut sndamr nch
kuremgi palm sp.; betel palm; shellfish plmga ava snngacha. He speared
sp. the pig directly in the heart.
kurngga mountainside. 3 inject. Kama neski chia chut
gua rembm. The nurse injected my
kurs say.
buttock. Variant: chut; kut; chut.
kureski leaf; bucket.
kut vt. stack. Sa chule tha vtka us
kurithong ama ngthi bang sa kopra d thi kut lams. So they
methamn nerve. stayed at the copra hut (haus kopra)
kursachong crab sp. and stacked copra. Variant: chut.
kur svt vt. 1 show. Vea ngiaet da kut vt. catch; specifically an eagle
giama chutdrir da ngi kur angt catching its prey. Brasocha cha
svt ath. When you go, show your chut kama vangong'gi. The eagle
respect for them. caught a flying fox. Variant: chut.
2 reveal; spot-light using a torch. kut dm vt. get rid of. Ka chut dm
Ta chuar svt kama ruchm ch- ava lugutki china thoes. He got rid
chm mali nbengang. They torched of his wife and children. Variant: chut
(spot-lighted) someone short last dm.
night. Variant: chur; kuar; chuar. kutm s vt. sew. Chutm schama
kur tm vt. show. Cha churatha thm chdeng. Suture. [Lit: Sew the body.]
chama duraik ma ch tlu vtha Variant: chutm s.
ngt. He showed them the chickens kutgil tm vt. butcher; chop. D cha
he was looking for. Variant: chura tm. chutgiltm smt kama bang-
kurupacha n. crowbar. Ngua nges gruanggi. And he chopped it into the
mcha lechi nchama kurupa. I dug pot. Variant: chutgil tm; vuigl tm
the hole with the crowbar. Pl: kurupa. (Abilta dialect).
From: English, Tok Pisin: crowbar, kroba. kutigligl half.
kusaricha name of Mndas dancer. kutik namt vt. poke repeatedly; stab
kusek adv. only; just. Chusek ka cha repeatedly. Ka chutik namthacha.
met k tor. Only he went to wash. It poked him repeatedly (with its
Ngmbs nanga guang ve mt ka horns). Variant: chutik namt.
gunan'ga dak chusek kama chuan kut ithm vt. lean on. Kule ma ngi na
ng ve. There is nothing there in the
110
kut ma lalar pt
chut ithmgi. Dont you lean on her. vlokpap pthacha mo. The dog was
Variant: chut ithm. patchy with spots all over it. Variant:
kut ma vt. draw. Ngu kut ma chama chut mes.
achutkut. I drew the picture. Variant: kut na sa-vi. descend. Uthi kutna
chut ma; chut ma; kut ma. inavuk sva bang nva lat. We
kut m vt. spear. Mali cha tet tcha- descended from the garden to the
ma renggi viavik d cha lu chi da house. Ngi chutna s mseng. You
kosa chule d cha thia cha chut come down to the ground. Variant:
mchi. Before, he went along that chuk na.
particular river and he saw it and he kut pt vt. write. Ngi chut pt kama
speared it at once. tlngbs ithvs. You write on this
kut mes vt. shoot randomly. Cha chut piece of paper. Variant: chut pt; chut
mes kama urn. He shot randomly at pt; kut pt.
the prawns. Variant: chut mes. kuvisacha chickenhawk.
kut mes ma vt. be patchy. Kama
vaimga cha chut mes ma chama
L - l
lachski n. 1 fish sp.; have yellow cocoa and food from gardens.
and brown stripes along the body; Langgrka cha ts kama kakau
up to 40 cm long. masa. The large parrot eats cocoa a
2 sea cucumber sp.; brown and lot. Pl: lagr. Variant: langgrka.
edible. lagthacha n. corn. Ngu don bathm
3 cucumber. Pl: lachs. ngu lagat ma ngua vt ngt. I
lachuaska n. grass; an area of any checked the corn that I planted.
particular kind of grass. Paskalis k Pl: lagat. Variant: langgthacha.
tp kama lachuaska namt ava laguain'ga n. native spinach (aibika)
mbangga. Pascal cut an area of one tip. Ngiat kama auravuchi at
kind of grass around his house. laguain'ga bango. You bring the
Pl: luchuas. native spinach (aibika) tip to me.
lachuaski n. pool; specifically pools Pl: laguain.
made in the reef at low tide. Ksk laguain'gi n. gullet. Athop mt kama
mt kama garski nemen kama rucha ava laguain'gi. The man has a
thinm mt kama lachuaski mt cut in his gullet. Pl: langguain.
kama sul. At low tide the fish were lagun'ga n. cordyline sp.; victory leaf
trapped in the pool on the reef. (tanget); decorative plant. Ka rucha
Pl: lachuasvap. cha thanger vt kama lagun'ga
ladeigl n. apron of leaves worn by uvs da kosa chave ch gamar
women at the back. Johana chia natha. The man broke the top off the
thk at lade. Johana made her lade. victory leaf and started to fight them.
Pl: lade. Variant: lande. Pl: lagun.
ladevthacha n. name of Mndas lairini n. small ridge between two
mask; the mask has an elongated creeks. Marupki chia mair mni
shield shape with a rounded back, lairini d chia ts kama chlaska
dangling bark cloth (tapa cloth) voes. The cassowary stood on the
around the edges with designs under- ridge and eats the chlaska fruit.
neath, and a stick with feathers on it Pl: lairithong.
on top; it is carried flat side down on a lalar pt vi-so. be scrawny; be
stick. emaciated; be very thin; especially
lagrka n. bird sp.; large parrot; steals after a long illness. Paimga vak da
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laltki lareng
lalar pthacha. That dog is very thin. lamini n. lamb; specifically the Lamb
laltki n. 1 root. Ngua chut ngua of God. Deo ava lamini ama ng
lchar mt kama mngga ava lalt. thar aivitki atha slavo. Lamb of God
I stabbed my foot on the trees roots. you take away the sins of the world.
From: English: lamb.
2 stump. D cha vn svt kama
ngemngi at lalt va cha vn sva lamon angthaik n. saltwater eel sp.;
var. And he climbed onto the stump of brown.
a tree so he could get up higher. lamon'gi n. wave; specifically waves
Pl: lalt. See: trutki small root of a that break. Lamon ama mor p sng
tree or plant. kama renggi. There are big waves at
lalumga n. bird sp.; brown and white the mouth of the river. Pl: lamon. See:
hawk. Kama lalum da ngt ts awalngga wave; ripple.
kama guangithong ma chesin. lamur n. white marks that are painted
Brown and white hawks eat rotten onto people's faces, during dances,
things. Pl: lalum. using white powder or lime powder.
lamn n. flat land. Dak ava ruavek chule tha k da thi
vel atha lamur. But his friends stayed
lams n. copra. Sa chule tha vtka us
down there and rubbed white marks
kopra d thi kut lams. So they
(onto their faces).
stayed at the copra hut (haus copra)
and stacked copra. lande apron.
lamsachi n. 1 coconut. Ngi chiar landmbm n. short club; baton. D
vt kama lamsvam ithvem. You tha vaingel tm nge mavo nama
scrape these two coconuts. Ngia thet landm. And they beat you badly with
ngi ngm nani lams. You go and a club. Pl: ladm.
look for coconuts. langena be famous; be renowned.
2 coconut palm. Bruno cha vt langga n. shoulder. Ngu tal kama
kama lamsachi va lat. Bruno ngmng d gua lang. I carried the
planted the coconut palm in the wood on my shoulder. Pl: alang. See:
garden. Pl: lams. alngini shoulder.
lamsait n. tall coconut palm. Ka vn langgrka bird sp.; large parrot.
vt kama lamsait nani chama langgerki n. saltwater fish sp.;
kulau. He climbed the tall coconut brightly coloured: green, blue, or
palm for the green coconuts (kulau). red; two types: one lives on the reef,
Pl: lamsink. the other lives in the deep sea, has a
lamsas n. coconut leaf; the leaflets lump on its head, and is up to 60 cm
that make up a coconut frond. long; both types have a mouth like a
lamsigl n. spleen. Kama thoemga parrot's beak and sharp teeth for
armga scha ma lamsigl. The grinding coral. Pl: langger.
boy has got a sickness in his spleen. langgervereng'gi n. green cicada sp.;
Pl: lamsinggleng. Variant: found in coastal areas.
lamsinggl. Pl: langgeveren.
lamsigl n. 1 coconut plantation. langgthacha corn.
2 piece of coconut. lareng vi-so. happy. Usage: This word is
lamsinggl spleen. a bit archaic; it is mainly used now
to describe the way dogs behave
lamthain'ga n. tree sp.; large tree
when greeting their masters.
species. Lamthain'ga da mrka
Larengango nvt guaoemga. I am
nani palang. The lamthain'ga
happy about my son. Ngua lu gi
species is good for planks. Pl:
sachongas da sok larengas glm
lamthain.
nge i ngia vlng kama thinmgi
lamga n. lamp. Isidore, ngiat kama ama morki. I saw your face was
lamga bango. Isidore, you bring the happy because you caught a big fish.
lamp to me. Pl: lam.
112
lareng'ga vt lengeiki
lareng'ga vt vi-so. be happy. Ngave pool [Lit: broke its bank] and (the
lareng'ga vthatha i athva matka water) all poured out.
cha mn nave ia Mosbi. They are lel tm vi-so. drain out. Lel tmga. It
happy because their elder brother drained out.
came back from Port Moresby.
lel tm vt. gather. Kave cha lel tm
lasrpthacha fish sp. avanga mngithong nva gars. He
lasrvthacha n. freshwater fish sp.; is gathering his small pieces of wood
multi-coloured: brown, yellow, and from the beach.
red; lives in still waters such as lmaska n. fly; generic term. Lmaska
billabongs; up to 20 cm long. cha mungun mt gua thopki. The
Pl: lasrvt. Variant: lasrpthacha. fly sat on my sore. Pl: lmas.
latka n. gardener. Sok ma Paulus de lmbut n. saliva. Kule ma ngi kot
chama latka. Really, Paul is a ptha ngo ningia lmbut. Dont you
gardener. Pl: latta. spit your saliva at me.
latki n. female gardener. lmr vt. clean thoroughly. K lmr
laurka n. wind. Laurka cha bal tcha- avoemga ava sachong ma thopp
ma lamsachi. The wind blew down mt ngt. He will clean his sons eyes
the coconut palm. Pl: laur. which have sores in them.
lavaitigel n. placenta. Ta thon kama lmr dm vt. carve. Secha cha lmr
thoemga ava lavaitigel smt kama dm ava chepki. The hero carved his
lechi. They threw the childs placenta spear.
into the hole. Pl: lavaithigleng. lmr nas sa-vi. clean oneself thor-
lavaitki n. navel. Athop mt ava oughly. Ngi lmr nas. You clean
lavaitki. He has got a sore on his yourself thoroughly.
navel. Pl: lavait. lmrnaski n. purgatory. Ngia
lavrki n. sugar-cane. Ngi von ngo mthatha nmthama lmrnaski.
nanga lavrki. You give me a sugar- You get them from purgatory.
cane. Pl: lavr. lmlmga n. pus; especially from
lavichi n. 1 bed. Ka namas mni ava infected eyes. Tchp nchama
lavichi. He was lying down on his bed. lmlm mthava sachong. His eyes
2 platform. Pl: lavi. are full of pus. Pl: lmlm.
lcha oh dear! lmu vt. leave. Duthi lmu autha
slavo. And so we left our sins.
lchar foot; leg; refers to the entire
limb. lmuacha n. friend; ally. Peia sa tha
mu chama thoemka auk sa ava
lcharacha ama morka n. big toe.
lmuacha nava morka ma cha
Dulki chia thares gua lcharacha
thpmues tmga. When a boy was
ama morka. The stone pressed my
initiated by a man, the boy would call
big toe.
the man his friend. Pl: lmutha.
lechi hole.
lmuachi n. female friend; female ally.
lechvs adv. in the air. Kama ismga
lmu thm vt. look after; care for; take
ch bang da lechvs. The bird flew in
care of. Mala nge thal Jesus di nge
the air. Variant: leps.
lmu thmka. Before, you gave birth
lgmetka n. freshwater fish sp.; looks to Jesus and you looked after him.
like a small shark but has no teeth;
len be afraid; be frightened.
eats moss; white with greasy flesh;
lives where the current is fast. lenge angthieik n. leader. Alenge
Pl: lgmet. angthieik chvicha ma asik ch
tp ma thondm svt kama ms-
lel small.
mski. The leader is the one who
lel s vi-so. pour out; run out; spill out. makes the rules for the feast.
Ka thar schama chthopka da
lengeiki truth.
kosa lel schama mo. He opened the
113
lengeini lialecha
114
lialechi ludngbs
115
lugutka machlak machlak
M - m
ma rel. that; who. Gram: Relator that erents. Ka mt kama sen'gi nangl
introduces clauses or NPs that provide ma Henry. He got the knife from
additional information about their head. Henry. Ngua mes ma Junior thm-
Constructions involving the relator ma are nas. I called Junior after myself.
sometimes used to express uncertainty or maboracha grey wasp.
emphasis. Ut da uthi vlk kama aru-
machavs sometime; sometimes;
cha vak ma cha ve sk ngtha-
again.
thng. Us, we like that person who is
there at the back. machlak adv. little bit. Ngia ts
machlak. You eat a little bit.
ma np art. the. Gram: The NP article that
marks inherently uniquely identifiable ref- machlak machlak adv. slowly.
Ngia tamon machlak machlak.
116
ma chlan beia malisacha
117
malisachi mambumtka
sea fish; have a long mouth, sharp it in an earth oven (mumu) then
teeth, and whitish flesh with scales; finished, then the two of them rested.
are long and thin. Pl: malisa. From: Variant: mual vt.
Tok Pisin: melisa barracuda. See: mamaing n. fibre for making net bags
malisachi large barracuda. (bilums). Chi dng chama mamaing
malisachi n. large barracuda. Pl: mali- iva nanai athama athalka. She
sa. From: Tok Pisin: melisa barracuda. processed the fibres for her net bag
See: malisacha barracuda. (bilum).
malmalcha n. reef fish sp.; grey; up to mamanp dir. downwards. Sa cha
15 cm long; no scales, slippery skin; vinem i sa cha met mamanp save
lives close to shore; good for bait. ia Tol. He had returned because he
Pl: malmal. had gone down to Tol.
malmalki n. peace. Kule d thave thi mambl n. beating sticks. Kama
chuar ia ta don sa malmalki. Then awan'ga cha tain sava mambl. The
they said that they would make peace. dancer dances with his sticks. A
Gamar da choiku ia mr. A mal- smn pthacha nmt kama
malki a amrki. War is not good. mambl. There are welts on his skin
Peace is good. Pl: malmal. from the beating sticks. Variant:
malolbanggi n. reef fish sp.; faded mambl.
colours: dim whitish, yellowish, and mambet n. father. Mambet ka von ngo
brown stripes; similar to the molol- nchama thangam. Father gave me
chi species but a bit larger. the bananas.
Pl: malolbang. mambethiom n. parents.
malos n. grass sp.; strong smelling; Mambethiom in met sva lat. The
grows to waist height; deters parents went to the garden. See:
snakes, relieves tiredness, and can mamkiom parents.
be used to wash dishes. Kama lvop mambl beating sticks.
ta tain schama malos. The women
mamboracha n. grey wasp. Kama
dance with the malos.
maboracha d ch nges kama
malum n. dough; wet stuff; typically ivtki diva cha thon samk. The
mud. Avonavongacha ch tpma grey wasp digs the earth so it can go
avama avtka nchama malum: down inside. Pl: mambor. Variant:
ivitki ama chlachi. The wasp builds maboracha.
his house with wet stuff: earth that is
mambuchi n. 1 choir; orchestra; the
soft. From: Tok Pisin: malumalu soft,
singers and drummers at a day
muddy, swampy.
dance or night dance. Mambuchi
malumgi n. heap; especially a heap of chia ve chi benaseng. The choir is
something like mud or dead fish in starting.
the bottom of a boat. Kama vonga-
2 song. Thave thi tvng ncha-
vongacha d ch bn mchama
ma mambuchi. They are singing the
malum nchama ivitki ama chla-
song. Pl: mambu.
chi. The wasp makes heaps with soft
earth. Pl: malum. mambuini n. small song. Usage: Dimin-
utive use here is attenuative. Ama
malumgi na vi-so. be coiled; be piled
mambuini vavni da chuseka ch
up. Malumgi nachama aulan'gi. The
tvng piavik va chinai ch tk
snake is coiled up. Variant: malum na.
mchama malumgi. That particular
malum na vi-so. be soft; e.g. the small song, it (a wasp) only sings like
texture of bread dough. Malumgi that, so that it builds the mud pile
nachi. It is soft. From: Tok Pisin: (nest).
malumalu soft.
mambumtka n. singer. Raphael d
malum na heap; be coiled; be piled up. chama mambumtka. Raphael is a
mal vt vi-so. rest. In bar sa in sot, sa singer. Pl: mambumtta.
ngave mal vt ngaiom. They cooked
118
mamk manaingimgi
119
manaingimgi marik
120
marki mat nthm
121
mat s mben
122
mbn m mnarivs
mbs nothing; not; no. mlutki n. tree sp.; beach tree; grows
horizontally towards the water.
mbiaska blood.
Pl: mlut.
mbiaski n. large quantity of blood.
mm itch.
Morph: a=biaski. Lit: SPEC=blood-F.SG.
See: biaska blood. mem vt. suckle. Kama thoemgi ngthi
mem angt nank at chmk. The
mbilarka old man.
baby suckled at its mother's breast.
mbon give; thatch.
memachi start.
mbon d pay.
mn arrive; come; reach; return.
mbon dm pay.
mn gather together; meet up.
mbong hit.
mnaing mt vt. sharpen. Kave ch
mbraingia n. small creek. Avama mnaing mthava vthpki. He is
mstmna ng dn mamr mt sharpening his axe.
kama braingia vachit. His greens
mnaman n. quiet. Milani da thoes ti
(kumu) are growing well by the creek.
gar dak taithik da munaman.
Pl: braingink.
Yesterday the children were noisy but
mbrasocha eagle. now they are quiet. Variant: munaman.
mbrmbm feel angry. mnaman na vi-so. 1 be quiet.
me there. Usage: Abilta dialect. Mnaman nange d ngia tet marik
m in; within; during; on; inside; into; asik athvama vaim ngna nes nge.
through. Be quiet and walk properly so their
dogs do not bite you.
mchvs adv. 1 sometime. Ngu lu
nge mchvs via nguaet. I will see 2 be silent. Kule ngia tamon dak
you sometime when I go. Auk, mnaman nange. Dont you talk, be
mchvs sa chama vaimga chk... silent.
Well, sometime a dog... mnap vi-so. sleep. Mnap nge mni
2 sometimes. Kama vongavonga- chama lavichi. You sleep on the bed.
cha da chinak ma ngni nari cha Ngiaet mnap nge. You go and sleep.
imono a mchvs. The orange Variant: munap.
wasp, it is the one you just hear mnapki n. sleep. Mnap ngthi
around sometimes. plng ngo. Sleep is killing me.
3 again. Vandi ngu lu nge m- Munpki vat sachong. She is
chvs kvs. I want to see you again sleeping. [Lit: Sleep (is) at her eyes.] Pl:
sometime. Variant: machavs; mchu- mnap. Pl: munap. Variant: munpki.
vs. See: kvs when. mnap mt vi-so. be sleepy, drowsy.
mchuvs sometime; sometimes; Chia dchm nk k banganggi da
again. thik da mnap mtki. She was
mk dir. down. Cha ngaip avama dul awake during the night and now she is
mk mthavama thalga. He hid his sleepy. Mnap mtki i sok mali chia
money down in his net bag (bilum). main nbangang. She slept because,
before, she really danced all night.
ml vt. 1 flip over. Kule d chama
vaimga ka ml kama dul nvt mnarivs n. announcements;
kama avun'gi. Then the dog flipped messages. Tamo tha nari chama
the stone off the turtle. mnarivs ia sik ta thet mtka
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mnatm mnumgi
sipki. They all heard the mni cha iska. And she arrived down
announcement that they will go on the there on the road.
ship. Note: no endings. 2 onto. Sa chule sa ut ath ut pe
mnatm sleep. uthi tor du ut vias pe mni sulves.
mndas n. day dance. Note: no endings. Afterwards we, some of us, we swam
and we stepped onto the reef.
Mndaska n. day dancer. Mndas
3 at. ... ivono va ur, ivuk mni ma
ngt tain schama gamos dchama
Chenangia angt vuski. ... up in the
ulan. The Mndas dance with gamos
bush, up at the head of Chenangia
and snakes. Pl: Mndas.
ridge.
mendecha n. drop; a drop of water or 4 in. Sa chule sa chama mliarka
other liquid. Dak nge lmr vm ka chuar n ma charuvaik ia in det
ngo, ni gia mbias i angt mendecha ini thor mni chama renggi. So then
asgk klan. But you clean me with the small parrot told the earlybird that
your blood because (even though) they should go for a wash in the river.
there was only one drop. Pl: mendek. 5 through. Ta bor mchama lechi
mendem p leave out; exclude. mni chama palangga. They bored
mendik edible stalk of a wild cane sp. the hole through the plank.
(pitpit). 6 across. ... diva cha nges mcha-
ma lechi ve mni chama vlam
mndinen adv. be silent. Ve mni
angtha iska. ... in order to dig a hole
chama banganggi sok mndinen.
there across the pigs track.
Angabs anga nunguik. In the night
it was really silent. There was no mnia interrog. how. Ti ser kama urat
shouting. mnia viavik? How do they weave the
baskets? Variant: minia.
mn dmna meet together, usually
informally. mnia iva interrog. why. Mnia iva ngi
thonsvanas tmga? Why do you
mndu disc. 1 before. Ka thap mni
disown him? Minia iva ngni vang
chama viulacha nchama vthpki
sva ur? Why do you run to the bush?
mundu da sa ithik sa vur aithir. He
Variant: minia iva.
made a cut on a mango tree before,
with an axe, but now the cut is healed mnia na interrog. what happened.
again with new skin. Mnia nange diva vis d gia lchar?
What happened to make your leg
2 long ago. Mndu d chama
swell?
renggi avaik muani d amorki. That
river was large long ago. Variant: mnina dir. across each other. Kule
mndu; mundu. ma ngia thu chama mngiom
menina. You must not put the two
mndu ma subord. because. Ngmbs
woods across each other.
tha met sva lat mndu ma saing
d ichum. They did not go to the mni nugul sa-vi. do without permiss-
garden because of the rain and floods. ion; to have crossed a boundary that
Variant: mundu ma. should not be crossed. Pashalis ka
vertm ma Sauna mni nugul.
mnk nanechigl n. crayfish sp.;
Pashalis eloped with Sauna without
lives in the sea; brown; flat with a
permission.
mossy back and serrated sides; up to
20 cm long. Pl: mnk nanechigleng. mn m become.
mnpka n. eyebrow. Agia mnpka mn pa reach; find.
nvt gi sachongiom? Which mn p reach; find.
eyebrow of your two eyes? Elton ka mn pt meet each other.
thu ma Namunas at mnpka n
mn pt reach; find.
chama dulki d visdmga. Elton
shot Namunass eyebrow with a stone mnumgi n. tree sp.; tall tree that
and it was swollen. Variant: munupka. grows in the bush; a bit like the
mlutki species; good timber for
mni dir. 1 on. Di chia mun mano
124
mng ms nthm
125
mesongga minminga
126
mir moruska
127
moruski mugurp
128
mui munaman
129
munambs muvet mt
130
-na naimuit
N - n
-na derivational suffix. each other. Gram: nagl prep. 1 from. Ngua mt gu
Reciprocal marker. Kama lvop thi sur thlng nangl ma Namunas. I got
nana smt k kthopka. The my letters from Namunas.
women push each other into the pool. 2 by. Asecha nagl ma Bernard
-na derivational suffix. Gram: Reduces the Merngo. Story by Bernard Merngo.
valency of the stem. Sa chule sa ma Variant: nangl.
Bernard ka ve ch kut na dak k kir naglm prep. from close to. Kia met
kama aurithong. So then Bernard nanglm ngo milani. She left me
started to come down and he cleared yesterday. [Lit: She went from close to
away the bushes. me yesterday.] Variant: nangglm.
na prep. 1 from. ... asik tha naingim naglmna prep. back to. Ngua vinem
momono save ia chama lvopki nanglmna nma Kavudmgi. I
chia met na choe. ... they will look returned to near Kavudmgi. Variant:
back to where the woman came from. nanglmna.
Kulski chia ndn nai nathmani.
nager be bent.
Smoke comes up from down there.
Arenggi chia ndn nai nathmui. naik drink.
Water comes out from over there. Kia naimanp dir. from down there. Ka
met nai nathvui a Ineska. She met naimanp ma Lamarain. He
came from over there at Ineska. came from down there at Lamarain.
2 with. Ka thap schama mngga naimano dir. from down at. Ka met
nchama vthepki. He cut the tree naimano nva gars. He came from
with the axe. Variant: n; ni. down at the beach.
na and. naimek dir. up from inside. Vus scha
na modal. not. Gram: Irrealis focus marker. naimk mvem k chthopka. He
Koi chi na tp mat chdenggi came up from inside the pool.
mamr. She does not keep her body naimni dir. over from. Ngua met
clean properly. Cha na thchi naimari ia Masarau. I came over
svtha cha Siapan'ga cha ns ia, from Masarau.
Chule ngia na thu ngo! While he naimonp from over there.
was pointing at him, the Japanese man
naimono dir. over from. Ngua tet
shouted, Don't shoot me!
naimono nangl ma Joachim. I
nachang sa-vi. open ones mouth. Ngia came over here from Joachim.
nachang diva ngi naik kama
naimuanp dir. from over there. Ka
marasin. You open your mouth so you
tet naimuanp ma Open Bay. He
can drink the medicine. Variant:
came over from Open Bay. Arura
nachong.
naimonp da thi tk mamor. The
nachong open. people from over there work hard.
naenggi n. hunger. Ithik d nga ve Variant: naimonp.
nainggi vt kama rura. Now the naimuani dir. from over there. Inos ka
people are starving. [Lit: Now hunger is met naimuani mmni a renggi.
at the people.] Pl: naeng. Variant: Inos came over from the river.
nenggi.
naimui dir. from over there (distant).
naengias vi-so. be hungry. Naingias Fidel kia naimui ia Ivonbemga.
kama vaimga. The dog is hungry. Fidel came from over there at
Variant: naingias; nengias. Ivonbemga.
naeng mt vi-so. be hungry. Naeng naimuit dir. from the other side. Ka
mngo. I am hungry. Variant: noeng met naimuit nka renggi thcheng.
mt. He came over from the other
131
naimuk namk
132
namn nan'gi
133
nangasacha nasothanas
avaik sa bilarki. That mother is an kama aruchi chia thet sva lat nani
old woman. Pl: nanbek. chama amstmna ma tha tes ngt
nangasacha n. 1 tobacco plant. ia auravu. First the woman will go to
Nangas ng ndn. Tobacco is the garden for side-dishes that they
growing. call auravu. Naruer veia chia thet
sva lat di chiat kama uratki dma
2 cigarette. Ava nangasacha ka ve
asen'gi di chia thet sva lat. Before
mthava thalka. His cigarette is in
she goes to the garden, she gets the
his net bag (bilum). Pl: nangas.
basket and the knife, then she goes to
nangasachi n. smoke. Kama nanga- the garden.
sachi chia dn met kama paipki.
-nas derivational suffix. oneself. Gram:
The smoke is coming out of the
Reflexive marker. Kule ma ngi sp
chimney. Pl: nangas.
mamor nanas. Do not make yourself
nangathm s vt. trick. Usage: Abilta big.
dialect. Kule d chama aumsta tha
nas just; recently.
nangathm schama aumska.
Then the men tricked the man. nasa really; already.
nangl from; by. nasa and so.
nanglmna back to. nasek vt. lift up. Ka nasek ava thalka
vuk, asik k na thor mt kama
nanger sa-vi. be bent. Kama ichumgi
garski. He lifted his net bag (bilum)
chia vunak dm kama mng ama
up so it would not get wet from the
warep da kosa ngt nanger klan.
saltwater.
The flood bent the river trees and they
were all bent over. Variant: nager. nasot dir. 1 behind. Ut tet imani sa
chule sa tha tet nasotha ngo. We
nangsacha ava lmga n. mushroom
went over, then they walked behind
sp.; greyish in colour; edible; grows
me.
on rotting trees; is flat on top with
many small holes underneath. 2 at the back. Auk, duraik, nge
Pl: nangsacha ava lm. dinai ngia thet save sdngtham
dak ma ngo nasot. Well, rooster,
nangglm from close to.
instead you must go to the front but I
nap na wave; signal by using hand (will sit at the) back. Variant: nasotha.
gestures to communicate.
nasot adv. 1 later. Kule tha veia
narchi yam. Masarau d kunngga achk
nari hear; feel; taste. nasot... They stayed there at Masarau
narichi n. yam. Narichi ma morki. A and one day later...
big yam. Pl: nark. Variant: narchi. 2 last. Ngua mn nasot. I arrived
narimanas listen. last.
3 after. Irs kama ngthuauchi
narimanas t listen.
nasot at thoemga ma cha ingip. The
narimunanas listen. old woman was sad after her son died.
nari nagl obey. 4 afterwards. Sa nasot sa choi
naruer vi-so. be first. Deo ava nguna met pk angna iska ithak
thondmga ama naruerka ia, Ngi tik. So after that I wont ever walk on
lotu svt Deo ama snggk k- your particular road again. Variant:
lan. Gods first law is, You worship nasoth.
only one God. Sik ngia thet n cha nasoth later; last; after; afterwards.
laurka chrak ama naruerka... You nasotha behind; at the back.
must go beyond the first wind...
nasothana adv. one after another. Ta
naruer adv. first; firstly. Kia met tet nasothana smni cha renggi.
naruer smni arenggi. She went to They followed each other to the river.
the river first.
nasothanas dir. back in place; e.g. as
naruer veia adv. before. Naruer da sik with crop rotation. John ka mu cha-
134
nathar ndang
135
ndang mt nmna
n associative marker. and. Gram: Used to nmbem pro. any two people; any two
make associative pronouns. Julien china- things; some two people. Gram: Femi-
ma Norberta in met mt chama nine dual interrogative pronoun. Nmbem
iska ma malo chok in met ka. Julien ini tal kama urat? Which two are
and Norberta went on the road that carrying the baskets?
they had already been on. Variant: na. nmbm pro. any short one. Gram:
n from; with. Reduced singular interrogative pronoun.
Nmbm ba vchm ma chthopka
ndngetham dir. in front. Peia thi
vt ngam? Who is that short person,
gamar dai cha mair ndngetham.
the fat one?
When they fought, he stood at the
front. nmbingga n. tree sp.; strong trees
that grow on top of mountain ridges.
ndvethik dir. beside. Ka mair
Ngu tap s chama nmbingga da
ndvethik diva inmo ini gamar. He
kosa buel mt gua vthpki. I cut
stood by his side so they both could
the nmbingga tree and it really made
fight.
my axe blunt. Pl: nmbaing.
neik drink.
nmda pro. who. Gram: Human plural
nk from. interrogative pronoun. Barth chn
neknochi n. misery; distress; suffering nmeda thi tor? Who is Barth
in either an emotional or financial swimming with?
sense. Sa tha thalka d chave nmn prep. aside; away. Ngi srik
glem ut vama naknochi atha nmn kama morka. You move aside
bangm. So they carried him and he for the big man. Variant: namon;
is here with us in the village of misery. namn.
Pl: neknok. Variant: naknochi.
nmna prep. away from; e.g. used to
nma pro. who. Gram: Interrogative describe the way a flood leaves
pronoun. Nma cha svauo th gi rubbish behind as the water
thangam? Who stole your bananas? subsides. Ngia thair namna ngo.
nmailu maybe. You will stand away from me. Variant:
136
nmni nemithom
137
nemithong nvem
138
nvt nunggring mt
139
nungguik vt ng
Ng - ng
140
nge ngiem nani
person neuter class one pronoun. Vaim the hole. Variant: nges m.
ng sar schama plet sai. The dogs nges t vt. dig for. Bath k nges
messed up the plates again. Variant: tchama ingguingga. Bart dug for a
nga. crab.
nge you. ngt pro. him; her; it; them. Gram: Third
nge pro. you. Gram: Second person singular person neuter class three pronoun. Ka
class three pronoun. Kinai cha ngu iras vondm mt kama achuan d ka
tm nge. Actually, I lied to you. Sok vus ngt baut. He bought the rice
kama lengeiki nange. You really and cooked it for us.
must tell the truth. ngtha its; their.
ngk d vi-so. gasp; grunt. Ngk d- ngthathng dir. at the back. Ngi
chama vaimga via tha sepmes d ngia thair sek
srmumacha. The dog grunted ngthathng. You get up and stand
when they surprised it. at the back.
ngelka n. wise man. Pl: ngelta. ngthepki name.
ngelki n. wise woman. Nge vusnas ngthi pro. he; she; it; they. Gram: Third
pthaut autha ngelki Maria. You person neuter class two pronoun.
shelter us, our wise woman Mary. Ngmng angkthop d ngthi
ngmbs nothing; not; no. sren. The trees sap is bitter.
ngn pro. you all. Gram: Second person ngthikpet five.
class one pronoun and second person class nggars coast; beach.
three pronoun. Ngn det inamuk. You
ngguvangithong belongings; things.
all come here. Sa ngua mn btha
ngn. I have found you all. ngi pro. you. Gram: Second person singular
class two pronoun. Ngi thal kama
ngna you all and.
lams saisathe. You carry the
ngna them and; it and. coconuts over here. Ngi thonanas
ngn pro. you all and. Morph: ngn=n. inavuk iva ngi naik. You jump down
Lit: 2PL.III=and. Variant: ngna. so you can drink. Variant: nge.
ngn pro. them and; it and. Julien ngia pro. 1 you. Gram: Second person
chinama Norberta in met mt cha- singular class one pronoun. Ngia thair
ma iska ma malo chok in met ka. nmni chama iska. You stand to the
Julien and Norberta went on the road side of the road.
that they had already been on. Morph: 2 your. Gram: Second person singular
ng=n. Lit: 3N.III=and. Variant: ngna. possessive pronoun. Chule ma nge
ngni pro. you all. Gram: Second person sunas masa, asik marik ddn ngia
plural class two pronoun. Asik ngnbe vuski. You must not study too hard or
ngni thk? Are you all going to your head might get confused.
work? ngiem sa-vi. 1 look; search. Ngi
ngngeng d vi-so. squeak; squeal. ngiem saisath. You look over here.
Ngngeng dchama vaimini. The Ngi ingim imono d mamr ia ngi
small dog is squealing. lu chama botki va gars. You look
ngerik ta vt. hold on to. over there and you will see a boat on
the sea. Kule ma ngia na ngim
nges m dig a new hole where there
imono. Dont you look over there.
was not one before.
2 shine, only of the sun. Mumbang
nges mt vt. dig a new hole where
mathchasep mt kama Sarere,
there was not one before. Dak ka tu
kunngga ch ngim, askok math-
asnng ia mubang sa cha vinem
chasep. The next morning, on
diva cha nges m chama lechi. But
Saturday, the sun was shining early in
he decided that the next day he would
the morning. Variant: ingim; ngim.
return in order to dig a hole. Tha
nges mchama lechi. They dug in ngiem nani sa-vi. look for. Uthi ngiem
nani ma John ava paimini. We were
141
ngimngimgi ngis
142
ngisem oo
O - o
143
pa pai mt
P - p
144
paimga pali
slapped his arm. Variant: vai mt. emphatic. Ngua lu chama dul
paimga dog. paivang ma ngia mu ngt. I saw
those particular stones that you set
paim m vt. wind around. Kama
out. Variant: aivang; vaivang. See:
athoemga ka vaim mchama
pachvang those particular flat
kagthacha vt kama mnggi. The
ones.
boy wound the rope around the tree.
Variant: vaim m. paivang dem. that particular one;
those particular ones. Gram: Count
painapki n. pineapple. Painapki avaik
neutral distal demonstrative emphatic.
pik da amorki da amr mt ki. That
Lams taithang d ngt paivang
particular pineapple is big and sweet.
ma tha mu ngt nania ut. These
Pl: painap. See: nanasgi pineapple.
particular coconuts, they got those
From: English, Tok Pisin: pineapple,
particular ones for us. Nge, ngn det
painapol or painap. Note: only p.
taivit ngn dt kama en paivang
paipki n. chimney; pipe. Kama inavuk. You, you all go up, you get
nangasachi chia dn met kama that particular iron spear up there.
paipki. The smoke is coming out of Variant: aivang; vaivang.
the chimney. Pl: paip. From: English,
paivathe dem. those particular people.
Tok Pisin: pipe, paip. Note: only p.
Gram: Human plural distal demonstrative
pais vt. crush. Aulan'gi chia vais kama emphatic. Markus kn voes paiva-
vaimini. The python crushed the th. That is Markus and his children.
small dog. Variant: vais. Variant: ivathe; vaivathe.
paisdm pt vt. enclose; encircle. pai vt vt. slap. Ngu wae vt gia
Kama chagat ng vaisdm pt sndem. I will slap your ears. Ka mair
kama mngga. The vine grew around snania chi dokosa chia vai vtha va
the tree. Variant: vaisdm pt. sdem. He leaned on her and so she
pai s vt. blow. Laurka cha wae s slapped his ears. Variant: vai vt; vae
chama imng nmt kama butki. vt; wae vt.
Wind blew the ash from a garden fire. pai vthanas sa-vi. slap oneself. D ini
Variant: vai s; vae s; wae s. tluchi ia chia pai vthanas natha
pais pt vt. tie up. Sa chule sa ngua namnambem. And they saw it when it
vais pt pthik ngnva lchar. slapped itself with its two flippers.
Then afterwards, I tied his arms and Variant: vai vthanas.
legs. Variant: vais pt. paivthong dem. those particular
paithm vt. pat. Maria chia vaithmga small things. Gram: Diminutive plural
diva Jesus kat mnap. Mary patted distal demonstrative emphatic. Ngo gu
him so that Jesus could sleep. Variant: dulithong paivthong. My particular
vaithm. small stones. Variant: avthong; vaiv-
paivaik dem. that particular one. Gram: thong; pavthong; bavthong.
Feminine singular distal demonstrative pak that one.
emphatic. Namunas paivaik ma chia palangga adj. flimsy; particularly
mn. That is Namunas who arrived. things like paper. Aingas kama
Variant: aivaik; vaivaik. See: pachvaik palangga ithak. This plank is flimsy.
that particular one. Pl: plang. Pl: palang. Variant: plangga.
paivak dem. that particular one. Gram: palangga n. plank. Aingas kama
Masculine singular distal demonstrative palangga ithak. This plank is flimsy.
emphatic. Ngiat kama plastika Ka mt kama palangga nave ia
paivak ma chabapka. You get that somil. He got the plank from the
particular container, the white one. sawmill. Pl: plang. From: English, Tok
Variant: ivak; vaivak. See: pachvak Pisin: plank, palang. Note: only p.
that particular one.
pali vt. roll. Ch vali chama dulgi iva
paivang dem. those particular flat ch thor av baul. He will roll the
ones. Gram: Flat plural distal demonstrative stone along so that he can wash his
145
palkachuik pat pthanas
clothes (on it). Variant: vali. par dm vt. drag. Ngi var dm chama
palkachuik sa-vi. be disobedient; aseska sva vt. You drag the rope
refuse to follow instructions. Ava home. Ch par davama vaimga
nank kia vaigeltmga mndu ma nasothanas. He dragged his dog
cha valkachuik. His mother beat him behind him. Variant: var dm; par d;
because he was disobedient. Variant: var d.
valkachuik. par dm mes sa-vi. crawl. Sa ngua tet
palkachuik na vt. disobey. Ch valka- ngua thik, ngn gua lchar ma
chuik nava nank. He disobeyed his snggvs ma sok ngu par dm
mother. Variant: valkachuik na. mes. So I went on my hands and legs,
flat, I really crawled. Variant: var dm
palmmka hook.
mes.
paluacha egg.
paret n. warning sound. Kama
panis t beat up. charidang d chama paret ia cha-
panis tm vt. beat up. Kule ma ngi ma Mndaska avak ka tet. The call
vanis tmgi. Dont you beat her up. is the warning sound which tells that
Variant: vanis tm; panis t; vanis t. the Mndaska is coming.
See: paigel tm beat up. pariachi breadfruit tree; breadfruit.
pang run; come. par mana svt sa-vi. gather around.
pang that one; those ones; those flat Arura tha var mana svt kama
ones. thinm. People gathered around the
panggal sa-vi. suck in stomach. Ka fish. Variant: var mana svt.
vanggal da kosa choiku nanga par na vt. call; specifically to call for a
chusem dava ron. He sucked in his domestic animal. Save mathchasep
stomach and there were not any sa ini par naina vaim. In the morning
intestines in his belly. Variant: vanggal. the two of them called their dogs.
panggalvs n. wall; specifically a wall Variant: var na.
made of leaf stems. Cha thap s- par s vt. 1 invite.
chama panggalvs. He cut the walls 2 ask for someone; call for some-
made of leaf stems. Pl: panggalimlk. one. Ut var snge Maria kalan ma
Note: only p. Gabriel ama mir ka mn ptha nge.
pangon'ga flying fox. We called for you Mary, like Gabriel
pangon'gi stingray sp. long ago found you.
3 lead. Ti par su ut nk anga
par sa-vi. arrive. Uthi bang mt kama
isithong pavthong. They led us
botki d ut var veia Nongia. We
along some of those small paths.
travelled in the boat and we arrived at
4 pull in a fish; refers to a fish
Nongia. Sa chule sa ngo imani, sa
which is caught on a hook. Nant
ngu par pono mni ch sul. Then I
chia var schama thinm. Mother
continued down; then I arrived
pulled in a fish. Variant: thar (Abilta
shorewards on the reef. Variant: var.
dialect); var s.
par vt. cook in an earth oven (mumu).
pat plant; bury; plunge.
Kave ch par ava not. He is cooking
his taro in an earth oven (mumu). patocha n. duck. Pl: pato. From: Tok
Variant: var; bar. Pisin: pato duck.
paranda n. porch; verandah. Athoem- patochi n. female duck. Pl: pato.
ga cha sp nvt kama paranda. patpathia n. pitch black; complete
The boy fell from the verandah. Variant: darkness. Patpathia mandinen.
varanda. From: English: verandah. Quiet darkness. (Silent night.) Variant:
parat vt. mess up; displace. Pusicha vatpathia.
cha varat nchama milat. The cat pat pthanas sa-vi. forget. Ava nank
messed up the plates. Variant: varat. kia chuar nacha iva ch thap s-
par d drag. chama nmblimlm. Cha met d
146
pathm pavnm
147
pavni pelal vm
pavni dem. that particular small one. Gram: Long singular distal demonstrative
Gram: Diminutive singular distal demon- emphatic. Choiku nanga mngvet
strative emphatic. Gua latini pavni chlan pavvet taith. There is no
snani aurki. My particular garden is particular long plank here. Variant:
in the bush. Variant: vavni; vaivni. vavvet.
pavsem dem. those particular two paviom dem. those particular two.
long ones. Gram: Long dual distal demon- Gram: Masculine dual distal demonstrative
strative emphatic. Ngiat kama mngi- emphatic. Kama slp ma ngu kut
sem pavsem saglm ngo. You bring nangt d paviom ma chthiacha
those two particular planks to me. nngaiom d guiom. There are some
Variant: vavsem. biros I am writing with and those two
pavseng dem. those particular long particular blue ones are mine. Variant:
ones. Gram: Long plural distal demon- vaviom; baviom.
strative emphatic. Asongiseng pav- pe dem. there. Gram: Anaphoric demon-
seng nani chama vutka. Those strative. Vandi ithik da ngni tlu ve.
particular rafters are for the house. Maybe now you can see there. Variant:
Variant: vavseng. ve; be; e (Abilta dialect); me (Abilta
pavthom dem. those particular two dialect).
small ones. Gram: Diminutive dual distal p his; its.
demonstrative emphatic. Kama marupi- pe be there.
thom pavthom d cha chthp
pea when.
ngithom nvaur. He caught the two
small cassowaries in the bush. Variant: pdm vi-so. pinch; nip. Vdm kama
vavthom; vaivthom. vaimga mni guchrorini. The dog
nipped my calf. Variant: vdm.
pavthong those particular small
things. pdm sa-vi. fence; make a fence
around an area. Ka vdm sthm
pavvam dem. these two particular
ava lat. He made a fence around his
short ones. Gram: Reduced dual distal
garden. Variant: vdm.
demonstrative emphatic. Kama chalun-
bam pavvam d sa amang peia when.
ngavam. Those two particular taros pk at; on; over.
are cooked. Variant: vavvam. pk sa-vi. fetch water. Nguaet ngu vk
pavvap dem. those particular short mni arenggi. I went and fetched
ones. Gram: Reduced plural distal demon- water over at the river. Variant: vk;
strative emphatic. Ngua thp mchama vuak. See: mangas fetch water.
mugunbap pavvap. I will make pekato sa-vi. sin. D nge mrmr nge
those short chairs. Achumsvap pekato. But you, you always sin. From:
pavvap da ngavap ng thor mo. Latin, Tok Pisin: paccatus, pekato sin.
Those young boys got wet all over.
pk mt vi-so. break. Lamsachi chia
Variant: vavvap.
vai d pk mtki. The coconut tree
pavvem dem. those particular two. fell and broke. Variant: vk mt.
Gram: Feminine dual distal demonstrative
pknas sa-vi. drown. Paul cha np-
emphatic. Gu nank at uratvem
nanas mt k botki d cha vknas
pavvem ma chia mu ngavem. My
mt kama garski d cha ngip. Paul
mother has those two particular
overturned in the boat and he
baskets that she put there. Variant:
drowned in the sea, he died. Variant:
vavvem; bavvem.
vknas.
pavvs dem. that particular flat one.
pk tm vt. break. Ava lunaski
Gram: Flat singular distal demonstrative
sukdmgi da pk tmgi. His mirror
emphatic. Lr mt kama pepavs
fell down and broke. Nma cha bk
pavvs. That particular piece of
tm kama valo? Who broke the eggs?
paper is torn. Variant: vavvs.
Variant: vk tm; bk tm.
pavvet dem. that particular long one.
pelal vm vt. comfort someone in
148
plk prddung
distress. Da choi nathe nvtha tha tortm vmga renggi. The children
ruavek iva thi velal vmki. And none swam in the river. Variant: bem; vem;
of her friends comforted her. Variant: pm; bm; vm.
velal vm. pm in.
plk love. pnak dm vt. bend; use force to bend
plk like; want; love; need. something. Kama ichumgi chia
plmga pig. vunak dm kama mng ama warep
da kosa ngt nanger klan. The flood
plmgi sow; large pig; reef fish sp.
bent the river trees and they were all
plng vt. kill. Kave chaet k vlng bent over. Variant: vunak dm.
anga vlmga. He is going to kill a pig.
pen d vi-so. fall. D thi kuar ia pen d
Variant: vlng; vlng.
chama isaing. And they say that the
plikdm vi-so. slip away. Vulik dm embers fell.
kama nkethopki nvt pethik da
pn dm vi-so. 1 bite someone out of
kosa chia vang. The eel slipped from
anger. Pn dchama vaimga mni
his hands and ran away. Variant:
gu slp. The dog bit (me) on my leg.
vulikdm.
2 singe; burn. Pn dchama
plik s vi-so. slip over. Saen'gi chia
isaing ma puthm. The embers burnt
thor kama ivitki dama Bosco cha
where they fell. Variant: vn dm.
tet da kosa vulik scha d cha sp.
It rained on the earth and Bosco peneng dm s vt. 1 prepare. Ngua
walked and he slipped and fell. Variant: veneng dm schama lavi nani
vulik s; plaik s. chama mlta. I prepared the beds for
the visitors.
pl mni vi-so. snap. Pl mni slp. A
broken bone. Variant: vl mni. 2 make a bed; make a platform.
Auk, ut veneng dm schi savuk.
pl mt vi-so. break off. Kama variachi
Well, we made a platform to keep it up
vthik sok pl mt ka svoes. The
on. Variant: veneng dm.
branch of the breadfruit tree broke off
along with its fruit (because the fruit pr vt. 1 get something out of a
was too heavy for the branch to pocket or a similar place. Chia vr at
support). Variant: vl mt. dul nmt at sgnacha. She got her
money out of her net bag (bilum).
pl s vi-so. be broken. Pl sgua
chenggi. My tooth is broken. Variant: 2 breathe out. Uthi pr aut knak
vl s. schama sanggaska ama mrka
diva ut dchm. We breathe out our
pl t bend over; flatten out; be
exhaled breaths (in exchange) for
broken.
good air, to keep us alive.
pl tm vi-so. be broken; be bent over; 3 put; e.g. to put someone in a
be flattened out; e.g. of grass that particular place. Ta vr kama thoes
has been walked on. Pl tchama mt kama mormorki diva sik
mulichi. The orange tree is broken. athva munmun'gi ama mrki.
pel vt vt. 1 rub. Ka vel vthanas They put the children in the special
nchama lams angt mars. He garden so their growth would be good.
rubbed himself with coconut oil. Variant: vr.
2 wipe. Ngua vel vt gu ch- peramr vt vt. pick out the good ones
dengm nchama tauchi. I wipe my from a set of things. Ngi veramr
skin with the towel. Variant: vel vt. vt kama thangam. You pick out the
pl vt vi-so. break. Pl vt kama good bananas. Variant: veramr vt.
mngga avs. A branch of the tree prddung sa-vi. go backwards; eg.
broke off. Variant: vl vt. move backwards into hiding. Ka lu
pem prep. in. Klennggi vem ngo, ngaiom va gars d cha vrddung
neng gua snng. The rubbish in me, ithm chama mnggi. He saw two
in my heart. Kama thoes ngthi people at the beach and he moved
backwards into hiding, behind a tree.
149
prk mt pt
150
pt balam na plangves
151
plastika puk mt
152
puk tm puvs
pusding close.
153
rachan'ga rek sthm
R - r
154
rek tm rulacha
155
rumtka saemga
S - s
156
saemgi saisath
157
saisave samuit
saisave dir. to there. Ka thal kama spirit that lives in the wild palm; if
thangamga saisave. He carried the you touch the leaves of the palm you
banana to there. become confused and wander off in
saisavi interj. Look out! Saisavi! Kave the wrong direction. Saluk athoem-
ch tu. Look out! Hes shooting. ga d cha tas mt kama saluchachi.
The wild mountain palms spirit lives
saisavi dir. there. Vandi ma chvi cha
in the saluchachi species. Pl: saluk
doki ch thk saisavi. That one
athoes.
wanted to work there too.
salve interj. Greetings! Usage: This word
saivono dir. upwards. Kia met saivono
was introduced by the priests in the
sva lat. She went up to the garden.
Mali community. Uthi var snge,
saivui dir. over to. Nguaet saivui ia salve Jesus thoemini. We invite you,
Gisia. I will go over to Gisia. greetings baby Jesus. From: Latin:
saivuit dir. over to. Ka met saivuit ma salve.
Gisia nani ava sen'gi. He went over samana down to; down there.
to Gisia for his knife.
samanp dir. to down there. Ka met
saivuk dir. up to. Ka met saivuk ia samanp sva mbang. He went
Maslambe. He went up to Maslambe. down to the house. Variant: samani.
Sakramento n. Sacrament. D cha mu samani to down there.
a Sakramento i chule cha mtka
samano dir. down to; down there.
mrmr ama Ekaristia. And he made
Thon kama thlng samano sva
the sacrament by staying forever in
gars. Throw the rubbish down to the
the Eucharist. From: English, Tok Pisin;
sea. Variant: samana.
Sacrament, Sakrament.
samk dir. to down. Kia thonanas
saksaki n. sago palm. Tha ts kama
samk. She jumped down. Chi tik
saksak. They eat sago. Pl: saksak.
schama lams navuk sa d nge sa
From: Tok Pisin: saksak sago.
mk. She picked the coconuts on top,
sa kuat na interj. something is going to then they fell to the ground.
happen to someone. Cha mu asnng
samt prep. into. Ka mon samt kama
vm mes ia, Sok taithik sa kot
lotuvmgi. He went into the church.
nachama rucha ithak. He thought
to himself, Something is really going samethik dir. to other side. Chi tor
to happen to this man now. tm scha imono d chia mn
samethik. She swam across with it
salilibonggi n. snake sp.; greenish
and arrived at the other side.
with rainbow colours and a white
belly; hunts around small pools in samonp over to.
creeks; eats frogs and prawns; if samoni to over the side.
disturbed it will hiss, swell up, and samono dir. over; across. Ngia thon
hit you with its tail to frighten you, kama lavichi samono. You move the
then it runs away. Pl: salilibong. bed over a bit.
salorachi n. stomach. Vlmga ava samuanp dir. over to; over there.
salorachi. The pig's stomach. Kama sen'gi chia muanp seng
Pl: salor. kama mngga. The knife is over
saluchachi n. palm sp.; similar to the there by the tree. Variant: samonp.
areca or black palm (limbum); has a samuani dir. over to the side. Kule ma
mountain spirit living inside it. ngia et samuani. Dont you go over
Kama saluchachi da chi nva rong that side. Variant: samoni.
pe va changan, da chama singal
samui dir. over to. Kia thet samui ia
angtha mbangi nachi. The wild
Kavudmki. She will go over to
mountain ridge palm is the place
Kavudmki.
where the mountain spirits live.
Pl: saluk. samuit dir. over to; across. Ka met
samuit sk ka renggi thchng. He
saluk athoemga n. spirit; mountain
went over to the riverbank.
158
samuk sari
159
sar s savuit
sar s vt. 1 mess up. Vaim ng sar sathmuanp dir. over to the other
schama plet sai. The dogs messed side; over there. Ngia thas sath-
up the plates again. muanp You sleep over there. Variant:
2 knock over. sathmonp.
sarumbm n. 1 conception. Mndu sathmui dir. over there. Ngia thet sai
at sarumbm nma Elton. Earlier on sathmui. You go over there.
she conceived Elton. [Lit: Before was sathmuit dir. over on the other side.
her conception of Elton.] Ki tor sathmuit. She washed on the
2 pregnancy. Ngave at sarum- other side.
bm. She is pregnant. [Lit: There is sathmuk dir. in to there. Ngiaet
now her pregnancy.] See: pis d be sathmuk sk kulp. You go into the
swollen, used to refer to pregnant water there.
animals. sathvono dir. up there to. Ngia thor
sarumga n. belly; paunch. Ngi lu ava sathvono sva ur. You move up
sarumga! Look at his big belly! Pl: there to the bush.
sarum. sathvui dir. over there. Stephan ka
sarumgi n. belly; stomach. Aruan met sai sathvui ia Ili. Stephan went
sarumgi. A painful stomach, a there to Ili.
stomach-ache. Pl: sarum. Variant: sathvuit dir. out there. Kule ngo
saremgi. sathvuit da mr ptha ngo. I stay
sasongacha n. black ant. Kama saso- out there and I feel fine.
ngacha cha mon smt gu sacho- sathvuk dir. up there. Ngi thor gi
ngacha. The black ant got into my baul sathvuk. You wash your
eye. Pl: sasong. clothes up there (along the river).
sas t vt. 1 dig out. Auk, nasot sa cha sauk up; to the top.
sas tchama vun'gi at palo. Well,
sauthuchi n. infertile woman. Aruchi
afterwards he dug out the turtles
avaik da chama sauthuchi ma
eggs.
choiku chi na tal athonga oes. That
2 remove. Gunank kia chuar woman is infertile for she has no
nango ia ngu sas tchama children. Pl: sauthu.
ngmng nmt kama butki. My
savangini n. bird sp.; sparrow. George
mother told me to remove the
ka chthp kama savangini. George
firewood from the large fire.
caught the sparrow with his hands.
sathm to. Pl: savang.
sathmanp dir. down there. Ngia save dir. to there. Joseph ka met save
thon sathmanp. You move down ia Ili. Joseph went to Ili.
there.
savono dir. 1 upwards. Di chia ve chi
sathmani dir. down this way. Ngia bn p puit savono... And then it
naingim sathmani. You looked started to go upwards... Petrus ka
down this way. met savono sva mbang. Petrus
sathmano dir. into there. Ka mon went up to the house.
sathmono de cha ts. He went into 2 inland. Da sik ti ns ngt mt
there and he ate. kama aio vasik ti tal ngt savono.
sathmk dir. down there. Ngi thor gi And they put them into the bamboo so
baul sathmk. You wash your that they can carry them inland.
clothes further down there (along the 3 shorewards. ... kama duraika d
river). cha vrap d cha vang savono. ... the
sathmonp over to the other side; rooster, he flew and he went to shore.
over there. savui dir. over to distant. Ngua et
sathmono dir. over there. Ngia savui ia Kokopo. I will go over to
thuchun sathmono. You sit over Kokopo.
there. savuit adv. 1 more. Nge d tha von
160
savuit seinggi
nge n dul savuit. You, they gave you secha n. 1 orphaned boy, he is one
more money. who often grows up to be a person
2 first. Ta oerna da kosa ma Peter who can do many good things.
d cha mn savuit. They competed Pl: sekpek.
with each other and Peter came first. 2 hero; a skilful clever person who
savuit dir. up. Di chia nia savuit sa does many good things. Kama secha
manp. And she hit him up and down. cha vlng chama aurachi. The hero
killed the witch. Pl: sekpek.
savuk dir. up; to the top. Ngi sek kama
3 little finger. See: mavnini little
uratki savuk sd gua lang. You lift
finger.
the basket up onto my shoulder.
Variant: sauk. secha n. trap. Usage: Abilta dialect.
Manuel ka vlng kama marupki
savur nvem vi-so. overgrown. Atha is
nmt ava secha. Manuel killed a
savur nvem ngt i choi thi nat
cassowary which was caught in his
mon smthatha munambs. Her
trap. Pl: sek. See: baurka trap.
road was overgrown [Lit: overgrown in
it] because they were not going along secha story.
it (to church) on religious holidays. sechabangga n. boisterous man;
sda to. someone who is always talking and
laughing loudly. Nge da sok kama
sdamr adv. correctly; right. Ka
sechabangga nange ta ith. You are
methamn nagt sdamr. He said it
a boisterous man. Pl: sechabangda.
correctly. Ka mu ngt sdamr. He
put them the right way. Variant: sechabanggi n. boisterous woman.
sndamr. schi n. marriage. Muk mt kama
sdamr n dir. 1 right by. Ngia thu schi da amarn ama chdichn.
chama seska sdamr nchama There were many problems in the
schulchi. You put the rope right by marriage.
the post. sechi n. 1 orphaned girl.
2 directly to. D ch bn scha ivi 2 female hero.
vtka ngmnggi sdamr ncha schlchi large post.
langgrka vuk. It climbed with it up
schup vt. sweep. Ngi schup kama
along the tree, directly to the parrot at
chinpki. You sweep the ashes.
the top. Variant: sndamr n.
schup mt vt. cross out. Ka schup
sdamr veia adv. at the same time as;
mt kama chutkut. He crossed out
while. Kia mn sdamr veia ut ts.
the writing.
She arrived at the same time as we
were eating. Variant: sndamr veia. schup pt vt. sweep. Ngi su ia ngi
schup vt gia vtka. You try and
sde to.
sweep your house.
sd prep. to. ... ng thal kama lulngi
schup s vt. erase. Ngu suchup
avaik sa muit sd ch sulves
schama chutkut. I erase the
angtha thng. ... they carried that
writing. Variant: suchup s.
boat towards the shore, to the reef.
Variant: sda; sde; snd; snda. schuvm n. broom. Ngua thp
mchama schup sva mbang. I
sdngtham dir. in front. Peia thi
worked with the broom in the house.
gamar dai cha mair sdngtham.
Pl: schup. Variant: suchupvm.
When they fought, he stood at the
front. Variant: sndngetham. sgk one.
sdvthik dir. beside. Ka mair sgm one short one.
sdvthik diva inmo ini gamar. He sgnacha net bag (bilum).
stood by his side so they could both sgni one small one.
fight. Ngia thuchun sdvthik. You
sei again.
sit next to him. Variant: sndvthik.
seinggi rain.
s to; with.
161
sk snas
162
snas ser ma
163
srpm na sichirdot
164
sichirki skoi
165
skruchm slvs
skoi ngua ndrm ia asika mndik slavo sa-vi. sin. Kule ma ngi slavo. You
ama minia, ti kuar ia amorta thi should not sin.
kuar sa maulul. Then a long time slavocha n. sin. Gua slavocha. My sin.
afterwards, I still do not know how Pl: slavo.
many years it was, they say that the
slavochi n. mess; disarray. Athoes ta
ancestors say a long time. Morph: as=
munggas p chama vtka sok
koi. Lit: still=not.
aslavochi chlan. Children played in a
skruchm n. bolt. Ka vondm chama house and it was really in a mess.
skruchm. He bought the bolt. Pl: slavo.
Pl: skru. From: English, Tok Pisin: screw,
slavo na vt. 1 degrade. A! Nge ama
skru.
gaini chlan dak kina sok ngia
skrudraiva n. screwdriver. Koi nanga slavo nango. Oh! You are only a small
skrudraiva taith. There is no thing but you have degraded me.
screwdriver here. From: English, Tok
2 damage. Kama kaumatka cha
Pisin: screwdriver, skrudraiva.
nes ava chulimgi d cha slavo
slabar n. racket. Kule ma ngia tt gia nacha. The rat bit its nose and really
slabar smt kama thoemini. Do damaged it.
not disturb the baby with your racket.
slavovmka n. sinner. Aslavovmka
slamen dm vt. 1 read. Ngi slamen cha npnanas sa mrka. The sinner
dm chama tlngm. You read the changed himself into a good person.
books. Pl: slavovmta.
2 count. Ngi slamen dm chama slavovmki n. female sinner.
lams. You count the coconuts.
sleitigl n. slate. Thoes ngthi chut
slameng vt vt. read. Ka slameng vt pt kama sleit pachvang. The
kama tlng nangl ava nank. He children write on those particular
read the letter from his mother. slates. Pl: sleit. From: English, Tok Pisin:
slamrki n. treatment; cure. Pl: slamr. slate, slet.
slamrki hospital; health centre. slpka n. pencil. Slpka ithak k kut
slamr n vt. 1 cure. mamr. This pencil writes well.
Pl: slp.
2 save. Sa cha ve cha slamr
nangn. He was saving you all. slpka vamgi n. nib; pen point; pencil
point. Vl mt kama slpka vamgi.
slamr vm vt. 1 fix. Chia ve chi
The pencil point broke. Pl: slpka
slamr vm kama vtka. She is
angtham.
tidying the house.
slpki n. bone. Vaimga cha tet mavo
2 tidy. Chia ve chi slamr vm
mndu ma vl savama slpki va
kama vtka. She is tidying the house.
vathng. The dog walks badly
slavarki n. shell; skin; specifically the because it broke a bone in its back.
discarded shell of a crab, prawn, Slp aruan nangt ngmo. Grippe.
lobster, or a snake skin. Ka lu cha- [Lit: Bones are all pain(ful).] Pl: slp.
ma ulan'gi atha slavarki mni ava Variant: slp; slpki.
lavichi. He saw the discarded skin of
slpki ama ngpuski n. skull. Ngua
a snake on his bed. Pl: slavar.
lu chama slpki ama ngpuski vaur
slavar pt vi-so. have ringworm. Isaac ma vaimga va chik. I saw the skull of
d slavar pthacha. Isaac has ring- a dog in the bush. Pl: slp ama
worm. ngpus.
slavirochi n. large net bag (bilum); slp pt vi-so. be skinny; be bony. Kule
made from split bush canes; used for ut pa ur. Nengias ut da slp ptha
carrying food. Ki tal atha not mt ut. We stayed in the bush. We were
atha ma slavirochi. She carried her hungry and we were skinny.
taro in her large net bag (bilum).
slvs n. skeleton. Arucha av slvs.
Pl: slaviroch.
A persons skeleton. Note: no endings.
166
slvini sot na
167
sot na sunaski suarki
168
su ba sunasvmgi
169
sunthmbes tair snania
T - t
ta pro. they; them. Gram: Third person mano va nggars... Again there were
human plural class one pronoun and third people standing on the beach...
person human plural class three pronoun. 2 wait. Ngia mair naniango sa.
Choiku natha dak ta met sva lat. You waited for me for a while. Variant:
They were not here but they had gone thair; dair; mair.
to the garden. Arura ma choiku tha
tair pt vt. walk with; e.g. to help a
sunas da ut tes tha ia ddn tha.
sick person. Maria chinma Joseph
People who do not learn, we call them
in dair pthange. Mary and Joseph
confused. Variant: tha.
walked alongside you. Variant: thair
tabu angt nank insect sp. pt; dair pt; mair pt.
tabucha tree sp. tair s vt. make stand. Ta mair scha
tachski n. armband. Kvicha da d choiku cha liver ka mun. They
avama tachski. He has an armband. stood him up and he did not hurry up
Pl: tachs. Variant: thachski. and come. Variant: thair s; dair s;
taembem child; young animal. mair s.
tagumacha grasshopper sp. tair snas sa-vi. stand alone. Da sik
kok mamr ia ngia mair snas ura?
taiachi n. tyre. Purk mni chama
And was it possible for you to stand up
karki athama taiachi da kosa
by yourself? Ka tair snas diva ngu
achuskuska mtki. The tyre of the
lu cha. He stood up in order for me to
car punctured and a hissing noise
see him. Variant: thair snas; dair
came out. Pl: taia. From: English, Tok
snas; mair snas.
Pisin: tyre, taia. Note: only t.
tair snania vt. lean against something
taik this one.
while standing. Ka mair snania chi
tain sa-vi. dance. Tha met tha tain. dokosa chia vai vtha va sdem. He
They went to dance. Variant: thain; leaned on her and so she slapped his
dain; main. ears. Variant: thair snania; dair snania;
tair sa-vi. 1 stand. Sai chok ta mair mair snania.
170
taithaik taithvam
taithaik dem. this particular one. Gram: particular knife from Walaria Treiding.
Feminine singular proximate demonstrative Variant: thaithchm.
emphatic. Ngua chuar nange ncha- taithchit dem. this particular large
ma botki taithaik ma lamon ng one. Gram: Extended singular proximate
thonachi. I said to that you this demonstrative emphatic. Kama arengia
particular boat was washed by the taithchit da arm chama rutha
waves. Variant: thaithaik. nmt ngait. This particular creek,
taithak dem. this particular one. Gram: people have become sick from it.
Masculine singular proximate demonstrative Variant: thaithchit.
emphatic. Gi pensilka taithak. This taithmlk dem. these particular flat
particular pencil is yours. Variant: ones. Gram: Flat plural proximate demon-
thaithak. strative emphatic. Amungunimlk
taithang dem. 1 this particular one; taithmlk dai nani chama
these particular ones. Gram: Count saunasvmda. These particular seats
neutral proximate demonstrative emphatic. are for the teachers. Variant:
Aung avama vaim thaithang? Who thaithmlk. See: taithang these
owns this particular dog? particular flat ones.
2 these particular flat ones. Gram: taithmlm dem. these particular
Flat plural proximate demonstrative em- flat two. Gram: Flat dual proximate demon-
phatic. Kama tlng taithang da strative emphatic. Ngmbs ut drm ia
chama gamos nchama slik. These ta thap schama nmblimlm
particular leaves are used to wrap thithmlm nmt nma avama
meat [Lit: are packets for meat]. See: tangam. We did not know that they
taithmlk these particular flat cut these two particular banana leaves
ones. from someones banana plant. Variant:
3 these particular long ones. Gram: thaithmlm.
Long plural proximate demonstrative em- taithnk dem. these particular large
phatic. Ngni thp mchama schup ones. Gram: Extended plural proximate
taithang iva nani sunaski. You make demonstrative emphatic. Amngink
this particular broom for school. taithnk iva nani chama amng
Variant: thaithang. angtha sipki. These particular logs
taithath dem.these particular people. are for the timber ship. Variant:
Gram: Human plural proximate demon- thaithnk.
strative emphatic. Arutha taithath tha taithnm dem. these particular two
met inavuk. These particular people large ones. Gram: Extended dual proxi-
went down. Variant: thaithath. mate demonstrative emphatic. Arenginm
taith dem. right here. Gram: Proximate taithnm da ini pr ain bs
demonstrative emphatic. Chule en d da masgvs. These two particular
asik ini vs kama msms. The two creeks are joined at the top. Variant:
are staying here and they will cook thaithnm.
some food. Chulel giama thalchi taithsem dem. these particular two
ith va vt d ngias sa. Leave your long ones. Gram: Long dual proximate
bucket here at home and eat first. demonstrative emphatic. Cha thap sava-
Variant: thaith; daith; ni (Abilta ma asongisem taithsem milani.
dialect); t; d. He cut these two particular rafters
taithchm dem. this particular short yesterday. Variant: thaithsem.
one. Gram: Reduced singular proximate taiththong these particular small
demonstrative emphatic. Kama aulan'gi ones.
chia chthik kama vaimbm tai-
taithvam dem. these particular two
thchm d ngam ng ingip. The
short ones. Gram: Reduced dual proximate
snake squeezed this particular dog
demonstrative emphatic. Kama vaimbam
and it died. Gua senm taithchm
taithvam dai ma Chris avchvam.
da ngua vondm mtngam nave ia
These two particular puppies are
Walaria Treiding. I bought this
171
taithvap talngacha
Chriss. Bukvam taithvam dai nani ia taun. She is going to town now.
ma Elton. These two particular books 2 just like this. Gram: Emphatic
are for Elton. Variant: thaithvam. adverbial proximate demonstrative. Ngia
taithvap dem. these particular short thu ngt chlan taithik. You put
ones. Gram: Reduced plural proximate them like this. Variant: thaithik;
demonstrative emphatic. Athama vaimgi daithik.
at thoembam taithvap. These taithini dem. this particular small one.
particular puppies belong to her dog. Gram: Diminutive singular proximate demon-
Cha vt ava lamsvap taithvap d strative emphatic. Vaimini taithini da
ng dn mamr. He planted these renggi chia thal angtha rocha.
particular coconut saplings and they This particular puppy, the river
are growing well. Variant: thaithvap. carried away its friend. Variant: thai-
taithvem dem. these particular two. thini.
Gram: Feminine dual proximate demon- taithiom dem. these particular two.
strative emphatic. Aung cha vt kama Gram: Masculine dual proximate demon-
lavrve, taithvem vea gua lat. strative emphatic. Avama lamsiom
Someone planted this particular taithiom. These are his two particular
sugar-cane in my garden. Variant: coconuts. Variant: thaithiom.
thaithvem.
taithithom dem. these particular two
taithvs dem. this particular flat one. small ones. Gram: Diminutive dual
Gram: Flat singular proximate demonstrative proximate demonstrative emphatic. Ngua
emphatic. Kama pepavs taithvs ba mt kama chaluniom taithiom
ngo diva ngu chut nchama aila. nagl gua ruacha. I got these two
This particular paper is mine for me to particular small singapores from my
draw a picture on. Variant: thaithvs. friend. Variant: thaithithom.
taithvet dem. this particular long one. taithithong dem. these particular
Gram: Long singular proximate demon- small ones. Gram: Diminutive plural proxi-
strative emphatic. Amngvet taithvet mate demonstrative emphatic. Kama
da nani chama ichthachi. This lagr ng ms kama tangam d
particular felled tree is for the fence. kusek kule taithithong. The parrots
Variant: thaithvet. ate the bananas and only left these
taithigl dem. this particular piece. particular small ones. Variant: thaithi-
Gram: Excised singular proximate demon- thong; taiththong.
strative emphatic. Adigl taithigl da nge tak this one.
ngias nave. You eat this particular
tal vt. 1 carry. Ngua thal anot mt
piece of taro. Variant: thaithigl.
kama uratki. I will carry the taros in
taithiglem dem. these particular two the basket. Ngu tal gua msms. I
pieces. Gram: Excised dual proximate carried my food. Ki tal kama diski
demonstrative emphatic. Mamk ka thap dthe vus. She carried the dish on her
schama amng angtha ma bale- head.
riglem taithiglem. Father cut the
2 move. Mithu sa ta thal avama
wood into these two particular pieces.
slp. Later they moved his bones.
Variant: thithiglem.
3 bear; specifically to bear fruit.
taithigleng dem. these particular Avival ngve ngthi tal ang thoes.
pieces. Gram: Excised plural proximate The mangoes are bearing fruit.
demonstrative emphatic. Palangigleng 4 give birth. Maria chia thal ma
taithigleng da nani chama sunaski Jesus peia Bethlehem. Mary gave
atha vt. These particular pieces of birth to Jesus in Bethlehem. Variant:
plank are for the school building. thal; dal.
Variant: thaithigleng.
talalki palm sp.
taithik dem. 1 right now. Gram:
talechachi bush sp.
Emphatic adverbial proximate demon-
strative. Chia ve chiaet taithik save talngacha n. earthworm sp.; light
brown or reddish colour; up to
172
talias tapioka
173
tap s tat mt
From: English, Tok Pisin: tapioca, tar mt vt. open. Chule maulul
tapioka. See: kacholka tapioca. machlak sa ngua thar mt kama
tap s vt. 1 cut down; especially of lunas. A bit later I opened the louvre.
trees; also used to refer to the act of Variant: thar mt.
clearing an area of bush. Kule ma tar s vt. pour out; especially of water
ngi thap schama churemgi! Don't from a tap. Kule ma ngi tar scha-
cut down the betel palm! Ka thap ma renggi. Do not let the water pour
schama thchusachi nava out. Variant: thar s; dar s; mar s.
vthapki. He cut down the fig tree tar s vi-so. fall out. Ava angtkeng mo
with his axe. mar sngt dak nvt kama sgk.
2 cut off. Chia thap sa atha All his teeth fell out but one. Variant:
angthika ama sacha ava ravski. thar s; dar s; mar s.
She cut off the nail of her little finger. tar tm vt. 1 remove; take off. Ta
Ava nank kia chuar nacha iva ch thar tm sava slika nmtha
thap schama nmblimlm. Cha mumenina. They took his body off the
met d cha vat vthanas ia cross.
anggimlm ma chat imlm. His
2 uncover. Da chule sa nasot sa ta
mother told him to cut off two leaves.
thartm ga vn bachvang.
He went and forgot which two to cut.
Afterwards, they uncovered those
Variant: thap s; thap sa.
earth ovens (mumus). Variant: thar
tar sa-vi. fall; particularly of fruit. tm.
Avivual ng ve ng tar. The mangoes
tas sa-vi. 1 sleep. Kia mun beia tha
are falling to the ground. Variant: thar;
tas ve... She arrived there where they
dar; mar.
sleep...
tareracha grasshopper sp.
2 lie down. Ngia thas mmi gi
tares vt. press. Cha rares kama vilchi lavichi. You lie on your bed. Variant:
atha vlnini. He pressed the trigger thas; das; mas.
of the gun. Variant: thares; rares.
tasingl n. starfish sp.; live on the reef;
taresbana vt. promise. John knava two types, both with four arms: one
lugutki in raresbana ia ini sek na is red and covered in poisonous
da dng beia ini ingip. John and his spikes, the other is blue and has
wife promised that they would stay spikes on its back. Pl: task. Pl:
married until they die. Variant: tasigleng.
tharesbana; raresbana.
tat vt. 1 get. Ngua tat banas. I get (it)
tares dm vt. agree. Tha mo tha res for myself. Ch su ia cha that kama
dm ia asik kama bangga ma lams smsng. He will try to get
umska cha thair. They all agreed the coconuts down to the ground.
that there should be a mens house.
2 give birth. Usage: Note that the
Variant: thares dm; res dm.
present tense is not used because it
taresini trouble. would make a command Have your
tares pt vt. praise; worship. Ut tet baby now!; only that and mat are
dut rares pthacha. We go and we usually used. Variant: that; dat; mat;
worship him. Variant: rares pt; thares tht; tt; dt; mt.
pt. tat d copy.
tares svt vt. 1 note. Cha dares tat dm vt. copy. Thoemga vak ka tat
svt avama msms ma cha ngaip dm nge. That boy is copying you.
ngt nank kama dis. He noted his Variant: that dm; dat dm; mat dm;
food that his mother had hidden under that d; tat d; dat d; mat d.
the dish.
tat mt vt. 1 share. Chia thap mt ka
2 bless. Sa ngn rares digl ma aunglem di chia mat mt
svthautha mairvtka. Then you all ngiglem. She cut the taro in two and
bless our boss. Variant: thares svt; she shared it.
rares svt.
174
tat mt tchen
175
tchn tk tk mt
176
tk tichim tn dm
177
tnk travt
178
travt s tet dm
179
tet kutna tvono
180
tevuit mo tir
181
tithom tnnn
tithom these two small ones. lu wirp saung. I saw someone move.
tithong these small ones. Variant: lu wirp.
tlavuchi n. kindness; mercy. Ut tamon tnaik sa-vi. drink. Ngu naik nmt ka
pthanas s Deo vuk sa tlavuchi. arenggi ma sok auluvk. I drank
We give thanks to God above for his from the river which was really cold.
kindness. Pl: tlavu. Kule de cha thon nanas samk
smt ka lechi de cha ve ch tnaik
tlavuchi na vt. pity; feel sorry. Auk,
da ron ga. Then it jumped down into
kama chumska cha chuares ia, ka
the hole and it drank and it was
d chave ch tlavuchi nachi. Well,
satisfied. Variant: naik; tneik; neik.
the man said that he feels sorry for it.
tnap na vt. wave; signal by using hand
tlu vt. see. Ut tlu chama sipki imuk
gestures to communicate. Ut tet
vagars. We saw the ship down at the
saglmka duthi tnap nacha. We go
beach. Variant: lu; ndlu.
and signal to him. Variant: nap na.
tlu da vt. notice. Ngua lu da agarski
tnari vt. 1 hear. Ngua nari dolngeng
chia mana. I noticed the saltwater
mtkama pelet. I heard the banging
down there. Variant: lu da.
of a plate.
tlu ma vt. prepare. Sa tha lu mangt.
2 feel. As ngi nari. You just feel
Then they prepared them. Variant: lu
this. K nari nn'gi vt pchn. He
ma.
felt nauseous in his throat.
tlu manas sa-vi. get ready; prepare 3 taste. Da thi su batha ia tha tu
oneself. Ngni tlu manas iva ut tet vatha chulubaing, d chule d tha
vea mathchasep. You all get ready tichina chlan va sik ta nari... And
so we can go in the morning. Ngi tlu they made signs to them that they
manas. Prepare yourself. Variant: lu should put it on their tongues, and
manas. they did that in order to taste (it)...
tlu svt sa-vi. hurt. Gua thopki chi tlu Variant: nari.
svt. My sore is hurting. Variant: lu tnarimanas sa-vi. listen. Dak ka ngaip
svt. d cha narimanas. But it hid and it
tlu vathm na sa-vi. wait for a chance listened. Variant: narimanas.
to do something. Ngu nma Paul tnarimanas t vt. listen. Ch
uni tlu vathmna nma Peter iva sa narimanas tchama ism. He
cha that sa un ds kama ulan'gi. listened to the birds. Variant:
Me and Paul were waiting for a chance narimanas t.
when Peter would go so we could eat
tnarimunanas sa-vi. listen. Kia tha-
the snake. Variant: lu vathm na. See:
mon sthm nge sa ngia narimu-
tair wait.
nanas, pe ma ngi thn pa mbang
tluvmka n. 1 watchman. ngia narimunanas. It tells you so you
2 shepherd. Atluvmda tha tas p will keep an ear open, when you go
namaski da thi nari a mambu home you will listen out. Variant:
thvuk. The shepherds lay in their narimunanas.
sleeping place and heard songs up tnari nagl vt. obey. Kama thoes
there (in the sky). Pl: tluvmda. ngthi nari nagl athva
tlu vt vt. look after. Gu lunggutki mamkna. Children obey their
asik ngi tlu vthanas mamr. My parents. Variant: nari nagl.
wife, you must look after yourself tneik drink.
properly. Variant: lu vt.
tnen sa-vi. pray. Ut met uthi nen. We
tlu vthanas sa-vi. look after oneself. went to pray. Variant: nen.
Ngia tet d nge tlu vthanas
tnen vt. ask. Ngu nen nge. I ask you.
mamr. You go and look after yourself
Variant: nen.
properly. Variant: lu vthanas.
tnnn sa-vi. vomit. Vaimga chi nnn
tlu wirp vi-so. glimpse; catch sight of
smt thoes. The dog vomited for her
something because it moves. Ngua
182
tneng tor
183
tor na tu av snng
head of the river [Lit: the river its the tapioca and left the inside stalk.
head]. Pl: trut. Variant: rutka.
2 get wet. Nandre cha thor trutki n. 1 small root of a tree or
klan. Nandre got wet for nothing. plant, especially banana, native
Variant: thor. spinach (aibika), or peanut plant.
tor na sa-vi. pour. Renggi chi tor na Ngi chrtp schama viulacha ava
nmt kama sospen'gi. Water trutki nigia sen'gi. You chop the root
poured from the saucepan. Variant: of the mango tree with your knife.
thor na; dor na. 2 native spinach (aibika) stem;
tor tm sa-vi. swim. Chi tor tm scha used for planting. Thi pt trut pa
imono. She swam across with it. Ch lat. They planted native spinach
tor tm mt ichumgi. He swam in (aibika) stems at the garden. Pl: trut.
the flood. K tor tm vt kama Variant: rutki.
plangigl angtha thng. He swam trut na put in; push in.
on top of the plank. Variant: thor. trut n vt. put in; push in. Ka rut nava
traingga n. seed. Cha vt kama mstmna smt ava thalcha. He
pankin angt traingga va lat. He put his food in his net bag (bilum).
planted the pumpkin seeds at the Variant: rut n; trut na; rut na.
garden. Pl: traing. Variant: raingga. tu vt. shoot; throw something at
trek sthm close in; block off; forbid. someone. Ch tu ngo nama ndul. He
trek tm vt. prohibit; forbid. Ka rek threw a stone at me. [Lit: He shot me
tchama thangemga nmt voes. with a stone.] Variant: thu.
He prohibited the children from the tu vt. 1 put. Cha tu chama sospen'gi
banana tree. Variant: rek tm. scha renggi vono via tevolki. He
trn s vi-so. stand up; unbend; put the saucepan of water up on the
something that had been bent over table.
but is released so it can stand again. 2 wear; put on. Ngia tu gi baul iva
Kama mngga sa chave rn scha i utet save ia lotu. You put on your
mali cha nanger. The tree is standing clothes so we can go to church.
up where once it was bent. Variant: rn 3 lay; specifically of birds laying
s. eggs. Duraikvm in tu valo thmna.
Trinitas n. Trinity. Amurems bama The two hens laid (their eggs)
Lengenacha dama Trinitas a together. Variant: thu; du; mu.
Rektemka. Glory to the Lord and the tu amethamn pt vt. pass a message
Holy Trinity. Note: no endings. about someone or something. Diva
trip sa-vi. fish with a hook and line from tha tu amethamn pthange iva thi
a canoe or a boat. Sa ngu trip pivi. vlng nge. So they passed a
So I fished at that place. message about you in order to kill you.
thu amethamn pt; du
Variant:
trip glaski n. float from a gillnet. Cha
amethamn pt; mu amethamn pt.
tet samana ma Namuli diva chat
kama trip glaski athama ses. He is tu amuvtka svt vt. punish. Ka mu
going down to Namuli in order to get muvtka svt avoemga. He pun-
the rope from the float. ished his son. Variant: du amuvtka
svt; thu amuvtka svt; mu
trong vi-so. be stiff with cold. Trong
amuvtka svt.
ngua thik nmt kama sainggi. My
hands are stiff with cold from the rain. tu at snng think.
Variant: rong. tu ath snng mamr calm down;
trutka n. stalk; specifically the central settle down; relax.
stalk in some fruits; there is one tu av snng vt. think. Ngua tu gu
inside tapioca and pau nuts grow snng ia sik ngian. I thought you
along one. Ka ms kama tapioka da would come. Ngn du angn snng
sa nvt kama rutka muk. He ate svtha cha. You all think of him.
184
tu av snng mamr tu mamr sna na
185
tu mana tu salel n
sna naut. And he will straighten us house, or tree. Ngua met nmt gua
out. Variant: thu mamr sna; du thalka veia ngmnggi at tung-
mamr sna; mu mamr sna. gumgi. I left my basket at the base of
tu mana sa-vi. arrange oneselves. Gram: that tree.
Must have a plural subject. Sa chule sa 2 back of a boat. Pl: tunggum.
uthi tu mana. So then we started to Variant: thunggumgi.
arrange ourselves. Variant: thu mana; tuong vt. bewitch. K tuong gama
du mana; mu mana. rucha nchama thaliaska diva ch
tu manas sa-vi. prepare oneself; get vlng ga. He bewitched the man for
ready. Ngn tu manas va uthat the wizard so the wizard would kill
uthonel. You all get ready so we can him. Variant: thuong; dong.
go and hunt. Variant: thu manas; du turik na vt. punish. Kama kaunsila
manas; mu manas. cha turik nacha sava musnng ama
tu ma s vt. joke about. Kule ma ngia vu. The councillor punished him for
tu ma schama morka vak. You his bad behaviour. Variant: thurik na;
must not make jokes about that durik na; murik na.
leader. Variant: thu ma s; du ma s; tu rik t straighten; stretch out.
mu ma s.
tu rik tm vt. 1 straighten. Ka mu
tu mt vt. set on fire. K kumr ava lat rik t chama vaiait diva che thk
d cha tu mt kama amng. He mava chevs nani chama thinm.
cleared the garden and set fire to the He straightened the strand of wire to
trees. Variant: thu mt; du mt; mu make his spear to catch fish.
mt.
2 stretch out. Venansius da aruan
tu mrang dm vt. cover. Kia mu ava vn mtha d angmbs
mrang dm atha achuitm ncha- mamr ia chna murik tmngt.
ma thlng. She covered her earth Venansius had pain in his joints and
oven (mumu) with leaves. Variant: thu could not stretch them. Variant: thu rik
mrang dm; du mrang dm; mu tm; mu rik tm; tu rik t; thu rik t;
mrang dm. mu rik t.
tu na vt. shoot with. Chama ism tusachus sa-vi. be irritating; feel
ngthi tu nachama bom. The planes uncomfortable. Ngu tal kama uratki
shot with bombs. Variant: thu na. d chi tusachus vono vt guathng.
tunaik na vt. 1 put in place. I carried the basket and it felt uncom-
2 leave. Kule ma ngn dunaik fortable on my back. Variant: thusa-
nangnama asen imono, asik aung chus; dusachus; musachus; thusavus;
cha tha ngt. Dont you all leave your tusavus; dusavus; musavus.
knives over there, someone might take tusachus sa-vi. wriggle around be-
them. Variant: thunaik na; munaik na; cause of irritation; toss and turn e.g.
dunaik na. while trying to sleep. K tal kama
tu nank sa-vi. grizzle; cry for vlmga d cha tusachus i sok
something for a long time. Namu amrn. He carried the pig and he
chia tu nank sa at mamk iva ch wriggled around because it (the pig)
talki chlan. Namu grizzled for her was heavy. Variant: thusachus; dusa-
father to carry her. Variant: thu nank; chus; musachus; thusavus; tusavus;
du nank; mu nank. dusavus; musavus.
tu nas mk sa-vi. humble oneself. tusachus nanas sa-vi. act funny; e.g.
Autha Jesus, nge mu nas mk. Our in a concert or in a burst of high
Jesus, you humbled yourself. Variant: spirits. Thi tamal tchama rura ma
thu nas mk; du nas mk; mu nas tha tusavus nanas. They laughed at
mk. the people who were acting funny.
Variant: thusachus nanas; dusachus
tunggas s play a game.
nanas; musachus nanas.
tunggumgi n. 1 base of a cup,
tu salel n vt. shrink. Ngia thu salel
186
tusamon dm n tuvet mt
nigia vtka. You shrink your house. mes pt; mu thm mes pt.
Variant: thu salel n. tu thik dm vt. beat. Ngua tu thik
tusamon dm n vt. collect; gather dm nge diva ngua tu rik tm nge. I
things together. Ka tusamon dm beat you in order to straighten you
nchama viam smt avama uratki. (make you obedient). Variant: thu thik
He collected the galip nuts (Canarium dm; du thik dm; mu thik dm.
indicums) (and put them) into his tuthik mna vt. shoot at. Dak kinai
basket. Variant: thusamon dm; dusa- kvicha chinai cha ve ch tuthik
mon dm; musamon dm. mna tha vik. And in turn, that one,
tu samor s vt. make fun. Ngia mu he shoots at them. Variant: thuthik
samor si chi da kosa chia gur. You mna.
made fun of her and now she is angry. tuthik namt vt. throw something at
Variant: thu samor s; du samor s; mu someone; shoot. Kule ma ngi tuthik
samor s. namt kama duraik. Do not throw
tu sa sothana n vt. change; espec- (things) at the chickens. Morph: tu=tik
ially of changing clothes. Asik ngua na=mt. Lit: put=hand from=within.
thu sa sothana nguama sravtki. I Variant: thuthik namt.
will change my shirt. Variant: thu sa tu vlk svt vt. fall in love with.
sothana; du sa sothana; mu sa Jennifer chia tu vlk svt kama
sothana. thoemga achk ma tha teska ia
tu sathver n vt. widen. Ngia thu Tom. Jennifer fell in love with a boy
sathver ni gia mbangga. You widen called Tom. Variant: thu vlk svt; du
house. Variant: thu sathver n. vlk svt; mu vlk svt.
tusavus wriggle because of irritation; tuvet sa-vi. answer. Vaimga angbs
toss and turn e.g. while trying to ka muvet i angbs cha drm. The
sleep. dog did not answer because he did not
tusavus be irritating; feel uncom- know. Variant: thuvet; duvet; muvet.
fortable. tuvet mt vt. 1 answer; respond. Cha
tu th decorate. tuvet mt ava oesnank ia cha
niavi. He responded to his wife that
tu thm vt. decorate. Ti ler kama
he was coming.
chaver tha thu thchama sgna-
cha. They break the wild palms and 2 reciprocate. Ivit da sika mali
they decorate the net bag (bilum). lvopki chia met nainavi d choki
Variant: thu thm; du thm; mu thm; ta thuvet mtki ma thi vonda l-
tu th; thu th; du th; mu th. vopki save... And so on, so if one
woman came from there they will also
tu thm mes sa-vi. decorate oneself.
reciprocate for her by giving another
Nasot sa chama duraika chk ama
woman there...
chumska cha mu thm mes ma-
3 take revenge; pay back. Ka ve
mr. Later the male rooster decorated
cha thuvet mt ma Klmen klan
himself beautifully. Variant: thu thm
mali ma chlumn ka tamon svm
mes; du thm mes; mu thm mes.
ga. He was going to pay back the fool
tu thm mes pt vi-so. be glorious. Ka for what the fool said to him earlier.
thu thchm da muthm mes Variant: thuvet mt; duvet mt; muvet
pthacha. He arose and was glorious. mt.
Variant: thu thm mes pt; du thm
187
tha thamon
Th - th
188
thamon ithm mes thchnmuvs
189
thchp thng
190
theng thvrchinggl
walks backwards [Lit: ... from his back]. thes name; call by name.
2 top. Ngia thas vt kama lavichia thes bottom.
atha thng. You lie down on top of ths eat.
the bed [Lit: ... the bed, its back]. Ngua
thesavet da sek narrate; tell a story.
mu chama peletka vuk vt kama
tevolki atha thng. I put the plate on thesavet dm narrate; tell about.
the top of the table [Lit: ... the table, its thes nas call oneself.
back]. ths t shake.
3 behalf. K gur svt ava
ths t chulim blow nose.
duraiki aththng. He got angry on
behalf of his chicken. Note: only th. ths tm shake.
Note: no endings. thstmna n eat with.
theng twist together. thet walk; go.
thp cut. tht get; give birth.
thepka n. axe. Usage: Abilta dialect. Ngi thtalvmga carrier.
von ngo nchama thepka diva ngu thet dm dry; desiccate; be dried out
thap schama nngachit. Give me from lying in the sun.
the axe so that I can cut down the tree.
thet kutna miss someone because
Pl: athap. See: avthapki axe. Note:
each person went by a different
only th.
path.
thp ma make; carve.
thet na go past; pass.
thpma methamn discuss.
thet ngis n miss a target.
thp ma musnng plan; have an idea.
tht pthik let go of; drop.
thp ma s respect; keep to the rules
tht s get.
about something.
tht sthm be stuck.
thp m make; build; carve.
thethana be friends; be married;
thp m chdenggi keep clean.
group together.
thpms vt sharpen.
ththanas help oneself; to take
thepmuan squeeze. something without permission.
thepmuan s press. ththuk slide; especially of something
thepmuan vt digest. like a landslide.
thp mus t work; initiate. thvaik explain.
thp mus tm work; initiate. thvaik namn redeem.
thp pt inform. thvaik t loosen; unwrap; remove.
thr excrete. thvaik tm loosen; unwrap; remove.
ther refuse; decline. thvlka n. shellfish sp.; small
thr pull out; uproot; clear. abalone; shell is brown outside and
mother-of-pearl inside; is flat; up to
thranas go; take off; leave.
6 cm long; shell covers its entire
thravt weed. back; can stick strongly to the reef;
thravt s remove. lives out on the reef where the sea
ther d vt. crumble. Kama dozer cha breaks. Pl: thvl. Variant: tvlka.
rer dchama ivitki. The dozer thvng sing.
crumbled the earth. Variant: rer d. thvnggi song; specifically the songs
thr na lay; specifically of a turtle used in conjunction with day dances.
laying eggs. thvng mt sing in.
thernas be frightened. thvrchinggl n. louse. Cha mn vt
thr vthanas have diarrhoea. kama tvrchinggl vthuvs. He
thes read. found the louse on his head. Pl: thv-
rk. Variant: tvrchinggl.
191
thvtki thondmga
192
thondmka thu mamr sna
193
thu mana ulunggi
U - u
194
ulutka uthi
unes darkness. Usage: Abilta dialect. ut pro. 1 we. Gram: First person plural
class one pronoun. Ut met nani
uni pro. we two. Gram: First person dual
amsms va lat. We went for the food
class two pronoun. Uni tal kama
in the garden.
marupki ma un vlng gi. We carry
the cassowary that we killed. 2 us. Gram: First person plural class
three pronoun. Nge ngaip nas baut
unmlm two flat ones.
vtha Hosita. You hide yourself for us
un'gi darkness; shade; shadow. in the Host.
un'giom two. utna us and.
ungut husband. Usage: Abilta dialect. utn pro. us and. Morph: ut=n. Lit:
ur bush. 1PL.III=and. Variant: utna.
ura coord. or. Gram: Disjunction marker. uthi pro. we. Gram: First person plural class
Tha met sva lat ura mailu smni two pronoun. Uthi tvng da amr
arenggi. They went to the garden or vthaut. We sing and we are happy.
maybe the river.
195
va vaivthom
V - v
196
vaivthong vangon'ga
197
vangon'gi vathm mes
vangon'gi n. stingray sp.; medium size; varuchi n. lizard sp.; brown and up to
greenish back and white belly; its 8 cm long. Pl: varu. Note: only v.
head looks like a birds head; leaps va sa subord. so that. Tha thik schama
from the water. Pl: vangon. Variant: viam va sa vadi thas ngt dokosa
pangon'gi. arucha achk ka mugunatha. They
vang vt run over. were picking galip nuts (Canarium
vap pro. short ones. Gram: Reduced plural indicums) so that they could eat them
nominal pronoun. Vaimbap ama but another man chased them. Note:
chthopka vtha vap. Those puppies only v.
are fat. va sik subord. so that. Ch kumer av
var cook in an earth oven (mumu). viam va sik k thk nangt. He
cleaned his galip nuts (Canarium
var reach; arrive.
indicums) so that he could sell them.
var dir. higher. D cha vn svt kama
vasik subord. in order to. Da sik ti ns
ngemngi at lalt va cha vn sva
ngt mt kama aio vasik ti tal ngt
var. And he climbed onto the stump of
savono. And they put them into the
a tree so he could get up higher. Note:
bamboo in order to carry them inland.
only v.
Morph: va=asik. Lit: purposive= irrealis.
varanda porch; verandah.
vaski n. 1 breadfruit tree. Gua lika
varat mess up; displace. cha vnd chama vaski avaik. My
var d drag. brother climbed that breadfruit tree.
var dm drag. 2 breadfruit. Pl: vas. See: variachi
var dm mes crawl. breadfruit. Note: only v.
variachi n. 1 breadfruit tree. vat plant; bury; plunge; dive.
2 breadfruit. Ngu plk ia ngua ts vatkivatki na vi-so. walk clumsily;
kama var. I want to eat breadfruit. especially to describe a person
Pl: var. Variant: pariachi. See: vaski walking along and looking down as
breadfruit tree and fruit. they walk. Thoemga cha tet d
vatkivatki nacha nasot av nank.
varka n. boundary between sections
The child walked clumsily over to his
within an area of garden belonging to
mother. Note: only v.
one person; used for planting diffe-
rent crops. Sa kama lat avang bik, vatpathia pitch black; complete
d choki chama nunggul, de chama darkness.
var d tha mu thchama lat pach- vat pthanas forget.
vang, d tha vt kama lagun. That vath those people.
particular garden, just at the boundary,
vathecha n. lazy man; a person who
and inside the boundary they decorated
does not like to do any work, they just
that garden, and they planted victory
sit and chew betelnut all day. Ma
leaf (there). Pl: var. Note: only v.
Gulemanas d chama vathecha.
varkurai n. court. Aruiom ma in svo Gulemanas is a lazy person. Gia saem-
in met smt kama varkurai. The gi de chama vathchi ma choiku
two men who stole went to court. Note: china tor atha lugutka ava baul.
only v. Note: no endings. Your aunty-in-law is lazy for she does
var mana svt gather around. not wash her husband's clothes.
var na call; specifically to call for a Pl: vathekta.
domestic animal. vathechi n. lazy woman. Note: only v.
var na mngga n. pulley. Angmbs vathk pt vi-so. be lazy. Ngave vathk
nanga var na mngga iva nani cha ptma Namu d mnatmgi. Namu
mnggi ithaik. There is no pulley for is being lazy and sleeping. Note: only v.
this large tree. vathm along; according to; for.
var s invite; ask for someone; call for vathm mes do by choice; do
someone; lead; pull in a fish. according to ones own wishes; do
198
vathm na vlmgi
ve sa-vi. be there. Gram: May function as vlmga n. pig. Ngo da ngu tluvt
minor verb in serial verb construction kama vlmga da sa amorka. Me, I
encoding imperfective aspect. Cha ve sng looked after the pig and it got big.
arenggi. He is there by the river. Chia Pl: vlam. Variant: plmga; plmga;
ve va lat. She is there at the garden. vlmga.
Kama vlmbap ma aduguavap ng vlmgi n. 1 sow.
ve mt kama ichthachi. There are 2 large pig.
three piglets inside the fenced area. 3 reef fish sp.; brown; has a nose
Asik ngnbe ngni thk? Are you all like a pigs; is up to 1 m long. Pl: vlam.
going to work? Variant: pe; be. Variant: plmgi; plmgi; vlmgi.
199
vlng vr
200
vramr vthen
similar place; breathe out; put. hinged; e.g. a book or a mouth. Ngua
vramr be rescued; be saved; recover. tet ve d sul d ngua lu chama
tawan'ga d cha wus vm na vamgi.
veramr vt pick out the good ones
I walked on the reef and saw a clam
from a set of things.
close its mouth. Variant: wus vm (Abilta
vrddung go backwards. dialect). Note: only v.
vrk mt be torn; be ripped; shout; vs s get out.
yell.
ves tmna na vi-so. be combined.
vrk mt rip. Kama arutha ma Baininggna, Sul-
vrn dm sniff; smell. kagna, ut mo ves tmna naut mt
vrn svt smell. kama mugunbs. The people, the
Bainings and Sulkas, we were all
vereverechi n. cicada sp.; silvery
combined at the meeting.
colour; found on mountain ranges. Pl:
verevere. Note: only v. vestm svt whisper charms.
vr ma pull along; talk into; tempt. vsves magic spell; curse; charm.
vr m grab; catch; kidnap. ves vt charm; do magic.
vrmngacha n. lizard sp.; is brown vsvis adj. swollen. Dmska vak d
and up to 50 cm long. Pl: vrmang. ch bond chama slp ma vsvis.
That mosquito gives people swollen
vr t grab; catch; kidnap.
legs. Note: only v.
vr tm grab; catch; kidnap.
vt at; on; over.
vrvr dm skip.
vt plant; bury; plunge.
ves n. bottom. Usage: A euphemism for
vt dm d vt. put the walls on a house.
anus. Alechi dchama uratki athes.
Ka vt dm dcha bangga da asok.
There is a hole in the bottom of the
He put up the walls of the house and
basket. Bp dchama vaimga ves.
now it is solid. Note: only v.
The dogs anus farted. Morph: at=ves.
Lit: 3F.SG.POSS=bottom. Variant: thes. vtka house; village.
vs cook. vtpt fall; scatter.
ves blow. vtha at; on; over.
vsding close. vethachi n. fin, flipper, or tail of a
dolphin. Kama churepki chi tortm
vsding mt cover.
d uthi tlu athama vethachi. The
vsding sthm block; stop someone dolphin swam and we saw its tail.
from doing something. Pl: avet. Note: only v.
vseng those long things. vethaindik mtna grapple; two people
veski head. grappling with each other.
vski head. vethana head to tail; back to front.
ves mt blow on. vthana relate socially; interact.
vesnas sa-vi. find nothing where you vthanas prep. to oneself; on oneself.
expect to find something; e.g. ripe Ka mu chi vthanas d cha met. He
bananas you were planning to pick put them on himself and he went.
but someone came along and took Morph: vt=nas. Lit: PREP=REFL. Variant:
them. Ngua met ngu ngini viam da pthanas.
sa ngua vesnas. I went to find galip vthapki axe.
nuts (Canarium indicums) but I found
vthm n. village. Stephan ava vthm
none. Note: only v.
ma Ili. Stephan's village is Ili.
vs pm vt. close. Sa chule sa chia nia Pl: avutvap. Note: only v.
chia vs pmgi. So then it was going
vthen n. lime powder. Arura nave ia
to close its mouth. Note: only v.
PNG d thi sing chama kurem
vs pm na vt. close; referring to ngnchama vthen. People from
something with equal sides that is
201
vthenm viskthopka
PNG chew betelnut with lime powder. vinoski n. female vandal. Note: only v.
Ngi von d chama vthen'gi ina- ving roll; specifically to twist string
muk. You give the lime powder used to make net bags (bilums).
towards here. Variant: pthen.
ving surround.
vthenm n. freshwater fish sp.; white;
vingbm adj. disobedient. Kama athoes
up to 10 cm long. Pl: vthen. Variant:
ama vingbm. The children are
pthenm.
disobedient. Note: only v.
vethik dir. beside. Ngua mair d ma
vingbmga n. 1 vandal.
David vethik. I stood beside David.
Variant: pethik. 2 naughty boy or man. Michael sok
kama vingbmga. Michael is a
vthivt dir. outside. Choi ngina
naughty boy. Pl: vinbmda.
munaik ni giama msms vthirt
asik aung cha thangt. Do not leave vingbmgi n. 1 female vandal.
your food outside or someone might 2 naughty girl or woman. Note: only
take it. v.
vethom those two small ones. vingbing adj. crooked. Kama mngga
vthong those small things. da vingbing cha. The tree is crooked.
Note: only v.
vvam those two short ones.
vingbingbap n. Bainings. Vingbingbap
vvap those short things.
mir tha nave ia Rabaul. Long ago the
vvem those two. Bainings came from Rabaul. See:
vvs that flat one. avingbingda Bainings.
vvet that long one. ving d spy.
vi there. ving dm spy.
via when. vinggi look.
viam rotate; wave. vinggi svt peep; peek.
vias step on. vinggulini n. bolt of lightning. Kama
vik like that. vilcha cha thu chama lamsachi da
vinggulini. The lightning struck a
vilcha n. crack of lightning; the sound
coconut with a bolt of lightning.
of lightning, rather than the flash of
Pl: vinggulithong. Pl: vinggul.
light. Kama sainggi d chama
vilcha sei. The rain and the lightning vingia debate; argue.
are here again. Kama vilcha cha thu vingloinggi n. whirlpool. Kia ingip de
chama lamsachi da vinggulini. The chama renggi mt kama ving-
lightning struck a coconut with a bolt loinggi. She died from the whirlpool.
of lightning. Pl: vilk. Variant: pilk. Pl: vinglong. Note: only v.
vilchi n. gun. Ava vilchi chia ve va ving pthanas circle around.
mbang. His gun is at his house. ving vt go around; circle.
Pl: vilik. Variant: pilichi.
viom those two.
vimga n. galip nut (Canarium indicum).
virs ithm hide behind; duck behind;
Ngua ms kama vimga da amr
make way; move aside; move along.
mtka. I ate the galip nut (Canarium
indicum) and it was sweet. Pl: viam. viru writhe.
Variant: pimga. viru nana tussle.
vinem return. vis d be swollen.
vinos n. destruction. Kule ma ngi sep visem those two long ones.
mchama vinos. Dont you make viskthopka n. reef fish sp.; all white;
destruction. See: avinos play around, covered in very soft spikes; when
vandalise. Note: only v. touched or speared, it swells up by
vinoska n. vandal. Ma Elton sok kama drinking saltwater. Pl: viskthop.
vinoska. Elton is a vandal. Pl: vinsota. Variant: piskthopka.
202
vit vono sa muk
203
vovar vungbungga
nachi ia na vono sa muk. You put the Karong. She is going there to Karong.
shirt on and (when you did) you turned Variant: pui; bui.
it inside out. Variant: pono sa muk. vuigl tm butcher; chop. Usage: Abilta
vovar top. dialect.
vraioik sip; suck. vuik above.
vrang spread. vuik na come out.
vrap fly. vuinem return.
vraseng na put aside. vuit dir. up. Ngi sek ngia vuski vuit.
vraseng n put aside. You lift up your head. Ngi vn vuit vet
kama churemgi. You climb up the
vrendem wake up.
betelnut palm. Variant: buit; vit; puit.
vreng spread.
vuk dir. above. Ngua mu chama
vrsetki n. marks; any strange kind of peletka vuk vt kama tevolki atha
marks. Conrad ka lu chama basiochi thng. I put the plate on the top of the
atha vrsetki vt kama rengia table [Lit: above at the table its back].
angtham. Conrad saw the strange Variant: puk; buk; vuik; vuch.
marks of the crocodile at the bank of
vuk mt fire a gun.
the creek. Pl: vrset. Variant: prsetki.
vuk tm erupt; shatter; burst.
vrucha n. enemy. Ngaiom aina vruiom
nana mamr. The two of them are real vulecha n. grandson; includes in-laws.
enemies. Pl: vrutha. Kama bilarki atha vulecha cha von
gi nathama rais. The old womans
vruchi n. female enemy. Note: only v.
grandson gave her some rice.
vrur pt have goose bumps; have ones Pl: vulekpek. Variant: awlecha.
hair stand on end.
vulechi n. granddaughter. Note: only v.
vuachtka n. gecko sp.; large; brown
vulikdm slip away.
with white stripes along the body and
around the neck; lives in houses. vulik s slip over.
Pl: vuacht. Note: only v. vum n. friend, the address term. Gua
vuaik jump. vum, sa ngiave ngia thet nvtha
ngo. My friend, you are going to leave
vuaik d jump.
me. Pl: vuap. Note: only v.
vuaik dm jump.
vunak vt. twist. Karla cha chut kama
vuak fetch water. nkthopki d chia wunak kama
vuch above. chepki. Charles speared the eel and it
vus cook. twisted the spear. Variant: wunak.
vutka n. 1 house. Francis ka thk vunak dm bend; use force to bend
mava vutka. Francis built his house. something.
2 village. Sa Baltasar ka met sva vunakdmga n. first flood; makes
vut. Then Baltasar went to the village. plants bend over. Kama ichumgi
Pl: vut. Variant: vtka. Note: only v. ama morki ama naruerki mt kama
volam da ut teski ia vunakdmga.
vutka n. coconut gratings. Kama
The first big flood of the rainy season
lams angtha vutka chave vm
we call vunakdmga. Pl: vunakdm.
kama diski. The grated coconut is in
Note: only v.
the dish. Note: only v.
vun'ga turtle. Usage: Abilta dialect.
vuetki n. large amount of coconut
gratings. vungbungga n. firedancer; is con-
cealed inside a large, hollow, rec-
vutves n. many dishes of grated
tangular panel that serves as his
coconut.
mask. Ngua lu chama vungbungga
vuthom n. grated coconut to be eaten cha tain namt kama mundm. I
raw. Note: only v. saw a firedancer who danced around
vui dir. out there. Kia thet sa vui ia the fire. Pl: vungbung. Variant: bung-
204
vur wus vm
W - w
wae blow; only of the wind. cha dn pt kama reng angt keng.
wae tap. The warevacha is a river tree that
grows by the river. Pl: warep.
wae s blow.
warnacha n. index finger. Pl: warna.
wae vt slap.
waski head.
wain n. wine. Pthama ilachi thaik, ia
mbretka na wain. In this image is the wathik pt hit.
bread and the wine. wathik tm hit a person; strike.
waingimachi vt. bee. Kama waingi- winem return.
machi chia srendm ngo. The bee wirep pt vi-so. move; give yourself
stung me. Pl: waingiam. away when you are hiding because
waioi interj. Ow!; exclamation of pain. you move. Kule ma wirp pthange.
waling turn over. Dont move (so no one will see you).
waling s flip over. withia na overcome; conquer.
walwal clear area. wunak twist.
wanim roll around; turn over. wusding close.
warevacha n. tree sp.; grows by the wusding mt cover.
river; has small leaves. Warevacha wus vm close. Usage: Abilta dialect.
d chama renggi atha mngga ma
205
yamechi yavacha
Y - y
206
EnglishMali finderlist
A - a
able to, be ~ mamr na. vi-so. be pos- across mni. dir. 1 on. 2 onto.
3 at. 4 in. 5 through.
sible for; be able to.
6 across.
able to, be ~ mamr pet. vi-so. be fit
for; be able to; be good for. Variant: across mono. dir. 1 across. 2 over.
mamr vet. across muani. dir. across. Variant: moni.
about ithm. prep. regarding; about. across namono. dir. from over there;
Variant: itha. across.
about nthm. prep. 1 from. across samono. dir. over; across.
2 about. Variant: nethem. across samuit. dir. over to; across.
about svt. prep. 1 to. 2 about. across smni. prep. 1 across.
3 at. 4 onto. Variant: sk; svk 2 onto.
(Abilta dialect); svtha.
across smnina. dir. up and down;
about oneself snas. dir. to oneself; across; from one to another; e.g.
about oneself. across a series of valleys and ridges.
about oneself svanas. dir. to oneself; across tmono. dir. 1 along.
about oneself. 2 across. 3 that way. Variant:
about themselves snas. dir. for them- thmono.
selves; about themselves. across a valley imuit. dir. 1 across
above vuk. dir. above. Variant: puk; buk; there; across a valley. 2 in a corner.
vuik; vuch. across, back ~ nanamuk. dir. back
above, up ~ vuvuit. dir. up above. across.
207
across each other aibika [TP]
208
aibika leaf also
aibika leaf [TP] aichilves. n. native over. Gram: General indefinite form.
spinach (aibika) leaf. all right kinak. interj. yes; all right.
aibika leaf [TP] auravuves. n. native Variant: chinak.
spinach (aibika) leaf. ally lmuacha. n. friend; ally. Pl:
aibika stem (TP) chriduchi. n. na- lmutha.
tive spinach (aibika) stem; used for ally, female ~ lmuachi. n. female
replanting. Usage: Abilta dialect. Pl: friend; female ally.
chridu. Variant: kriduchi.
almost sangel kuvt. adv. almost.
aibika stem [TP] trutki. n. 1 small
root of a tree or plant, especially ba- almost vandi. disc. 1 want to; intend
nana, native spinach (aibika), or pea- to. Gram: Desiderative marker. 2 try to.
nut plant. 2 native spinach (aibika) 3 nearly; almost. 4 maybe.
Variant: vadi.
stem; used for planting. Pl: trut. Variant:
rutki. alone, stand ~ tair snas. sa-vi. stand
aibika tip [TP] laguain'ga. n. native alone. Variant: thair snas; dair snas;
mair snas.
spinach (aibika) tip. Pl: laguain.
aibika top [TP] aichilka. n. native along ivi. dir. along.
spinach (aibika) top that is used for along ivit. adv. along. Variant: ivuit.
cooking. along pathm. prep. 1 along. 2 ac-
aibika top [TP] auravucha. n. native cording to. 3 for. Variant: vathm;
spinach (aibika) top that is used for bathm.
cooking. along tm. prep. at; along. Variant: t;
aibika with red stems [TP] chuaramgi thm; dm; d.
at sachong. n. native spinach (ai- along tmono. dir. 1 along.
bika) with red stems. Pl: churam angt 2 across. 3 that way. Variant:
sachong. thmono.
air sanggaska. n. air. Pl: sanggas. alongside ithm. dir. alongside; beside.
air, fresh ~ isiska. n. fresh air. Pl: aisis. alongside pathm na. dir. 1 along-
air, in the ~ lechvs. adv. in the air. side; side by side. 2 with each
Variant: eps. other; for each other. 3 parallel.
Variant: vathm na; bathm na.
airport ism angt luchupki. n. air-
port. Pl: ism angt luchuap. already kinasa. disc. 1 really.
2 already. Variant: chinasa; inasa;
airport ples balus. n. airport.
nasa.
alcohol areng ama chrot. n. alcohol.
already kok. disc. 1 just. 2 already.
alert person achlsacha. n. alert Variant: kuk; chok; chuk.
person; a person who has been train-
ed to be habitually alert. Pl: achl- already sa. disc. 1 then. Gram: Clause ini-
tial discourse marker. Introduces a new event
satha. Variant: chlsacha.
frame. 2 so. 3 already. Gram: Re-
alive ayar. adj. alive; living. sultative marker. 4 for a while. Gram: In
alive, be ~ tchm. sa-vi. 1 wake up. clause final position. 5 Gram: Imperative
2 be awake. 3 be alive. 4 arise; marker.
specifically referring to Jesus rising also doki. adv. 1 also; too. 2 simi-
from the dead. Variant: thchm; larly. Morph: da=koki. Gloss: and=also.
dchm; tcham; thcham; dcham. Variant: daki.
all mo. adv. all. also koki. disc. also; similarly. Variant:
all over mavangam. pro. anywhere; all choki; oki.
209
also, that ~ angry, feel ~
also, that ~ moki. disc. that also; that and really dinasa. adv. and really.
similarly; that another. Morph: ma= Morph: da=kinasa. Gloss: and=really.
koki. Gloss: REL=also. and so dasa. coord. and so; then. Morph:
altitude, area at high ~ ronggi. n. area da=sa. Gloss: and=then. Variant: dsa.
at high altitude. Pl: rong. and so niki. coord. and so.
altogether sna. adv. 1 altogether. and so nisa. coord. and so. Variant: nasa;
2 simultaneously. Variant: sna. niska.
always mrmr. adv. always. and still das. coord. 1 and still.
amrachuavacha tree, short piece of 2 and yet. 3 and just. Morph: da=as.
the ~ merachuvm. n. short piece of Gloss: and=yet.
the amrachuavacha tree. Pl: mera- and the dma. coord. and the. Morph: da
chop. =kama. Gloss: and=ART. Variant: dama.
among themselves bana. dir. among and, them ~ ngn. pro. them and; it
themselves. and. Morph: ng=n. Gloss: 3N.III=and.
ancestor amorka. n. 1 adult man. Variant: ngna.
2 leader. 3 ancestor. 4 God. Pl: and, them ~ tin. pro. them and. Morph:
morvap. Pl: morta. ti=n. Gloss: 3H.PL.III=and. Variant: thin;
and da. coord. and. Gram: Addition marker. tina; thina.
Variant: d; du; do; di. and then dule. coord. and then. Morph:
and n. associative marker. and. Gram: da=chule. Gloss: and=then.
Used to make associative pronouns. Variant: and those two dini. coord. and those
na. two. Morph: da=ini. Gloss: and=3DL class
and, her ~ kin. pro. her and. Morph: ki= two.
n. Gloss: 3F.SG.III=and. Variant: chin. and, us two ~ un. pro. us two and.
and, him ~ kn. pro. him and. Morph: k Morph: un=n. Gloss: 1DL.III=and. Variant:
=n. Gloss: 3M.SG.III=and. Variant: chn. una.
and if dasika. coord. and if. Morph: da= and, us ~ utn. pro. us and. Morph: ut=
asika. Gloss: and=if. n. Gloss: 1PL.III=and. Variant: utna.
and, it ~ ngn. pro. them and; it and. and we dut. coord. and we. Morph: da=ut.
Morph: ng=n. Gloss: 3N.III=and. Variant: Gloss: and=1PL III.
ngna. and yet das. coord. 1 and still.
and just das. coord. 1 and still. 2 and yet. 3 and just. Morph: da=as.
2 and yet. 3 and just. Morph: da=as. Gloss: and=yet.
Gloss: and=yet. and, you all ~ ngn. pro. you all and.
and just dinak. coord. and just. Morph: Morph: ngn=n. Gloss: 2PL.III=and.
da=kinak. Gloss: and=just. Variant: ngna.
and just dinas. coord. and just. Morph: and, you ~ ngin. pro. you and. Morph:
da=kinas. Gloss: and=just. ngi=n. Gloss: 2SG.III=and. Variant: ngina.
and just dok. coord. and just. Morph: da= angel gelucha. n. angel. Pl: gelutha.
kok. Gloss: and=just. anger gthp. n. anger. Variant: grp.
and maybe dasik. coord. and maybe. anger gri. n. anger.
Morph: da=asik. Gloss: and=irrealis.
angry, be ~ with burembm n. vt. be
and, me ~ ngun. pro. me and. Morph: angry with. Variant: brembm n.
ngu=na. Gloss: 1SG.III=and. Variant:
nguna.
angry, feel ~ burembm. vi-so. feel
angry. Variant: brembm; mbrmbm.
210
animal, backwards moving ~ any two people, things
211
anyone arrest
anyone angitha. pro. 1 anyone. Gram: area that has been cleared for a gar-
Human plural indefinite pronoun. den but which is not clean yet, all the
2 someone. Gram: Human plural indefinite big trees have been removed but the
pronoun. small plants are still there. Pl: valval.
anyone aung. dem. 1 someone; some- Variant: walwal. Note: only v.
thing. Gram: Masculine singular indefinite area, cleared ~ tamasnggi. n. cleared
demonstrative. 2 anyone; anything. area; a place where the ground has
Gram: Masculine singular indefinite demon- been cleared (except for big trees);
strative. the first stage in making a garden. Pl:
anyone aungguik. dem. 1 someone; tamasng.
something. Gram: Feminine singular indefi- area, flattened ~, cleared ~ burichi. n.
nite demonstrative. 2 anyone; any- cleared area; flattened area; e.g. a
thing. Gram: Feminine singular indefinite place in the bush where there has
demonstrative. been a dog fight or a crocodile rest-
anything anggung. dem. 1 some. ing. Pl: buri.
Gram: Count neutral indefinite demonstrative. argue bingia. sa-vi. debate; argue.
2 any; anything. Gram: Count neutral Variant: vingia.
indefinite demonstrative. arise sekmes. sa-vi. get up. Variant:
anything aung. dem. 1 someone; sepmes.
something. Gram: Masculine singular in- arise tchm. sa-vi. 1 wake up.
definite demonstrative. 2 anyone; any- 2 be awake. 3 be alive. 4 arise;
thing. Gram: Masculine singular indefinite specifically referring to Jesus rising
demonstrative. from the dead. Variant: thchm;
anything aungguik. dem. 1 someone; dchm; tcham; thcham; dcham.
something. Gram: Feminine singular indefi- arm angthichini. n. 1 hand; arm;
nite demonstrative. 2 anyone; any- refers to the entire limb; more polite
thing. Gram: Feminine singular indefinite word than angthiki. 2 twig.
demonstrative.
arm angthiki. n. 1 hand; arm; refers
anywhere mavangam. pro. anywhere; to the entire limb. 2 branch. Morph:
all over. Gram: General indefinite form. ang=tikki. Gloss: 3CN.POSS=hand-F.SG.
apart ngis. adv. 1 aside. 2 apart. Pl: angthaik.
3 different. armband tachski. n. armband. Pl:
appear naingm. sa-vi. 1 look around. tachs. Variant: thachski.
2 see. 3 watch. 4 appear; look around mui. dir. 1 over there; away
like. 5 shine. Variant: naingim. from speaker on the same level.
appoint suchut ma. vt. appoint. 2 around.
apron aviringgi. n. apron. Pl: aviraing. around, go ~ bing. sa-vi. go around.
apron ladeigl. n. apron of leaves worn around, go ~ bing vt. vt. 1 go
by women at the back. Pl: lade. Variant: around. 2 circle. Variant: ving vt.
lande. around, go ~ nging. vt. go around.
arc mesh vaiaves. n. arc mesh; sheet of Usage: Abilta dialect. Variant: ing. See:
wire fencing. Note: only v. bing vt go around.
area, burnt and cleared ~ thvtki. n. arrange oneselves tu mana. sa-vi. ar-
burnt and cleared area; an area being range oneselves. Gram: Must have a plural
prepared for a garden, it needs one subject. Variant: thu mana; du mana; mu
more clean before planting. Pl: thvt. mana.
area, clear ~ valvalka. n. clear area; an arrest sangar. vt. 1 hold. 2 arrest.
212
arrive at something
ash chinap. n. ash. Variant: kinap. See: asthma chenechacha. n. asthma; tu-
thabucha dust; ash. berculosis; any condition principally
involving difficulty with breathing.
ash imng. n. ash; especially ash from
paper and leaves that still have their at mni. dir. 1 on. 2 onto. 3 at.
form; they are light grey and can float 4 in. 5 through. 6 across.
on the wind. at np. prep. at; during.
ash thabucha. n. dust; ash; specifically at pa. prep. at; on; over. Variant: va.
white ash from a fire. Pl: thabu. See: at pt. prep. 1 at. 2 on. 3 over.
unpka dust; chinap ash. Variant: vt; pa; ba; ptha; btha; vtha;
ashore muit. dir. 1 ashore; shore- bt; vk; pk.
wards. 2 across on same level; to- at svt. prep. 1 to. 2 about.
wards. Variant: mit. 3 at. 4 onto. Variant: sk; svk
aside mthik. dir. 1 aside. (Abilta dialect); svtha.
2 beside. at snani. dir. 1 on. 2 in. 3 at.
aside nmn. prep. aside; away. Variant: at tm. prep. at; along. Variant: t; thm;
namon; namn. dm; d.
aside nmni. prep. aside; to the side. at once likdm. vi-so. at once; in no
aside ngis. adv. 1 aside. 2 apart. time; immediately. Gram: Encodes punc-
3 different. tual aspect in sentence initial position. Always
aside, move ~ ml. vt. 1 flip over. seems to take a third person masculine singu-
2 move aside. lar subject.
aside, move ~ srik. sa-vi. move aside. at once masgvs. adv. at once; im-
mediately.
aside, put ~ praseng n. vt. put aside.
Variant: vraseng n; praseng na; at something namt. prep. at some-
213
at the back bag, large net ~
at the base sng. prep. 1 at the base. aware, be ~ sndamr. vt. be aware.
2 in the vicinity of; close to. Variant: away nmn. prep. aside; away. Variant:
seng; snng (Abilta dialect). namon; namn.
at the front dngtham. dir. in front; away, far ~ gelaulul. dir. far away; long
at the front. way.
aunt-in-law thuvski. n. mother-in-law; away from nmna. prep. away from;
sister-in-law; aunt-in-law; any in-laws e.g. used to describe the way a flood
except ones wifes mothers brother leaves rubbish behind as the water
and his wife. subsides. Variant: namna.
aunty-in-law saemgi. n. aunty-in-law; away from oneself nevanas. dir. away
niece-in-law; specifically ones from oneself.
mothers brothers wife, husbands away, look ~ nathong. sa-vi. look away;
sisters daughter, or husbands hide ones face.
mothers brothers wife. Pl: saembek.
axe avthapki. n. axe. avthap.
Pl:
avoid tk tichim. vt. avoid. Variant: thk Variant: vthapki. See: thepka (Abilta
tichim. dialect) axe.
avoid tneng. sa-vi. avoid; dodge. Variant: axe thepka. n. axe. Usage: Abilta dialect.
neng. Pl: athap. See: avthapki axe. Note: only
awake, be ~ tchm. sa-vi. 1 wake up. th.
2 be awake. 3 be alive.
B - b
back to naglmna. prep. back to. bag bechi. n. bag; sack. Pl: bek.
Variant: nanglmna. bag, large net ~ asgnachi. n. large
back to front pethana. dir. head to tail; net bag (bilum). Pl: asgn.
back to front. Variant: vethana. bag, large net ~ slavirochi. n. large net
214
bag, large net ~ banana plantation
bag (bilum); made from split bush bamboo drum avrin'gi. n. bamboo
canes; used for carrying food. Pl: drum. Pl: avrin.
slaviroch. bamboo, small ~ aini. n. small bamboo.
bag, large net ~ sragan'gi. n. large net Pl: aithong. See: aichi bamboo.
bag (bilum); made from bush vines; bamboo sp. achevungga. n. bamboo
usually used for carrying food. Pl: sp.; grows on high ridges; grows when
sragan. the achultngga species is dying off.
bag, large plastic ~ plastiki. n. large Pl: achevung.
plastic bottle; large plastic bag. Pl: bamboo sp. achultngga. n. bamboo
plastik. sp.; grows on high ridges; grows when
bag, net ~ asgnacha. n. net bag the achevungga species is dying off.
(bilum). Pl: asgn. Variant: sgnacha. Pl: achultng.
bag, plastic ~ plastika. n. plastic bag; bamboo sp. gotka. n. 1 bamboo sp.;
plastic bottle; specifically a bottle large. 2 pole made of bamboo.
between 1 and 5 litres in size, or a bamboo sp. kaivovocha. n. bamboo
medium sized plastic bag. Pl: plastik. sp.; small. Pl: kaivovo. Note: only k.
bag, small net ~ athalka. n. small net banana tangamgi. n. 1 banana.
bag (bilum). Pl: athal. 2 banana plant. Pl: tangam. Variant:
bag, small plastic ~ plastikini. n. small thangamgi; tangamga; thangamga.
plastic bottle; small plastic bag. Pl: banana block tangabs. n. 1 banana
plastik. block; an area planted with bananas.
Bainings avingbingda. n. Bainings. 2 banana leaf. Variant: thangabs.
See: vingbingbap Bainings. banana block tangamigl. n. 1 banana
Bainings vingbingbap. n. Bainings. block; banana plantation; referring to
See: avingbingda Bainings. an area planted with bananas.
baking powder isis. n. 1 baking pow- 2 piece of banana. Variant: thanga-
der. 2 yeast. minggel.
bald head blingga. n. bald head. Pl: banana flower cherorachi. n. banana
blaing. flower. Pl: cheror. Variant: kerorachi;
chrorachi.
bald head luchupki. n. 1 space; e.g.
the space of a playground or dancing banana, ladyfinger ~ yavacha. n. ba-
ground. 2 baldness; bald head. Pl: nana sp.; ladyfinger banana. Pl: yava.
luchuap. banana leaf nmblvs. n. banana le-
baldness luchupki. n. 1 space; e.g. af. Pl: nmbl.
the space of a playground or dancing banana leaf tangabs. n. 1 banana
ground. 2 baldness; bald head. Pl: block; an area planted with bananas.
luchuap. 2 banana leaf. Variant: thangabs.
ball vaidebunggi. n. 1 tree sp.; banana, piece of ~ tangamigl. n.
known as wild orange tree. 2 wild 1 banana block; banana plantation;
orange. 3 ball; refers to something referring to an area planted with ba-
the size of a volleyball. Pl: vaidebung. nanas. 2 piece of banana. Variant:
Note: only v. thangaminggel.
ball, small ~ vaidebungini. n. small banana plant tangamgi. n. 1 banana.
ball; something the size of a tennis 2 banana plant. Pl: tangam. Variant:
ball. thangamgi; tangamga; thangamga.
bamboo aichi. n. bamboo. Pl: aio. Pl: ayo. banana plantation tangamigl. n.
1 banana block; banana plantation;
215
banana shoot beach vines
referring to an area planted with ba- mouth, sharp teeth, and whitish flesh
nanas. 2 piece of banana. Variant: with scales; are long and thin. Pl:
thangaminggel. malisa. See: malisachi large barracu-
banana shoot lscha. n. banana da.
shoot. Pl: lsk. barracuda, large ~ malisachi. n. large
bandage baniska. n. bandage. Pl: banis. barracuda. Pl: malisa. See: malisacha
barracuda.
bandicoot grucha. n. bandicoot; has
spiky hair, a long tail, and strong base angthut. n. base or bottom of
teeth; climbs trees and eats galip nuts the inside of a container. Morph: ang=
(Canarium indicums). Pl: gru. thut. Gloss: 3CN.POSS=underneath.
Variant: thut; vut; aindut.
bandicoot masn'ga. n. bandicoot;
cannot climb; eats fallen fruit; has base aremgi. n. 1 buttock. 2 base.
spiky hair. Pl: masn. 3 source; cause; reason. Pl: arem.
Variant: rem. See: arembm buttock;
bang bn mulau. sa-vi. bang; make a remini base; source; cause.
loud sound. Variant: vn mulau.
base remini. n. base; source; cause.
bang dolngengga. n. bang. Pl:
dolngeng. base tunggumgi. n. 1 base of a cup,
house, or tree. 2 back of a boat. Pl:
bang, make a ~ enmula. sa-vi. make the tunggum. Variant: thunggumgi.
sound of a bang.
base, at the ~ sng. prep. 1 at the
Bang! pau. interj. Bang!; imitates the base. 2 in the vicinity of; close to.
sound of a stone from a sling hitting a Variant: seng; snng (Abilta dialect).
target.
basket uratki. n. basket. Pl: urat.
bank angtkeng. n. 1 edge.
2 bank; especially of a body of water bathe tor. sa-vi. 1 bathe; swim.
such as a river or pool. Morph: 2 sa-vi. get wet. Variant: thor.
angtkeng. Gloss: 3N.POSS-teeth. Variant: baton landmbm. n. short club; ba-
cheng; keng; geng. ton. Pl: ladm.
barge baski. n. barge. Pl: bas. be stuck don. sa-vi. 1 go in; enter.
bark aluat. n. bark. 2 sink. 3 drown. 4 be stuck.
Variant: thon; mon.
bark chndenggi. n. 1 body.
2 skin; bark. 3 peel; rind. Pl: chn- beach agars. n. 1 coast. 2 beach.
deng. Variant: kndenggi; kdenggi; Variant: gars; nggars.
chdenggi. See: chngdengga skin. beach angtham. n. 1 shore; beach;
bark guk tm. vi-so. bark of a dog. riverbank. 2 front. Morph: angtam.
Gloss: 3N.POSS-mouth. Variant: avam; vam.
bark cloth simalachi. n. 1 tapa cloth;
traditional covering worn by men; a beach anggarski atham. n. beach.
strip of bark cloth that goes between Morph: a=garski at=am. Gloss: SPEC=
the legs, attached to a waistband. saltwater-F.SG 3F.POSS=mouth.
2 underpants. Pl: simal. beach, pebbly ~ gisia. n. pebbly beach.
bark intensively guguk tm. vi-so. Usage: Also the proper name for a
bark intensively. pebbly beach near Marunga. Pl:
gisink. See: giska pebble.
bark, new ~ aithir. n. new growth; skin
or bark that grows in order to heal a beach, sandy ~ chunia. n. sandy beach.
cut. Pl: chunink. Note: only ch.
216
beads, rosary ~ benevolent man
bed, make a ~ peneng dm s. vt. bend nging dm. vi-so. bend; duck
1 prepare. 2 make a bed; make a
down.
platform. Variant: veneng dm. bend pnak dm. vt. bend; use force to
bee waingimachi. vt. bee. Pl:
bend something. Variant: vunak dm.
waingiam. bend over ger. sa-vi. bend over.
beetle sp. gathvacha. n. beetle sp.; benevolent man mervmka. n. be-
217
benevolent woman bird sp.
bent over, be ~ pl tm. vi-so. be bro- big amor. adj. big. Variant: mor.
ken; be bent over; be flattened out; bilum asgnacha. n. net bag (bilum).
e.g. of grass that has been walked on. Pl: asgn. Variant: sgnacha.
benzene bensin. n. benzene. bilum, incomplete ~ masarka. n. net
beside dvthik. dir. beside. Variant: bag (bilum) that is still being made;
dththik. unfinished net bag (bilum). Pl: masar.
beside ithm. dir. alongside; beside. bilum, large ~ asgnachi. n. large net
bag (bilum). Pl: asgn.
beside mthik. dir. 1 aside. 2 be-
side. bilum, large ~ slavirochi. n. large net
bag (bilum); made from split bush
beside ndvethik. dir. beside. canes; used for carrying food. Pl:
beside sdvthik. dir. beside. Variant: slaviroch.
sndvthik.
bilum, large ~ sragan'gi. n. large net
beside vethik. dir. beside. Variant: bag (bilum); made from bush vines;
pethik. usually used for carrying food. Pl:
beside, right ~ snania. prep. sragan.
1 against. 2 right beside. bilum, old ~ silingim. n. old net bag
betel palm churemgi. n. 1 palm sp.; (bilum). Pl: silingbap.
betel palm. 2 shellfish sp.; comes bilum, small ~ athalka. n. small net bag
from the sea; has an elongated spiral (bilum). Pl: athal.
shell up to 10 cm long. Pl: churem. bind kethik mt. vt. bind. Variant:
Variant: kuremgi.
chethik mt.
betel pepper achvor angthoes. n. bird ismga. n. bird; generic term. Pl:
betel pepper (daka); betelnut mus- ism.
tard.
bird, large ~ ismgi. n. 1 large bird;
betelnut changska. n. betelnut. Pl:
generic term. 2 aeroplane. Pl: ism.
changes. Variant: kangska.
bird sp. charucha. n. bird sp.; black
betelnut churemga. n. betelnut. Pl:
with red spots on the chest and a
churem. Variant: kuremga.
white spot at the throat; has quite a
betelnut mustard achvor angthoes. long tail; is very shy; hides at the top
n. betel pepper (daka); betelnut mus- of big trees and calls kwek, kwek,
tard. kwek at night. Pl: charu. Note: only ch.
betelnut palm changska. n. betelnut bird sp. charuvaika. n. bird sp.; early-
palm. Pl: changs. Variant: kangski. bird; sings early in the morning; has
better, get ~ amrvs pt. vi-so. dull coloured feathers. Pl: charuvaik.
1 feel fine. 2 heal; get better; get Variant: karuvaika; karuaika; charuaika.
well. 3 feel peaceful. bird sp. chuaramgi. n. black bird with
between mugurp. dir. 1 in the mid- red eyes. Pl: chuaram. Variant:
dle. 2 between. Variant: munggurup. kuaramgi.
bewitch tamn dm. vt. 1 sanctify; in bird sp. dingdingga. n. bird sp.; very
218
bird sp. block off
small; some are black and some are black achluing. adj. black. Variant:
yellow; their call sounds like ding chluing; achuluing; achluing.
ding; they like sitting in orange trees. black, be ~ ailaing mt. vi-so. be black.
Pl: dingding. See: dingdingini bird sp.
(alternate name). black singapore bukacha. n. taro sp.;
black singapore. Pl: buka.
bird sp. dingdingini. n. bird sp.; very
small; some are black and some are blackboard blakbotki. n. blackboard.
Pl: blakbot.
yellow; their call sounds like ding
ding; they like sitting in orange trees. blackish, be ~ achluingbs vt. vi-so.
See: dingdingga bird sp. (alternate be blackish. Variant: achluingbs vt.
name). bleed bias ng dn s. vi-so. bleed.
bird sp. gubarka. n. bird sp.; dove; bless tares svt. vt. 1 note.
Victoria crowned pigeon. Pl: gubar. 2 bless. Variant: thares svt; rares
Variant: kumbarka; chumbarka. svt.
bird sp. lagrka. n. bird sp.; large blessing arareski. n. blessing.
parrot; steals cocoa and food from
blind asusur. adj. blind.
gardens. Pl: lagr. Variant: langgrka.
blind blaenbs. n. blind. Pl: blaen.
bird sp. lalumga. n. bird sp.; brown
Variant: blaenvs.
and white hawk. Pl: lalum.
blind senbes. n. blind; refers to a
bird sp. mliarka. n. bird sp.; small
woven cane wall. Pl: sen.
parrot that is colourful: green and red.
Pl: mliar. blind, be ~ ssur. vi-so. be blind.
bird sp. savangini. n. bird sp.; spar- blind man assurka. n. blind man. Pl:
row. Pl: savang. assurta.
219
blood bottle, large plastic ~
blow; only of the wind pai. sa-vi. blow; bonfire butki. n. large fire; bonfire. Pl:
only of the wind. Variant: vai; vae; wae. but.
bluish achthiavs. adj. bluish. Variant: book buchm. n. book. Pl: buchvap. See:
chthiavs; kthiavs. tlngm book.
blunt, be ~ buel mt. vi-so. be blunt. book tlngm. n. book. Pl: tlngvap.
See: buchm book.
board amngigl. n. board. Pl: amngi-
gleng. Variant: mngigl. boom din'ga. n. boom; roar. Pl: ddin.
board plangigel. n. board; plank. Pl: border birbirka. n. 1 border of danc-
plangigleng. Variant: plangigl. See: baler ing ground. 2 frame for a net. Pl:
piece of wood. Note: only p. birbir.
boat botki. n. boat. Pl: bot. See: luln'gi bore bor mt. vt. bore. Note: only b.
boat. borers vdm. n. borers; similar to
boat luln'gi. n. boat; especially a ba- white ants but they do not make
nana boat. Pl: lulen. See: botki boat. tunnels on the outside of wood; are
black. Note: only v. Note: no endings.
body chdngm. n. body. Pl: kdeng-
vap. Variant: kdengm. boss mairvtka. n. boss. Pl: mairvtta.
body chndenggi. n. 1 body. 2 boss, female ~ mairvtki. n. female
skin; bark. 3 peel; rind. Pl: chn- boss.
deng. Variant: kndenggi; kdenggi; bottle ainiricha. n. bottle. Pl: ainiri.
chdenggi. See: chngdengga skin. Variant: iniricha.
body slika. n. body; especially a dead bottle, large plastic ~ plastiki. n. large
body. plastic bottle; large plastic bag. Pl:
220
bottle, plastic ~ break
221
break bugle
break pl vt. vi-so. break. Variant: vl the sea throwing things onto the
vt. shore. Variant: thon.
break tik tm. vt. 1 pick. 2 break. broken, be ~ pl s. vi-so. be broken.
3 snap off. Variant: thik tm; tik t; Variant: vl s.
thik t. broken, be ~ pl tm. vi-so. be broken;
break apart bon mt. vt. break apart, be bent over; be flattened out; e.g. of
of taro or bread. Variant: von mt. grass that has been walked on.
break apart lik mt. vt. 1 rip off; tear broken down, be ~ mavo na. vi-so. be
off. 2 split; break apart. broken down; not working.
break, have a ~ from sot na. vt. have a broom schuvm. n. broom. Pl: schup.
break from. Variant: suchupvm.
break off pl mt. vi-so. break off. brother, older ~ mathm. n. older
Variant: vl mt. brother. Usage: A term of address. Pl:
break off tanger vt. vt. 1 snap; break matvek.
off. 2 spear. Variant: thanger vt. brother, older ~ matka. n. older
break open purk mt. vt. break open. brother. Pl: matvek.
Variant: vurk mt. brother, younger ~ alika. n. younger
break up lr dm. vi-so. break up. brother. Pl: alikpek.
Variant: ler d. brother-in-law chlucha. n. brother-in-
breast chmcha. n. breast. Pl: law; both the address and reference
chmk. Variant: kmk. term; used by a male speaker; can be
used for a mans sisters husband or a
breath chnak. n. breath; specifically mans wifes brother. Pl: chluvek.
exhaled breath. Variant: knak. Variant: klucha.
breath sangaska. n. breath. Pl: sangas. brother-in-law oes mamk. n. brother-
breath, gasp for ~ sanggas machu- in-law; husband; address and refer-
vt. sa-vi. gasp for breath. ence term; used by a female speaker.
breath, lose ones ~ sanggas ithms. Pl: oes mamkna.
sa-vi. lose ones breath. brother-in-law thuvska. n. father-in-
breathe sanggas. sa-vi. breathe. law; brother-in-law; uncle-in-law; any
in-laws except ones wifes mothers
breathe out pr. vt. 1 get something
brother and his wife. Pl: thuvsvek.
out of a pocket or a similar place.
2 breathe out. 3 put; e.g. to put brown ivitki. n. brown.
someone in a particular place. Variant: bruise valachi. n. blister; bruise. Pl:
vr. valak.
bright, be ~ asinir mt. vi-so. be bright; bubble guaremga mt. vi-so. boil;
be light. bubble; specifically the sound: water
bright light nethachi. n. bright light. boiling or the sound of a waterfall.
Note: no plural. Note: only g.
222
build Bye!
burnt, get ~ dung mt. vi-so. get burnt. buttock arembm. n. 1 buttock.
2 n. source; cause; reason. See:
burp gk pt. vi-so. burp. aremgi buttock; source; cause; rea-
burst puk tm. sa-vi. 1 erupt. son.
2 shatter; burst. Variant: vuk tm.
buttock aremgi. n. 1 buttock.
burst out pus pm. vi-so. erupt; burst 2 base. 3 source; cause; reason.
out. Variant: vus pm. Pl: arem. Variant: rem. See: arembm
bury pt. vt. 1 plant. 2 bury. buttock; remini base; source; cause.
3 plunge. Variant: vt; pat; vat. buy bon dm mt. vt. buy. Variant: von
bush aurki. n. bush. Pl: aur. Variant: ur; dm mt.
urki. by nagl. prep. 1 from. 2 by. Variant:
bush sarnggi. n. bush. Pl: sarng. nangl.
bush man aurka. n. bush man. Pl: aurta. Bye! chule nge chlan. interj. Bye!
Usage: This expression lets the hearer
bush side aurigl. n. bush side of the
know that they can go.
road, a less pleasant place to stand.
bush sp. ivangacha. n. bush sp.;
223
C - c
224
casuarina check
casuarina chungacha. n. 1 tree sp.; chain sen'ga. n. necklace; chain. Pl: sen.
casuarina. 2 sisterless man; sister- chainsaw sensocha. n. chainsaw. Pl:
less boy; a man or a boy who does not senso.
have any sisters. Pl: chuang. Variant:
kungacha.
chair achut ngthathengbt. n.
chair. Variant: achut ngthathengt
cat pusicha. n. cat; wild or domestic. Pl: (Abilta dialect).
pusi. Note: only p.
chair amunggunbs. n. 1 chair. Pl:
catch kthep. vt. 1 grab. 2 catch. amunggunimlk. 2 meeting. Pl:
Variant: chthep; gthep. amunggunimlk. 3 sitting of
catch kut. vt. catch; specifically an ea- parliament.
gle catching its prey. Variant: chut. chair siait. n. chair. Pl: siaink.
catch pr m. vt. grab; catch; kidnap. challenging, be ~ asok mt. vi-so.
Variant: vr m. 1 be brave. 2 be determined; be
catch pr tm. vt. grab; catch; kidnap. single-minded. 3 be strong. 4 be
Variant: vr tm; br tm; pr t; vr t; solid. 5 be challenging; e.g. a
br t. game.
catch fire dang. sa-vi. 1 catch fire. change tnp na. vt. 1 change; make
2 burn. Variant: ndang; thang; mang. different. 2 mix. Variant: np na.
catechist katiketka. n. catechist. Pl: change tu sa sothana n. vt. change;
katiketkna. especially of changing clothes. Variant:
caterpillar sp. asivlelki. n. caterpillar thu sa sothana; du sa sothana; mu sa
sp.; has black and yellow spots; is a bit sothana.
hairy; eats the leaves of the achluang change oneself tnp nanas. sa-vi.
plant. Pl: asivlel. 1 change oneself; become different.
cause angtharembem. n. cause. Pl: 2 capsize. Variant: np nanas.
angtharembap. chapter chvlki. n. 1 piece; possibly
cause arembm. n. 1 buttock. a piece of rope, wood, or tapioca
2 source; cause; reason. See: aremgi runner etc. 2 chapter. Pl: chvl.
buttock; source; cause; reason. char dudung pt. vi-so. char.
cause aremgi. n. 1 buttock. 2 base. charcoal achthoski. n. charcoal. Pl:
3 source; cause; reason. Pl: arem. achthos.
Variant: rem. See: arembm buttock; charm avsvesini. n. 1 magic spell;
remini base; source; cause. curse. 2 charm; an object that car-
cause remini. n. base; source; cause. ries magical power. Variant: vsves.
cave radmga. n. cave. Pl: radm. charm pes vt. vt. charm; do magic.
cement simen'gi. n. cement; especially Variant: ves vt.
a bag of cement or a block of cement. charms, whisper ~ pestm svt. vt.
Pl: simen. whisper charms; charms can be
centipede achririaski. n. poisonous whispered over objects, e.g.: lime
centipede. Pl: achririas. Variant: powder, water, ginger, and cooked
chririaska. banana. Variant: vestm svt.
225
check church
226
cicada sp. clock
circulatory system bias angtha ais. cleared area valvalka. n. clear area; an
n. circulatory system. area that has been cleared for a gar-
den but which is not clean yet, all the
clam tavan'ga. n. shellfish sp.; clam. Pl: big trees have been removed but the
tavan. Variant: thavan'ga; tawan'ga.
small plants are still there. Pl: valval.
clam shell achirka. n. shellfish sp.; Variant: walwal. Note: only v.
clam shell from the sea; is purple and clearly maschas. adv. clearly; de-
white; up to 8 cm across. Pl: achir. scribes how someone is speaking.
class ulunggi. n. 1 room. 2 class; clever angel. adj. clever.
grade. Pl: ulung.
clever armali. adj. clever.
claw ravski. n. nail; claw. Pl: ravs.
clever, be ~ angelka vm. vi-so. 1 be
claws of a flying fox gilamucha. n. clever. 2 be talented.
claws of a flying fox; found on the
elbows of the flying fox; they use clever man amundrmbemka. n.
them to hang by. Pl: gilamu. clever man. Pl: amundrmbemta.
clean achlol. adj. clean. Variant: chlol. clever person armalika. n. clever
person.
clean achumer. adj. clean.
clever woman amndrmbemki. n.
clean kumer vm. vt. clean. Variant:
clever woman.
chumer.
click tk tk mt. vi-so. click. Note: only
clean, keep ~ tp m chdenggi. sa-vi. t.
keep clean. Variant: thp m chdenggi.
cliff chspka. n. high stony cliff with a
clean oneself thoroughly lmr nas. waterfall flowing down it. Pl: chsap.
sa-vi. clean oneself thoroughly. Variant: kspka.
clean thoroughly lmr. vt. clean climb bn. sa-vi. climb. Variant: vn.
thoroughly.
climb on bn vt. vt. climb on. Variant:
clean, very ~ achumerkumer. adj. vn vt. See: beng vt climb up.
very clean.
climb up beng vt. vt. climb up. Variant:
clear aer. adj. clear; light; especially of veng vt. See: bn vt climb on.
the sky.
clinic aslamrki. n. hospital; clinic;
clear don ma. sa-vi. 1 clear land for a health centre. Pl: aslamr. Variant:
new garden. 2 throw away; aban- slamrki.
don. Variant: thon ma.
clock kilok. n. clock. See: kunngga ava
clear tr. vt. 1 pull out. 2 uproot. iski clock. Note: no endings.
3 clear; especially of small weeds
227
clock cocoa tree
228
coconut comfort
has larger leaves than the auska spe- coin, kina ~ kinacha. n. kina coin. Pl:
cies. Pl: athalep. kina.
coconut lamsachi. n. 1 coconut. cold achumgi. n. cough; cold. Pl: chum.
2 coconut palm. Pl: lams. Variant: chumgi.
coconut, grated ~ vuthom. n. grated cold aisiska. n. cold.
coconut to be eaten raw. Note: only v. cold aiski. n. cold. Morph: aiski mt
coconut gratings vutka. n. coconut kdeng. Gloss: cold-F.SG at body.
gratings. Note: only v. cold auluvk. adj. cold.
coconut gratings, large amount of ~ cold, be ~ aiskias. vi-so. be cold.
vuetki. n. large amount of coconut Morph:aiskies. Gloss: cold-F-eat.
gratings.
cold, feel ~ auluvk tm. vi-so. feel
coconut, green ~ kulaucha. n. green cold. Usage: Only refers to a thing or
coconut (kulau); for drinking. Pl: another person. Variant: aulvk tm.
kulau. Note: only k.
cold, have a ~ aiski vt. vi-so. have a
coconut leaf lamsas. n. coconut leaf; cold.
the leaflets that make up a coconut
frond. collapse din s. vi-so. faint; collapse.
Variant: diss.
coconut, many dishes of grated ~
vutves. n. many dishes of grated collect tusamon dm n. vt. collect;
coconut. gather things together. Variant:
thusamon dm; dusamon dm;
coconut palm lamsachi. n. musamon dm.
1 coconut. 2 coconut palm. Pl:
lams.
colourful, be ~ amurmes pt. vi-so.
be colourful.
coconut palm, tall ~ lamsait. n. tall
coconut palm. Pl: lamsink. colours rachuvigel. n. colours; spe-
cifically the colours from the bark of
coconut, piece of ~ lamsigl. n. the amrachuvacha tree.
1 coconut plantation. 2 piece of
coconut. comb achirksengga. n. comb. Pl:
achirkseng.
coconut plantation lamsigl. n.
1 coconut plantation. 2 piece of
combined, be ~ ves tmna na. vi-so. be
coconut. combined.
coconut shell amilatka. n. 1 plate; come bang. sa-vi. 1 run; move quickly.
Usage: Refers to any kind of fast
dish. 2 coconut shell. Pl: milat.
Variant: milatka.
movement. 2 come. Variant: vang;
pang; mbang.
coiled, be ~ malumgi na. vi-so. be
coiled; be piled up. Variant: malum na. come dn. sa-vi. 1 arrive; come.
2 reach. 3 return. Variant: ndn;
coin anlka. n. 1 shellfish sp.; mussel; thn; mn; mun; -an.
bivalve from the river that lives in the
mud at the bottom of the river; dark come out puik na. vi-so. come out.
Variant: vuik na.
brown outside and white inside; peo-
ple refine (mumu) these shells, by fire, come out puvs. vi-so. come out.
to get lime powder. 2 money; coin; Variant: vuvs.
kina. Pl: anal. come up pus s. vi-so. come up;
coin duligl. n. coin; especially a silver emerge. Variant: vus s.
coin. Pl: duligleng. Pl: dul - Mali has comfort pelal vm. vt. comfort some-
future tense. one in distress. Variant: velal vm.
229
comfortable place copy
compress lingbes. n. gauze; lint; com- cook par. vt. cook in an earth oven
press. Pl: ling. (mumu). Variant: var; bar.
compromise alek mt. vi-so. 1 be cook pus. vt. cook. Variant: vus; ps;
vs. See: avsvsvmki kitchen.
hollow. 2 relent; be compassionate.
3 compromise. cooked amang. adj. 1 ripe; especially
conception sarumbm. n.
refers to the ripeness of bananas,
1 conception. 2 pregnancy. See:
mangoes, and pawpaws. 2 cooked.
Variant: mang.
pis d be swollen, used to refer to
pregnant animals. cooking avsvs. n. cooking.
conch shell abiulgi. n. conch shell. Pl: cooking, associated with ~ avsvs.
abiul. See: tavurki conch shell. adj. associated with cooking.
conch shell tavurki. n. 1 conch shell. cooking hut ambangga ma thi ps
2 bugle. Pl: tavur. See: abiulgi conch vmga. n. kitchen; cooking hut. Pl:
shell. Note: only t. ambang ma thi ps vmngt. Variant:
bangga ma thi ps vmga. See:
confess kuares ithm mes sa. vt.
avsvsvmki kitchen.
confess. Variant: chuares ithm mes sa.
confess tamn ithm mes. vt. confess. cooking hut avsvsvmki. n. kitchen;
Variant: thamn ithm mes; methamn
cooking hut. Pl: avsvsvm. See:
ambangga ma thi ps vmga kitchen.
ithm mes; tamon ithm mes; thamon
ithm mes; methamon ithm mes. cool place luk. n. cool place; comfort-
confused addn. adj. 1 odd; strange. able place; somewhere that is a good
2 confused; delirious; crazy; in- place to rest.
sane; altered psychological states in cooperative aslek. adj. cooperative;
general. obedient.
confused, be ~ ddn. vi-so. 1 be copper sulphate bluston. n. copper
confused. 2 be insane; crazy. sulphate.
3 be delirious. copra lams. n. copra.
congested, be heavily ~ genaing copra shed aus kopra. n. copra shed;
genaing mt. vi-so. have a snotty hut used to dry coconut and store
nose; be heavily congested. copra. Variant: us kopra.
conquer pithia na. vt. overcome; con- copy tat dm. vt. copy. Variant: that
quer. Variant: vithia na; withia na. dm; dat dm; mat dm; that d; tat d;
230
coral, piece of ~ crab, hermit ~ sp.
231
crab sp. crab sp.
crab sp. aneska. n. crab sp.; land crab small; grey-brown colour with red
with black shell and red claws; has a mouth and claws; shell up to 3 cm in
flat elongated body; lives in holes or diameter; often runs around on paths
under fallen wood. Pl: anes. near the coast. Pl: kalukluk. Variant:
crab sp. athonggi. n. 1 tree sp.; bears chalukluka.
an edible fruit. 2 river crab sp.; crab sp. kamangm. n. crab sp.; lives
brown; up to 5 cm in diameter; flat in the saltwater; small and brown with
feet for paddling. Pl: athong. hairs growing on the inside of its
crab sp. avngbeladiachi. n. river claws; up to 3 cm in diameter. Pl:
crab sp.; brown; has a large shell; up kamangvap. Variant: chamangm.
to 20 cm in diameter; lives in mud at crab sp. karekrecha. n. crab sp.; small
the mouth of rivers. Pl: avngbelade. black beach crab; lives under stones;
crab sp. brasochi. n. saltwater crab strong shell up to 3 cm in diameter. Pl:
sp.; large and green; shell up to 20 cm karekrek. Variant: charekrecha.
in diameter. Pl: brasau. crab sp. kebongbonggi. n. river crab
crab sp. chavenggi. n. river crab sp.; sp.; brown; shell up to 5 cm in di-
brown; shell up to 4 cm in diameter; ameter; lives near riverbanks;
sits on stones; hides when people ap- changes its shell in pools along the
proach. Pl: chaveng. Variant: kalenggi. road after rain; used for bait. Pl:
kebongbong. Variant: chebongbonggi.
crab sp. chsengdaiuika. n. river crab
sp.; brown; shell up to 4 cm in di- crab sp. kvarvarki. n. reef crab sp.;
ameter; hairy legs; lives under stones spotty green shell; up to 6 cm in di-
in the river. Pl: chsengdaiuik. Variant: ameter. Pl: kvarvar. Variant: chvar-
ksengdaiuika. varki.
crab sp. chialetki. n. river crab sp.; crab sp. kiakkiaka. n. crab sp.; lives in
brown; has a lumpy shell and flat holes in the sand; white and brown
chest; hatches in pools. Pl: chialet. shell; up to 5 cm in diameter. See:
Variant: kialetki. dulem crab sp. (alternate name).
crab sp. chulumtka. n. crab sp.; dark crab sp. klavonotki. n. reef crab sp.;
brown with a white mouth and white large and red; very hard shell up to
claws; shell 5 cm in diameter; lives 15 cm in diameter; fat in shape; lives
above the tide line. Pl: chulumt. far out on the reef. Pl: klavonot. Variant:
Variant: kulumtka. chlavonotki.
crab sp. chursachongem. n. crab sp.; crab sp. mnggariachi. n. reef crab
brown; strong shell up to 6 cm in di- sp.; dark brown; have hard, rough,
ameter; has powerful legs; kicks wrinkly shells; meat is inedible and
when someone holds it. Pl: chursa- can make you itchy. Pl: mnggare.
chong. Variant: kursachong. crab sp. muialka. n. crab sp.;
crab sp. dulem. n. crab sp.; lives in soft-shelled crab with greenish body;
holes in the sand; white and brown if it clamps a claw on you the claw
shell; up to 5 cm in diameter. Pl: may break off and it can grow a new
dulvap. See: kiakkiaka crab sp. (al- one. Pl: muial.
ternate name). crab sp. rachocha. n. land crab sp.;
crab sp. inducha. n. river crab sp.; whitish-brown shell and red claws; up
small and brown; has a hard shell; up to 5 cm in diameter; live in holes in
to 4 cm across; lives in small creeks swampy places. Pl: rachok.
and the headwaters of rivers. Pl: indu. crab sp. rachumga. n. land crab sp.;
crab sp. kalukluka. n. land crab sp.; black and red belly and claws; shell up
232
crab sp. crucify
233
crumble dance
cry tnok tichim. vt. whinge; cry. cut krtp s. vt. cut. Variant: chrtp
Variant: nok tichim. s.
cry tu nank. sa-vi. grizzle; cry for cut tp. vt. cut. Variant: thp. See: tap
something for a long time. Variant: thu make a cut.
nank; du nank; mu nank. cut down tap s. vt. 1 cut down; es-
cucumber lachski. n. 1 fish sp.; have pecially of trees; also used to refer to
yellow and brown stripes along the the act of clearing an area of bush.
body; up to 40 cm long. 2 sea cu- 2 cut off. Variant: thap s; thap sa.
cumber sp.; brown and edible. cut, make a ~ tap. sa-vi. make a cut.
3 cucumber. Pl: lachs. Variant: thap. See: tp cut.
cup kapki. n. cup. Pl: kap. Note: only k. cut off tap s. vt. 1 cut down; espe-
cure slamr n. vt. 1 cure. 2 save. cially of trees; also used to refer to the
act of clearing an area of bush.
cure slamrki. n. treatment; cure. Pl:
2 cut off. Variant: thap s; thap sa.
slamr.
cut up krtp mt. vt. chop; cut up.
current chngracha. n. current; in Variant: chrtp mt; krtp mt; chrtp
either a river or the sea. Pl: chngar. mt.
Variant: kngaracha.
cut up tigl tm. vt. 1 split. 2 cut up.
curse avsvesini. n. 1 magic spell; Variant: thigl tm.
curse. 2 charm; an object that car-
ries magical power. Variant: vsves.
D - d
daka leaves [TP] achuvorves. n. betel daka shoot [TP] liviska. n. betel
pepper (daka) leaves; mustard leaves. pepper (daka) shoot. Pl: livis.
Variant: achvorves. Pl: achuvor. See: damage slavo na. vt. 1 degrade.
ludngbs betel pepper (daka) leaves; 2 damage.
mustard leaves.
dance main'gi. n. dance. Pl: amain.
daka leaves [TP] ludngbs. n. betel
dance tain. sa-vi. dance. Variant: thain;
pepper (daka) leaves; mustard leaves.
dain; main.
234
dance, day ~ destruction
dance, day ~ Mndas. n. day dance. death aingipki. n. death. Pl: aingip.
Note: no endings. debate bingia. sa-vi. debate; argue.
dancer, day ~ Mndaska. n. day Variant: vingia.
dancer. Pl: Mndas. debate oerna sa methamn. n. de-
dancer, name of ~ awan'ga. n. name of bate.
dancer; masked dancer, dressed in decline ter. vt. refuse; decline. Variant:
yellow leaves from the victory leaf ther; der; mer.
plant, who carries beating sticks and
punishes children. Pl: awan. Variant: decorate tu thm. vt. decorate. Variant:
thu thm; du thm; mu thm; tu th;
van; avan'ga.
thu th; du th; mu th.
dangerous man srumn'ga. n. dan-
gerous man; one who reacts violently decorate oneself tu thm mes. sa-vi.
and impulsively to a sudden shock or decorate oneself. Variant: thu thm
mes; du thm mes; mu thm mes.
noise. Pl: srumnda. Note: no feminine.
darkness aun'gi. n. 1 darkness. decorations amuthms. n. decora-
2 shade; shadow. Pl: aun. Variant:
tions. Variant: amurms.
un'gi. See: ayauski shadow. decorative plant lagun'ga. n. cordyline
darkness aunia. n. darkness; especially sp.; victory leaf (tanget); decorative
darkness when there should be day- plant. Pl: lagun.
light, e.g. during an eclipse or be- deep dur. adv. deep.
cause of volcano smoke. Variant: unes deepest part of a pool chethopka ava
(Abilta dialect). sachongachi. n. deepest part of a
daughter athoemgi. n. daughter; fe- pool.
male student; female assistant. Morph: define an area suchut m. vt.
at=oemki. Gloss: 3F.SG.POSS=child-F.SG. 1 measure. 2 set out or define an
Variant: =emgi. area.
dawn aeraer. n. dawn. degrade slavo na. vt. 1 degrade.
dawn kunnggunng. n. dawn. Variant: 2 damage.
chunnggunng. delirious addn. adj. 1 odd; strange.
day kunngga. n. 1 sun. 2 day. Pl: 2 confused; delirious; crazy; in-
kunng. Variant: chunngga. sane; altered psychological states in
3 occasion. general.
day, next ~ mubang. adv. 1 tomorrow. delirious, be ~ ddn. vi-so. 1 be con-
2 next day. Variant: bubang; fused. 2 be insane; crazy. 3 be
mumbang. delirious.
day, the other ~ maila chuvsnia. depths sachongachi. n. 1 gaze.
disc. 1 the other day. 2 last time. 2 worried face. 3 depths of a pool.
Variant: malachuvsnia. Variant: sachong.
235
determined, be ~ disorder, be in ~
dig for nges t. vt. dig for. disobey palkachuik na. vt. disobey.
Variant: valkachuik na.
dig out sas t. vt. 1 dig out.
2 remove.
disorder, be in ~ mavo sna na. vi-so.
be in disorder; be in disarray; be
digest tepmuan vt. vt. digest. Variant: messy.
thepmuan vt.
236
disown down, get ~
do something sana. sa-vi. do something down at, from ~ naimano. dir. from
(indefinite). Variant: msana. See: down at.
tichina do something (definite). down at, from ~ nathmk. dir. from
do something tichina. vt. do something down at.
(definite). Variant: dichina; thichina. down, back ~ from nanavuk. dir. back
See: sana do something (indefinite). down from.
doctor dokta. n. doctor. Pl: doktachna. down from here imk. dir. down from
dodge tneng. sa-vi. avoid; dodge. here.
Variant: neng. down, from ~ namk. dir. from down.
dodge tneng n. vt. dodge. Variant: neng down, from ~ nmni. dir. from down.
n. Variant: namni.
dog vaimga. n. dog. Pl: vaim. Variant: down, get ~ beng dm. vt. get some-
paimga. thing down from a high place; espe-
dog, wild ~ murapka. n. wild dog. Pl:
cially referring to picking something
murap.
from a tree. Variant: veng dm.
237
down inside drum
down inside saimk. dir. down inside. downwards mamanp. dir. down-
down into smt. prep. 1 into. wards.
2 down into. Variant: smk (Abilta downwards smsng. dir. to the
dialect). ground; downwards.
down over there imano. dir. down over drag par dm. vt. drag. Variant: var dm;
there. par d; var d.
down over there, from ~ namano. dir. drag thoret. vt. drag. Variant: roret.
from down over there. drain out lel tm. vi-so. drain out.
down, straight ~ imanp. dir. down- draw kut ma. vt. draw. Variant: chut
wards; straight down. ma; chut ma; kut ma.
down that way sainamk. dir. down drawing achutkutki. n. drawing.
that way. Variant: chutkutki. See: ailachi picture;
down the side muanp. dir. down the image.
side; over the side. Variant: monp. dream amasithmgi. n. dream. Pl:
down there mano. dir. down there. amasithm. Variant: masithmgi.
Variant: mana (Abilta dialect). dream sachong. n. 1 vision; dream;
down there saimanp. dir. down there. daydream. 2 glasses. 3 crown of
down there samano. dir. down to; a tree. 4 surface; e.g. the surface of
down there. Variant: samana. the sea, the face of the earth, the top
of a sore, the opening of a pot.
down there sathmanp. dir. down
there. dried, be ~ dil tm. vi-so. be dried. Note:
only d.
down there sathmk. dir. down there.
dried up adildil. adj. dried up. Variant:
down there tmanp. dir. down there. dildil.
Variant: thmanp.
driftwood chlelachun'ga. n. drift-
down there, from ~ naimanp. dir. wood. Pl: chlelachun. Variant:
from down there. klalachun.
down there, from ~ namanp. dir. from drink tnaik. sa-vi. drink. Variant: naik;
down there. Variant: namani; namana. tneik; neik.
down there, from ~ nathmanp. dir. drop mendecha. n. drop; a drop of
from down there. Variant: nathmani. water or other liquid. Pl: mendek.
down there, from ~ nathmano. dir. drop tt pthik tm. vt. 1 let go of.
from down there. 2 drop. Variant: tht pthik; dt
down this way sathmani. dir. down pthik; mt pthik; tt tthik.
this way. drops, stream of falling ~ achrirka. n.
down to saimano. dir. down to. stream of falling drops. Variant:
down to saimni. dir. over to; down to. chrirka.
down to samano. dir. down to; down drown don. sa-vi. 1 go in; enter.
there. Variant: samana. 2 sink. 3 drown. 4 be stuck.
Variant: thon; mon.
down towards speaker inavuk. dir.
down towards speaker; downwards. drown pknas. sa-vi. drown. Variant:
vknas.
downwards imanp. dir. downwards;
straight down. drowsy, be ~ mnap mt. vi-so. be
sleepy; be drowsy.
downwards inavuk. dir. down towards
speaker; downwards. drum athunepki. n. drum (small
238
drum earlier
garamut); sits on the ground and is hit hide oneself. 2 make way; move
with the end of a stick held upright in aside. 3 move along. Variant: virs
a womans hands. Pl: athunap. Variant: ithm.
thunepki. duck down nging dm. vi-so. bend;
drum dramgi. n. drum; specifically a duck down.
drum of fuel, not a musical instru- duck down spsp na. vi-so. 1 duck
ment. Pl: dram. down. 2 fall down. Variant: spsp
drum, bamboo ~ avrin'gi. n. bamboo glm.
drum. Pl: avrin. duck, female ~ patochi. n. female duck.
drum, hand ~ kunduchi. n. hand drum. Pl: pato.
Pl: kundu. Note: only k. dull, be ~ bubu. vi-so. be dull. Note:
drum of petrol bensin'gi. n. drum of only b.
petrol, benzene, or gasoline. during mt. prep. 1 in; within.
dry achrark. adj. dry. 2 during; on. Gram: This sense available
dry achsasek. adj. dry. Variant: with temporal expressions. 3 inside.
chsasek. Note: only ch. 4 into. 5 through. Variant: mtha;
m.
dry krark. vt. dry. Variant: chrark.
during np. prep. at; during.
dry tet dm. vt. dry; desiccate; be dried
out from lying in the sun. Variant: thet dust thabucha. n. dust; ash; specifi-
dm; det dm; met dm. cally white ash from a fire. Pl: thabu.
See: unpka dust; chinap ash.
dry, be ~ krk pt. vi-so. be dry.
Variant: chrk pt. dust unpka. n. dust. Pl: unap. See:
thabucha dust; ash.
dry, be ~ ksk pt. vi-so. be dry.
Variant: chsk pt. dwarf srvm. n. dwarf. Pl: srvap.
duck patocha. n. duck. Pl: pato. dying, be ~ ngipngip. vi-so. be dying.
duck behind pirs ithm. vt. 1 hide dysentery mur na mbias. n. dysen-
behind; duck behind something to tery.
E - e
each aguikaguik. dem. 1 another. ear asdemga. n. ear. Pl: asdem. Variant:
Gram: Feminine singular contrastive demon- asdemgi; asndem; asdem.
strative. 2 each. Gram: Feminine singular earlier mali. disc. before; earlier.
239
early, get up ~ empty
east chunengga cha ndn. n. east. eel sp. noingmtka. n. saltwater eel
sp.; black, short, and slender. Pl:
eat ts. vt. eat. Variant: ds; ths; ms;
noingmt.
-as.
egg valuacha. n. egg. Pl: valo. Variant:
eat with tstmna n. vt. eat with. paluacha; valocha.
Variant: thstmna n; dstmna n;
mstmna n. elbow adulemga. n. elbow. Pl: adulam.
Variant: dulemga.
edge angtkeng. n. 1 edge.
2 bank; especially of a body of water emaciated, be ~ lalar pt. vi-so. be
such as a river or pool. Morph: scrawny; be emaciated; be very thin;
angtkeng. Gloss: 3N.POSS-teeth. Variant: especially after a long illness.
cheng; keng; geng. embarrassed, be ~ klep. vi-so. be
eel anekethopki. n. eel; generic term; embarrassed. Variant: chlep.
also refers to a species of river eel, embarrassment chlepki. n. shame;
which is grey in colour with a white shyness; embarrassment. Pl: chlep.
belly. Pl: nekthop. Variant: klepki.
eel sp. ainangdchathachi. n. salt- ember aisinggi. n. 1 spark.
water eel sp.; dark brown with a long 2 ember. Pl: aisaing.
yellowish fin down the spine. Pl: ember sachongini. n. 1 eye. Usage:
ainangdchatha. Polite form. 2 ember.
eel sp. alanaski. n. saltwater eel sp.; emerge pus s. vi-so. come up; emerge.
white with sharp teeth; up to 1 m in Variant: vus s.
length. Pl: alanas.
emery wheel anengachi. n. emery
eel sp. athmamberacha. n. eel sp.; wheel. Pl: aneng.
lives in sand at the river mouth; up to
20 cm long; used as bait; has a pointy empty adungdung. adj. empty. Variant:
dungdung.
mouth that sticks out above the sand.
240
empty eyebrow
241
eyelashes fatty
F - f
face sachongas. n. face. Pl: sachong. fall in love with tu vlk svt. vt. fall
face, hide ones ~ nathong. sa-vi. look in love with. Variant: thu vlk svt; du
away; hide ones face. vlk svt; mu vlk svt.
face, worried ~ sachongachi. n. fall out tar s. vi-so. fall out. Variant: thar
1 gaze. 2 worried face. s; dar s; mar s.
3 depths of a pool. Variant: sachong. famous, be ~ lengen na. vi-so. be fa-
faeces asnok. n. excrement; faeces. mous; be renowned. Variant: langena.
fail to finish tu dng. vt. 1 interrupt. far away gelaulul. dir. far away; long
2 fail to finish. Variant: thu dng; du way.
dng; mu dng. fart bep d ves. vi-so. fart; a noisy fart.
faint din s. vi-so. faint; collapse. Variant: Note: only b.
diss. fart buepki. n. fart; especially noisy
faint ngip. sa-vi. 1 die. 2 be numb. farts. Pl: buep. Variant: bpki.
3 faint. Variant: ingip. fast mamor. adv. 1 lots.
faint sp samk. sa-vi. 1 fall down. 2 excessively; very much; terribly.
2 faint. 3 strongly. 4 hard. 5 loudly.
6 fast; quickly. 7 brightly.
faithful man ravan'ga. n. faithful man.
Usage: This word compares a faithful fast, very ~ iri ma. adv. very fast.
person with a clam, something that fast, very ~ set. adv. very fast.
does not move around. Pl: ravanda.
fasten kethik sthm. vt. fasten.
faithful woman ravan'gi. n. faithful Variant: chethik sthm.
woman.
fasten kop mni. vt. fasten. Variant:
fall pen d. vi-so. fall. chop mni.
fall ptpt na. vi-so. 1 fall. fat, be ~ kthopka vt. vi-so. be fat; be
2 scatter. Variant: vtpt. obese. Variant: chthopka vt.
fall puthm. vi-so. fall. Variant: vuthm. fat from an animal or fish mamutki. n.
fall sp. sa-vi. fall. fat or grease from an animal or fish. Pl:
mamut.
fall tar. sa-vi. fall; particularly of fruit.
Variant: thar; dar; mar. father mambet. n. father.
fall down pai. sa-vi. 1 fall down; hit the father mamk. n. father. Pl: mamkna.
ground. 2 land heavily. Variant: vai. father mamga. n. father; Dad; address
fall down pathik mes. sa-vi. fall down. and reference term; it is also used by
Variant: vathik mes. children-in-law. Pl: mamda.
fall down sp samk. sa-vi. 1 fall father-in-law thuvska. n. father-in-
down. 2 faint. law; brother-in-law; uncle-in-law; any
fall down spsp na. vi-so. 1 duck in-laws except ones wifes mothers
down. 2 fall down. Variant: spsp brother and his wife. Pl: thuvsvek.
glm. fatty mamut. adj. greasy; fatty.
fall down suk dm. vi-so. fall down.
242
fatty, be ~ finger
feast amsmski. n. feast; party. Pl: fever armgi ama ingun'ga. n. fever.
amsms. Variant: msmski. fever, have a ~ kasrki pt. vi-so. have
feast munambs. n. feast; religious a fever; have malaria.
holiday. Pl: munamimlk. fibre for making net bags mamaing.
feather chsengvs. feather. Pl:
n. n. fibre for making net bags (bilums).
chsngimlk. Pl: chseng. Variant: fibres used for weaving athing. n. fi-
ksengvs. bres used for weaving.
feel tk vt. vt. 1 touch. 2 feel. fig tree tchusacha. n. fig tree. Pl:
Variant: thk vt; thk v; tk v. tuchuas. Variant: thuchuas.
feel tnari. vt. 1 hear. 2 feel. fight gamar. sa-vi. fight. Note: only g.
3 taste. Variant: nari. fight gamar n. vt. fight. Note: only g.
female lvop. adj. female. fight each other bn mna. sa-vi. fight
female ancestor amorki. n. 1 adult each other. Variant: vn mna.
woman. 2 leader. 3 female an- fight each other gamar nana. sa-vi.
cestor. 4 goddess. Pl: morvap. Pl: fight each other. Note: only g.
morta.
fighting ground gamracha. n. fight-
fence ichthachi. n. fence; enclosure. ing ground. Note: no plural.
Pl: ichat.
file paelka. n. file. Pl: pael. Note: only p.
fence nathvachi. n. fence. Pl: nathe-
vap.
fill tchp. vt. fill. Variant: thchp.
fence pdm. sa-vi. fence; make a fence filthy place athinggiaras. n. filthy or
around an area. Variant: vdm. smelly place. Variant: tinggiaras.
fence, make a ~ pdm. sa-vi. fence; fin of a dolphin vethachi. n. fin, flip-
make a fence around an area. Variant: per, or tail of a dolphin. Pl: avet. Note:
only v.
vdm.
fencepost rprpka. n. fencepost. Pl:
find dn vt. vt. find. Variant: thn vt;
mun vt; dn bt; thn bt; mun bt.
rprp.
fencing, sheet of wire ~ vaiaves. n. arc find nothing vesnas. sa-vi. find nothing
mesh; sheet of wire fencing. Note: where you expect to find something;
only v.
e.g. ripe bananas you were planning
to pick but someone came along and
fern gavun. n. fern. Variant: gawun. took them. Note: only v.
ferns aiguam. n. ferns. Variant: iguam. fine mamr. adv. 1 well; fine.
Note: no endings. 2 properly. 3 possible.
ferny place igumacha. n. ferny place; a fine, feel ~ amrvs pt. vi-so. 1 feel
place with one kind of fern all around. fine. 2 heal; get better; get well.
Pl: iguam. 3 feel peaceful.
festering achesin. adj. 1 rotten; fes- finger angthika. n. finger. Pl: ang-
243
finger fish
fire a gun puk mt. vt. fire a gun. first, go ~ thuer. sa-vi. 1 go first.
Variant: vuk mt. 2 go ahead. 3 go in front. Variant:
ruer; er; kuer.
fire, be in a ~ dang mt. sa-vi. 1 burn;
be on fire. 2 be in a fire. Variant: fish athinmga. n. fish; generic term.
ndang mt; thang mt; mang mt. Pl: athinm.
244
fish fish sp.
fish trip. sa-vi. fish with a hook and line sp.; light brown with a black spot on
from a canoe or a boat. either side of its tail; up to 30 cm long.
fish, large fish of the makaucha spe- Pl: aidthengm.
cies makauchi. n. large fish of the fish sp. aidika. n. reef fish sp.; silver
makaucha species. (small ones are greenish); very long
fish, large ~ athinmgi. n. large fish; and thin; long mouth and sharp teeth.
generic term. Pl: aidik.
fish, pull in a ~ par s. vt. 1 invite. fish sp. aidrengga. n. reef fish sp.; red
2 ask for someone; call for someone. emperor; up to 80 cm long. Pl: aidreng.
3 lead. 4 pull in a fish; refers to fish sp. ailasrka. n. freshwater fish
a fish which is caught on a hook. sp.; red; has a big mouth and sharp
Variant: thar (Abilta dialect); var s. teeth. Pl: ailasr.
fish, school of ~ thinmbes. n. school fish sp. aingipdulvulka. n. fish sp.;
of fish. Variant: thinmbs. Note: only th. harlequin fish; lives in fresh or salt
fish sp. achapdetham. n. fish sp.; water; is transparent (the bones are
plentiful at the river mouth; silver in visible through the skin); up to 10 cm
colour; have thick lips and a stout long. Pl: aingipduvul. Variant:
shape; length up to 50 cm. Pl: aingipdchulka.
achapdangetham. fish sp. athibunmachi. n. reef fish sp.;
fish sp. achlacha. n. reef fish sp.; light green with black and yellow
small parrotfish; green with soft slip- markings on face; is fat; up to 60 cm
pery skin and scales. Morph: a= long. Pl: athibunma.
chlaka. Gloss: SPEC=soft-M. SG. Pl: fish sp. athikoneng angt nank. n.
achlak. Morph: a=chlak. Gloss: SPEC= fish sp.; refers to two different species
soft. that are often found on the reef: one is
fish sp. achilaigl. n. fish sp.; lives on black, up to 20 cm long; the other is
the reef; whitish with black vertical light brown, up to 30 cm long; both
stripes; is up to 15 cm long; does not have a stinging spike on either side of
have scales. Pl: achila. their tail and greasy flesh. Pl:
athikoneng angt nankina. Variant:
fish sp. achinggoingigl. n. fish sp.; athikoneng angt nankigleng.
lives on the reef; multi-coloured but-
terfly fish: white, yellow, black; up to fish sp. athikonenginggl. n. fish sp.;
20 cm long; similar to angel fish. Pl: lives on the reef; yellow and red with
achinggoing. black lengthwise stripes; is up to
20 cm long; moves fast. Pl: athikoneng.
fish sp. achutgielmtmon'ga. n.
deep sea fish sp.; has a long, pro- fish sp. athinm angtha wan'ga. n.
truding, sharp upper jaw, and a short reef fish sp.; the spirit mask (tum-
lower jaw. Pl: achutgielmtmon. buan) of the fish; multicoloured: red,
yellow, orange, and white, with many
fish sp. achururka. n. reef fish sp.; fins; can sting. Pl: athinm angtha
pink with stout body; smaller than the wan.
gmlcha species; easy to find on the
reef at night. Pl: achurchur. fish sp. athopthacha. n. reef fish sp.;
patchy green and brown camouflage
fish sp. achuvelithachn'ga. n. reef colours; up to 1 m long; has a large
fish sp.; red and light brown colour; mouth; lives in holes in the reef; an-
red inside its mouth; up to 50 cm long. other variety from the deep sea is red.
Pl: achuvelithachn.
Pl: athopt.
fish sp. aidthengmga. n. reef fish fish sp. atun'gi. n. fish sp.; yellowfin
245
fish sp. fish sp.
246
fish sp. fish sp.
247
fish sp. flat ones, some ~
vlam. Variant: plmgi; plmgi; vlmgi. flat one, just that particular ~
fish sp. vthenm. n. freshwater fish chkvs. dem. just that particular
sp.; white; up to 10 cm long. Pl: flat one. Gram: Emphatic flat singular con-
vthen. Variant: pthenm. trastive demonstrative. See: kvs that
particular flat one.
fish sp. viskthopka. n. reef fish sp.;
all white; covered in very soft spikes; flat one, that particular ~ kvs. dem.
when touched or speared, it swells up that particular flat one. Gram: Flat sin-
by drinking saltwater. Pl: viskthop. gular contrastive demonstrative. Variant:
Variant: piskthopka. chvs; kchs; achvs; chchs. See:
chkvs just that particular flat one.
fish, tinned ~ thinmmtki. n. tinned
fish. Pl: thinmmt. flat one, that particular ~ pavvs.
dem. that particular flat one. Gram: Flat
fishing line changgthacha. n. singular distal demonstrative emphatic.
1 vine sp.; large, thick vine. Usage:
Variant: vavvs.
Arongda dialect. 2 rope; vine
makes a good rope. 3 fishing line. flat one, that ~ avvs. dem. that flat
Pl: changgt. Variant: kanggthacha; one. Gram: Flat singular distal demonstrative.
chagthacha. See: charoski (Abilta Variant: vvs. See: avchs that flat
dialect) vine sp. one.
fishing spear chevs. n. fishing spear; flat one, the ~ ngas. pro. the flat one.
has many prongs. Pl: chevimlk. Note: Gram: Flat singular nominal pronoun.
only ch. flat one, this particular ~ taithvs.
fit for, be ~ mamr pet. vi-so. be fit for; dem. this particular flat one. Gram: Flat
be able to; be good for. Variant: mamr singular proximate demonstrative emphatic.
vet. Variant: thaithvs.
five angthikpet. num. five. Variant: flat one, this ~ ithvs. dem. this flat
ngthikpet. one. Gram: Flat singular proximate demon-
strative. Variant: tvs.
fix slamr vm. vt. 1 fix. 2 tidy.
flat ones, just those particular two ~
flag baulvs. n. flag. Pl: baul. kmlm. dem. just those particular
flagpole baulvs angtha mngga. n. two flat ones. Gram: Flat dual contrastive
flagpole. Pl: baul angtha mng. demonstrative. Variant: chmlm; ach-
flame churetka. n. flame. Pl: churet. mlm. See: chkmlm just those
Note: only ch. particular flat two.
flame, large ~ churetki. n. large flame. flat ones, just those particular ~
Pl: churet. Note: only ch. chkmlk. dem. just those par-
ticular flat ones. Gram: Emphatic flat plural
flame, tongue of ~ chulimbinggi. n.
contrastive demonstrative. See: chmlk
tongue of flame. Pl: achulubaing.
those particular flat ones.
Variant: kulbingga; chulibingga.
flat ones, some two ~ agimlm. pro.
flap nam. sa-vi. flap; especially of
some two flat ones. Gram: Flat dual in-
wings.
definite pronoun. Variant: anggimlm;
flash flood umngachi. n. flash flood. gimlm.
Pl: umang.
flat ones, some ~ agimlk. pro. some
flashlight manaingimgi. n. flat ones. Gram: Flat plural indefinite pro-
1 window. 2 torch; flashlight. Pl: noun. Variant: anggimlk; gimlk.
manaingim. See: achilotki window.
flat ones, some ~ guamlk. dem.
flat avras. adj. flat. some flat ones. Gram: Flat plural indefinite
flat land lamn. n. flat land. demonstrative.
248
flat ones, some ~ flesh
flat ones, some ~ guavs. dem. some flat ones, those particular ~ paivang.
flat ones. Gram: Flat plural indefinite de- dem. those particular flat ones. Gram:
monstrative. Flat plural distal demonstrative emphatic.
flat ones, these particular ~ taithang. Variant: aivang; vaivang. See: pachvang
dem. 1 this particular one; these par- those particular flat ones.
ticular ones. Gram: Count neutral proximate flat ones, those two ~ avmlm. dem.
demonstrative emphatic. 2 these par- those two flat ones. Gram: Flat dual distal
ticular flat ones. Gram: Flat plural proxi- demonstrative. Variant: vmlm.
mate demonstrative emphatic. See: taith- flat ones, two ~ guamlm. dem. two
mlk these particular flat ones. flat ones. Gram: Flat dual indefinite demon-
3 these particular long ones. Gram: strative.
Long plural proximate demonstrative em-
phatic. Variant: thaithang.
flat, that ~ one avchs. dem. that flat
one. Gram: Flat singular distal demonstrative.
flat ones, these particular ~ taith- Variant: vchs.
mlk. dem. these particular flat
ones. Gram: Flat plural proximate demon- flat, the ~ two ngimlm. pro. the flat
strative emphatic. Variant: thaithmlk.
two. Gram: Flat dual nominal pronoun.
See: taithang these particular flat flat thing, some ~ agivs. pro. some flat
ones. thing. Gram: Flat singular indefinite pronoun.
Variant: anggivs.
flat ones, these two ~ ithmlm.
dem. these two flat ones. Gram: Flat dual flat things, those ~ avmlk. dem.
proximate demonstrative. Variant: tmlm. those flat things. Gram: Flat plural distal
demonstrative. Variant: vmlk.
flat ones, these ~ ithang. dem.
1 these. Gram: Count neutral proximate flat, those ~ ones avang. dem. 1 that
demonstrative. 2 these flat ones. Gram: one; those ones. Gram: Count neutral distal
Flat plural proximate demonstrative. Variant: demonstrative. 2 those flat ones. Gram:
thang; tngt; ithngt; tang (Abilta Flat plural distal demonstrative. Variant:
dialect). vang; pang.
flat ones, these ~ ithmlk. dem. flat two, just those particular ~ chk-
these flat ones. Gram: Flat plural proximate mlm. dem. just those particular flat
demonstrative. Variant: tmlk. two. Gram: Emphatic flat dual contrastive
demonstrative. See: chmlm just those
flat ones, those particular two ~
pavmlm. dem. those particular particular two flat ones.
two flat ones. Gram: Flat dual distal demon- flat two, the ~ imlm. pro. the flat
strative emphatic. Variant: vavmlm. two. Gram: Flat dual reduced nominal pro-
noun.
flat ones, those particular ~ kmlk.
dem.those particular flat ones. Gram: flat two, these particular ~ taithm-
Flat plural contrastive demonstrative. Variant: lm. dem. these particular flat two.
chmlk; achmlk. See: chkmlk Gram: Flat dual proximate demonstrative em-
just those particular flat ones. phatic. Variant: thaithmlm.
flat ones, those particular ~ pach- flattened area burichi. n. cleared area;
vang. dem. 1 that particular one; flattened area; e.g. a place in the bush
those particular ones. Gram: Count neu- where there has been a dog fight or a
tral distal demonstrative emphatic. crocodile resting. Pl: buri.
2 those particular flat ones. Gram: Flat flattened out, be ~ pl tm. vi-so. be
plural distal demonstrative emphatic. Variant: broken; be bent over; be flattened out;
vachvang; bachvang. See: paivang e.g. of grass that has been walked on.
those particular flat ones.
flesh achurnaing. n. meat; flesh; es-
249
flimsy foot
250
footprint friends, be ~
lite than
just using lchar. Pl: forest undrki. n. forest. Pl: undr.
alcharithong. forest person, little ~ tbr nanm. n.
footprint alcharacha. n. 1 footprint; little forest person. Pl: tbr nanbap.
track. 2 footstep. Pl: alchar. Variant: thbr nanm.
footstep alcharacha. n. 1 footprint; forever snas. adv. forever. Variant:
track. 2 footstep. Pl: alchar. sanas.
for nani. prep. for. Gram: Appears before full forever more tevuit mo. dir. forever
noun phrases. See: nania for. more. Variant: thevuit mo.
for nania. prep. for. Gram: Appears before forget pat pthanas. sa-vi. forget.
pronouns. See: nani for. Variant: vat pthanas.
for pathm. prep. 1 along. forget sari. vi-so. forget.
2 according to. 3 for. Variant: forget suk dm. vt. forget.
vathm; bathm.
forgetful person dt mtha
for each other pathm na. dir. musnng. n. forgetful person.
1 alongside; side by side. 2 with
each other; for each other. forward inamuk. dir. across towards
3 parallel. Variant: vathm na; bathm
speaker; forward.
na. four alevavet. num. four. Variant: leva-
vet.
for oneself banas. dir. for oneself.
for themselves snas. dir. for them- fowl, wild ~ malachi. n. wild fowl. Pl:
mala.
selves; about themselves.
forbid rek sthm. vt. 1 close in. fragrant sap raiycha. n. 1 tree sp.;
2 block off; e.g. to obstruct some-
grows along the coast and in the
ones view. 3 forbid. Variant: trek mountains in the bush; the sap is fra-
sthm; chrek sthm. See: trek tm
grant and burns like wax.
2 fragrant sap from the tree with the
prohibit, forbid.
same name. Pl: raiyk.
forbid trek tm. vt. prohibit; forbid.
Variant: rek tm.
frame birbirka. n. 1 border of dancing
ground. 2 frame for a net. Pl: birbir.
forehead blinggi. n. 1 space.
2 forehead. Pl: blaing.
frame, section of ~ grtpes. n. section
of frame; e.g. one side of a house
foreign aml. adj. 1 loose. frame. Pl: grtimlk.
2 foreign. Variant: ml.
friend aruacha. n. friend; often used to
foreign man amlka. n. 1 large is- refer to spouses. Pl: aruavek. Variant:
land. Pl: aml. See: amlm small is- ruacha. See: lugutka husband.
land. 2 foreign man; temporary
visitor. Pl: amlta. See: naingiska for- friend lmuacha. n. friend; ally. Pl:
lmutha.
eigner.
foreign woman amlki. n. foreign friend vum. n. friend, the address term.
Pl: vuap. Note: only v.
woman.
foreigner naingiska. n. foreigner. Pl: friend, female ~ aruachi. n. female
naingista. See: amlka foreign man;
friend; wife.
temporary visitor. friend, female ~ lmuachi. n. female
foreigner, female ~ naingiski. n. fe- friend; female ally.
male foreigner. friends, be ~ tethana. sa-vi. 1 be
foreskin luchi at kdngga. n. fore- friends. 2 be married. 3 group
skin. Pl: lu angt kdng. together. Variant: thetana; dethaa;
251
friendship from over there
252
from over there fun, make ~
from, over ~ naivuit. dir. over from. front, in ~ dngtham. dir. in front; at
the front.
from, over ~ namui. dir. from over
there; same level as speaker. front, in ~ ndngetham. dir. in front.
from, over ~ namuit. dir. over from. fruit isinggi. n. tree sp.; similar to
breadfruit but brown on the outside
from, over ~ navuit. dir. over from. and yellow inside; refers to both the
Variant: navit.
tree and the fruit. Pl: isainng.
from, over ~ (distant) navui. dir. over fruit bat avunathepki. n. fruit bat sp.;
from (distant). small. Pl: avunathep.
from side nathmuanp. dir. from fruit, immature ~ guingini. n. imma-
side. Variant: nathmoni; nathmonp. ture fruit; the buds of fruit that appear
from the other side naimuit. dir. from after the flowers have fallen off. Pl:
the other side. guingithong.
from the other side namethik. dir. fruit sp. athongga. n. fruit sp.; must be
from the other side. cooked before it is eaten. Pl: athong.
from the side, over ~ namonp. dir. fruit, type of ~ aruchusicha. n. 1 tree
over from the side. Variant: namoni; sp. 2 type of fruit.
namuanp.
fruit, type of ~ chmbucha. n. type of
from there inavi. dir. from there. fruit. Usage: Also known as ton in Tok
from there nainavi. dir. from there. Pisin. Pl: chmbu. Variant: kmbucha.
from there nave. dir. from there. full, be tchp. vi-so. be full. Variant:
thchp n.
from there navi. dir. from there.
fun, make ~ bncha muma. sa-vi.
from up nainavuk. dir. from up.
make fun; joke. Variant: vncha muma;
from up naivuk. dir. from up. vna muma; bna muma.
from up there naivono. dir. from up fun, make ~ tu ma. sa-vi. joke; make
there. fun. Variant: thu ma; du ma; mu ma.
from up there nathvono. dir. from up fun, make ~ tu samor s. vt. make fun.
253
function get
G - g
galip nut vimga. n. galip nut (Canarium by extension, a no entry sign or gate.
indicum). Pl: viam. Variant: pimga. Pl: arekrek.
254
get good for, be ~
mand Have your baby now!; only that glimpse tlu wirp. vi-so. glimpse; catch
and mat are usually used. Variant: that; sight of something because it moves.
dat; mat; tht; tt; dt; mt. Variant: lu wirp.
get tt s. vt. get. Variant: tht s; dt s; glorious, be ~ tu thm mes pt. vi-so.
tat sa; mt s; mat s. be glorious. Variant: thu thm mes pt;
get burnt dung mt. vi-so. get burnt. du thm mes pt; mu thm mes pt.
get down tik. vt. get down. Variant: thik. glory amurmeski. n. glory. Pl:
amuremes.
get out pr. vt. 1 get something out of
a pocket or a similar place. glow igalechi. n. glow of light; e.g.
2 breathe out. 3 put; e.g. to put from a distant fire or from the sun at
someone in a particular place. Variant: dawn. Pl: igale.
vr. glue ananachi. n. glue. Pl: anana.
get out ps s. vi-so. get out. Variant: vs gluefish chalacha. n. freshwater fish
s. sp.; gluefish; can stick themselves to a
get up sekmes. sa-vi. get up. Variant: rock with their chests. Pl: chala. Variant:
sepmes. kalacha.
get up early tchasp. sa-vi. get up go tranas. sa-vi. go; take off; leave.
early. Variant: thchasp. Variant: thranas; dranas; mranas;
thranas; dranas; mranas.
ghost tomga. n. spirit; ghost. Variant:
thomga. go tet. sa-vi. 1 walk. 2 go. Variant:
thet; det; met; -et.
giant srucha. n. 1 giant. Pl: srutha.
2 old man. Pl: srutha. go around bing. sa-vi. go around.
giant, female ~ sruchi. n. 1 female go around nging. vt. go around. Usage:
giant. 2 old woman. Abilta dialect. Variant: ing. See: bing vt
go around.
giddy, be ~ kibing kibing va
sachong. vi-so. be dizzy; be giddy. go in don. sa-vi. 1 go in; enter.
Note: only k. 2 sink. 3 drown. 4 be stuck.
Variant: thon; mon.
gift of food amthcha. n. gift of food;
something that has come from some- go in front thuer. sa-vi. 1 go first.
one else. Pl: mthk. Variant: mthcha. 2 go ahead. 3 go in front. Variant:
ruer; er; kuer.
gigantic asru. adj. huge; gigantic.
Variant: sru. God amorka. n. 1 adult man.
2 leader. 3 ancestor. 4 God. Pl:
ginger, piece of ~ mavnini. n. morvap. Pl: morta.
1 piece of ginger. 2 little finger.
Pl: mavnithong. See: secha little fin- God Deo. n. God.
ger. God the Everlasting thchnmucha.
ginger plant mavnachi. n. ginger n. sacred being; God the Everlasting.
plant; roots can be chewed to help Pl: thchnmu. Note: only th.
with colds and flu. Pl: mavan. goddess amorki. n. 1 adult woman.
give bon. vt. 1 give. 2 thatch; put 2 leader. 3 female ancestor.
leaves on a roof. Variant: von; mbon. 4 goddess. Pl: morvap. Pl: morta.
glasses sachong. n. 1 vision; dream; good amr. adj. good; pleasant; nice.
daydream. 2 glasses. 3 crown of Variant: mr.
a tree. 4 surface; e.g. the surface of good for, be ~ mamr pet. vi-so. be fit
the sea, the face of the earth, the top for; be able to; be good for. Variant:
of a sore, the opening of a pot. mamr vet.
255
good humoured man grasshopper sp.
256
grasshopper sp. grile [TP]
257
grizzle hand
group gulinggi. n. group. Pl: gulaing. grunt ngk d. vi-so. gasp; grunt.
group together tethana. sa-vi. 1 be guava govachi. n. guava. Pl: gova.
friends. 2 be married. 3 group guava tree govacha. n. guava tree; the
together. Variant: thethana; dethana; leaves are good for stomach aches. Pl:
methana. gova.
grow dn. sa-vi. grow. Variant: thn; rn; guess, make ~ bna. vt. make someone
ndn; rin (Abilta dialect). else guess. Variant: vna.
grow dn. vt. grow; specifically make a gullet laguain'gi. n. gullet. Pl:
baby grow. Variant: thn; rn; ndn; rin langguain.
(Abilta dialect). gun rarpka. n. 1 strong inner part of
grow pur. vi-so. grow; especially of new tree. 2 gun. Pl: rarp.
skin or bark growing over a cut. gun vilchi. n. gun. Pl: vilik. Variant:
Variant: vur.
pilichi.
grow fast tir. sa-vi. grow fast. Variant:
gurgle guarem. n. gurgle; a gurgling
thir.
sound such as the sound of a river
growth airirki. n. growth. Pl: airir. going between stones.
growth munmun'gi. n. growth. Pl:
munmun.
H - h
258
hand health centre
happy lareng. vi-so. happy. Usage: This he k. pro. he; it. Gram: Third person mascu-
word is a bit archaic; it is mainly used line singular class two pronoun. Variant: ch;
now to describe the way dogs behave g.
when greeting their masters. he ng. pro. he; she; it; they. Gram: Third
happy, be ~ amr ba. vi-so. be happy. person neuter class one pronoun. Variant:
Variant: mr ba. nga.
happy, be ~ amr pt. vi-so. be happy. he ngthi. pro. he; she; it; they. Gram:
Third person neuter class two pronoun.
happy, be ~ amr vm. vi-so. be happy.
head vuski. n. head. Pl: vs. Variant:
happy, be ~ asevaik pt. vi-so. puski; waski; buski; vski; veski.
1 rejoice; be happy; be joyful.
2 feel proud. 3 be a nuisance. head, sore on the ~ sulka. n. 1 piece
Variant: sevaik pt. of coral. 2 sore on the head. Pl: sul.
happy, be ~ lareng'ga vt. vi-so. be head to tail pethana. dir. head to tail;
happy. back to front. Variant: vethana.
259
health centre hero
heap up don ma. vt. heap up. Variant: her ngt. pro. him; her; it; them. Gram:
thon ma. Third person neuter class three pronoun.
heap up tk ma. vt. 1 make. 2 heap her and kin. pro. her and. Morph: ki=n.
up. Variant: thk m. Gloss: 3F.SG.III=and. Variant: chin.
hear tnari. vt. 1 hear. 2 feel. her, some of ~ athanga. pro. some of
3 taste. Variant: nari. her; some of its. Gram: Third person sin-
gular possessive pronoun and non-specific
heart snngacha. n. heart. Pl: snng. possessive pronoun. Morph: at=anga. Gloss:
hearth chinipki. n. fireplace; hearth. Pl: 3F.SG.POSS=INDEF.
chinap. Variant: kinipki.
here ith. dem. here. Gram: Proximate de-
heat chrnaska. n. heat; temperature. monstrative. Variant: ni (Abilta dialect); t;
Pl: achrnas. Note: only ch. d.
heat ingun'ga. n. heat. Pl: ingun. here, from around ~ nainath. dir.
heaven usupki. n. 1 sky. 2 heaven. from around here.
Pl: usp. here, from ~ nath. dir. from here.
heavenly host gelochna. n. heavenly here, right ~ iththik. dem. right here.
host. Gram: Emphatic proximate demonstrative.
heavy amureng. adj. heavy. Variant: here, right ~ taith. dem. right here.
mrng. Gram: Proximate demonstrative emphatic.
hell atpki. n. 1 inferno; huge fire. Variant: thaith; daith; ni (Abilta
2 hell. Pl: atp. dialect); t; d.
hell imperno. n. hell. hermit crab athucha. n. hermit crab;
generic term; also used for small
help amatnthmbes. n. help; assis-
land-dwelling hermit crabs with bod-
tance. Variant: matnerembes.
ies up to 4 cm in diameter; changes
help tat nthm. vt. help. Variant: that shells. Pl: athu.
nthm; dat nthm; mat nthm.
hermit crab sp. maraglilichi. n. her-
help oneself tthanas t. vt. help mit crab sp.; large, brown, land
oneself; to take something without dwelling hermit crab; does not have a
permission. Variant: ththanas; dtha- shell; lives in holes in rocks near the
nas; mthanas. sea; body up to 15 cm across, 25 cm
hen duraiki. n. hen. Pl: duraik. long; claws up to 40 cm long; can husk
coconuts with its claws. Pl: maraglili.
her at. pro. her; its. Gram: Third person
singular possessive pronoun. Variant: te; hermit crab sp. rurubuan'ga. n. her-
ath. mit crab sp.; large body up to 15 cm
across and 25 cm long; lives in the
her atha. pro. her; its. Gram: Third person
sea; can change shells. Pl: rurubuan.
singular possessive pronoun. Morph: at=a.
Gloss: 3F.SG.POSS=SPEC. hero secha. n. 1 orphaned boy, he is
one who often grows up to be a person
her athama. pro. her; its. Gram: Third
who can do many good things. Pl: sek-
person singular possessive pronoun and em-
260
hero, female ~ hit at
pek. 2 hero; a skilful clever per- Third person neuter class three pronoun.
son who does many good things. Pl: him and kn. pro. him and. Morph: k=
sekpek. 3 little finger. See: mav- n. Gloss: 3M.SG.III=and. Variant: chn.
nini little finger.
his av. pro. his; its. Gram: Third person
hero, female ~ sechi. n. 1 orphaned masculine singular possessive pronoun.
girl. 2 female hero. Variant: av; p; v; u.
Hey! ei. interj. Hey! Usage: To express his ava. pro. his; its. Gram: Third person
concern or annoyance. masculine singular possessive pronoun and
Hey! maricha. interj. Oh!; Hey!; ex- possessive pronoun and specific article. Morph:
clamation of strong feelings of sur- av=a. Gloss: 3M.SG.POSS=SPEC. Variant:
prise, sympathy or anger. va; a (Abilta dialect).
hibiscus flower dradrachi. n. hibiscus his avama. pro. his; its. Gram: Third person
flower. masculine singular possessive pronoun and
hiccup chthcha. n. hiccup. Pl: emphatic possessive pronoun. Morph: av=ma.
chthk. Note: only k. Gloss: 3M.SG.POSS=EMPH.
hiccup kthcha mt. vi-so. hiccup; his avangama. pro. his; its. Gram: Third
have the hiccups. Variant: chthcha person masculine singular possessive pronoun
mt. and indefinite possessive pronoun. Morph: av=
angama. Gloss: 3M.SG.POSS=INDEF.
hidden man ngaipka. n. hidden man;
invisible man. Pl: ngaipta. his, some of ~ avanga. pro. some of his;
some of its. Gram: Third person masculine
hidden woman ngaipki. n. hidden singular possessive pronoun and non-specific
woman; invisible woman. possessive pronoun. Morph: av=anga. Gloss:
hide ngaip. sa-vi. hide. 3M.SG.POSS=NSPEC.
hide ngaip. vt. hide. hiss sus d ves. vi-so. hiss; refers to
hide behind pirs ithm. vt. 1 hide silent but bad smelling farts. Variant:
behind; duck behind something to sus da thes.
hide oneself. 2 make way; move hissing noise achuskuska. n. hissing
aside. 3 move along. Variant: virs noise; e.g. the noise of pressurised air.
ithm. Pl: achuskus.
hide ones face nathong. sa-vi. look hissing sound, make a ~ achuskuska
away; hide ones face. mt. vi-so. make a hissing sound; e.g.
hide oneself ngaip nas. sa-vi. hide by shushing a child or the sound made
oneself. by a jet plane.
hide oneself in ngaipnas mt. vt. hide history arura nmni ivtki athva
oneself in. sek. n. history.
higher var. dir. higher. Note: only v. hit bong. vt. hit. Variant: mbong.
higher up tvono. dir. higher up; often hit tuchun. vt. 1 chase. 2 hit.
used to refer to up on the moun- Variant: thuchun; duchun; muchun.
tain(s). Variant: thvono. hit vathik pt. vt. hit; e.g. bash a fish
highland man rongga. n. man from the against the reef to make it die. Variant:
mountains; anyone who comes from a wathik pt. Note: only v.
cold place at high altitudes. Pl: rongda. hit vathik tm. vt. hit a person; strike.
highland woman ronggi. n. woman Variant: wathik tm. Note: only v.
from the mountains. hit at pai dm. vt. 1 hit at. 2 kick.
him ngt. pro. him; her; it; them. Gram: Variant: vai dm.
261
hold hunter
hold sangar. vt. 1 hold. 2 arrest. hot achrnas. adj. hot. Variant: achernas;
hold on to ngerik ta. vt. hold on to. achrnas.
hold on to sangar pt. vt. hold on to. hot aingun'ga. adj. hot.
hold on to sangar tm. vt. hold on to. hot, be ~ achrnas tm. vi-so. be hot.
Variant: sangar t. Variant: chrnas tm.
hole alechi. n. hole. Pl: alek. Variant: hot, be ~ aingun'ga tm. vi-so. be hot.
lechi; alechit (Abilta dialect). hot water bottle botal gumi. n. hot
holiday amunam. n. holiday. Note: no water bottle.
endings. house ambangga. n. house. Morph: a=
holiday, religious ~ munambs. n. bangka. Gloss: SPEC=house-M.SG. Pl:
feast; religious holiday. Pl: munami- ambang. Variant: bangga; mbangga.
mlk. house vutka. n. 1 house. 2 village.
hollow, be ~ alek mt. vi-so. 1 be Pl: vut. Variant: vtka. Note: only v.
hollow. 2 relent; be compassionate. house, abandoned ~ ambilki. n. aban-
3 compromise. doned house or village. Pl: ambil.
holy arktm. adj. holy. house, abandoned ~ urumbucha. n.
holy man arektmka. n. holy man. Pl: abandoned house. Pl: urumbu.
arektmda. house, centre pole of the ~ ambangga
holy woman arektmki. n. holy woman. achusemga. n. 1 centre pole of the
house. 2 leader of the house. Pl:
honour ben s. vt. honour; praise. ambangga chusem.
Variant: ven s.
house opening ambangga av amgi. n.
hook chanasucha. n. hook. Pl: chanasu. house opening; doorway. Morph:
Variant: kanasu.
ambangga av amki. Gloss: house
hook valmka. n. hook. Pl: valm. 3M.SG.POSS mouth-F.SG.
Variant: palmmka.
how mnia. interrog. how. Variant:
hoop chulchulcham. n. hoop. Pl: minia.
chulchulvap. Note: only ch.
how much amnia. interrog. how
hoop guaiachi. n. hoop. Pl: guaia. much.
hornbill mathongga. n. huge asru. adj. huge; gigantic. Variant:
1 grasshopper sp.; brown and long in sru.
shape; bores holes in wood or bam- humble oneself tu nas mk. sa-vi.
boo; used as bait for river fish. humble oneself. Variant: thu nas mk;
2 hornbill. Pl: mathong.
du nas mk; mu nas mk.
hornbill, female ~ mathonggi. n. fe- hundred ailotka. n. hundred. Pl: ailot.
male hornbill.
hunger naenggi. n. hunger. Pl: naeng.
hospital arm angtha banggi. n. Variant: nenggi.
hospital; health centre. Morph: arm
angt=a bangki. Gloss: sick 3N.POSS= hungry, be ~ naeng mt. vi-so. be
SPEC house-F.SG. Pl: arm angtha hungry. Variant: noeng mt.
bang. hungry, be ~ naengias. vi-so. be hun-
hospital aslamrki. n. hospital; clinic; gry. Variant: naingias; nengias.
health centre. Pl: aslamr. Variant: hunt donel. sa-vi. 1 hunt. 2 wander.
slamrki. Variant: thonel; monel.
Host Hositaigl. n. Host; wafers used hunter amonelka. n. 1 hunter.
in communion. Pl: Hosita. 2 traveller. Pl: amonelta.
262
hurry in, from ~
hurry liver. sa-vi. hurry. Variant: livr. (Abilta dialect); agut (Abilta dialect).
hurt tlu svt. sa-vi. hurt. Variant: lu See: aruacha friend; often used to re-
svt. fer to spouses.
hurt tu daruan. vt. hurt; injure. Variant: husband oes mamk. n. brother-in-
thu daruan; du daruan; mu daruan. law; husband; address and reference
term; used by a female speaker. Pl: oes
husband aruacha. n. friend; often used mamkna.
to refer to spouses. Pl: aruavek. Variant:
ruacha. See: lugutka husband. husk coconuts sek d. vt. husk coco-
nuts.
husband lugutka. husband. Pl:
n.
lugutvek. Variant: lunggutka; ungut
I - i
I dont know ii. interj. I dont know; immediately likdm. vi-so. at once; in
maybe. no time; immediately. Gram: Encodes
punctual aspect in sentence initial position.
I see aichua. interj. Ok; I see; Oh! Usage:
Always seems to take a third person masculine
Expresses surprise or understanding.
singular subject.
idea amusnng. n. 1 behaviour.
2 idea; thought. 3 plan. immediately masgvs. adv. at once;
4 habit; custom. Morph: a=musnng.
immediately.
Gloss: SPEC=put.PAST-heart. Variant: impregnate tok. vt. impregnate. Variant:
amusnngini. thok; dok; mok.
idea snngacha. n. idea. Pl: snng. in mni. dir. 1 on. 2 onto. 3 at.
Variant: asnngacha. See: tu av snng 4 in. 5 through. 6 across.
think. in mt. prep. 1 in; within. 2 during;
idea, have an ~ tp ma musnng. vt. on. Gram: This sense available with temporal
1 plan. 2 have an idea. Variant: expressions. 3 inside. 4 into.
thp ma musnng. 5 through. Variant: mtha; m.
if asika. subord. if. Gram: Irrealis marker in nvem. prep. in; on.
used to introduce conditional clauses. Variant: in pem. prep. in. Variant: bem; vem; pm;
sika. bm; vm.
if ivasik. subord. if. Morph: iva=asik. Gloss: in snani. dir. 1 on. 2 in. 3 at.
in.order.to=irrealis.
in sne. prep. in; within.
if, and ~ dasika. coord. and if. Morph: da
in a corner imuit. dir. 1 across there;
=asika. Gloss: and=if.
across a valley. 2 in a corner.
ignite lt t. vt. light a fire; ignite
in contrast kinai. disc. 1 actually.
something.
2 in contrast. 3 instead. 4 in
Ill take it! ana. interj. Ill take it! turn. Variant: chinai; kinei; chine.
illness armgi. n. illness; disease; in fact isa. subord. in fact. Morph: i=sa.
sickness. Pl: arm. Gloss: because=already.
image ailachi. n. 1 image; picture; in, from ~ namuk. dir. from in.
photo; especially of a person.
263
in front inside
inform tp pt. vt. inform. Variant: thp inside chlochacha. n. 1 core; inner-
pt. most part. 2 inside part of some-
thing. 3 soul. Pl: chlok. Variant:
initiate tp mus t. vt. 1 work.
chlochacha. Note: only ch.
2 initiate. Variant: thp mus t; tp
mus tm; thp mus tm. inside mt. prep. 1 in; within.
2 during; on. Gram: This sense available
inject kut. vt. 1 pierce. 2 spear.
with temporal expressions. 3 inside.
3 inject. Variant: chut; kut; chut.
264
inside invisible man
265
invisible woman its, some of ~
266
its, some of ~ just, and ~
J - j
jaw arten'gi. n. jaw; refers to the lower jump paik. sa-vi. jump. Variant: vaik;
jaw bone. Pl: arten. vuaik.
jaw, lower ~ vnbn'ga. n. chin; lower jump paik dm. vi-so. jump. Variant: vaik
jaw. Morph: a=bnbn'ga. Gloss: SPEC= dm; vuaik dm; vuaik d; vaik d; paik
chin-M.SG. Pl: vnbn. Variant: d.
bnbn'ga.
jump sutka glm. vi-so. jump in sur-
jellyfish aloikngamgi. n. jellyfish; ge- prise.
neric term. Pl: aloikngam.
jump out ps d. vi-so. jump out.
jellyfish sp. athinm angtha aloik-
just as. disc. 1 still. 2 yet. 3 just.
ngamgi. n. jellyfish sp.; identified by
the many small red and yellow striped just askok. disc. 1 still. Gram: Atelic re-
fish that hide in it. Pl: athinm angtha alis. 2 yet. Gram: Atelic realis. 3 just.
aloikngam. Gram: Atelic realis. Morph: as=kok. Gloss:
still=just.
job alat. n. 1 garden(s). 2 job.
just kinak. disc. just. Variant: chinak.
job thktk. n. job; work. Pl: thktk.
just kinas. disc. just; recently. Variant:
job, small ~ althini. n. 1 small gar-
chinas; nas.
den. 2 small job.
just klan. adv. 1 only. 2 just.
join bn dmna n. vt. join. Variant: vn
3 for nothing; with nothing. Variant:
dmna n.
chlan; chlan; klan.
join bn mt. vt. join. Variant: vn mt.
just kok. disc. 1 just. 2 already.
join together bn mtna n. vt. join Variant: kuk; chok; chuk.
together. Variant: vn mtna.
just kosa. disc. just; simply; as the re-
joints avnmetna. n. joints. Note: no sult of something undesirable having
endings. happened. Variant: chusa.
joke bncha muma. sa-vi. make fun; just kusek. adv. only; just. Variant:
joke. Variant: vncha muma; vna chusek.
muma; bna muma.
just nia. modal. 1 just; suddenly; sur-
joke tu ma. sa-vi. joke; make fun. Variant: prisingly. Gram: Mirative marker with pre-
thu ma; du ma; mu ma. sent tense or past tense verbs. 2 tried.
joke about tu ma s. vt. joke about. Gram: Frustrative marker with future tense
Variant: thu ma s; du ma s; mu ma s. verbs.
jump donanas. sa-vi. jump; throw one- just, and ~ dinas. coord. and just. Morph:
self. Variant: thonanas. da=kinas. Gloss: and=just.
267
just, and ~ just those particular two
just, and ~ dok. coord. and just. Morph: particular short one.
da=kok. Gloss: and=just. just that particular small one chkni.
just that particular flat one chkvs. dem. just that particular small one.
dem. just that particular flat one. Gram: Gram: Emphatic diminutive singular contras-
Emphatic flat singular contrastive demon- tive demonstrative. See: chni that par-
strative. See: kvs that particular flat ticular small one.
one. just, that ~ mok. disc. that just. Morph:
just that particular large one chk- ma=kok. Gloss: REL=just.
chit. dem. just that particular large just those particular flat ones chk-
one. Gram: Emphatic extended singular con- mlk. dem. just those particular flat
trastive demonstrative. See: chchit that ones. Gram: Emphatic flat plural contrastive
particular large one. demonstrative. See: chmlk those par-
just that particular long one chkvet. ticular flat ones.
dem. just that particular long one. just those particular flat two chk-
Gram: Emphatic long singular contrastive de- mlm. dem. just those particular flat
monstrative. See: chvet that particular two. Gram: Emphatic flat dual contrastive
long one. demonstrative. See: chmlm just those
just that particular one chkraik. particular two flat ones.
dem. just that particular one. Gram: just those particular large ones ch-
Emphatic feminine singular contrastive de- knk. dem. just those particular
monstrative. See: kraik just that par- large ones. Gram: Emphatic extended plural
ticular one. contrastive demonstrative. See: chnk
just that particular one chkrak. dem. those particular large ones.
just that particular one. Gram: Emphatic just those particular long ones chek-
masculine singular contrastive demonstrative. seng. dem. just those particular long
See: chrak that particular one. ones. Gram: Emphatic long plural contrastive
just that particular one chevaik. dem. demonstrative. See: chseng those par-
just that particular one. Gram: Emphatic ticular long ones.
feminine singular contrastive demonstrative. just those particular pieces chkng-
Variant: chvaik; achvaik. Note: only ch. gleng. dem. just those particular
just that particular one chvak. dem. pieces. Gram: Emphatic excised plural con-
just that particular one. Gram: Emphatic trastive demonstrative. See: kgleng those
masculine singular contrastive demonstrative. particular pieces.
Variant: achvak. Note: only ch. just those particular short ones ch-
just that particular one kraik. dem. kvap. dem. just those particular
just that particular one. Gram: Feminine short ones. Gram: Emphatic reduced plural
singular contrastive demonstrative. Variant: contrastive demonstrative. See: chvap
chraik; chraik. See: chkraik just that those particular short ones.
particular one. just those particular small ones chk-
just that particular piece chknggl. thong. dem. just those particular
dem. just that particular piece. Gram: small ones. Gram: Emphatic diminutive
Emphatic excised singular contrastive demon- plural contrastive demonstrative. See: ch-
strative. See: knggl that particular thong those particular small ones.
piece. just those particular two chkvem.
just that particular short one chk- dem. just those particular two. Gram:
chm. dem. just that particular short Emphatic feminine dual contrastive demon-
one. Gram: Emphatic reduced singular con- strative. See: kvem those particular
trastive demonstrative. See: chchm that two.
268
just those particular two knock
just those particular two chkiom. dual contrastive demonstrative. See: chng-
dem. just those particular two. Gram: glem those particular two pieces.
Emphatic masculine dual contrastive demon- just those particular two short ones
strative. See: kiom those particular chkvam. dem. just those particular
two. two short ones. Gram: Emphatic reduced
just those particular two large ones dual contrastive demonstrative. See: chvam
chknm. dem. just those particular those particular two short ones.
two large ones. Gram: Emphatic extended just those particular two small ones
dual contrastive demonstrative. See: chnm chkthom. dem. just those particu-
those particular two large ones. lar two small ones. Gram: Emphatic di-
just those particular two long ones minutive dual contrastive demonstrative. See:
chksem. dem. just those particular chthom those particular two small
two long ones. Gram: Emphatic long dual ones.
contrastive demonstrative. See: chsem just those two particular ones ch-
those particular two long ones. krang. dem. just those two particular
just those particular two pieces ch- ones. Gram: Emphatic count neutral contras-
kngglem. dem. just those particu- tive demonstrative. Variant: krang; k-
lar two pieces. Gram: Emphatic excised krang; achkrang.
K - k
269
knock down large one, some ~
L - l
Lady, Our Lengenachi. n. Our Lady; the ground. 2 land heavily. Variant:
Mother Mary. vai.
ladyfinger banana yavacha. n. banana landslide themuanacha. n. landslide.
sp.; ladyfinger banana. Pl: yava. Pl: athemuan. Note: only th.
270
large one, that particular ~ large things, those ~
large one, that particular ~ kchit. large ones, these ~ ithnk. dem. these
dem. that particular large one. Gram: large ones. Gram: Extended plural proxi-
Extended singular contrastive demonstrative. mate demonstrative. Variant: tnk.
Variant: chchit; achchit. See: chk- large ones, those particular two ~
chit just that particular large one. knm. dem. those particular two
large one, this particular ~ taithchit. large ones. Gram: Extended dual contrastive
dem. this particular large one. Gram: demonstrative. Variant: chnm; achnm.
Extended singular proximate demonstrative See: chknm just those particular
emphatic. Variant: thaithchit. two large ones.
large one, this ~ ithchit. dem. this large ones, those particular two ~
large one. Gram: Extended singular proxi- pavnm. dem. those particular two
mate demonstrative. Variant: tchit. large ones. Gram: Extended dual distal de-
large ones, just those particular two ~ monstrative emphatic. Variant: vnm;
chknm. dem. just those particular vavnm.
two large ones. Gram: Emphatic extended large ones, those particular ~ knk.
dual contrastive demonstrative. See: chnm dem. those particular large ones. Gram:
those particular two large ones. Extended plural contrastive demonstrative.
large ones, just those particular ~ Variant: chnk; achnk. See: chknk
chknk. dem. just those particular just those particular large ones.
large ones. Gram: Emphatic extended plural large ones, those particular ~ pav-
contrastive demonstrative. See: chnk nk. dem. those particular large ones.
those particular large ones. Gram: Extended plural distal demonstrative
large ones, some ~ guank. dem. some large ones, which ~, some ~ nemink.
large ones. Gram: Extended plural indefinite pro. which large ones; some large
demonstrative. ones. Gram: Extended plural interrogative
large ones, the ~ ink. pro. the large pronoun; used in a joking way to refer to people
ones. Gram: Extended plural reduced nominal and implies something about their large size;
pronoun. can be used in indefinite contexts.
large ones, these particular two ~ tai- large pool chthopki. n. 1 liquid.
thnm. dem. these particular two 2 large pool. Pl: chthop. Variant:
large ones. Gram: Extended dual proximate kthopki.
demonstrative emphatic. Variant: thaith- large, that ~ one avchit. dem. that
nm. large one. Gram: Extended singular distal
large ones, these particular ~ taith- demonstrative. Variant: vchit.
nk. dem. these particular large ones. large thing, that particular ~ pavchit.
Gram: Extended plural proximate demon- dem. that particular large thing. Gram:
strative emphatic. Variant: thaithnk. Extended singular distal demonstrative em-
large ones, these two ~ ithnm. dem. phatic. Variant: vavchit; vchit.
these two large ones. Gram: Extended large things, those ~ avink. dem.
dual proximate demonstrative. Variant: those large things. Gram: Extended plural
tnm. distal demonstrative. Variant: venk.
271
large two, the ~ lean against
large two, the ~ inm. pro. the large work, they just sit and chew betelnut
two. Gram: Extended dual reduced nominal all day. Pl: vathekta.
pronoun. lazy woman moruski. n. lazy woman.
large two, which ~, some ~ nminm. lazy woman vathechi. n. lazy woman.
pro. which large two; some large two. Note: only v.
Gram: Extended dual interrogative pronoun;
used in a joking way to refer to people and im-
lead kuer. sa-vi. go first; lead. Variant:
chuer.
plies something about their large size; can be
used in indefinite contexts. lead kuer s. vt. lead. Variant: chuer s.
See: er first.
last nasot. adv. 1 later. 2 last.
3 after. 4 afterwards. Variant: lead par s. vt. 1 invite. 2 ask for
nasoth. someone; call for someone. 3 lead.
last, be ~ ddng na. vi-so. be last. 4 pull in a fish; refers to a fish
which is caught on a hook. Variant: thar
last time maila chuvsnia. disc. (Abilta dialect); var s.
1 the other day. 2 last time.
Variant: malachuvsnia.
leader amorka. n. 1 adult man.
2 leader. 3 ancestor. 4 God. Pl:
later asip. disc. later. Variant: sip. morvap. Pl: morta.
later chule. adv. later. Variant: kule. leader amorki. n. 1 adult woman.
later nasot. adv. 1 later. 2 last. 2 leader. 3 female ancestor.
3 after. 4 afterwards. Variant: 4 goddess. Pl: morvap. Pl: morta.
nasoth. leader lenge angthieik. n. leader.
later on mithu. disc. later on. leader lengemtka. n. leader. Pl:
later on again saisa. adv. later on lengemtta.
again. leader lengenacha. n. a leader; a per-
laugh tamal. sa-vi. laugh. Variant: son who takes leadership for organ-
thamal. ising a particular event or project. Pl:
laugh at tamal t. vt. laugh at. Variant: lengenatha.
thamal t. leader, female ~ lengenachi. n. female
law thondmga. n. 1 law. 2 rule. leader.
Pl: thondm. Pl: athondm. Variant: leader of the house ambangga
athondmka; thondmka. achusemga. n. 1 centre pole of the
lay tr na. vt. lay; specifically of a turtle house. 2 leader of the house. Pl:
laying eggs. Variant: thr na; dr na; ambangga chusem.
mr na. leaf tlngbs. n. 1 leaf. 2 piece of
lay tu. vt. 1 put. 2 wear; put on. paper. Pl: tlng. Variant: thlng.
3 lay; specifically of birds laying leaf urasvs. n. leaf; specifically of a
eggs. Variant: thu; du; mu. taro or singapore plant. Pl: uras.
laziness morus. n. laziness; particularly leaf, palm ~ chureski. n. 1 leaf from
being reluctant to work in the garden. an areca palm. 2 bucket; made
lazy, be ~ vathk pt. vi-so. be lazy. from an areca palm leaf. Pl: chures.
Note: only v. Variant: kureski.
lazy man moruska. n. lazy man; person leaf shoot avolacha. n. leaf shoot. Pl:
who is not willing to do garden work; avol.
used as an insult. Pl: morusta. lean against tair snania. vt. lean
lazy man vathecha. n. lazy man; a against something while standing.
person who does not like to do any Variant: thair snania; dair snania; mair
272
lean on like
leap up pus mk. vi-so. 1 leap up; liar airasvnaska. n. liar. Pl:
especially referring to flames. airasvnasta.
2 explode. Variant: vus mk. liar, female ~ airasvnaski. n. female
learn sunas. vt. learn; train; study. liar.
letter tlng. n. letter. Note: no endings. like klan. adv. 1 like; likewise. 2 at
273
like lizard sp.
274
lizard sp. long ones, these particular two ~
lizard sp. ngalengga. n. lizard sp.; long one, that particular ~ pavvet.
small with white and blue-green dem. that particular long one. Gram:
stripes; up to 8 cm long. Pl: ngaleng. Long singular distal demonstrative emphatic.
Variant: vavvet.
lizard sp. sengglavrki. n. grey lizard
sp.; up to 8 cm long. Pl: sengglavr. long one, that ~ avvet. dem. that long
one. Gram: Long singular distal demon-
lizard sp. varuchi. n. lizard sp.; brown strative. Variant: vvet.
and up to 8 cm long. Pl: varu. Note: only
v. long one, the ~ ngait. pro. the long one.
Gram: Extended singular nominal pronoun.
lizard sp. vrmngacha. n. lizard sp.;
is brown and up to 50 cm long. Pl: long one, the ~ ngavet. pro. the long
vrmang. one. Gram: Long singular nominal pronoun.
lobster sp. aumga. n. lobster sp.; long one, this particular ~ taithvet.
brown with a spiky back; up to 30 cm dem. this particular long one. Gram:
long. Pl: aum. Long singular proximate demonstrative em-
phatic. Variant: thaithvet.
local man thanngga. n. local man; a
person from the village where the long one, this ~ ithvet. dem. this long
speaker is. Pl: thanngda. one. Gram: Long singular proximate demon-
strative. Variant: tvt.
local woman thannggi. n. local
woman. Note: only th. long ones, just those particular two ~
chksem. dem. just those particular
log angmnggi. n. 1 large tree. two long ones. Gram: Emphatic long dual
2 log. Morph: ang=mngki. Gloss:
contrastive demonstrative. See: chsem
3.CN.POSS=wood-F.SG. Pl: angmng. Pl:
those particular two long ones.
mng. Variant: nngaik (Abilta dialect).
long ones, just those particular ~
log, large ~ amngia. n. large log. Pl:
chekseng. dem. just those particu-
amngink. Variant: mngia.
lar long ones. Gram: Emphatic long plural
lonely, be ~ sek nanas. sa-vi. be lonely. contrastive demonstrative. See: chseng
long aulul. adj. long. Variant: ulul. those particular long ones.
long ago mndu. disc. 1 before. long ones, some two ~ agisem. pro.
2 long ago. Variant: mndu; mundu. some two long ones. Gram: Extended dual
indefinite pronoun. Variant: anggisem;
long ago mir. disc. long ago. Variant:
gisem.
mur (Abilta dialect).
long ones, some ~ agiseng. pro. some
long away gelaulul. dir. far away; long
long ones. Gram: Long plural indefinite
way.
pronoun. Variant: anggiseng; giseng.
long one, just that particular ~ chk-
long ones, some ~ guaseng. dem. some
vet. dem. just that particular long one.
long ones. Gram: Long plural indefinite de-
Gram: Emphatic long singular contrastive de-
monstrative.
monstrative. See: chvet that particular
long one. long ones, the ~ iseng. pro. the long
ones. Gram: Long plural nominal pronoun.
long one, one ~ guavet. dem. one long
one. Gram: Long singular indefinite demon- long ones, these particular two ~
strative. taithsem. dem. these particular two
long ones. Gram: Long dual proximate de-
long one, that particular ~ kvet. dem.
monstrative emphatic. Variant: thaithsem.
that particular long one. Gram: Long
275
long ones, these particular ~ Look out!
long ones, these particular ~ taithang. interrogative pronoun; can be used in indefi-
dem. 1 this particular one; these par- nite contexts.
ticular ones. Gram: Count neutral proximate long, the ~ ones ngink. pro. the long
demonstrative emphatic. 2 these par- ones. Gram: Extended plural nominal pro-
ticular flat ones. Gram: Flat plural proxi- noun.
mate demonstrative emphatic. See: taith-
mlk these particular flat ones.
long, the ~ ones ngiseng. pro. the long
3 these particular long ones. Gram:
ones. Gram: Long plural nominal pronoun.
Long plural proximate demonstrative em- long, the ~ two nginm. pro. the long
phatic. Variant: thaithang. two. Gram: Extended dual nominal pronoun.
long ones, these two ~ ithsm. dem. long, the ~ two ngisem. pro. the long
these two long ones. Gram: Long dual two. Gram: Long dual nominal pronoun.
proximate demonstrative. Variant: tsm. long things, some ~ agivet. pro. some
long ones, these ~ ithseng. dem. long thing. Gram: Long singular indefinite
these long ones. Gram: Long plural proxi- pronoun. Variant: anggivet; givet.
mate demonstrative. Variant: tseng. long things, those ~ aviseng. dem.
long ones, those particular two ~ those long things. Gram: Long plural distal
ksem. dem. those particular two demonstrative. Variant: vseng.
long ones. Gram: Long dual contrastive de- long time maulul. adv. long time.
monstrative. Variant: chsem; achsem.
long two, the ~ isem. pro. the long two.
See: chksem just those particular
Gram: Long dual reduced nominal pronoun.
two long ones.
look binggi. vt. look. Gram: Takes a location
long ones, those particular two ~
PP as a complement. Variant: vinggi.
pavsem. dem. those particular two
long ones. Gram: Long dual distal demon- look ngiem. sa-vi. 1 look; search.
strative emphatic. Variant: vavsem. 2 shine, only of the sun. Variant:
ingim; ngim.
long ones, those particular ~ kseng.
dem. those particular long ones. Gram: look after lmu thm. vt. look after;
Long plural contrastive demonstrative. care for; take care of.
Variant: chseng; achseng. look after naingim pt. vt. 1 look af-
long ones, those particular ~ ter. 2 watch.
pavseng. dem. those particular long look after tlu vt. vt. look after. Variant:
ones. Gram: Long plural distal demonstrative lu vt.
emphatic. Variant: vavseng.
look after oneself tlu vthanas. sa-vi.
long ones, those two ~ avisem. dem. look after oneself. Variant: lu vthanas.
those two long ones. Gram: Long dual
look around naingm. sa-vi. 1 look
distal demonstrative. Variant: visem.
around. 2 see. 3 watch.
long ones, two ~ guasem. dem. two 4 appear; look like. 5 shine.
long ones. Gram: Long dual indefinite de- Variant: naingim.
monstrative.
look away nathong. sa-vi. look away;
long ones, which ~, some ~ nemisem. hide ones face.
pro. which two long ones; some two
look for ngiem nani. sa-vi. look for.
long ones. Gram: Long dual interrogative
pronoun; used in a joking way to refer to people look like naingm. sa-vi. 1 look
and implies something about their large size; around. 2 see. 3 watch. 4 ap-
can be used in indefinite contexts. pear; look like. 5 shine. Variant:
naingim.
long ones, which ~, some ~ nmiseng.
pro. which long ones. Gram: Long plural Look out! saisavi. interj. Look out!
276
lookout make something
M - m
make tk ma. vt. 1 make. 2 heap make something tichina n. vt. make
up. Variant: thk m. something (definite). Variant: thichina
n; dichina n; michina n. See: sana
277
malaria me
278
me and Mndas dancer, name of ~
279
Mndas dancers, name of a group of ~ moon
280
more Mum
281
mum mute
282
my native spinach (aibika) with red stems
my gu. pro. my. Gram: First person singular son singular possessive pronoun and indefinite
possessive pronoun. possessive pronoun. Morph: gu=angama.
my gua. pro. my. Gram: First person singular Gloss: 1SG.POSS=INDEF.
possessive pronoun and possessive pronoun my ngua. pro. 1 I. Gram: First person sin-
and specific article. Morph: gu=a. Gloss: 1SG gular class one pronoun. 2 my. Gram:
=SPEC. First person singular possessive pronoun.
my guama. pro. my. Gram: First person my, some of ~ guanga. pro. some of my.
singular possessive pronoun and emphatic Gram: First person singular possessive pro-
possessive pronoun. Morph: gu=ma. Gloss: noun and non-specific possessive pronoun.
1SG.POSS= EMPH. Morph: gu=anga. Gloss: 1SG.POSS=
my guangama. pro. my. Gram: First per- NSPEC.
N - n
283
naughty boy or man nip
near glmna. prep. near; next to each net bag, large ~ sragan'gi. n. large net
other. Morph: glm=na. Gloss: PREP= bag (bilum); made from bush vines;
RECIP. Variant: glmna. usually used for carrying food. Pl:
sragan.
near to, be ~ gl kuvet. dir. be near to.
net bag, old ~ silingim. n. old net bag
nearer to saglmna. prep. nearer to; (bilum). Pl: silingbap.
closer to. Variant: sangglmna.
net bag, small ~ athalka. n. small net
nearly vandi. disc. 1 want to; intend bag (bilum). Pl: athal.
to. Gram: Desiderative marker. 2 try to.
3 nearly; almost. 4 maybe. Never mind! kule klan. interj. Never
Variant: vadi. mind!
284
no occasion
O - o
obedient aslek. adj. cooperative; obe- obey tnari nagl. vt. obey. Variant: nari
dient. nagl.
obese, be ~ kthopka vt. vi-so. be fat; occasion chunng. n. 1 season.
be obese. Variant: chthopka vt. 2 occasion. Variant: kuneng.
285
occasion one short one
Oh! ai. interj. Oh!; expression of happi- one and only aka. n. one and only; spe-
ness. cial one. Pl: athei.
Oh! aichua. interj. ok; I see; Oh! Usage: one flat one asgvs. num. one flat
Expresses surprise or understanding. one. Gram: Flat singular. Variant:
snggvs.
Oh! e. interj. Oh!; exclamation of sur-
prise. one large one asnggit. num. one large
Oh! i. interj. Oh!; expresses a strong one. Gram: Extended singular. Variant:
snggchit.
emotion such as anger.
Oh! maricha. interj. Oh!; Hey!; excla- one large one guait. dem. one large
mation of strong feelings of surprise, one. Gram: Extended singular indefinite de-
monstrative.
sympathy or anger.
oil marski. n. oil. Pl: mars. one long one asgvt. num. one long
one. Gram: Long singular.
oily, be ~ mars mt. vi-so. be greasy;
be oily. Variant: mars pt. one long one guavet. dem. one long
one. Gram: Long singular indefinite demon-
ointment gris. n. ointment. strative.
ok aichua. interj. ok; I see; Oh! Usage: one piece asggl. num. one piece.
Expresses surprise or understanding. Gram: Excised singular.
old ameru. adj. old things. Variant: one piece guagl. dem. one piece. Gram:
amuru. Excised singular indefinite demonstrative.
old man bilarka. n. old man. Pl: bilar. one short one asgchm. num. one
Variant: mbilarka. short one. Gram: Reduced singular.
old man srucha. n. 1 giant. Pl: srutha.
286
one short one orphaned boy
one short one asgm. num. one short tree and the fruit. Pl: muli.
one. Gram: Reduced singular. Variant: orange, native ~ aulmangachi. n. na-
sgm. tive orange; refers to both the tree
one short one guachm. dem. one and the fruit. Pl: aulmang. Variant:
short one. Gram: Reduced singular indefinite aulmang; ulmangachi.
demonstrative. orange segment mulicha. n. orange
one small one asgni. num. one small segment. Pl: muli.
one. Gram: Diminutive singular. Variant: orange tree, spike of an ~ mulichm.
sgni; asgini. n. spike of an orange tree. Pl: mulivap.
one small one guani. dem. one small orange tree, wild ~ vaidebunggi. n.
one. Gram: Diminutive singular indefinite 1 tree sp.; known as wild orange
demonstrative. tree. 2 wild orange. 3 ball; re-
one, the small ~ ini. pro. small one. fers to something the size of a vol-
Gram: Diminutive singular reduced nominal leyball. Pl: vaidebung. Note: only v.
pronoun. orange, wild ~ vaidebunggi. n. 1 tree
oneself -nas. derivational suffix. oneself. sp.; known as wild orange tree.
Gram: Reflexive marker. 2 wild orange. 3 ball; refers to
oneself, for ~ banas. dir. for oneself. something the size of a volleyball. Pl:
vaidebung. Note: only v.
oneself, to ~, on ~ vthanas. prep. to
oneself; on oneself. Morph: vt=nas. orchestra mambuchi. n. 1 choir; or-
Gloss: PREP=REFL. Variant: pthanas. chestra; the singers and drummers at
a day dance or night dance. 2 song.
oneslf, away from nevanas. dir. away Pl: mambu.
from oneself.
orchitis rip da chvl. n. orchitis.
only klan. adv. 1 only. 2 just.
3 for nothing; with nothing. Variant: order tchr. vt. command; order.
chlan; chlan; klan. Variant: thchr.
287
orphaned girl over there distant
out there vui. dir. out there. Variant: pui; over there saimuani. dir. over there.
bui. over there samuanp. dir. over to;
out there, from ~ nathvuit. dir. from over there. Variant: samonp.
out there. Variant: nathvit. over there sathmono. dir. over there.
outside vthivt. dir. outside. over there sathmuanp. dir. over to
oven, earth ~ achuithm. n. earth oven the other side; over there. Variant:
(mumu). See: avithm earth oven sathmonp.
(mumu). over there sathmui. dir. over there.
oven, earth ~ avithm. n. earth oven over there sathvui. dir. over there.
(mumu). See: achuithm earth oven
over there distant saimui. dir. over
(mumu).
288
over there, from down ~ palm sp.
over there, from ~ naimuani. dir. from over to the side samuani. dir. over to
over there. the side. Variant: samoni.
over there, from ~ namono. dir. from over, tumble ~ lvur vt. vi-so. tumble
over there; across. over.
over there, from ~ nathmono. dir. overcome pithia na. vt. overcome;
from over there. conquer. Variant: vithia na; withia na.
over there, from ~ nathmui. dir. from overcooked, be ~ achvu mt. vi-so. be
over there. overcooked; especially when referring
to greens that have gone brown from
over there, from ~ nathmuit. dir. cooking too long.
from over there.
overgrown agraing. adj. 1 overripe;
over there, from ~ nathvui. dir. from especially of tuber crops. 2 over-
over there. grown. Variant: graing.
over there (distant), from ~ naimui. overgrown savur nvem. vi-so. over-
dir. from over there (distant). grown.
over there (towards speaker), from ~ overripe agraing. adj. 1 overripe; es-
nainamuk. dir. from over there (to- pecially of tuber crops.
wards speaker). 2 overgrown. Variant: graing.
over to saimni. dir. over to; down to. overturn lvur t. vt. overturn.
over to saimono. dir. over to. Ow! athoi. interj. Ow!; exclamation of
over to saivui. dir. over to. pain.
over to saivuit. dir. over to. Ow! waioi. interj. Ow!; exclamation of
over to samuanp. dir. over to; over pain.
there. Variant: samonp. oyster thuingga. n. oyster. Pl: thuaing.
over to samui. dir. over to. Variant: tuingga.
P - p
289
palm sp. payment
palm sp. galpki. n. palm sp.; wild large parrot; steals cocoa and food
palm; used for making axe handles from gardens. Pl: lagr. Variant:
and floors. Pl: galp. langgrka.
palm sp. kaverki. n. wild palm sp.; parrot, small ~ mliarka. n. bird sp.;
trunks are split and used to make small parrot that is colourful: green
floors. Pl: kaver. Variant: chaverki. and red. Pl: mliar.
palm sp. saluchachi. n. palm sp.; part, large inside ~ chlochachi. n.
similar to the areca or black palm large inside part of something. Pl:
(limbum); has a mountain spirit living chlok. Variant: chlochachi; klochachi.
inside it. Pl: saluk. part, small inside ~ chlochaini. n.
palm sp. thelelki. n. palm sp.; has small inside part of something. Pl:
small leaves; looks a bit like a betelnut chlok. Variant: chlochaini; klochaini.
palm, only smaller; fronds are good to party amsmski. n. feast; party. Pl:
use as thatch. Pl: thelel. Variant: talalki. amsms. Variant: msmski.
pancreas chthiachi. n. pancreas; the party, small ~ amsmsini. n. small
organ that is close to the liver. Pl: party. Pl: amsms. Variant: msmsini.
chthai. Variant: kthiachi.
pass tet na. vt. go past; pass. Variant:
pandanus ivon'ga. n. pandanus. Pl: thet na; det na; met na.
ivon.
passage vn'gachi. n. passage in a
pandanus sp. sarengacha. n. 1 pand- reef. Pl: avang. Note: only v.
anus sp.; small with long leaves; used
for making mats. 2 green grass- passage between reef basis. n. pas-
hopper sp.; lies flat between the sage between reef.
leaves of the sarengacha pandanus past, go tet na. vt. go past; pass. Variant:
species. Pl: sareng. thet na; det na; met na.
panic mulen'gi vt. vi-so. 1 be anx- pat paithm. vt. pat. Variant: vaithm.
ious; typically through having a fear of patchy, be ~ kut mes ma. vt. be
something unknown. 2 panic. Note: patchy. Variant: chut mes.
only m.
path aisvet. n. path. Pl: aisiseng.
paper, piece of ~ tlngbs. n. 1 leaf.
patient armga. n. patient. Pl: armda.
2 piece of paper. Pl: tlng. Variant:
thlng. patient, female ~ armgi. n. female
patient.
parallel pathm na. dir. 1 alongside;
side by side. 2 with each other; for paunch sarumga. n. belly; paunch. Pl:
each other. 3 parallel. Variant: sarum.
vathm na; bathm na. pawpaw mamiapki. n. pawpaw. Pl:
parcel of banana leaves tlngga. n. mamiap.
parcel of banana leaves. pay bon dm. vt. pay. Variant: von dm;
parents mambethiom. n. parents. See: mbon dm; bon d; von d; mbon d.
mamkiom parents. pay back tuvet mt. vt. 1 answer;
parents mamkiom. n. parents. See: respond. 2 reciprocate. 3 take
mambethiom parents. revenge; pay back. Variant: thuvet mt;
duvet mt; muvet mt.
parliament, sitting of ~ amunggun-
bs. n. 1 chair. Pl: amunggunimlk. payment avonbon'gi. n. offering; pay-
2 meeting. Pl: amunggunimlk. ment. Pl: avonbon. Variant: vonbon'gi.
3 sitting of parliament. payment vondmgi. n. 1 payment.
parrot, large ~ lagrka. n. bird sp.; 2 price. 3 prize. Pl: vondm. Note:
290
peace petrol drum of
peaceful, feel ~ amrvs pt. vi-so. people, the two ngaiom. pro. two
1 feel fine. 2 heal; get better; get things; two people. Gram: Third person
well. 3 feel peaceful. masculine dual nominal pronoun.
pebble giska. n. pebble. Pl: gis. people, the two ~ ngavem. pro. two
people; two things. Gram: Third person
pebbly beach gisia. n. pebbly beach. feminine dual nominal pronoun.
Usage: Also the proper name for a
pebbly beach near Marunga. Pl: people, the two ~ vem. pro. two things;
gisink. See: giska pebble. two people. Gram: Third person feminine
dual reduced nominal pronoun.
peek binggi svt. vt. peep; peek.
Variant: vinggi svt. people, these particular ~ taithath.
dem. these particular people. Gram:
peel chndenggi. n. 1 body. Human plural proximate demonstrative em-
2 skin; bark. 3 peel; rind. Pl: chn-
phatic. Variant: thaithath.
deng. Variant: kndenggi; kdenggi;
chdenggi. See: chngdengga skin. people, these ~ ithath. dem. these
people. Gram: Human plural proximate de-
peel sek pt. vt. peel; e.g. a banana or monstrative. Variant: tathe.
an orange. See: sem bt peel (e.g.
taro...). people, those particular ~ krathe. dem.
those particular people. Gram: Human
peel sem bt. vt. peel; e.g. taro or plural contrastive demonstrative. Variant:
sweet potato (kaukau). See: sek pt chrath; chrare; achrathe.
peel (e.g. a banana...).
people, those particular ~ paivathe.
peep binggi svt. vt. peep; peek. dem. those particular people. Gram:
Variant: vinggi svt.
Human plural distal demonstrative emphatic.
pen point slpka vamgi. n. nib; pen Variant: ivathe; vaivathe.
point; pencil point. Pl: slpka people, those ~ avath. dem. those
angtham.
people. Gram: Human plural distal demon-
pencil slpka. n. pencil. Pl: slp. strative. Variant: vath.
pencil point slpka vamgi. n. nib; pen people, which two ~, some two ~
point; pencil point. Pl: slpka nemiom. pro. which two people;
angtham. which two things; some two people.
penis aluchi. n. penis. Pl: alu. Variant: Gram: Masculine dual interrogative pronoun;
luchi. can be used in indefinite contexts.
people, any two ~, some two ~ nm- permission, do without ~ mni nugul.
bem. pro. any two people; any two sa-vi. do without permission; to have
things; some two people. Gram: Feminine crossed a boundary that should not be
dual interrogative pronoun. crossed.
people, some ~ ath. pro. some people. permission, do without ~ nugul
Gram: Human plural indefinite pronoun. angtpus. adv. do without permis-
sion; an action that breaks across a
people, some ~ agitha. pro. some peo-
(possibly metaphorical) boundary.
ple. Gram: Human plural indefinite pronoun.
Morph: nugul angtpus. Gloss: boundary
Variant: anggitha; githa.
3N.POSS-head.
people, some ~ guavek. dem. some
person arucha. n. man. Pl: arutha. Pl:
people. Gram: Human plural indefinite de-
rura. Variant: rucha.
monstrative.
petrol drum of bensin'gi. n. drum of
people, the two ~ iom. pro. two things;
291
phlegm pieces, some two
good ones from a set of things. Variant: piece, the ~ ngigl. pro. piece. Gram:
veramr vt. Excised singular nominal pronoun. Variant:
person. Pl: aila. Variant: ilachi; iluchi. piece, this ~ thigl. dem. this piece. Gram:
See: ayauski shadow. Excised singular proximate demonstrative.
292
pieces, some two ~, which two pineapple
293
pinpoint platform, make a ~
294
play possum
play a game tugas s. vt. play a game. pole, cross ~ livinem. n. cross pole;
Variant: thugas s; dugas s; mugas s; specifically the short poles that attach
tunggas s; dunggas s; munggas s. to a longer pole that something heavy
has been tied to; the pole helps people
play around avinos. vi-so. 1 play carry heavy things. Pl: livinbap.
around. 2 vandalise. See: vinos de-
struction. pole made of bamboo gotka. n.
1 bamboo sp.; large. 2 pole made
play with tugas t. vt. play with. Variant: of bamboo.
thugas t; dugas t; mugas t;
thunggas t; dunggas t; munggas t. policeman chrtki. n. policeman; the
name comes from the days of the
pleasant amr. adj. good; pleasant; German colony when the police wore
nice. Variant: mr. short pieces of material (laplaps) with
please tu chelak tm. vt. please; do belts. Pl: chrtkichna.
something to soften the other person. pool chthopka. n. pool. Pl: chthop.
Variant: thu chelak tm; du chelak tm;
Variant: kthopka.
mu chelak tm.
pool chulp. n. 1 pool. 2 liquid.
pliers sangecha. n. pliers. Pl: sange. Variant: kulp.
plug gilamuchi. n. plug; e.g. the stop- pool lachuaski. n. pool; specifically
per in a bamboo tube of water or a pools made in the reef at low tide. Pl:
cork in a bottle. Pl: gilamu. Variant: lachuasvap.
gilamucha.
pool, deepest part of a ~ chethopka
plunge pt. vt. 1 plant. 2 bury. ava sachongachi. n. deepest part of
3 plunge. Variant: vt; pat; vat.
a pool.
point avam. n. point; e.g. a point of land pool, large ~ chthopki. n. 1 liquid.
or the end of a stick. Morph: avam. 2 large pool. Pl: chthop. Variant:
Gloss: 3M.SG.POSS-mouth.
kthopki.
point at tk svt. vt. point at. Variant:
poor lulit. adj. poor.
thk svt.
poor man alulitka. n. poor man. Pl:
poison musavu. n. poison. alulitta. Variant: lulitka.
poisoner musavumtka. n. poisoner. poor woman alulitki. n. poor woman.
poisoner, female ~ musavumtki. n. popular, be ~ inangna. vi-so. be popu-
female poisoner. lar.
poke repeatedly kutik namt. vt. poke porch paranda. n. porch; verandah.
repeatedly; stab repeatedly. Variant: Variant: varanda.
chutik namt.
possible mamr. adv. 1 well; fine.
pole amngvet. n. pole. Pl: amngiseng. 2 properly. 3 possible.
Variant: mngvet.
possible, be ~ for mamr na. vi-so. be
pole vlavalka. n. 1 pole. 2 tower. Pl: possible for; be able to.
vlaval. Note: only v.
possible, if ~ mala. adv. if possible.
pole, carrying ~ alicha. n. carrying
pole; two people carry the pole to- possibly saika. disc. possibly.
gether, one on either end. Pl: ali. possum anongacha. n. possum; cus-
Variant: licha; lichat (Abilta dialect). cus. Pl: anuang.
295
possum, gliding ~ pregnant, be ~
296
preparation puncture
used with reference to women, but promise taresbana. vt. promise. Variant:
can be used to talk about pregnant tharesbana; raresbana.
animals, especially dogs. Its use in the promises ametpathm. n. promises.
following example is derogatory. Variant: metpathm.
Variant: vis d.
properly mamr. adv. 1 well; fine.
preparation lumanaksi. n. prepara- 2 properly. 3 possible.
tion. Pl: lumanas.
properly marik. adv. 1 straight.
prepare peneng dm s. vt. 2 properly; accurately.
1 prepare. 2 make a bed; make a
platform. Variant: veneng dm. protection rem. n. protection.
prepare oneself tlu manas. sa-vi. get proud, be ~ vair pt. vi-so. be proud.
Note: only v.
ready; prepare oneself. Variant: lu
manas. proud, feel asevaik pt. vi-so.
1 rejoice; be happy; be joyful.
prepare oneself tu manas. sa-vi. pre-
2 feel proud. 3 be a nuisance.
pare oneself; get ready. Variant: thu
Variant: sevaik pt.
manas; du manas; mu manas.
press tares. vt. press. Variant: thares;
proud man bensenaska. n. proud man.
Pl: bensenasta. Variant: mbensenaska;
rares.
nbensenaska.
press tepmuan s. vt. press. Variant:
thepmuan s.
proud woman bensenaski. n. proud
woman.
pressing down mathaneng. adv.
pressing down. puddle chlamurki. n. puddle. Pl:
chlamurvap. Variant: chlamurki;
pretend iras. sa-vi. pretend. klamurki.
price vondmgi. n. 1 payment. puddle chthopvm. n. puddle. Pl:
2 price. 3 prize. Pl: vondm. Note: chthopvap. Variant: kthopvm.
only v.
pull navar n. vt. pull; hold tight in a
prison kumngas. n. gaol; prison. Pl: stretch.
kumang. Variant: chumngas.
pull along pr ma. vt. 1 pull along.
prize vondmgi. n. 1 payment. 2 talk into; tempt. Variant: vr ma.
2 price. 3 prize. Pl: vondm. Note:
only v.
pull in a fish par s. vt. 1 invite.
2 ask for someone; call for someone.
problem mrn'ga. n. problem. Pl: 3 lead. 4 pull in a fish; refers to
mrn. Variant: amarn. a fish which is caught on a hook.
process dng. vt. process; specifically Variant: thar (Abilta dialect); var s.
to scrape the skin off wood fibre to pull out tr. vt. 1 pull out. 2 uproot.
make it silky for rolling into string. 3 clear; especially of small weeds
Variant: thng. etc. Variant: thr; dr; mr.
process tk na. vt. process. Variant: thk pulley bloka. n. block and tackle; pul-
na. ley. Pl: blok.
prohibit trek tm. vt. prohibit; forbid. pulley var na mngga. n. pulley.
Variant: rek tm.
puncture purk mni. vi-so. puncture.
promise atharesbana. n. promise.
297
punish quiet, be ~
Q - q
298
race reason
R - r
race each other thuer na. sa-vi. race reach dn. sa-vi. 1 arrive; come.
each other. Variant: ruer na; oer na; uer 2 reach. 3 return. Variant: ndn;
na. thn; mn; mun; -an.
racket slabar. n. racket. reach dn pt. sa-vi. reach; arrive.
Variant: thn pt; mn pt; dn p; thn
rafter asongga. n. rafter. Pl: asong.
p; mn p; dn pa; thn pa; mn pa.
raider umngacha. n. enemy; raider.
Pl: umang.
read slamen dm. vt. 1 read.
2 count.
rain saenggi. n. rain. Pl: saeng. Variant:
soenggi; seinggi.
read slameng vt. vt. read.
rainy season avolam. n. rainy season. ready, get ~ tu manas. sa-vi. prepare
oneself; get ready. Variant: thu manas;
raise sek. vt. 1 lift. 2 raise. du manas; mu manas.
3 pick up.
real, be ~ kunnggunng dm. vi-so.
rapid guaremga. n. rapid; specifically be real. Variant: chunengguneng dm;
rapids in rivers. Pl: guarem. gunengguneng dm.
rash vlochithong. n. rash. realise drm svanas. sa-vi. realise.
rat kaumatka. n. rat; mouse; generic Variant: rm svanas.
term; also used specifically for do- realise tchm svthanas. vt. real-
mestic rats and mice. Pl: kaumat. ise. Variant: thchm svthanas.
Variant: chaumatka.
really kinasa. disc. 1 really.
rat, forest ~ asurtka. n. forest rat; 2 already. Variant: chinasa; inasa;
lives in holes in the ground. Pl: asurt. nasa.
rat, large forest ~ abmka. n. large really marik. disc. truly; really. Variant:
forest rat; brown; can be caught for marki.
food; lives in a hole in the ground with
two entrances. Pl: abm. really maru. adv. really.
rat, large forest ~ vaim atha nmga. really sok. disc. really; truly.
n. large forest rat; has tan fur; lives in really, and ~ dinasa. adv. and really.
holes. Pl: vaim atha nm. Variant: paim Morph: da=kinasa. Gloss: and=really.
atha nmga. reason arembm. n. 1 buttock. 2 n.
rattan irocha. n. rattan. Pl: irok. source; cause; reason. See: aremgi
rattle klr mt. vi-so. rattle. Variant:
buttock; source; cause; reason.
chlr mt. reason aremgi. n. 1 buttock.
2 base. 3 source; cause; reason.
rattle klrklr mt. vi-so. rattle.
Pl: arem. Variant: rem. See: arembm
Variant: chlrklr mt.
buttock; remini base; source; cause.
raw aichru. adj. 1 new.
299
reasonable man renowned, be ~
300
repeatedly right by
rest mual vt. vi-so. 1 stop. 2 rest. ridge isia. n. ridge; track (ridge lines
are used as tracks). Pl: isink. See:
rest munam. sa-vi. rest. aiska road.
return buinem. sa-vi. return. Variant: ridge, small ~ lairini. n. small ridge
vuinem; vinem; winem; puinem. between two creeks. Pl: lairithong.
return dn. sa-vi. 1 arrive; come. ridge top chan'gan'ga. n. ridge top;
2 reach. 3 return. Variant: ndn; the boundary between two river
thn; mn; mun; -an. catchments; often very wet and
reveal kur svt. vt. 1 show. mossy. Pl: chan'gan. Note: only ch.
2 reveal; spot-light using a torch. ridgepole pungngan'ga. n. ridgepole.
Variant: chur; kuar; chuar. Pl: pungngan. See: sutka ridgepole.
reveal kuravesik na. sa-vi. reveal. Note: only p.
Variant: churavesik na. ridgepole sutka. n. ridgepole. Pl: sut.
revelation achuravesik. n. revelation. See: ungngan'ga ridgepole.
revenge, take ~ tuvet mt. vt. right amrmr. n. right side of some-
1 answer; respond. 2 reciprocate. thing. Variant: mrmr.
3 take revenge; pay back. Variant: right sdamr. adv. correctly; right.
thuvet mt; duvet mt; muvet mt. Variant: sndamr.
revolted, be ~ tinggiar. vi-so. be dis- right by sdamr n. dir. 1 right by.
301
right here Roosters tail
right now taithik. dem. 1 right now. river, flooded ~ ichumgi. n. flood;
Gram: Emphatic adverbial proximate demon- flooded river. Pl: ichum.
strative. 2 just like this. Gram: Em- river, side branch of a ~ achruacha.
phatic adverbial proximate demonstrative. n. side branch of river; dries up during
Variant: thaithik; daithik. the dry season. Pl: achrau. Variant:
right there avivik. dem. right there. acheruacha.
Gram: Count neutral emphatic distal demon- riverbank angtham. n. 1 shore;
strative. Variant: vivik. beach; riverbank. 2 front. Morph:
rind chndenggi. n. 1 body. angtam. Gloss: 3N.POSS-mouth. Variant:
2 skin; bark. 3 peel; rind. Pl: avam; vam.
chndeng. Variant: kndenggi; road aiska. n. road.
kdenggi; chdenggi. See: road, large ~ aiski. n. large road.
chngdengga skin.
roam bang binem. sa-vi. roam; wan-
ring bn. vt. ring a bell. Variant: vn; der. Variant: vang binem.
mbn.
roar ddrin. n. roar; a roaring sound.
ringing dldl. n. ringing. Variant: ddarin.
ringworm aslavar. n. tinea; ringworm roar din'ga. n. boom; roar. Pl: ddin.
(grile).
roll bing. vt. roll; specifically to twist
ringworm awithinggi. n. ringworm; string used to make net bags (bilums).
tinea that appears as white spots on Variant: ving.
the skin. Pl: awithaing.
roll pali. vt. roll. Variant: vali.
ringworm, have ~ slavar pt. vi-so.
have ringworm. roll around vanim. vt. roll around; turn
over; e.g. movements of waves and
rip prk mt. vt. rip. Variant: vrk fabric. Variant: wanim.
mt.
roll over ngim melia. vi-sa. roll over;
rip off lik mt. vt. 1 rip off; tear off. flip. Variant: nm melia.
2 split; break apart.
roll over ngim melia. vt. roll over; flip.
ripe amang. adj. 1 ripe; especially re- Variant: nm melia.
fers to the ripeness of bananas, man-
goes, and pawpaws. 2 cooked. roof angtps. n. 1 top. 2 roof.
Morph: angt=ps. Gloss: 3N.POSS=head.
Variant: mang.
Variant: angtpus; vs.
ripe srp. adj. ripe.
roofing, iron ~ kapaigl. n. corrugated
ripped, be ~ prk mt. vi-so. 1 be iron; iron roofing; especially a single
torn; be ripped. 2 shout; yell. sheet of corrugated iron. Pl: kakigleng.
Variant: vrk mt.
room ulunggi. n. 1 room. 2 class;
ripple awalngga. n. wave; ripple. Pl: grade. Pl: ulung.
awalng.
rooster duraika. n. rooster. Pl: duraik.
rituals lotu. n. 1 Christian rituals.
2 religion.
Roosters tail lialechi. n. roosters tail.
302
roosters tail feather run into
303
run out say
run out lel s. vi-so. pour out; run out; vang vt.
spill out. rustle krtkrt s. vi-so. rustle. Variant:
run over bang vt. vt. run over. Variant: chrtkrt s.
S - s
304
say search out
305
season shake hands
cocoa pods when the season has al- set on fire tu mt. vt. set on fire. Variant:
ready finished. Variant: vn bt. thu mt; du mt; mu mt.
season chunng. n. 1 season. set out an area suchut m. vt.
2 occasion. Variant: kuneng. 1 measure. 2 set out or define an
season, rainy ~ avolam. n. rainy sea- area.
son. set rules tu ba. vt. set rules. Variant: thu
seaweed achlachuas. n. 1 grass sp.; ba; du ba; mu ba.
tends to grow in old gardens; the settle srtik na. vt. 1 settle.
seeds stick to your legs. Morph: a= 2 straighten out.
chlachuas. Gloss: SPEC=grass.sp. settle tuchun. sa-vi. 1 sit. 2 settle.
2 seaweed; seagrass; plants that thuchun; duchun;
Variant: muchun;
usually grow in shallow water; up to mugun; munggun.
20 cm in length; fish use it to hide in.
Variant: chlachuas.
settle down tu av snng mamr.
sa-vi. calm down; settle down; relax.
section avrachi. n. section. Pl: avar. See: Morph: tu av snng mamr. Gloss: put
varka boundary. 3M.SG.POSS thoughts properly. Variant: du
section, long ~ avrait. n. long section. av snng mamr; thu av snng
see naingm. sa-vi. 1 look around. mamr; mu av snng mamr; tu ath
2 see. 3 watch. 4 appear; look snng mamr.
like. 5 shine. Variant: naingim. settle ones stomach sepmaron vm
see tlu. vt. see. Variant: lu; ndlu. mes. sa-vi. settle ones stomach.
seed traingga. n. seed. Pl: traing. sew kutm s. vt. sew. Variant: chutm
Variant: raingga. s.
seed pod of the chlmgi sex, have ~ with beng. vt. have sex
tree chlmga. n. seed pod of the with. Usage: This has developed into
chlmgi tree. Pl: chlm. Variant: the most salient sense of the stem
achlmga. Note: only ch. beng; note its earlier meaning con-
tinues in the form beng vt climb up.
self, one ~ -nas. derivational suffix.
oneself. Gram: Reflexive marker. shade aun'gi. n. 1 darkness.
2 shade; shadow. Pl: aun. Variant:
selfish man bunacha. n. 1 rich man. un'gi. See: ayauski shadow.
2 selfish man. Pl: bunatha.
shadow ailachi. n. 1 image; picture;
selfish man mumanaska. n. 1 selfish photo; especially of a person.
man. 2 rich man; someone with lots 2 shadow; reflection; especially of a
of money or pigs etc. Pl: mumanasta. person. Pl: aila. Variant: ilachi; iluchi.
selfish woman bunachi. n. 1 rich See: ayauski shadow.
woman. 2 selfish woman. shadow aun'gi. n. 1 darkness.
selfish woman mumanaski. n. selfish 2 shade; shadow. Pl: aun. Variant:
woman; rich woman. un'gi. See: ayauski shadow.
self-satisfied aron. adj. 1 satisfied. shadow ayauski. n. shadow. Pl: ayaus.
2 proud; self-satisfied. Variant: ron. See: ailachi shadow.
semen anun. n. semen. shake kuiep. sa-vi. shake. Note: only k.
send tk n. vt. 1 send. 2 work on. shake ts tm. vt. shake. Variant: ths
Variant: thk n; tk na; thk na. tm; ds tm; ths t; ds t.
sentry sandricha. n. sentry. shake hands sangar glem na. sa-vi.
serve kut. vt. serve. Variant: chut. shake hands.
306
shake oneself shellfish sp.
shake oneself kuevanas. sa-vi. shake lives in the mud at the bottom of the
oneself. Note: only k. river; dark brown outside and white
shame chlepki. n. shame; shyness; inside; people refine (mumu) these
embarrassment. Pl: chlep. Variant: shells, by fire, to get lime powder.
klepki. 2 money; coin; kina. Pl: anal.
share tat mt. vt. 1 share. 2 divide. shellfish sp. aruthk. n. shellfish sp.;
3 scatter. Variant: that mt; dat mt; found at the mouth of rivers. Usage:
mat mt. Abilta dialect. See: kaliburburm
shellfish sp. Note: no endings.
shark banglka. n. shark. Pl: bangl.
shellfish sp. asuremgi. n. shellfish sp.;
sharp, be ~ atnes pt. vi-so. be sharp. lives on the reef; twisted cone with a
sharp, be ~ tnes. sa-vi. be sharp. Variant: spiky mottled exterior and shiny white
nes. interior; up to 10 cm long. Pl: asurem.
sharpen mnaing mt. vt. sharpen. shellfish sp. chamotki. n. shellfish sp.;
sharpen tpms vt. vt. sharpen. large black shellfish from the river;
Variant: thpms vt. lives in the water during the day but
crawls up on stones at night to find
shatter puk tm. sa-vi. 1 erupt.
food. Pl: chamot. Variant: kamotki.
2 shatter; burst. Variant: vuk tm.
shellfish sp. chavithoski. n. shellfish
she ki. pro. she; it. Gram: Third person
sp.; nautilus. Pl: chavithos. Variant:
feminine singular class two and class three
kavithoski.
pronoun. Variant: chi; chit; gi; git; giet
(Abilta dialect). shellfish sp. chlom angt nank. n.
shellfish sp.; large shell, similar to a
she kia. pro. she; it. Gram: Third person
conch; up to 25 cm long; used to make
feminine singular class one pronoun. Variant:
buttons; has a large door. Pl: chlom
chia; gia.
angt nankina.
she ng. pro. he; she; it; they. Gram: Third
shellfish sp. chlomgi. n. shellfish sp.;
person neuter class one pronoun. Variant:
lives on the reef; rounded spiral shell
nga.
with ridges; brown and white mottled
she ngthi. pro. he; she; it; they. Gram: colour; up to 4 cm across; has a door.
Third person neuter class two pronoun. Pl: chlom. Variant: klom; chlomga (Abilta
shed, copra ~ aus kopra. n. copra dialect).
shed; hut used to dry coconut and shellfish sp. chulumga. n. shellfish sp.;
store copra. Variant: us kopra. white cowrie shell. Pl: chulum. Variant:
shell ser tm. vt. shell; e.g. peanuts, kulumga.
beans etc. Variant: ser t. shellfish sp. chunachacha. n. shellfish
shell slavarki. n. shell; skin; specifi- sp.; found in the river; pointy black
cally the discarded shell of a crab, shell; up to 5 cm long. Pl: chunak.
prawn, lobster, or a snake skin. Pl: Variant: kunachacha.
slavar. shellfish sp. chunngngrngrka. n.
shell, clam ~ achirka. n. shellfish sp.; shellfish sp.; found on the reef;
clam shell from the sea; is purple and rounded spiral with ridges; white in
white; up to 8 cm across. Pl: achir. colour. Pl:chunngngrngr. Variant:
kunngngrngrka. See: mros shell-
shell, turtle ~ aluski. n. 1 turtle shell.
fish sp. (alternate name).
2 wooden bowl. Pl: alus. Variant:
luski. shellfish sp. churemgi. n. 1 palm sp.;
betel palm. 2 shellfish sp.; comes
shellfish sp. anlka. n. 1 shellfish sp.;
from the sea; has an elongated spiral
mussel; bivalve from the river that
307
shellfish sp. shoot
308
shoot at short ones, these ~
shoot at tuthik mna. vt. shoot at. short one. Gram: Reduced singular proxi-
Variant: thuthik mna. mate demonstrative. Variant: ithcham;
shoot, leaf ~ avolacha. n. leaf shoot. Pl: tcham.
avol. short ones, just those particular two ~
shoot randomly kut mes. vt. shoot chkvam. dem. just those particular
randomly. Variant: chut mes. two short ones. Gram: Emphatic reduced
dual contrastive demonstrative. See: chvam
shoot with tu na. vt. shoot with. Variant:
those particular two short ones.
thu na.
short ones, just those particular ~
shore angtham. n. 1 shore; beach; chkvap. dem. just those particular
riverbank. 2 front. Morph: angtam. short ones. Gram: Emphatic reduced plural
Gloss: 3N.POSS-mouth. Variant: avam; vam.
contrastive demonstrative. See: chvap
shorewards muit. dir. 1 ashore; those particular short ones.
shorewards. 2 across on same short ones, some two ~ agivam. pro.
level; towards. Variant: mit. some two short ones. Gram: Reduced dual
shorewards savono. dir. 1 upwards. indefinite pronoun. Variant: anggivam;
2 inland. 3 shorewards. givam.
shorewards vono. dir. 1 up. short ones, some ~ guavap. dem. some
2 inland. 3 shorewards. Variant: short ones. Gram: Reduced plural indefinite
bono; pono. demonstrative.
short achuvt. adj. short. Variant: short ones, the two ~ vam. pro. short
chuvt. two. Gram: Reduced dual nominal pronoun.
short, be ~ buirut. vi-so. be short; be short ones, the ~ ngavap. pro. short
stumpy; e.g. a dog with a cut off tail. ones. Gram: Reduced plural nominal pronoun.
Variant: birut.
short ones, the ~ ngigleng. pro. short
short one, any ~ nmbm. pro. any ones. Gram: Excised plural nominal pronoun.
short one. Gram: Reduced singular inter- short ones, the ~ vap. pro. short ones.
rogative pronoun.
Gram: Reduced plural nominal pronoun.
short one, just that particular ~ short ones, these particular two ~ tai-
chkchm. dem. just that particular thvam. dem. these particular two
short one. Gram: Emphatic reduced singular short ones. Gram: Reduced dual proximate
contrastive demonstrative. See: chchm
demonstrative emphatic. Variant: thaith-
that particular short one. vam.
short one, one ~ guachm. dem. one short ones, these particular ~ taith-
short one. Gram: Reduced singular indefinite vap. dem. these particular short ones.
demonstrative.
Gram: Reduced plural proximate demon-
short one, that particular ~ kchm. strative emphatic. Variant: thaithvap.
dem. that particular short one. Gram:
short ones, these two particular ~
Reduced singular contrastive demonstrative.
pavvam. dem. these two particular
Variant: km; chchm; achchm.
short ones. Gram: Reduced dual distal de-
short one, the ~ ngam. pro. short one. monstrative emphatic. Variant: vavvam.
Gram: Reduced singular nominal pronoun.
short ones, these two ~ ithvam. dem.
short one, this particular ~ taith- these two short ones. Gram: Reduced dual
chm. dem. this particular short one. proximate demonstrative. Variant: tvam.
Gram: Reduced singular proximate demon-
short ones, these ~ ithvap. dem. these
strative emphatic. Variant: thaithchm.
short ones. Gram: Reduced plural proximate
short one, this ~ ithchm. dem. this demonstrative. Variant: tvap.
309
short ones, those particular two ~ sick
short ones, those particular two ~ short two, any ~, some ~ nmbap. pro.
kglem. dem. those particular two any short two; some short two. Gram:
short ones. Gram: Reduced dual contrastive Reduced plural interrogative pronoun.
demonstrative. Variant: chglem; short two, the ~ iglem. pro. short two.
acheglem. Gram: Excised dual reduced nominal pronoun.
short ones, those particular two ~ short two, the ~ ngavam. pro. short
kvam. dem. those particular two two. Gram: Reduced dual nominal pronoun.
short ones. Gram: Reduced dual contrastive
demonstrative. Variant: chvam; achvam.
short two, the ~ ngiglem. pro. short
See: chkvam just those particular two. Gram: Excised dual nominal pronoun.
two short ones. shoulder alngini. n. shoulder. Pl:
alngithong. See: langga shoulder.
short ones, those particular ~ kvap.
dem. those particular short ones. Gram: shoulder langga. n. shoulder. Pl: alang.
Reduced plural contrastive demonstrative. See: alngini shoulder.
Variant: chvap; achevap. See: chkvap shout nngguik. sa-vi. shout.
just those particular short ones.
shout prk mt. vi-so. 1 be torn; be
short ones, those particular ~ pav- ripped. 2 shout; yell. Variant: vrk
vap. dem. those particular short ones. mt.
Gram: Reduced plural distal demonstrative
shout tns. sa-vi. call out; shout. Variant:
emphatic. Variant: vavvap.
ns.
short ones, those two ~ avvam. dem.
shout at nungguik vt. vt. shout at.
those two short ones. Gram: Reduced dual
distal demonstrative. Variant: vvam. shout crossly gur. sa-vi. shout crossly.
short ones, two ~ guavam. dem. two shove tk pm. vt. shove. Variant: thk
short ones. Gram: Reduced dual indefinite pm.
demonstrative. show kur svt. vt. 1 show.
short person aruchm. n. short per- 2 reveal; spot-light using a torch.
son. Usage: Has a depreciative sense. Variant: chur; kuar; chuar.
Pl: aruvap. Variant: ruchm. show kur tm. vt. show. Variant: chura
short, that one avchm. dem. that tm.
short one. Gram: Reduced singular distal show kura. vt. show. Variant: chur.
demonstrative. Variant: vchm; vcham;
shrink tu salel n. vt. shrink. Variant:
avcham.
thu salel n.
short thing, some ~ agichm. pro.
shrink back sichirdot. vi-so. shrink
some short thing. Gram: Reduced singular
back, as for an octopus that realises it
indefinite pronoun. Variant: anggichm;
has been seen; make yourself incon-
gichm.
spicuous, e.g. if you are ashamed or to
short thing, that particular ~ pav- avoid being volunteered to do some-
chm. dem. that particular short thing.
thing. Gram: Reduced singular distal demon-
shy, be ~ klu vathm. vi-so. be shy.
strative emphatic. Variant: vchm;
Variant: chlu vathm.
vavchm; bavchm.
shyness chlepki. n. shame; shyness;
short things, some ~ agivap. pro. some
embarrassment. Pl: chlep. Variant:
short things. Gram: Reduced plural indefi-
klepki.
nite pronoun. Variant: anggivap; givap.
sibling, small younger ~ alichini. n.
short things, those ~ avvap. dem.
small younger sibling. Pl: alikithong.
those short things. Gram: Reduced plural
distal demonstrative. Variant: vvap. sick arm. adj. sick.
310
sickness single-minded, be ~
sickness armgi. n. illness; disease; signal tnap na. vt. wave; signal by us-
sickness. Pl: arm. ing hand gestures to communicate.
side angthik. n. side. Variant: nap na.
side glingga. n. 1 place. 2 side. Pl: signs, make ~ su ba. vt. sign; make
glaing. Variant: glingga. signs.
side by side ithmna. dir. side by side. silent mandinen. adj. silent.
side by side pathm na. dir. silent, be ~ mnaman na. vi-so. 1 be
1 alongside; side by side. 2 with quiet. 2 be silent.
each other; for each other. silent, be ~ mndinen. adv. be silent.
3 parallel. Variant: vathm na; bathm similar, be ~ klan. vt. be like; be simi-
na. lar. Variant: chlan; chlan; klan.
side, from the other ~ naimuit. dir. similarly doki. adv. 1 also; too.
from the other side. 2 similarly. Morph: da=koki. Gloss: and=
side, from the other ~ namethik. dir. also. Variant: daki.
from the other side. similarly koki. disc. also; similarly.
side, from ~ nathmuanp. dir. from Variant: choki; oki.
side. Variant: nathmoni; nathmonp. similarly, that ~ moki. disc. that also;
side, on the other ~ imonp. dir. on the that similarly; that another. Morph: ma
other side. Variant: imuanp. =koki. Gloss: REL=also.
side, to the ~ nmni. prep. aside; to simply kosa. disc. just; simply; as the
the side. result of something undesirable hav-
side, to the ~ tmuit. dir. sidewards; to ing happened. Variant: chusa.
the side. Variant: thmuit. simultaneously sna. adv. 1 altogether.
side, to the ~ of dgeling. dir. to the 2 simultaneously. Variant: sna.
side of. sin avu. n. sin. Note: no endings.
side-dish amstmna. n. side-dish. sin pekato. sa-vi. sin.
Variant: amstmini. Pl: amstm- sin slavo. sa-vi. sin.
naithong.
sin slavocha. n. sin. Pl: slavo.
sidewards tmuit. dir. sidewards; to
the side. Variant: thmuit. sinful avu. adj. bad or sinful person.
sideways masechen. adv. 1 sideways. sing tvng. sa-vi. sing. Variant: thvng.
2 unbalanced. sing in tvng mt. vt. sing in. Variant:
thvng mt.
sighted man manaingimga. n.
sighted man. Pl: manaingimda. singapore chalun'ga. n. taro sp.; sin-
sighted woman manaingimgi. n. gapore. Pl: chalun. Variant: kalun'ga.
sighted woman. Pl: manaingimda. Pl: singapore, black ~ bukacha. n. taro
manaingim. sp.; black singapore. Pl: buka.
sign su ba. vt. sign; make signs. singe pn dm. vi-so. 1 bite someone
sign suchutka. n. 1 sign; mark. out of anger. 2 singe; burn. Variant:
vn dm.
2 line; boundary. Pl: suchut. Variant:
asuchut. singer mambumtka. n. singer. Pl:
mambumtta.
sign, no entry ~ arekrechi. n. sign on
path to prohibit people from going single-minded, be ~ asok mt. vi-so.
along it, and by extension, a no entry 1 be brave. 2 be determined; be
sign or gate. Pl: arekrek. single-minded. 3 be strong. 4 be
311
sink sling
312
slip away small ones, these two ~
313
small ones, these ~ ~
small ones, these ~ ithithong. dem. small things. Gram: Diminutive plural distal
these small ones. Gram: Diminutive plural demonstrative emphatic. Variant: avthong;
proximate demonstrative. Variant: tithong; vaivthong; pavthong; bavthong.
iththong. small things, those ~ avthong. dem.
small ones, those particular two ~ those small things. Gram: Diminutive plu-
kthom. dem. those particular two ral distal demonstrative. Variant: vthong;
small ones. Gram: Diminutive dual contras- athong (Abilta dialect).
tive demonstrative. Variant: achthom; small two, any ~, some ~ nmbam.
chthom. See: chkthom just those pro. any small two; some small two.
particular two small ones. Gram: Reduced dual interrogative pronoun.
small ones, those particular two ~ small two, the ~ ithom. pro. small two.
pavthom. dem. those particular two Gram: Diminutive dual reduced nominal pro-
small ones. Gram: Diminutive dual distal noun.
demonstrative emphatic. Variant: vavthom;
vaivthom.
small two, the ~ ngithom. pro. small
two. Gram: Diminutive dual nominal pronoun.
small ones, those particular ~ k-
thong. dem. those particular small smell angthn'ga. n. odour; smell. Pl:
angthn.
ones. Gram: Diminutive plural contrastive
demonstrative. Variant: chthong; ach- smell prn dm. vt. sniff; smell.
thong. See: chkthong just those Variant: vrn dm.
particular small ones. smell prn svt. vt. smell. Variant:
small ones, those two ~ avthom. dem. vrn svt.
those two small ones. Gram: Diminutive smelly, be ~ ten pthanas. sa-vi. be
dual distal demonstrative. Variant: vethom; smelly. Variant: then pthanas.
athom (Karong dialect).
smelly place athinggiaras. n. filthy or
small ones, two ~ guathom. dem. two smelly place. Variant: tinggiaras.
small ones. Gram: Diminutive dual indefinite
smile gesik mt. vi-so. smile.
demonstrative.
smoke chulski. n. 1 smoke.
small ones, which ~, some ~ nemi-
2 steam. Pl: chuls. Variant: kulski.
thom. pro. which two small ones;
some two small ones. Gram: Diminutive smoke nangasachi. n. smoke. Pl:
dual interrogative pronoun; also used to refer nangas.
to people; can imply attenuative meaning; can smooth asst. adj. smooth; slippery.
be used in indefinite contexts.
smooth ast. adj. smooth. Variant: st.
small ones, which ~, some ~ nemi-
snail sp. chloingga. n. bush snail;
thong. pro. which small ones; some
brown and white spiral shell; is up to
small ones. Gram: Diminutive plural inter-
2 cm across. Pl: chloing.
rogative pronoun; also used to refer to people;
can imply attenuative meaning; can be used in snake asingalka. n. 1 snake; worm;
indefinite contexts. generic term. 2 dangerous spirit.
3 Satan; devil. Pl: asingal. Variant:
small thing, some ~ againi. pro. some
singalka.
small thing. Gram: Diminutive singular in-
definite pronoun. Variant: anggini; gaini. snake aulan'gi. n. python; snake; ge-
neric term. Pl: aulan.
small thing, some ~ agini. pro. some
small thing. Gram: Diminutive singular in- snake, large ~ asingalki. n. 1 female
definite pronoun. Variant: anggini; gaini. spirit. 2 large snake; generic term.
small things, those particular ~ snake, lazy boy ~ iluingm. n. snake
paivthong. dem. those particular sp.; lazy boy snake; grey; has a short
314
snake sp. so that
tail; sleeps a lot; has white blood that perament; lives around reefs. Pl:
looks like milk; people play with it by athibunu.
touching a stick under their armpit snap bing mni. vt. break or snap;
then putting the stick near the snakes especially of a rope. Note: only b.
nose to make it jump. Pl: iluing.
snap pl mni. vi-so. snap. Variant: vl
snake sp. amdalpka. n. snake sp.; has mni.
white, black, and yellow stripes; has a
small head; goes underwater to catch snap tanger vt. vt. 1 snap; break off.
eels; can kill other snakes. Pl: 2 spear. Variant: thanger vt.
amndalp. snap off tik tm. vt. 1 pick.
2 break. 3 snap off. Variant: thik
snake sp. anabuvm. n. snake sp.;
tm; tik t; thik t.
poisonous; brown; up to 60 cm long;
strikes fast but runs away when it sneak up sisit na. vt. sneak up; creep
smells people; sleeps under rubbish, up; refers to moving quietly and
leaves, or dead wood; related to the slowly without being seen.
amdalpka species. Pl: anabuvap. sneeze kies sa. vi-so. sneeze. See:
snake sp. aulan'gi ama blbualki. n. kiskisa sneeze repeatedly. Note: only k.
snake sp.; black, long, and flat like a sneeze kiskisa. vi-so. sneeze repeat-
belt; does not run away when ap- edly. Variant: kikisa. See: kies sa
proached. Pl: aulan ama blbual. sneeze. Note: only k.
snake sp. aulan'gi ama vonbon'gi. n. sniff prn dm. vt. sniff; smell. Variant:
snake sp.; silvery colour; edible. Pl: vrn dm.
Aulan ama vonbon.
snore asureng. vi-so. snore.
snake sp. avilucha. n. snake sp.; grey,
snoring person asurngga. n. snoring
long and thin; moves fast; eats eggs.
person.
Pl: avilu.
snotty nose, have a ~ genaing
snake sp. baulcha snguvs. n. snake
genaing mt. vi-so. have a snotty
sp.; poisonous; black with a coloured
nose; be heavily congested.
band around its neck; its head breaks
off if it bites you. Pl: baulcha so nik. coord. so.
sngangtps. so sa. disc. 1 then. Gram: Clause initial
snake sp. iluingm. n. snake sp.; lazy discourse marker. Introduces a new event
boy snake; grey; has a short tail; frame. 2 so. 3 already. Gram: Re-
sleeps a lot; has white blood that looks sultative marker. 4 for a while. Gram: In
like milk; people play with it by clause final position. 5 Gram: Imperative
touching a stick under their armpit marker.
then putting the stick near the snakes so, and ~ dasa. coord. and so; then.
nose to make it jump. Pl: iluing. Morph: da=sa. Gloss: and=then. Variant:
snake sp. salilibonggi. n. snake sp.; dsa.
greenish with rainbow colours and a so, and ~ niki. coord. and so.
white belly; hunts around small pools
so, and ~ nisa. coord. and so. Variant:
in creeks; eats frogs and prawns; if
nasa; niska.
disturbed it will hiss, swell up, and hit
you with its tail to frighten you, then it so that dai asik. subord. so that.
runs away. Pl: salilibong. so that ivasa. subord. so that. Morph: iva
snake sp., sea ~ athibunuchi. n. sea =sa. Gloss: in.order.to=then.
snake sp.; black and white; long with a so that va sa. subord. so that. Note: only v.
small head; has an aggressive tem- so that va sik. subord. so that.
315
soft some of your
some anggung. dem. 1 some. Gram: some long ones nmiseng. pro. which
Count neutral indefinite demonstrative. long ones. Gram: Long plural interrogative
2 any; anything. Gram: Count neutral in- pronoun; can be used in indefinite contexts.
definite demonstrative. some long thing agivet. pro. some long
some flat ones agimlk. pro. some thing. Gram: Long singular indefinite pro-
flat ones. Gram: Flat plural indefinite pro- noun. Variant: anggivet; givet.
noun. Variant: anggimlk; gimlk. some of my guanga. pro. some of my.
some flat ones guamlk. dem. some Gram: First person singular possessive pro-
flat ones. Gram: Flat plural indefinite de- noun and non-specific possessive pronoun.
monstrative. Morph: gu=anga. Gloss: 1SG.POSS=
NSPEC.
some flat ones guavs. dem. some flat
ones. Gram: Flat plural indefinite demon- some of your anganama. pro. some of
316
some of your some two long ones
your. Gram: Second person plural possessive short thing. Gram: Reduced singular indefi-
pronoun and non-specific possessive pronoun. nite pronoun. Variant: anggichm; gichm.
Morph: angan=ma. Gloss: 2PL.POSS= some short things agivap. pro. some
EMPH. short things. Gram: Reduced plural indefi-
some of your angnanga. pro. some of nite pronoun. Variant: anggivap; givap.
your. Gram: Second person plural possessive some short two nmbap. pro. any short
pronoun and non-specific possessive pronoun. two; some short two. Gram: Reduced
Morph: angn=anga. Gloss: 2PL.POSS= plural interrogative pronoun.
NSPEC.
some small one nemini. pro. which
some of your gianga. pro. some of small one; some small one. Gram: Di-
your. Gram: Second person singular posses- minutive singular interrogative pronoun; also
sive pronoun and non-specific possessive pro- used to refer to people; can imply attenuative
noun. Morph: gi=anga. Gloss: 2SG.POSS= meaning; can be used in indefinite contexts.
NSPEC.
some small ones agithong. pro. some
some people ath. pro. some people. small ones. Gram: Diminutive plural indefi-
Gram: Human plural indefinite pronoun. nite pronoun. Variant: anggithong;
some people guavek. dem. some peo- githong.
ple. Gram: Human plural indefinite demon- some small ones guathong. dem. some
strative. small ones. Gram: Diminutive plural indefi-
some piece agigl. pro. some piece. nite demonstrative.
Gram: Excised singular indefinite pronoun. some small ones nemithong. pro.
Variant: anggigl; gigl. which small ones; some small ones.
some piece nmigl. pro. which piece; Gram: Diminutive plural interrogative pronoun;
some piece. Gram: Excised singular inter- also used to refer to people; can imply attenu-
rogative pronoun; used in a joking way to refer ative meaning; can be used in indefinite con-
to people and implies something about their texts.
large size; can be used in indefinite contexts. some small thing againi. pro. some
Variant: neminggl. small thing. Gram: Diminutive singular in-
some pieces agigleng. pro. some definite pronoun. Variant: anggini; gaini.
pieces. Gram: Excised plural indefinite pro- some small thing agini. pro. some
noun. Variant: anggigleng; gigleng. small thing. Gram: Diminutive singular in-
some pieces guagleng. dem. some definite pronoun. Variant: anggini; gaini.
pieces. Gram: Excised plural indefinite de- some small two nmbam. pro. any
monstrative. small two; some small two. Gram: Re-
some pieces nmigleng. pro. which duced dual interrogative pronoun.
pieces; some pieces. Gram: Excised plural some two flat ones agimlm. pro.
interrogative pronoun; used in a joking way to some two flat ones. Gram: Flat dual in-
refer to people and implies something about definite pronoun. Variant: anggimlm;
their large size; can be used in indefinite con- gimlm.
texts.
some two large ones aginm. pro.
some short one nmbm. pro. any some two large ones. Gram: Extended
short one. Gram: Reduced singular inter- dual indefinite pronoun. Variant: anginm;
rogative pronoun. ginm.
some short ones guavap. dem. some some two long ones agisem. pro. some
short ones. Gram: Reduced plural indefinite two long ones. Gram: Extended dual in-
demonstrative. definite pronoun. Variant: anggisem;
some short thing agichm. pro. some gisem.
317
some two long ones something
some two long ones nemisem. pro. people. Gram: Feminine dual interrogative
which two long ones; some two long pronoun.
ones. Gram: Long dual interrogative pronoun; some two things nemiom. pro. which
used in a joking way to refer to people and im- two people; which two things; some
plies something about their large size; can be two people. Gram: Masculine dual inter-
used in indefinite contexts. rogative pronoun; can be used in indefinite
some two people agivem. pro. some contexts.
two people; some two things. Gram: someone agicha. pro. someone; some-
Feminine dual indefinite pronoun. Variant: thing. Gram: Masculine singular indefinite
anggivem; givem. pronoun. Variant: anggicha; gicha.
some two people, things nmbem. someone agichi. pro. something; some-
pro. any two people; any two things; one. Gram: Feminine singular indefinite pro-
some two people. Gram: Feminine dual noun. Variant: anggichi; gichi.
interrogative pronoun.
someone agiom. pro. two of something;
some two people, things nemiom. pro. two unidentified people. Gram: Mascu-
which two people; which two things; line dual indefinite pronoun. Variant:
some two people. Gram: Masculine dual anggiom; giom.
interrogative pronoun; can be used in indefi-
nite contexts.
someone aguik. pro. something;
someone. Gram: Feminine singular indefinite
some two pieces agiglem. pro. some pronoun. Variant: angguik.
two pieces. Gram: Excised dual indefinite
pronoun. Variant: anggiglem; giglem.
someone angitha. pro. 1 anyone.
Gram: Human plural indefinite pronoun.
some two pieces nmiglem. pro. 2 someone. Gram: Human plural indefinite
which two pieces; some two pieces. pronoun.
Gram: Excised dual interrogative pronoun;
used in a joking way to refer to people and im-
someone aung. dem. 1 someone;
plies something about their large size; can be
something. Gram: Masculine singular in-
definite demonstrative. 2 anyone; any-
used in indefinite contexts.
thing. Gram: Masculine singular indefinite
some two short ones agivam. pro. demonstrative.
some two short ones. Gram: Reduced dual
indefinite pronoun. Variant: anggivam;
someone aungguik. dem. 1 someone;
givam.
something. Gram: Feminine singular indefi-
nite demonstrative. 2 anyone; any-
some two small ones agithom. pro. thing. Gram: Feminine singular indefinite
some two small ones. Gram: Diminutive demonstrative.
dual indefinite pronoun. Variant: anggithom;
githom.
something agia. pro. something. Gram:
Count neutral indefinite pronoun. Variant:
some two small ones nemithom. pro. anggia.
which two small ones; some two small
ones. Gram: Diminutive dual interrogative something agicha. pro. someone;
pronoun; also used to refer to people; can imply
something. Gram: Masculine singular in-
definite pronoun. Variant: anggicha; gicha.
attenuative meaning; can be used in indefinite
contexts. something agichi. pro. something;
some two things agivem. pro. some someone. Gram: Feminine singular indefinite
pronoun. Variant: anggichi; gichi.
two people; some two things. Gram:
Feminine dual indefinite pronoun. Variant: something agingt. pro. something.
anggivem; givem. Gram: Count neutral indefinite pronoun.
Variant: anggingt; gingt; dingt
some two things nmbem. pro. any
(Abilta dialect).
two people; any two things; some two
318
something spear
319
spear spinal cord
320
spine squawk
Variant: kusemga. split lik mt. vt. 1 rip off; tear off.
spine buthicha. n. spine; back. Pl: 2 split; break apart.
buthi. split tigil mt. vt. split. Variant: thigil
spirit arachtki. n. spirit from a spirit mt.
mask; these spirits can go into some- split tigl tm. vt. 1 split. 2 cut up.
one (especially a woman) and make Variant: thigl tm.
her act crazy, e.g. shouting out and split apart lr snas. sa-vi. split apart;
taking her clothes off; someone who as when something breaks up from
knows an appropriate charm must within.
speak it into lime powder and then
spread the lime powder on the spoilt angguvang. adj. 1 spoilt.
2 bad. Variant: angguang; guvang.
womans face, ears, and body.
spirit ayauska. n. spirit. Pl: ayaus. spoon sipun'ga. n. spoon; especially
something about the size of a dessert
spirit saluk athoemga. n. spirit; spoon or soup spoon. Pl: sipun.
mountain spirit that lives in the wild
palm; if you touch the leaves of the spoon, large ~ sipun'gi. n. large spoon;
palm you become confused and wan- e.g. a serving spoon. Pl: sipun.
der off in the wrong direction. Pl: saluk spoon, small ~ sipunini. n. small spoon;
athoes. teaspoon.
spirit tomga. n. spirit; ghost. Variant: spot vlochm. n. spot. Pl: vlok. Variant:
thomga. plochm.
spirit, dangerous ~ asingalka. n. spotlight kur svt. vt. 1 show.
1 snake; worm; generic term. 2 reveal; spot-light using a torch.
2 dangerous spirit. 3 Satan; devil. Variant: chur; kuar; chuar.
Pl: asingal. Variant: singalka. spouse lugutka. n. husband. Pl:
spirit, female ~ asingalki. n. 1 female lugutvek. lunggutka; ungut
Variant:
spirit. 2 large snake; generic term. (Abilta dialect); agut (Abilta dialect).
See: aruacha friend; often used to re-
spirit level amumamrnacha. n. spirit
level. Pl: amumamrnangt. fer to spouses.
spirit that causes illness chavatka. n. spread preng. vt. spread. Variant: vreng;
vrang; prang.
spirit that causes illness. Pl: chavat.
Variant: kavatka. spread tneng n. vt. 1 spread. Variant:
neng n. 2 rub; massage. Variant:
spirit world asingal. n. spirit world.
neng n.
Note: no endings.
spit kot. sa-vi. spit. Variant: chot. sprout pupuik n. vi-so. sprout. Variant:
vuvuik n.
spit at kot pt. vt. spit on; spit at.
Variant: chot pt.
sprout purvur. vi-so. sprout. Variant:
vurvur.
spit on kot pt. vt. spit on; spit at.
Variant: chot pt.
spy bing dm. vt. spy. Variant: ving dm;
bing d; ving d.
splash kuasin svt. vt. splash. Variant:
chuasin.
spy chaseska. n. spy.
321
squeak still not
stand tair. sa-vi. 1 stand. 2 wait. stick dingdm pt. vi-so. stick.
Variant: thair; dair; mair. stick, digging ~ athvatki. n. digging
stand alone tair snas. sa-vi. stand stick. Pl: athvat.
alone. Variant: thair snas; dair snas; sticks, beating ~ mambl. n. beating
mair snas. sticks. Variant: mambl.
stand, make ~ tair s. vt. make stand. stiff, be ~ trong. vi-so. be stiff with cold.
Variant: thair s; dair s; mair s. Variant: rong.
stand up trn s. vi-so. stand up; un- still as. disc. 1 still. 2 yet. 3 just.
bend; something that had been bent still askok. disc. 1 still. Gram: Atelic re-
over but is released so it can stand alis. 2 yet. Gram: Atelic realis. 3 just.
again. Variant: rn s. Gram: Atelic realis. Morph: as=kok. Gloss:
star alingga. n. star. Pl: alaing. Variant: still=just.
lingga. still, and ~ das. coord. 1 and still.
star, evening ~ chamerabpki. n. 2 and yet. 3 and just. Morph: da=as.
evening star. Morph: a=kamerbpki. Gloss: and=yet.
Gloss: SPEC= still not skoi. disc. still not. Morph: as=
322
stillborn, be ~ straighten out
koi. Gloss: still=not. strong spikes all over its back and
stillborn, be ~ sukderut s. vi-so. be sides; swells up when touched. Pl:
stillborn; a baby that dies before birth. lvai.
323
strange sugar-cane
324
Sulka man take off
Sulka man auligalka; Sulka man. Pl: swallow kuanik. vt. swallow. Variant:
auligalta. chuanik.
Sulka woman auligalki. n. Sulka sweat arengga. n. sweat. Note: no plural.
woman. sweat rengga cha mn na. sa-vi.
sun kunngga. n. 1 sun. 2 day. Pl: sweat.
kunng. Variant: chunngga. sweep schup. vt. sweep.
3 occasion.
sweep schup pt. vt. sweep.
sunset, colourful ~ manuringgl. n.
colourful sunset. Pl: manuringgleng. sweet, be ~ amr mt. vi-so. taste
good; be sweet.
sunshower airvthaualki. n. sun-
shower. Pl: airvthaual. sweet potato kalasunggi. n. sweet
potato (kaukau). Pl: kalasung. Variant:
surface sachong. n. 1 vision; dream; chalasunggi.
daydream. 2 glasses. 3 crown of
a tree. 4 surface; e.g. the surface of swell rip. n. swell.
the sea, the face of the earth, the top swell sis. sa-vi. swell.
of a sore, the opening of a pot. swim tor. sa-vi. 1 bathe; swim. 2 get
surprise srmn. vt. surprise. Variant: wet. Variant: thor.
srmun. swim tor tm. sa-vi. swim. Variant: thor.
surprised, be ~ srmn vt. vi-so. be swish ts. interj. swish; whoosh; imi-
surprised. tates the sound of a stone from a sling
surprised, look ~ ngiem sravo. adv. hitting a target.
look worried; look surprised; look swollen aririp. adj. swollen; e.g. when a
shocked; people look like this, e.g. if limb is full of blood. Variant: ariprip.
there is a fight happening but no-one
swollen vsvis. adj. swollen. Note: only v.
knows what is going on.
swollen, be pis d. vi-so. be swollen.
surprisingly nia. modal. 1 just; sud-
Usage: The expression pis d sarum
denly; surprisingly. Gram: Mirative
have a swollen belly is not normally
marker with present tense or past tense verbs.
used with reference to women, but
2 tried. Gram: Frustrative marker with
can be used to talk about pregnant
future tense verbs.
animals, especially dogs. Its use in the
surround bing. sa-vi. surround. Variant: following example is derogatory.
ving; ping. Variant:vis d.
T - t
table tevolki. n. table. Pl: tevol. Note: tail of a dolphin vethachi. n. fin, flip-
only t. per, or tail of a dolphin. Pl: avet. Note:
taboo place thchnmuvs. n. taboo only v.
place. Pl: thchnmu. Note: only th. tail, roosters ~ lialechi. n. roosters
tail ichurki. n. tail. Pl: ichur. tail. Pl: liale.
tail, birds ~ ithepki. n. birds tail. Pl: take off ploltem sa. vt. remove; take
ithep. off. Variant: vloltem sa.
tail feather, roosters ~ lialecha. n. take off tar tm. vt. 1 remove; take
roosters tail feather. Pl: liale. Variant: off. 2 uncover. Variant: thar tm.
lialevs. take off tranas. sa-vi. go; take off;
325
Take this! tell each other
talented, be ~ angelka vm. vi-so. taste ts nthm. vt. taste. Variant: thas
1 be clever. 2 be talented. nthm; ds nthm; ms nthm.
talk into pr ma. vt. 1 pull along. taste tnari. vt. 1 hear. 2 feel.
2 talk into; tempt. Variant:vr ma. 3 taste. Variant: nari.
tanget [TP] lagun'ga. n. cordyline sp.; taste good amr mt. vi-so. taste good;
victory leaf (tanget); decorative plant. be sweet.
Pl: lagun. teach su. vt. 1 try. 2 teach.
tap del vt. vt. tap; e.g. hitting a galip teacher sunasvmga. n. teacher. Pl:
nut (Canarium indicum). sunasvmda.
tap sa-vi. pae. sa-vi. tap. Variant: vae; wae. teacher, female ~ sunasvmgi. n. fe-
tap ser. sa-vi. knock; tap; e.g. by hitting male teacher.
a drum. tear chulpka. n. tear. Pl: kulap. Variant:
tapa cloth [TP] simalachi. n. 1 tapa kulpka.
cloth; traditional covering worn by tear lr dm. vt. 1 tear. 2 split.
men; a strip of bark cloth that goes 3 chop. Variant: ler d.
between the legs, attached to a tear lik s. vt. break or tear off some-
waistband. 2 underpants. Pl: simal. thing small.
tapioca kacholka. n. tapioca. Pl: kachol. tear off lik mt. vt. 1 rip off; tear off.
Variant: chacholka. See: tapioka tapi- 2 split; break apart.
oca.
tease tu samor s. vt. make fun. Variant:
tapioca tapioka. n. tapioca. Pl: tapiok. thu samor s; du samor s; mu samor
See: kacholka tapioca. s.
taro adichi. n. taro. Variant: ndichi. See: teaspoon sipunini. n. small spoon;
anot taro. teaspoon.
taro anot. n. taro. See: adichi taro. tell dodm. sa-vi. recount; narrate; tell.
taro, piece of ~ adigl. n. 1 piece of Variant: thodm.
taro. 2 palm of hand. Pl: adigleng. tell kuar na. vt. tell. Variant: chuar na;
taro, piece of ~ baler. n. 1 piece of kuar n; chuar n.
wood. 2 piece of taro. Variant: tell tamn sthm. vt. tell. Variant:
balerini. thamn sthm; methamn sthm.
taro shoots vnngacha. n. taro tell tes svt. vt. tell.
shoots. Pl: vnang. Note: only v.
tell a story tes svt da sek. sa-vi.
taro, small ~ adini. n. small taro. Variant: narrate; tell a story. Variant: thesavet
taro. See: adichi taro. da sek; desavet da sek; mesavet da sek.
taro sp. bukacha. n. taro sp.; black tell about tes svt dm. vt. narrate;
singapore. Pl: buka. tell about. Variant: thesavet dm;
taro sp. chalun'ga. n. taro sp.; singa- desavet dm; mesavet dm; tesavet
pore. Pl: chalun. Variant: kalun'ga. dm.
taro sp. chathachi. n. taro sp.; wild tell each other kuar nana. sa-vi. tell
326
temperature that particular large one, just ~
terribly mamor. adv. 1 lots. that one avaik. dem. that one. Gram:
2 excessively; very much; terribly. Feminine singular distal demonstrative.
3 strongly. 4 hard. 5 loudly. Variant: vaik; avchit (Abilta dialect).
6 fast; quickly. 7 brightly. that one avak. dem. that one. Gram:
terrified, be ~ irikin. vi-so. be terrified; Masculine singular distal demonstrative.
be scared. Variant: vak; pak.
terror irikin'ga. n. terror. Pl: irikin. that one avang. dem. 1 that one; those
ones. Gram: Count neutral distal demon-
testicle achvulki. testicle.
n. Pl:
strative. 2 those flat ones. Gram: Flat
achvul. Variant: chvulki.
plural distal demonstrative. Variant: vang;
thanks, give ~ tamn pthanas s. vt. pang.
give thanks. Variant: thamn pthanas that one kvi=. contrastive marker. that
s.
one. Gram: Used to make contrastive pro-
that ama. rel. that. Gram: Relator that in- nouns. Variant: chvi=.
troduces clauses or NPs that describe or refer
that particular flat one kvs. dem.
to one particular characteristic of their head.
that particular flat one. Gram: Flat sin-
that ia. rel. that. Gram: Relator that intro- gular contrastive demonstrative. Variant:
duces clauses or NPs that have the same syn- chvs; kchs; achvs; chchs. See:
tactic status as their head. chkvs just that particular flat one.
that ma. rel. that; who. Gram: Relator that that particular flat one pavvs. dem.
introduces clauses or NPs that provide addi- that particular flat one. Gram: Flat sin-
tional information about their head. Construc- gular distal demonstrative emphatic. Variant:
tions involving the relator ma are sometimes vavvs.
used to express uncertainty or emphasis.
that particular flat one, just ~
that also moki. disc. that also; that chkvs. dem. just that particular
similarly; that another. Morph: ma= flat one. Gram: Emphatic flat singular con-
koki. Gloss: REL=also. trastive demonstrative. See: kvs that
that another moki. disc. that also; that particular flat one.
similarly; that another. Morph: ma= that particular large one kchit. dem.
koki. Gloss: REL=also. that particular large one. Gram: Ex-
that flat one avchs. dem. that flat tended singular contrastive demonstrative.
one. Gram: Flat singular distal demonstrative. Variant: chchit; achchit. See:
Variant: vchs. chkchit just that particular large
one.
that flat one avvs. dem. that flat one.
Gram: Flat singular distal demonstrative. that particular large one, just ~
Variant: vvs. See: avchs that flat chkchit. dem. just that particular
one. large one. Gram: Emphatic extended singu-
lar contrastive demonstrative. See: chchit
that just mok. disc. that just. Morph: ma=
327
that particular large thing that particular piece
that particular large one. lar ones. Gram: Count neutral distal demon-
that particular large thing pavchit. strative emphatic. 2 those particular
dem. that particular large thing. Gram: flat ones. Gram: Flat plural distal demon-
Extended singular distal demonstrative em- strative emphatic. Variant: vachvang;
phatic. Variant: vavchit; vchit. bachvang. See: paivang those par-
ticular flat ones.
that particular long one kvet. dem.
that particular long one. Gram: Long that particular one paivaik. dem. that
singular contrastive demonstrative. Variant: particular one. Gram: Feminine singular
chvet; achvet. See: chkvet just distal demonstrative emphatic. Variant:
that particular long one. aivaik; vaivaik. See: pachvaik that
particular one.
that particular long one pavvet. dem.
that particular long one. Gram: Long that particular one paivak. dem. that
singular distal demonstrative emphatic. particular one. Gram: Masculine singular
Variant: vavvet. distal demonstrative emphatic. Variant: ivak;
vaivak. See: pachvak that particular
that particular long one, just ~ one.
chkvet. dem. just that particular
long one. Gram: Emphatic long singular that particular one paivang. dem. that
contrastive demonstrative. See: chvet that particular one; those particular ones.
particular long one. Gram: Count neutral distal demonstrative em-
phatic. Variant: aivang; vaivang.
that particular one kk. dem. that par-
ticular one. Gram: Masculine singular con- that particular one, just ~ chkraik.
trastive demonstrative. Variant: chk; dem. just that particular one. Gram:
achk. Emphatic feminine singular contrastive de-
monstrative. See: kraik just that par-
that particular one kngt. dem. those ticular one.
particular ones; that particular one.
Gram: Count neutral contrastive demon- that particular one, just ~ chkrak.
strative. Variant: achnget; chnget; dem. just that particular one. Gram:
gnget. Emphatic masculine singular contrastive de-
monstrative. See: chrak that particular
that particular one krak. dem. that one.
particular one. Gram: Masculine singular
contrastive demonstrative. Variant: chr; that particular one, just ~ chevaik.
chra; chrak; chrak. See: chkrak just dem. just that particular one. Gram:
that particular one. Emphatic feminine singular contrastive de-
monstrative. Variant: chvaik; achvaik.
that particular one kravum. dem. that Note: only ch.
particular one. Gram: Masculine singular
contrastive demonstrative. that particular one, just ~ chvak.
dem. just that particular one. Gram:
that particular one pachvaik. dem. Emphatic masculine singular contrastive de-
that particular one. Gram: Feminine sin- monstrative. Variant: achvak. Note: only ch.
gular distal demonstrative emphatic. Variant:
vachvaik. See: paivaik that particular that particular one, just ~ kraik. dem.
one. just that particular one. Gram: Feminine
singular contrastive demonstrative. Variant:
that particular one pachvak. dem. chraik; chraik. See: chkraik just that
that particular one. Gram: Masculine sin- particular one.
gular distal demonstrative emphatic. Variant:
vachvak. See: paivak that particular that particular piece knggl. dem. that
one. particular piece. Gram: Excised singular
contrastive demonstrative. Variant: kngl;
that particular one pachvang. dem. chngl; chngl; achngl. See: ch-
1 that particular one; those particu-
328
that particular piece their, some of ~
knggl just that particular piece. that small one avni. dem. that small
that particular piece pavgl. dem. that one. Gram: Diminutive singular distal demon-
particular piece. Gram: Excised singular strative. Variant: veni.
distal demonstrative emphatic. Variant: that way tmono. dir. 1 along.
vavgl. 2 across. 3 that way. Variant:
that particular piece, just ~ chkng- thmono.
gl. dem. just that particular piece. thatch bon. vt. 1 give. 2 thatch; put
Gram: Emphatic excised singular contrastive leaves on a roof. Variant: von; mbon.
demonstrative. See: knggl that particu- the a. spec art. the. Gram: Specifier article.
lar piece.
the kama. np art. the. Gram: Functionally
that particular short one kchm. unmarked NP article. Variant: chama; ama;
dem. that particular short one. Gram: gama.
Reduced singular contrastive demonstrative.
Variant: km; chchm; achchm.
the k. np art. the. Gram: NP article that
marks referents whose unique identity is es-
that particular short one, just ~ ch- tablished by the discourse. Variant: ch; g;
kchm. dem. just that particular ka (k + a (specifier article)).
short one. Gram: Emphatic reduced singular
contrastive demonstrative. See: chchm
the ma. np art. the. Gram: The NP article
that marks inherently uniquely identifiable
that particular short one.
referents.
that particular short thing pavchm.
dem. that particular short thing. Gram: the, and ~ dma. coord. and the. Morph:
da=kama. Gloss: and=ART. Variant: dama.
Reduced singular distal demonstrative em-
phatic. Variant: vchm; vavchm; bav- their angt. pro. its; their. Gram: Third
chm. person neuter possessive pronoun. Variant:
ang.
that particular small one kni. dem.
that particular small one. Gram: Diminu- their angtha. pro. its; their. Gram: Third
tive singular contrastive demonstrative. person neuter possessive pronoun and posses-
Variant: chni; achni. See: chkni just sive pronoun and specific article. Morph:
that particular small one. angt=a. Gloss: 3N.POSS=SPEC. Variant:
ngtha.
that particular small one pavni. dem.
that particular small one. Gram: Diminu- their athv. pro. their. Gram: Third person
tive singular distal demonstrative emphatic. human plural possessive pronoun.
Variant: vavni; vaivni. their athva. pro. their. Gram: Third per-
that particular small one, just ~ son human plural possessive pronoun and
chkni. dem. just that particular possessive pronoun and specific article.
small one. Gram: Emphatic diminutive sin- Morph: athv=a. Gloss: 3H.PL.POSS=SPEC.
gular contrastive demonstrative. See: chni their athvama. pro. their. Gram: Third
that particular small one. person human plural possessive pronoun and
that piece avgl. dem. that piece. Gram: emphatic possessive pronoun. Morph: athv=
Excised singular distal demonstrative. Variant: ma. Gloss: 3H.PL.POSS=EMPH.
vgl. their athvangama. pro. their. Gram:
that short one avchm. dem. that Third person human plural possessive pronoun
short one. Gram: Reduced singular distal and indefinite possessive pronoun. Morph:
demonstrative. Variant: vchm; vcham; athv=angama. Gloss: 3H.PL.POSS=
avcham. INDEF.
that similarly moki. disc. that also; that their, some of ~ angthanga. pro.
similarly; that another. Morph: ma= some of their. Gram: Third person neuter
koki. Gloss: REL=also. possessive pronoun and non-specific possessive
329
their, some of ~ these large ones
pronoun. Morph: angt=anga. Gloss: then, and ~ dule. coord. and then.
3N.POSS= NSPEC. Morph: da=chule. Gloss: and=then.
their, some of ~ athvanga. pro. some there avi. dem. there. Gram: Count neutral
of their. Gram: Third person human plural distal demonstrative. Variant: vi.
possessive pronoun and non-specific possessive there pe. dem. there. Gram: Anaphoric de-
pronoun. Morph: athvanga. Gloss: monstrative. Variant: ve; be; e (Abilta
3H.PL.POSS NSPEC. dialect); me (Abilta dialect).
their; those two, ~ ain. pro. 1 you two, there saisavi. dir. there.
your. Gram: Second person dual possessive
pronoun. 2 those two, their. Gram:
there, be ~ ve. sa-vi. be there. Gram: May
function as minor verb in serial verb construc-
Third person dual possessive pronoun.
tion encoding imperfective aspect. Variant: pe;
their; those two, ~ aina. pro. 1 you be.
two, your. Gram: Second person dual pos-
sessive pronoun and possessive pronoun and
there, down ~ saimanp. dir. down
specific article. 2 those two, their. there.
Gram: Third person dual possessive pronoun there, from ~ nainavi. dir. from there.
and possessive pronoun and specific article. there, from ~ nave. dir. from there.
Morph: ain=a. Gloss: 2/3DL.POSS=SPEC.
there, from ~ navi. dir. from there.
their; those two, ~ ainama. pro. 1 you
there, out ~ vui. dir. out there. Variant:
two, your. Gram: Second person dual pos-
pui; bui.
sessive pronoun and emphatic possessive pro-
noun. 2 those two, their. Gram: Third there, over ~ saimuani. dir. over there.
person dual possessive pronoun and emphatic there, over distant saimui. dir. over
possessive pronoun. there distant.
them ngt. pro. him; her; it; them. Gram: there, right ~ avivik. dem. right there.
Third person neuter class three pronoun. Gram: Count neutral emphatic distal demon-
them ta. pro. they; them. Gram: Third per- strative. Variant: vivik.
son human plural class one pronoun and third there, to ~ saisave. dir. to there.
person human plural class three pronoun.
there, up ~ aviui. dir. up there.
Variant: tha.
there, up ~ avivui. dir. up there.
them and ngn. pro. them and; it and.
Morph: ng=n. Gloss: 3N.III=and. Variant: thermometer glaski. n. thermometer.
ngna. Pl: glas.
them and tin. pro. them and. Morph: ti= these ithang. dem. 1 these. Gram: Count
n. Gloss: 3H.PL.III=and. Variant: thin; neutral proximate demonstrative. 2 these
tina; thina. flat ones. Gram: Flat plural proximate de-
monstrative. Variant: thang; tngt;
themselves, among ~ bana. dir. among
ithngt; tang (Abilta dialect).
themselves.
these flat ones ithang. dem. 1 these.
then dai. subord. thus; then. Variant: dei.
Gram: Count neutral proximate demonstrative.
then dasa. coord. and so; then. Morph: da 2 these flat ones. Gram: Flat plural
=sa. Gloss: and=then. Variant: dsa. proximate demonstrative. Variant: thang;
then sa. disc. 1 then. Gram: Clause initial tngt; ithngt; tang (Abilta dialect).
discourse marker. Introduces a new event these flat ones ithmlk. dem. these
frame. 2 so. 3 already. Gram: Re- flat ones. Gram: Flat plural proximate de-
sultative marker. 4 for a while. Gram: In monstrative. Variant: tmlk.
clause final position. 5 Gram: Imperative
these large ones ithnk. dem. these
marker.
large ones. Gram: Extended plural proxi-
330
these long ones these people
331
these pieces think
these pieces ithigleng. dem. these they ta. pro. they; them. Gram: Third per-
pieces. Gram: Excised plural proximate de- son human plural class one pronoun and third
monstrative. Variant: tgleng; tiglen person human plural class three pronoun.
(Abilta dialect). Variant: tha.
these short ones ithvap. dem. these they ti. pro. they. Gram: Third person human
short ones. Gram: Reduced plural proximate plural class two pronoun. Variant: thi; thik
demonstrative. Variant: tvap. (Abilta dialect).
these small ones ithithong. dem. these they; those two, ~ in. pro. 1 you two.
small ones. Gram: Diminutive plural proxi- Gram: Second person dual class one pronoun.
mate demonstrative. Variant: tithong; 2 those two, they. Gram: Third person
iththong. dual class one pronoun.
these two ithvem. dem. these two. they; those two, ~ ini. pro. 1 you two.
Gram: Feminine dual proximate demonstrative. Gram: Second person dual class two pronoun.
Variant: tvem. 2 those two, they. Gram: Second per-
these two ithiom. dem. these two. Gram: son dual class two pronoun.
Masculine dual proximate demonstrative. thick athepmn. adj. thick. Variant:
Variant: tiom. athemn.
these two particular short ones pav- thief svocha. n. thief. Pl: svotha.
vam. dem. these two particular short Variant: svaucha.
ones. Gram: Reduced dual distal demon- thief, female ~ svochi. n. female thief.
strative emphatic. Variant: vavvam.
thigh snainggi. n. thigh. Pl: snaing. See:
these two flat ones ithmlm. dem. slvini leg.
these two flat ones. Gram: Flat dual
proximate demonstrative. Variant: tmlm.
thigh, small ~ snaingithini. n. small
thigh. Pl: snaingithong.
these two large ones ithnm. dem.
these two large ones. Gram: Extended thin, be very ~ lalar pt. vi-so. be
dual proximate demonstrative. Variant:
scrawny; be emaciated; be very thin;
tnm.
especially after a long illness.
these two long ones ithsm. dem. thing gingt. n. thing. Gram: Count neutral
these two long ones. Gram: Long dual non-specific. Variant: dingt (Abilta
proximate demonstrative. Variant: tsm.
dialect).
332
thirsty, be ~ those large things
333
those long things those particular pieces
those particular flat ones, just ~ vang; bachvang. See: paivang those
chkmlk. dem. just those par- particular flat ones.
ticular flat ones. Gram: Emphatic flat plural those particular ones paivang. dem.
contrastive demonstrative. See: chmlk that particular one; those particular
those particular flat ones. ones. Gram: Count neutral distal demon-
those particular flat two, just ~ strative emphatic. Variant: aivang; vaivang.
chkmlm. dem. just those par- those particular people krathe. dem.
ticular flat two. Gram: Emphatic flat dual those particular people. Gram: Human
contrastive demonstrative. See: chmlm plural contrastive demonstrative. Variant:
just those particular two flat ones. chrath; chrare; achrathe.
those particular large ones knk. those particular people paivathe. dem.
dem. those particular large ones. Gram: those particular people. Gram: Human
Extended plural contrastive demonstrative. plural distal demonstrative emphatic. Variant:
Variant: chnk; achnk. See: chknk ivathe; vaivathe.
just those particular large ones. those particular pieces kgleng. dem.
those particular large ones pavnk. those particular pieces. Gram: Excised
dem. those particular large ones. Gram: plural contrastive demonstrative. Variant:
Extended plural distal demonstrative emphatic. chgleng; knggleng; achgleng.
Variant: vavnk. those particular pieces pavgleng.
those particular large ones, just ~ dem. those particular pieces. Gram: Ex-
chknk. dem. just those particular cised plural distal demonstrative emphatic.
334
those particular pieces, just those particular two long ones
335
those particular two long ones those two particular pieces
those particular two long ones pav- chkthom. dem. just those par-
sem. dem. those particular two long ticular two small ones. Gram: Emphatic
ones. Gram: Long dual distal demonstrative diminutive dual contrastive demonstrative.
emphatic. Variant: vavsem. See: chthom those particular two
those particular two long ones, just ~ small ones.
chksem. dem. just those particular those people avath. dem. those peo-
two long ones. Gram: Emphatic long dual ple. Gram: Human plural distal demonstrative.
contrastive demonstrative. See: chsem Variant: vath.
those particular two long ones. those pieces avglng. dem. those
those particular two pieces kglem. pieces. Gram: Excised plural distal demon-
dem. those particular two pieces. Gram: strative. Variant: vglng.
Excised dual contrastive demonstrative. those short things avvap. dem. those
Variant: chglem; kngglem; short things. Gram: Reduced plural distal
achglem. demonstrative. Variant: vvap.
those particular two pieces, just ~ those small things avthong. dem.
chkngglem. dem. just those par- those small things. Gram: Diminutive plu-
ticular two pieces. Gram: Emphatic ex- ral distal demonstrative. Variant: vthong;
cised dual contrastive demonstrative. See: athong (Abilta dialect).
chngglem those particular two
pieces. those two avvem. dem. those two.
Gram: Feminine dual distal demonstrative.
those particular two short ones Variant: vvem.
kglem. dem. those particular two
short ones. Gram: Reduced dual contrastive those two aviom. dem. those two. Gram:
Masculine dual distal demonstrative. Variant:
demonstrative. Variant: chglem; ache-
viom.
glem.
those particular two short ones kvam. those two and in. pro. 1 you two and.
dem. those particular two short ones. 2 those two and. Morph: in=n. Gloss:
2/3DL.III=and. Variant: ina.
Gram: Reduced dual contrastive demon-
strative. Variant: chvam; achvam. See: those two, and ~ dini. coord. and those
chkvam just those particular two two. Morph: da=ini. Gloss: and=3DL class
short ones. two.
those particular two short ones, just ~ those two flat ones avmlm. dem.
chkvam. dem. just those particular those two flat ones. Gram: Flat dual distal
two short ones. Gram: Emphatic reduced demonstrative. Variant: vmlm.
dual contrastive demonstrative. See: chvam those two large ones avinm. dem.
those particular two short ones. those two large ones. Gram: Extended
those particular two small dual distal demonstrative. Variant: venm.
ones kthom. dem. those particular those two long ones avisem. dem.
two small ones. Gram: Diminutive dual those two long ones. Gram: Long dual
Variant: ach-
contrastive demonstrative. distal demonstrative. Variant: visem.
thom; chthom. See: chkthom just
those two particular ones, just ~
those particular two small ones.
chkrang. dem. just those two par-
those particular two small ones pav- ticular ones. Gram: Emphatic count neutral
thom. dem. those particular two contrastive demonstrative. Variant: krang;
small ones. Gram: Diminutive dual distal kkrang; achkrang.
demonstrative emphatic. Variant: vavthom;
those two particular pieces pavglem.
vaivthom.
dem. those two particular pieces. Gram:
those particular two small ones, just ~ Excised dual distal demonstrative emphatic.
336
those two pieces through
those two, some of their ainanga. pro. thrash around bnmalivi. sa-vi. writhe;
1 you two, some of your. Gram: Second thrash around; especially something
person dual possessive pronoun and thrashing around in death throws.
non-specific possessive pronoun. 2 those Variant: vnmalivi; bnmaliwi; vnma-
two, some of their. Gram: Third person liwi.
dual possessive pronoun and non-specific pos- three advaung. num. three. Gram: Hu-
sessive pronoun. Morph: ain=anga. Gloss: man plural and count neutral. Variant:
2/3DL.POSS=NSPEC. duvaung; andvaung.
those two, some of their ainangama. three aduvanguik. num. three. Gram:
pro. 1 you two, some of your. Gram: Feminine plural.
Second person dual possessive pronoun and three flat ones aduguamlk. num.
indefinite possessive pronoun. 2 those three flat ones. Gram: Flat plural.
two, some of their. Gram: Third person
dual possessive pronoun and indefinite posses-
three large ones adeguank. num.
sive pronoun. Morph: ain=angama. Gloss:
three large ones. Gram: Extended plural.
Variant: andeguank.
2/3DL.POSS=INDEF.
those two, their ain. pro. 1 you two, three long ones aduguaseng. num.
your. Gram: Second person dual possessive three long ones. Gram: Long plural.
pronoun. 2 those two, their. Gram: three pieces aduguagleng. num. three
Third person dual possessive pronoun. pieces. Gram: Excised plural.
those two, their aina. pro. 1 you two, three short ones aduguavap. num.
your. Gram: Second person dual possessive three short ones. Gram: Reduced plural.
pronoun and possessive pronoun and specific Variant: anduguavap.
article. 2 those two, their. Gram: Third three small ones aduguathong. num.
person dual possessive pronoun and possessive three small ones. Gram: Diminutive plural.
pronoun and specific article. Morph: ain=a.
throat angtkn'gi. n. 1 neck.
Gloss: 2/3DL.POSS=SPEC.
2 throat. 3 voice. Morph: at=kn.
those two, their ainama. pro. 1 you Gloss: 3F.SG.POSS=throat. Pl: angtkn.
two, your. Gram: Second person dual pos- Variant: tchn; chn'gi.
sessive pronoun and emphatic possessive pro-
throat thuchulki. n. throat. Pl: thuchul.
noun. 2 those two, their. Gram: Third
Variant: tuchul.
person dual possessive pronoun and emphatic
possessive pronoun. through mni. dir. 1 on. 2 onto.
3 at. 4 in. 5 through.
those two, they in. pro. 1 you two.
6 across.
Gram: Second person dual class one pronoun.
2 those two, they. Gram: Third person through mt. prep. 1 in; within.
dual class one pronoun. 2 during; on. Gram: This sense available
with temporal expressions. 3 inside.
337
throw to, across
throw oneself donanas. sa-vi. jump; time, last ~ maila chuvsnia. disc.
throw oneself. Variant: thonanas. 1 the other day. 2 last time.
Variant: malachuvsnia.
throw something at someone tu. vt.
shoot; throw something at someone. time, long ~ maulul. adv. long time.
Variant: thu. times, many ~ malilu. adv. many times.
throw something at someone tuthik timid, be ~ auluvk mt. vi-so. be
namt. vt. throw something at timid; be cowardly; be afraid.
someone; shoot. Morph: tu=tik na=mt. tin tin'gi. n. tin. Pl: tin. Note: only t.
Gloss: put=hand from=within. Variant:
thuthik namt.
tinea aslavar. n. tinea; ringworm
(grile).
thumb angthiki ama lvopki. n.
thumb. tinea awithinggi. n. ringworm; tinea
that appears as white spots on the
thumb sangaravun'gi. n. thumb. Pl: skin. Pl: awithaing.
sangaravun. Variant: sangaravun'ga.
tip out sruk. vt. pour; spill; tip out;
thunder ddin. n. thunder. specifically of dry things such as
thus dai. subord. thus; then. Variant: dei. gravel.
tickle kilok. vt. tickle. Variant: chilok. tip out tnp n. vt. 1 turn. 2 tip out.
tidy slamr vm. vt. 1 fix. 2 tidy. 3 translate. Variant: np n; tnp na;
np na.
tie kethik pt. vt. tie. Variant: chethik
pt; chethik p; kethik p. tips, tree ~ ayaungem. n. tree tips; the
ends of the branches where the leaves
tie on kethik tm. vt. tie on. Variant:
are. Pl: ayaungbap. Variant: aiyaungem.
chethik tm; chethik t; kethik t.
tired, be ~ aruan pt. vi-so. be tired.
tie up kop s. vt. tie up. Variant: chop s.
to sa. prep. 1 to. 2 with. Variant: s.
tie up pais pt. vt. tie up. Variant: vais
pt. to sagl. prep. to. Variant: sanggl.
tight adedr. adj. tight; e.g. fishing line to sd. prep. to. Variant: sda; sde; snd;
that has a large fish pulling on it. snda.
Variant: dedr. to sthm. prep. to. Variant: sathm;
338
to, back torn, be ~
to the other side saimuit. dir. to the tooth angtkenggi. n. tooth. Pl:
other side. angtkeng.
to the top savuk. dir. up; to the top. top angtps. n. 1 top. 2 roof.
Variant: sauk. Morph: angt=ps. Gloss: 3N.POSS=head.
Variant: angtpus; vs.
to there saisave. dir. to there.
top pavar. dir. top. Variant: vavar; vovar;
to there save. dir. to there.
povar.
to this side sainamuk. dir. to this side.
top thng. n. 1 back. 2 top.
tobacco plant nangasacha. n. 3 behalf. Note: only th. Note: no endings.
1 tobacco plant. 2 cigarette. Pl:
top, native spinach ~ auravucha. n.
nangas.
native spinach (aibika) top that is used
toe valvalka. n. finger; toe; generic for cooking.
term of the extremities of the hands
torch manaingimgi. n. 1 window.
and feet. Pl: valval.
2 torch; flashlight. Pl: manaingim.
toe, big ~ lcharacha ama morka. n. See: achilotki window.
big toe.
torn lr mt. vi-so. torn.
toenail ravski. n. nail; claw. Pl: ravs.
torn, be ~ prk mt. vi-so. 1 be torn;
339
torso, front of ~ tree sp.
340
tree sp. tree sp.
kill the tree; people like to eat the tree sp. auska. n. tree sp.; similar to
grubs that live in this tree. Pl: the cocoa tree and the athalevacha
achnanggol. Variant: chnanggolka. sp.; much taller than a cocoa tree;
tree sp. achesinbemga. n. tree sp.; tall bears small fruit but has smaller
with large buttress roots and very leaves than the athalevacha species.
hard wood; bark is used as a purgative tree sp. avarka. n. tree sp.; grows close
for treating poisoning, it is grated and to the beach; branches bend down;
washed in water and then the water is has yellow flowers and useful fibres.
drunk. Usage: An alternate name for Pl: avar.
achelungurka. tree sp. balska. n. tree sp.; large tree
tree sp. aicha. n. 1 branch of river; with soft wood. Pl: bals.
flows year round. 2 tree sp.; has tree sp. chlaska. n. tree sp.; has soft
rough grey bark with vertical serra- wood; cassowaries eat the fruit. Pl:
tions and plentiful, small, spade- chlas. Variant: klaska.
shaped leaves. Pl: aio. Pl: ayo.
tree sp. chlmgi. n. tree sp.; has pods
tree sp. ainilka. n. tree sp.; yields fi- that are used as rattles. Pl: chlm.
bres used to make nets and net bags Note: only ch.
(bilums); is tall and narrow. Pl: ainil.
Variant: anilk (Abilta dialect); aenilk
tree sp. chluangga. n. tree sp.; has
(Abilta dialect). silky fibre. Pl: chluang. Note: only ch.
tree sp. amnggaricha. n. tree sp.; tree sp. chungacha. n. 1 tree sp.;
has soft wood; makes you itch. Pl: casuarina. 2 sisterless man; sis-
amnggare. Variant: mnggariacha.
terless boy; a man or a boy who does
not have any sisters. Pl: chuang. Variant:
tree sp. amrachuvacha. n. tree sp.; kungacha.
has multi-coloured bark; grows near
rivers. Pl: amrachuap. Pl: amrachop. tree sp. ivngacha. n. tree sp.; large
tree from the bush; is the home of
tree sp. amrochopink. n. tree sp. spirits. Pl: ivang.
Variant: vavnk.
tree sp. lamthain'ga. n. tree sp.;
tree sp. aruchusicha. n. 1 tree sp. large tree species. Pl: lamthain.
2 type of fruit.
tree sp. luanggareska. n. tree sp.;
tree sp. athalevacha. n. 1 cocoa tree. very straight and tall; is easy to split
2 tree sp.; looks like a cocoa tree, into planks.
only taller with narrower leaves, and
bears small fruit rather than pods; tree sp. matholka. n. tree sp.; new
good for firewood; eating the ripe leaves from this tree are used to treat
green leaves is good for diarrhoea; sickness in the spleen and for boils;
has larger leaves than the auska spe- for the spleen, the leaves are chewed
cies. Pl: athalep. and swallowed; for boils, the leaves
are heated and then placed over the
tree sp. athingga. n. tree sp.; yields boil.
fibre. Pl: athing.
tree sp. mlutki. n. tree sp.; beach
tree sp. athonggi. n. 1 tree sp.; bears tree; grows horizontally towards the
an edible fruit. 2 river crab sp.; water. Pl: mlut.
brown; up to 5 cm in diameter; flat
feet for paddling. Pl: athong. tree sp. mnumgi. n. tree sp.; tall tree
that grows in the bush; a bit like the
tree sp. aulmangachi. n. native or- mlutki species; good timber for
ange; refers to both the tree and the houses. Pl: mnum.
fruit. Pl: aulmang. Variant: aulmang;
ulmangachi.
tree sp. minminga. n. tree sp.; a soft-
341
tree sp. truth
wood tree with red flowers. Pl: dangerous tree after the ceremony
minmin. and must not be touched. Pl: yaung.
tree sp. mrunggi. n. tree sp.; rosewood tree, strong inner part of ~ rarpka. n.
tree. Pl: mrung. Variant: marungga. 1 strong inner part of tree. 2 gun.
tree sp. mulichi. n. orange; both the Pl: rarp.
tree and the fruit. Pl: muli. tree stump amngm. n. tree stump.
tree sp. nmbingga. n. tree sp.; strong Pl: amngbap. Variant: mngm.
trees that grow on top of mountain trees angmng. n. 1 wood.
ridges. Pl: nmbaing. 2 trees. Morph: ang=mng. Gloss:
tree sp. rachan'ga. n. tree sp.; hard- 3.CN.POSS=wood. Variant: mng; nng
wood tree used for timber; very large, (Abilta dialect).
is both tall and broad; burns well tremble chn'gn bt. vi-so. 1 shiver.
good for firewood; was logged exten- 2 tremble. Variant: chn'gn pt.
sively by the Catholic Mission for use Note: only ch.
in its post-war building program. Pl: tremor chn'gn. n. tremor. Note: only
rachan. ch.
tree sp. raiycha. n. 1 tree sp.; grows trepang amangia. n. trepang; sea cu-
along the coast and in the mountains cumber. Pl: amang. Pl: amanginnk.
in the bush; the sap is fragrant and Variant: mangia.
burns like wax. 2 fragrant sap from
the tree with the same name. Pl: trick nangathm s. vt. trick. Usage:
raiyk.
Abilta dialect.
tree sp. srubn'ga. n. tree sp.; if you tried nia. modal. 1 just; suddenly; sur-
touch it your skin swells. Pl: srubn. prisingly. Gram: Mirative marker with pre-
sent tense or past tense verbs. 2 tried.
Variant: sruban'ga.
Gram: Frustrative marker with future tense
tree sp. tltlcha. n. tree sp.; grows verbs.
near the beach; has edible fruit. Pl:
tltl.
trigger vlnini. n. trigger; knob; in-
cluding the ears of a saucepan that
tree sp. thabucha. n. tree sp.; used for the handle is hooked into. Pl: vlni-
making canoes. Pl: thabu. Variant: thong. Variant: plnini.
tabucha.
trim sm. vt. trim; especially of hair.
tree sp. vaidebunggi. n. 1 tree sp.;
known as wild orange tree. 2 wild Trinity Trinitas. n. Trinity. Note: no
endings.
orange. 3 ball; refers to something
the size of a volleyball. Pl: vaidebung. trochus shell malimgi. n. trochus shell.
Note: only v. Pl: malim.
tree sp. vlngacha. n. tree sp.; grows trouble tharesini. n. trouble. Pl:
in old garden sites; has very thick tharesithong. Variant: taresini.
bark, small white leaves, and very trousers snaingbam. n. trousers. Pl:
small flowers. Pl: vlang. Variant: snaingbap.
plngacha.
truck aiski. n. 1 car. 2 truck. Pl: ais.
tree sp. warevacha. n. tree sp.; grows Variant: iski. See: araun'ga mtki car.
by the river; has small leaves. Pl:
truly marik. disc. truly; really. Variant:
warep.
marki.
tree sp. yaungga. n. tree sp.; used in
truly sok. disc. really; truly.
the cleansing ceremony that follows a
raid on another village; becomes a truth alengeiki. n. truth. Gram: No plural
form. Variant: lengeiki.
342
try two long ones, some ~
try on suchut nanas mt. vt. 1 try. twist vunak. vt. twist. Variant: wunak.
2 try on; e.g. try new clothes on twist together deng. vt. twist together;
yourself. e.g. to make a strong rope out of finer
try to vandi. disc. 1 want to; intend to. ones. Variant: theng; meng.
Gram: Desiderative marker. 2 try to. two aunbem. num. two. Gram: Feminine
3 nearly; almost. 4 maybe. Variant: dual. Variant: unbem.
vadi. two aun'giom. num. two. Gram: Masculine
t-shirt singgliski. n. t-shirt; shirt. dual and count neutral dual. Variant:
Variant: singiliski. Pl: singglis. un'giom.
tuberculosis chenechacha. n. asthma; two guaiom. dem. two. Gram: Masculine
tuberculosis; any condition principally dual indefinite demonstrative.
involving difficulty with breathing. two guavem. dem. two. Gram: Feminine
tumble over lvur vt. vi-so. tumble dual indefinite demonstrative.
over. two, and those ~ dini. coord. and those
tuna, yellowfin ~ atun'gi. n. fish sp.; two. Morph: da=ini. Gloss: and=3DL class
yellowfin tuna. Pl: atun. two.
turn dong. sa-vi. turn. Variant: thong. two flat ones aunmlm. num. two flat
turn dong mes. sa-vi. turn. Variant: ones. Gram: Flat dual. Variant: unmlm.
thong mes. two flat ones guamlm. dem. two flat
turn tnp n. vt. 1 turn. 2 tip out. ones. Gram: Flat dual indefinite demon-
3 translate. Variant: np n; tnp na; strative.
np na. two flat ones, some ~ agimlm. pro.
turn inside out nunggring mt. vt. some two flat ones. Gram: Flat dual in-
turn inside out. definite pronoun. Variant: anggimlm;
gimlm.
turn over valing. sa-vi. turn over.
Variant: waling. two large ones aundenm. num. two
large ones. Gram: Extended dual.
turn over vanim. vt. roll around; turn
over; e.g. movements of waves and two large ones guanm. dem. two
fabric. Variant: wanim. large ones. Gram: Extended dual indefinite
demonstrative.
turtle avun'gi. n. turtle. Pl: avun. Variant:
vun'ga (Abilta dialect). two large ones, some ~ aginm. pro.
some two large ones. Gram: Extended
tussle piru nana. sa-vi. tussle. Variant:
dual indefinite pronoun. Variant: anginm;
viru nana; runa.
ginm.
twice maunmlm. adv. twice. two long ones aundisem. num. two
twig angthichini. n. 1 hand; arm; long ones. Gram: Long dual.
refers to the entire limb; more polite two long ones guasem. dem. two long
word than angthiki. 2 twig. ones. Gram: Long dual indefinite demon-
twigs valvalki. n. twigs. Pl: valval. strative.
Variant: valpal. Note: only v.
two long ones, some ~ agisem. pro.
twilight aunes. n. twilight. Usage: Abilta some two long ones. Gram: Extended dual
343
two people, some ~ two, those particular ~
indefinite pronoun. Variant: anggisem; some two small ones. Gram: Diminutive
gisem. dual indefinite pronoun. Variant: anggithom;
two people, some ~ agivem. pro. some githom.
two people; some two things. Gram: two, the flat ~ imlm. pro. the flat
Feminine dual indefinite pronoun. Variant: two. Gram: Flat dual reduced nominal pro-
anggivem; givem. noun.
two people, the ~ iom. pro. two things; two, the flat ~ ngimlm. pro. the flat
two people. Gram: Third person masculine two. Gram: Flat dual nominal pronoun.
dual reduced nominal pronoun. two, the large ~ inm. pro. the large
two people, the ~ ngaiom. pro. two two. Gram: Extended dual reduced nominal
things; two people. Gram: Third person pronoun.
masculine dual nominal pronoun. two, the long ~ isem. pro. the long two.
two people, the ~ ngavem. pro. two Gram: Long dual reduced nominal pronoun.
people; two things. Gram: Third person two, the long ~ nginm. pro. the long
feminine dual nominal pronoun. two. Gram: Extended dual nominal pronoun.
two people, the ~ vem. pro. two things; two, the long ~ ngisem. pro. the long
two people. Gram: Third person feminine two. Gram: Long dual nominal pronoun.
dual reduced nominal pronoun.
two, the short ~ iglem. pro. short two.
two pieces aunglem. num. two pieces. Gram: Excised dual reduced nominal pronoun.
Gram: Excised dual.
two, the short ~ ngavam. pro. short
two pieces guaglem. dem. two pieces. two. Gram: Reduced dual nominal pronoun.
Gram: Excised dual indefinite demonstrative.
two, the short ~ ngiglem. pro. short
two pieces, some ~ agiglem. pro. some two. Gram: Excised dual nominal pronoun.
two pieces. Gram: Excised dual indefinite
pronoun. Variant: anggiglem; giglem.
two, the small ~ ithom. pro. small two.
Gram: Diminutive dual reduced nominal pro-
two pieces, those ~ avglem. dem. noun.
those two pieces. Gram: Excised dual distal
demonstrative. Variant: vglem.
two, the small ~ ngithom. pro. small
two. Gram: Diminutive dual nominal pronoun.
two short ones aunbam. num. two
short ones. Gram: Reduced dual. two things, some ~ agivem. pro. some
two people; some two things. Gram:
two short ones guavam. dem. two Feminine dual indefinite pronoun. Variant:
short ones. Gram: Reduced dual indefinite anggivem; givem.
demonstrative.
two things, the ~ iom. pro. two things;
two short ones, some ~ agivam. pro. two people. Gram: Third person masculine
some two short ones. Gram: Reduced dual dual reduced nominal pronoun.
indefinite pronoun. Variant: anggivam;
givam.
two things, the ~ ngaiom. pro. two
things; two people. Gram: Third person
two short ones, the ~ vam. pro. short masculine dual nominal pronoun.
two. Gram: Reduced dual nominal pronoun.
two things, the ~ ngavem. pro. two
two small ones aundom. num. two people; two things. Gram: Third person
small ones. Gram: Diminutive dual. Variant: feminine dual nominal pronoun.
undom.
two things, the ~ vem. pro. two things;
two small ones guathom. dem. two two people. Gram: Third person feminine
small ones. Gram: Diminutive dual indefinite dual reduced nominal pronoun.
demonstrative.
two, those particular ~ kiom. dem.
two small ones, some ~ agithom. pro. those particular two. Gram: Masculine
344
two, those ~ up
singular contrastive demonstrative. See: two, those ~ aviom. dem. those two.
chkiom just those particular two. Gram: Masculine dual distal demonstrative.
two, those ~ avvem. dem. those two. Variant: viom.
Gram: Feminine dual distal demonstrative. tyre taiachi. n. tyre. Pl: taia. Note: only t.
Variant: vvem.
U - u
ulcer athopki. n. 1 cut; sore. uncover tar tm. vt. 1 remove; take
2 ulcer. Pl: athop. off. 2 uncover. Variant: thar tm.
um a. interj. Oh!; well; um; expression of under nanaik. dir. under.
surprise or hesitation. Variant: au.
underground person anvmnacha.
unbalanced masechen. adv. n. underground person. Pl: nvmna-
1 sideways. 2 unbalanced. chachna.
unbend trn s. vi-so. stand up; un- underpants simalachi. n. 1 tapa
bend; something that had been bent cloth; traditional covering worn by
over but is released so it can stand men; a strip of bark cloth that goes
again. Variant: rn s. between the legs, attached to a
uncle kao. n. uncle; specifically the waistband. 2 underpants. Pl: simal.
mothers brother. Pl: kaochna. Pl: understand drm. sa-vi. understand.
kaovap. Variant: chau. Variant: ndrm; rm.
uncle-in-law saemga. n. uncle-in-law; unhurriedly, do ~ pathm mes. sa-vi.
nephew-in-law; specifically: ones 1 do by choice; do according to ones
wifes mothers brother, ones hus- own wishes. 2 do unhurriedly; do in
bands sisters son, and ones hus- ones own time. 3 act independ-
bands mothers brother. Pl: saembek. ently. Variant: bathm mes; vathm
uncle-in-law thuvska. n. father-in- mes.
law; brother-in-law; uncle-in-law; any uniform sravtki. n. shirt; clothes;
in-laws except ones wifes mothers uniform. Pl: sravt. Variant: sravtki.
brother and his wife. Pl: thuvsvek.
unproductive man danungga. n. un-
uncomfortable, be ~ nder na. vi-so. be productive man; a person who does
uncomfortable because something is not bring anything home for the
too tight. household (e.g. no firewood, water, or
uncomfortable, feel ~ tusachus. sa-vi. food); someone who cannot catch fish
be irritating; feel uncomfortable. Var- etc. Pl: danungda.
iant: thusachus; dusachus; musachus; unproductive woman danunggi. n.
thusavus; tusavus; dusavus; musavus. unproductive woman.
unconcernedly madng. adv. until dng. adv. until.
1 carelessly. 2 unconcernedly.
until vaki. subord. until. Morph: va=koki.
unconnected dvthng. adj. uncon- Gloss: purposive=also. Note: only v.
nected; something without a known
unwilling arus. adj. unwilling.
source; e.g. a fatherless child or Tok
Pisin, which is a language without a up nainamk. dir. up.
village. up savuit. dir. up.
uncooked aichru. adj. 1 new. up savuk. dir. up; to the top. Variant:
2 uncooked; raw. sauk.
345
up us two, some of our
up there, from ~ navono. dir. from up us two, our aunama. pro. us two, our.
there. Gram: First person dual possessive pronoun
and emphatic possessive pronoun.
up there to sathvono. dir. up there to.
us two, our aunangama. pro. us two,
up to saivuk. dir. up to.
our. Gram: First person dual possessive pro-
uproot tr. vt. 1 pull out. 2 uproot. noun and indefinite possessive pronoun. Mrph:
3 clear; especially of small weeds aun=angama. Gloss: 1DL.POSS=INDEF.
etc. Variant: thr; dr; mr.
us two, some of our aunanga. pro. us
upwards inamk. dir. upwards. two, some of our. Gram: First person dual
upwards ivono. dir. upwards; inland; possessive pronoun and non-specific possessive
up there. pronoun. Morph: aun=anga. Gloss: 1DL.
POSS=NSPEC.
upwards saivono. dir. upwards.
346
V - v
347
vulva water
W - w
348
water, bowl of ~ what happened
way ais. n. 1 track. 2 way; route. well a. interj. Oh!; well; um; expression
3 transport. Variant: is. of surprise or hesitation. Variant: au.
way, long ~ gelaulul. dir. far away; well auk. interj. well.
long way. well mamr. adv. 1 well; fine.
way, make ~ pirs ithm. vt. 1 hide 2 properly. 3 possible.
behind; duck behind something to well, get ~ amrvs pt. vi-so. 1 feel
hide oneself. 2 make way; move fine. 2 heal; get better; get well.
aside. 3 move along. Variant: virs 3 feel peaceful.
ithm. welt smn'gi. n. welts on the skin. Pl:
ways mtmet. n. 1 movements. smn.
2 ways. welts, have ~ smn pt. vi-so. 1 be
we un. pro. 1 we. Gram: First person dual lumpy. 2 have welts.
class three pronoun. 2 us. Gram: First west chunengga cha don. n. west.
person dual class three pronoun. Variant: kunengga cha don.
we ut. pro. 1 we. Gram: First person plural wet ais. n. wet.
class one pronoun. 2 us. Gram: First per-
son plural class three pronoun.
wet, be ~ achulit. vi-so. be wet.
349
wheel, emery ~ while
which one aungguik kue. interrog. while sdamr veia. adv. at the same
which one. Gram: Feminine singular indefi- time as; while. Variant: sndamr veia.
nite pronoun.
350
while, for a ~ wild singapore
while, for a ~ sa. disc. 1 then. Gram: who nma. pro. who. Gram: Interrogative
Clause initial discourse marker. Introduces a pronoun.
new event frame. 2 so. 3 already. who nmda. pro. who. Gram: Human plural
Gram: Resultative marker. 4 for a while. interrogative pronoun.
Gram: In clause final position. 5 Gram:
Imperative marker.
who nmga. pro. who. Gram: Masculine
singular interrogative pronoun; can be used in
whinge tnok tichim. vt. whinge; cry. indefinite contexts.
Variant: nok tichim.
who nmgi. pro. who. Gram: Feminine
whirlpool vingloinggi. n. whirlpool. Pl: singular interrogative pronoun; can be used in
vinglong. Note: only v. indefinite contexts.
whiskers chseng da vam. n. beard; who knows nenga chalu. disc. maybe;
whiskers. Pl: chseng dath vam. who knows. Variant: nenggala.
Variant: chsengga da vam; kseng da
vam.
whole atm. adj. whole. Variant: tm.
Note: only t.
whisper charms pestm svt. vt.
whisper charms; charms can be whole thektm. adj. whole. Note: only th.
whispered over objects, e.g. lime whoosh ts. interj. swish; whoosh; imi-
powder, water, ginger, and cooked tates the sound of a stone from a sling
banana. Variant: vestm svt. hitting a target.
white achabap. adj. white. Variant: whose nmava. pro. whose. Gram: Third
chambap. person masculine singular possessive inter-
rogative pronoun.
white ant anggethangacha. n. white
ant. Pl: angethang. whose nmav. pro. whose. Gram: Third
person masculine singular possessive inter-
white, be ~ achabavs vt. vi-so. be
rogative pronoun.
white.
white man achabapka. n. white man. why mnia iva. interrog. why. Variant:
minia iva.
Morph: a=chabapka. Gloss: SPEC=
white-F.SG. Pl: achabapta. See: chulumga wide athavr. adj. wide. Variant: aravr.
white man. wide, be ~ athavr mt. vi-so. be wide.
white man chulumga. n. white man. Pl: Variant: aravr mt.
chulumda. See: achabapka white man. widen tu sathver n. vt. widen.
white marks lamur. n. white marks Variant: thu sathver n.
that are painted onto peoples faces, wife aruachi. n. female friend; wife.
during dances, using white powder or
wife oes nank. n. sister-in-law; wife;
lime powder.
address and reference term, used by a
white spots awithinggi. n. ringworm; male speaker or male ego. Pl: oes
tinea that appears as white spots on nankina.
the skin. Pl: awithaing.
wild aur. adj. wild. See: aurki bush.
white woman achabapki. n. white
wild orange vaidebunggi. n. 1 tree
woman.
sp.; known as wild orange tree.
white woman chulumgi. n. white 2 wild orange. 3 ball; refers to
woman. something the size of a volleyball. Pl:
who ma. rel. that; who. Gram: Relator that vaidebung. Note: only v.
introduces clauses or NPs that provide addi- wild singapore chathachi. n. taro sp.;
tional information about their head. Construc- wild singapore; not edible. Usage: The
tions involving the relator ma are sometimes word is sometimes also used to refer
used to express uncertainty or emphasis. to edible varieties. Pl: chatha. Variant:
351
wildfire wood, piece of ~
wink pt balam na. vt. blink; wink. lvopta. Variant: luvop; luop.
Variant: vut balam na. woman, adult ~ amorki. n. 1 adult
wipe pel vt. vt. 1 rub. 2 wipe. woman. 2 leader. 3 female an-
Variant: vel vt. cestor. 4 goddess. Pl: morvap. Pl:
morta.
wire vaiait. n. wire; specifically a single
strand of wire. Pl: vaia. Note: only v. woman with children athoes
pthachi. n. woman with children.
wire fencing, sheet of ~ vaiaves. n. arc
mesh; sheet of wire fencing. Note: only women, lots of ~ lvovaski. n. lots of
v. women.
wise man ngelka. n. wise man. Pl: wood amng. n. wood. Variant: nng
ngelta. (Abilta dialect).
352
wood, piece of ~ yeast
Y - y
353
yell young man
yell prk mt. vi-so. 1 be torn; be ond person dual class two pronoun.
ripped. 2 shout; yell. Variant: vrk 2 those two, they. Gram: Second person
mt. dual class two pronoun.
yellow agethon. adj. yellow. Variant: you two and in. pro. 1 you two and.
agthon. 2 those two and. Morph: in=n. Gloss:
yellow, be ~ agethonas vt. vi-so. be 2/3DL.III=and. Variant: ina.
yellow. Variant: gethon. you two, some of your ainanga. pro.
yellowfin tuna atun'gi. n. fish sp.; yel- 1 you two, some of your. Gram: Second
lowfin tuna. Pl: atun. person dual possessive pronoun and
2 those
non-specific possessive pronoun.
yes ia. interj. yes. two, some of their. Gram: Third person
yes kinak. interj. yes; all right. Variant: dual possessive pronoun and non-specific pos-
chinak. sessive pronoun. Morph: ain=anga. Gloss:
yesterday milani. adv. yesterday. 2/3DL.POSS=NSPEC.
yet as. disc. 1 still. 2 yet. 3 just. you two, some of your ainangama.
pro. 1 you two, some of your. Gram:
yet askok. disc. 1 still. Gram: Atelic realis.
Second person dual possessive pronoun and
2 yet. Gram: Atelic realis. 3 just.
2 those
indefinite possessive pronoun.
Gram: Atelic realis. Morph: as=kok. Gloss:
two, some of their. Gram: Third person
still=just.
dual possessive pronoun and indefinite posses-
yet, and ~ das. coord. 1 and still. sive pronoun. Morph: ain=angama. Gloss:
2 and yet. 3 and just. Morph: da=as. 2/3DL.POSS=INDEF.
Gloss: and=yet.
you two, your ain. pro. 1 you two,
you nge. pro. you. Gram: Second person your. Gram: Second person dual possessive
singular class three pronoun. pronoun. 2 those two, their. Gram:
you ngi. pro. you. Gram: Second person sin- Third person dual possessive pronoun.
gular class two pronoun. Variant: nge. you two, your aina. pro. 1 you two,
you ngia. pro. 1 you. Gram: Second person your. Gram: Second person dual possessive
singular class one pronoun. 2 your. Gram: pronoun and possessive pronoun and specific
Second person singular possessive pronoun. article. 2 those two, their. Gram: Third
person dual possessive pronoun and possessive
you all ngn. pro. you all. Gram: Second
pronoun and specific article. Morph: ain=a.
person class one pronoun and second person
Gloss: 2/3DL.POSS=SPEC.
class three pronoun.
you two, your ainama. pro. 1 you two,
you all ngni. pro. you all. Gram: Second
your. Gram: Second person dual possessive
person plural class two pronoun.
pronoun and emphatic possessive pronoun.
you all and ngn. pro. you all and. 2 those two, their. Gram: Third person
Morph: ngn=n. Gloss: 2PL.III=and. dual possessive pronoun and emphatic posses-
Variant: ngna. sive pronoun.
you and ngin. pro. you and. Morph: ngi young athuares. adj. young person.
=n. Gloss: 2SG.III=and. Variant: ngina.
young animal thaembm. n. 1 child.
you two en. pro. you two. Gram: Second Morph: at=oemvm. Gloss: 3F.SG.POSS
person dual class three pronoun. 2 young animal;
child-reduced.SG.
you two in. pro. 1 you two. Gram: Second especiallypuppies or piglets. Pl:
person dual class one pronoun. 2 those thaembap. Variant: taembem. See:
two, they. Gram: Third person dual class one thoemga child; son; student; assis-
pronoun. tant.
you two ini. pro. 1 you two. Gram: Sec- young man thuareska. n. young man.
354
young woman Zion
Pl: thuaresta. Note: only th. your, some of ~ anganama. pro. some
young woman thuareski. n. young of your. Gram: Second person plural posses-
woman. sive pronoun and non-specific possessive pro-
noun. Morph: angan=ma. Gloss: 2PL.POSS=
younger sister aliki. n. younger sister. EMPH.
your angan. pro. your. Gram: Second per-
your, some of ~ angnanga. pro.
son plural possessive pronoun.
some of your. Gram: Second person plural
your angana. pro. your. Gram: Second possessive pronoun and non-specific possessive
person plural possessive pronoun and posses- pronoun. Morph: angn=anga. Gloss:
sive pronoun and specific article. Morph: 2PL.POSS= NSPEC.
angan=a. Gloss: 2PL.POSS=SPEC.
your, some of ~ gianga. pro. some of
your gi. pro. your. Gram: Second person your. Gram: Second person singular posses-
singular possessive pronoun. sive pronoun and non-specific possessive pro-
your gia. pro. your. Gram: Second person noun. Morph: gi=anga. Gloss: 2SG.POSS=
singular possessive pronoun and possessive NSPEC.
pronoun and specific article. Morph: gi=a. your; you two, ~ ain. pro. 1 you two,
Gloss: 2SG.POSS=SPEC. your. Gram: Second person dual possessive
your giama. pro. your. Gram: Second per- pronoun. 2 those two, their. Gram:
son singular possessive pronoun and emphatic Third person dual possessive pronoun.
possessive pronoun. your; you two, ~ aina. pro. 1 you two,
your giangama. pro. your. Gram: Second your. Gram: Second person dual possessive
person singular possessive pronoun and in- pronoun and possessive pronoun and specific
definite possessive pronoun. Morph: gi= article. 2 those two, their. Gram: Third
angama. Gloss: 2SG.POSS=INDEF. person dual possessive pronoun and possessive
pronoun and specific article. Morph: ain=a.
your ngia. pro. 1 you. Gram: Second
Gloss: 2/3DL.POSS=SPEC.
person singular class one pronoun.
2 your. Gram: Second person singular pos- your; you two, ~ ainama. pro. 1 you
sessive pronoun. two, your. Gram: Second person dual pos-
sessive pronoun and emphatic possessive pro-
your, any of ~ angenangama. pro. any
noun. 2 those two, their. Gram: Third
of your. Gram: Second person singular pos-
person dual possessive pronoun and emphatic
sessive pronoun and indefinite possessive
possessive pronoun.
pronoun. Morph: angen=angama. Gloss:
2PL.POSS= INDEF.
Z - z
355
Organisation of the thesaurus
357
E Fauna
E0 General (categories of animals)
E1 Animals that go on land (pigs, wallaby)
E2 Animals that fly (parrots, seagulls, bats)
E3 Reptiles
E3.0 Other reptiles
E3.1 Snakes
E3.2 Lizards
E4 Water creatures
E4.0 Large sea creatures (sharks, dolphins)
E4.1 Fish
E4.2 Eels
E4.3 Prawns and crayfish
E4.4 Shell fish (oysters, shells)
E4.5 All other sea and shore life (sea cucumber, jellyfish)
E5 Crabs (hermit crabs)
E6 Amphibians (frogs, toads)
E7 Insects, other land arthropods, grubs
E7.0 General
E7.1 Flies
E7.2 Spiders
E7.3 Ants
E7.4 Grasshoppers
F Physical properties
F0 General
F1 Appearance
F1.1 Visibility and colour (clear, bright, invisible)
F1.2 Size, shape, arrangement, pattern (cracked)
F2 Temperature, weight, texture (hard, spongy, oily)
F3 Sounds their types and qualities (loud, crackle)
F4 Tastes and smells (sour, bitter, sweet, stink)
F5 Value (precious, worthless)
G Quantification
G1 Quantity (lots, another of the same type, nothing)
G2 Numerals
358
H6 Address terms
I Human qualities and emotions
I1 Personality and moral evaluations (funny, talkative)
I2 Skill, ability, power (strong, courageous, skilled)
I3 Feelings, and emotions (homesickness, jealous)
J Body parts and products (animal and human)
J0 General (egg)
J1 Non-localised parts (fur, body hair, fat, wart, scar)
J2 Head (brain, eyeball, tears, earwax, clean shaven)
J3 Torso (intestines, tail, stomach, throat, neck, genitals)
J4 Limbs (wing, thigh, fingernail, footprint)
K Body states and functions
K1 Physiological reactions (breath, suck, cry, lay eggs)
K2 Body states
K2.1 Temporary (sleep, tired, thirsty, pregnant, bleed)
K2.2 Permanent (blind, deaf)
K3 Sickness, death, disease, injury (unconscious, vomit)
K4 Other things done with the body (blow, chew, cry)
L Stance and motion
L1 Stance, position
L1.0 Stance, position general (rest, crouch, wait)
L1.1 Stance, position vertical axis (stand)
L1.2 Stance, position horizontal axis (sit, lie down)
L2 Movement
L2.0 Movement general (arrive, fly, paddle, chase)
L2.1 Movement vertical axis (walk, up, climb, dive)
L2.2 Movement horizontal axis (roll, go across)
L3 Open and close
L3.1 Open (hole, gap, orifice, expose, empty)
L3.2 Close (block, obstruct, finish, switch off, fill)
L4 Exist (be, be lost)
L5 Do (attempt, succeed, make)
L6 Change of state (become)
M Artefacts, material culture and manufactured things
M0 General (to fix, mend, wash clothes)
M1 Tools, weapons, belongings
M2 Built environment
M2.0 General (build a house, housework, fence)
M2.1 Parts of a building (house posts, doorway)
M2.2 Furniture
M3 Clothes, materials and decorations (coat, headdress)
M4 Nautical (canoe, paddle, sail, anchor)
M5 Transfer of goods (sell, trade, steal)
M6 Vehicles (car, truck, motorcycle, aeroplane)
359
HUMAN INTER-RELATING, HUMANS SOCIALLY
N Kinship
N1 Kin terms
O Marriage, sex, nurturing
O1 Marriage and sexual relations
O2 Pregnancy and childbirth (birth, stages of pregnancy)
O3 Rearing babies and children (adoption, look after)
P Speaking, communication and sounds
P1 Speaking (call out, ask, stutter, explain)
P2 Interjections, imperatives, function words
P2.1 Functional affixes and particles
P2.2 Interjections
P2.3 Conjunctions
P2.4 Subordinators
P2.5 Articles
P2.6 Discourse markers
P3 Negations, assertions, possibility (perhaps, true, no)
P4 Non-verbal communication (write, sign language)
P5 Sounds (dog growl, whistle, clapping, onomatopoeia)
Q Social interaction, relationships and behaviour
Q0 General (behave, warn someone of trouble)
Q1 Fighting (enemy, get revenge)
Q2 Verbal quarrelling (provoke, ridicule, tease, annoy)
Q3 Making peace, maintaining social harmony
Q4 Games, entertainment, laughter, joking (play)
Q5 Being affected (being helped)
Q6 Permission and prohibition
Q7 Community
360
S Gathering, farming, hunting, tracking
S1 Gathering (collection, pick up, sort out)
S2 Hunting
S3 Fishing
S4 Farming and propagation (clearing land, planting)
T Fire and cooking
T1 Fire (cooking fire, matches, burn, smoke)
T2 Food preparation, cooking, distribution (ripe)
U Human uses of natural resources
U1 Food (meat, berries, bread)
U2 Narcotics (alcohol, tobacco)
U3 Medicines
U4 Building materials, weaving, basket materials
U5 Things that are bad for you (poisons, stings)
V Thinking, perception and attention
V1 Sense and perception
V1.1 Seeing (look out, inspect, search)
V1.2 Hearing (listen)
V1.3 Tasting (try, taste)
V1.4 Smell (sniff)
V1.5 Physical sensations (feel)
V2 Cognition
V2.1 Mental states (be calm, be delirious)
V2.2 Mental processes and experiences (think, dream)
V2.3 Knowledge and learning (try, graduate)
W Handling and physical transfer
W0 General
W1 Taking, touching, obtaining (snatch, receive, put on)
W2 Holding, carrying, moving something around (lead)
W3 Letting go, giving, leave be (pour, transfer, spread)
X Impact and surface contact
X0 General (split apart, throw, rip, break, dismantle)
X1 With an instrument (spear, mark, chop)
X2 Due to pressure (grind, snap, twist, burst)
X3 Sticking, tying, untying (tie up, cover)
X4 Surface contact (rub, peel, scrape, wipe)
Y Speed, manner and relative time
Y0 General (how, like this, manner)
Y1 Speed and manner (fast, carefully, fiercely)
Y2 Relative time and duration (when, previously, new)
Y3 Serialisation (before doing something else, last)
Y4 Degree
361
Thesaurus
ambangm n. village
A LANDSCAPE, COUNTRY AND ambilki n. abandoned house or village.
WATER
amlm n. small island.
A0 General amlka n. large island.
angtkeng n. 1 edge. 2 bank; es-
glingga n. place.
pecially of a body of water such as a
glinginggl n. place. river or pool.
ivtki n. 1 earth; soil; dirt. 2 land. angtham n. shore; beach; riverbank.
3 world; planet earth. angthutki n. sheltered place; specifi-
ivtpes n. land. cally an area in a valley below an
luchupka n. place. overhanging cliff.
luchupki n. space; e.g. the space of a anggarski atham n. beach.
playground or dancing ground. arekrechi n. sign on path to prohibit
luchuvini n. small space. people from going along it, and by
extension, a no entry sign or gate.
A1 Topographical features arenggi n. 1 water. 2 river.
abilm n. old place; a place where arengia n. creek.
there used to be a village. athinggiaras n. filthy or smelly place.
achlachuasini n. small area of grass aupka n. valley floor.
sp. aurigl n. bush side of the road, a less
achlachuaska n. area of grass sp.; pleasant place to stand.
tends to grow in old gardens; seeds aurki n. bush.
stick to your legs.
auvia n. valley.
achlachuaski n. large area of grass
sp. avam n. point; e.g. a point of land or the
end of a stick.
achruacha n. side branch of river;
dries up during the dry season. avrachi n. section.
aicha n. branch of river; flows year avram n. garden plot; specifically a plot
round. within a larger section of garden that
has been assigned to a particular
ais n. 1 track. 2 way; route. person; the section is divided into
aiska n. road. plots for different crops.
aiski n. large road. awal n. track; specifically the direction
aisvet n. path. of the undergrowth, like grasses,
which shows the direction a person
alat n. garden(s).
has gone.
altki n. large garden. basis n. passage between reef.
althini n. small garden.
362
A Landscape, country and water
363
A Landscape, country and water
kunngga n. sun.
braingia n. small creek.
usupki n. sky.
chngracha n. current; in either a
river or the sea.
A3 Water chthopka n. pool.
chethopka ava sachongachi n.
A3.0 General
deepest part of a pool.
abaringgi n. water that falls down a chthopki n. large pool.
waterfall. chthopvm n. puddle.
achrirka n. stream of falling drops. chulp n. pool.
ais n. wet.
guaremga n. rapid; specifically rapids
arenggi n. water. in rivers.
chlamurki n. puddle. ichumgi n. flood; flooded river.
chthopki n. liquid. ichumigl n. small flood.
chulp n. liquid. lachuaski n. pool; specifically pools
chulpki n. bowl of water. made in the reef at low tide.
chulski n. steam. mbraingia n. small creek.
krau sa-vi. subside; can refer to a flood milatka avuouk n. a large flood that
going down, wasting strength during washes away all the plants along the
an illness, or petrol evaporating. riverbanks.
kuasin svt vt. splash. sachongachi n. depths of a pool.
mendecha n. drop; a drop of water or umngachi n. flash flood.
other liquid. vunakdmga n. first flood; makes
pknas sa-vi. drown. plants bend over.
seseraik n. splash. A3.3 The ocean
tor sa-vi. get wet.
agarski n. sea.
vingloinggi n. whirlpool.
awalngga n. wave; ripple.
A3.1 Precipitation chngracha n. current; in either a
river or the sea.
airvthaualki n. sunshower.
lamon'gi n. wave; specifically waves
athvuiki n. rain cloud.
364
B Weather and cyclic time
365
C Location and direction
kunngga n day.
amrmr n. right side of something.
kunnggunng n. dawn.
angtkeng n. edge.
mathchasepka n. morning.
angthik n. side.
angthut n. base or bottom of the in-
B2.2 Lunar cycle side of a container.
ayachun'gi n. month.
aremgi n. base.
amunam n. holiday.
avmgi n. end.
amundika n. year.
avingnaska n. corner.
366
C Location and direction
imuit dir. 1 across there; across a val- muk savono dir. inside out.
ley. 2 in a corner. na prep. 1 from. 2 with.
imuk dir. in there. nagl prep. 1 from. 2 by.
inamk dir. upwards. naglm prep. from close to.
inamuk dir. across towards speaker; naglmna prep. back to.
forward. naimanp dir. from down there.
inavuk dir. down towards speaker; naimano dir. from down at.
downwards.
naimek dir. up from inside.
ithm dir. alongside; beside.
naimni dir. over from.
ithmna dir. side by side.
naimono dir. over from.
ivi dir. along.
naimuanp dir. from over there.
ivit adv. along.
naimuani dir. from over there.
ivono dir. upwards; inland; up there.
naimui dir. from over there (distant).
ivui dir. upwards away from speaker.
naimuit dir. from the other side.
ivuk dir. up there.
naimuk dir. from inside.
lechvs adv. in the air.
nainamk dir. up.
mamanp dir. downwards.
nainamuk dir. from over there (towards
manp dir. down. speaker).
mani dir. over there. nainath dir. from around here.
mano dir. down there. nainavi dir. from there.
masechen adv. sideways. nainavuk dir. from up.
mk dir. down. naivono dir. from up there.
mni dir. 1 on. 2 onto. 3 at. naivui dir. over from (middle distance).
4 in. 5 through. 6 across.
naivuit dir. over from.
mnina dir. across each other.
naivuk dir. from up.
mt prep. 1 in; within. 2 inside.
3 into. 4 through.
namanp dir. from down there.
mthik dir. 1 aside. 2 beside. namano dir. from down over there.
mono dir. 1 across. 2 over. namethik dir. from the other side.
muanp dir. down the side; over the namonp dir. over from the side.
side. namono dir. from over there; across.
muani dir. across. namuani dir. across from.
mugurp dir. 1 in the middle. namui dir. from over there; same level
2 between. as speaker.
mui dir. 1 over there; away from namuit dir. over from.
speaker on the same level. namuk dir. from in.
2 around.
nanaik dir. under.
367
C Location and direction
nathmuit dir. from over there. saimni dir. over to; down to.
nathvono dir. from up there. saimuanp dir. to the other side; across
to.
nathvui dir. from over there.
saimuani dir. over there.
nathvuit dir. from out there.
saimui dir. over there distant.
nathvuk dir. from up there.
saimuit dir. to the other side.
nave dir. from there.
saimuk dir. into.
navi dir. from there.
sainamk dir. down that way.
navono dir. from up there.
sainamuk dir. to this side.
navui dir. over from (distant).
sainavuk dir. from up there.
navuit dir. over from.
saisath dir. over here.
navuk dir. down.
saisave dir. to there.
ndngetham dir. in front.
saisavi dir. there.
nmn prep. aside; away.
saivono dir. upwards.
nmni dir. from down.
saivui dir. over to.
nmt prep. from.
saivuit dir. over to.
nthm prep. 1 from. 2 about.
saivuk dir. up to.
nva prep. from.
samanp dir. to down there.
nvana dir. from each other.
samano dir. down to; down there.
nevanas dir. away from oneself.
samk dir. to down.
nvt prep. from.
samethik dir. to other side.
ngthathng dir. at the back.
samono dir. over; across.
ngis adv. aside.
samuanp dir. over to; over there.
pathm na dir. 1 alongside; side by
side. 2 parallel. samuani dir. over to the side.
368
C Location and direction
samuit dir. over to; across. svt prep. 1 to. 2 about. 3 at.
samuk dir. into. 4 onto.
369
C Location and direction
avgl dem. that piece. Gram: Excised singu- chkmlm dem. just those particular
lar distal demonstrative. flat two. Gram: Emphatic flat dual contras-
tive demonstrative.
avglem dem. those two pieces. Gram:
Excised dual distal demonstrative. chknk dem. just those particular
avglng dem. those pieces. Gram: Excised large ones. Gram: Emphatic extended plural
contrastive demonstrative.
plural distal demonstrative.
avink dem. those large things. Gram: chknm dem. just those particular
Extended plural distal demonstrative.
two large ones. Gram: Emphatic extended
dual contrastive demonstrative.
avinm dem. those two large ones.
Gram: Extended dual distal demonstrative.
chkni dem. just that particular small
one. Gram: Emphatic diminutive singular
avmlk dem. those flat things. Gram: contrastive demonstrative.
Flat plural distal demonstrative.
chknggl dem. just that particular
avmlm dem. those two flat ones. piece. Gram: Emphatic excised singular con-
Gram: Flat dual distal demonstrative. trastive demonstrative.
avni dem. that small one. Gram: Diminu-
370
C Location and direction
chkvap dem. just those particular guank dem. some large ones. Gram: Ex-
short ones. Gram: Emphatic reduced plural tended plural indefinite demonstrative.
contrastive demonstrative. guanm dem. two large ones. Gram: Ex-
chkvem dem. just those particular tended dual indefinite demonstrative.
two. Gram: Emphatic feminine dual contras- guani dem. one small one. Gram: Diminu-
tive demonstrative. tive singular indefinite demonstrative.
chkvs dem. just that particular flat guang dem. something. Gram: Count neutral
one. Gram: Emphatic flat singular contrastive indefinite demonstrative.
demonstrative.
guasem dem. two long ones. Gram: Long
chkvet dem. just that particular long dual indefinite demonstrative.
one. Gram: Emphatic long singular contras-
guaseng dem. some long ones. Gram:
tive demonstrative.
Long plural indefinite demonstrative.
chkiom dem. just those particular two.
guathom dem. two small ones. Gram: Di-
Gram: Emphatic masculine dual contrastive
minutive dual indefinite demonstrative.
demonstrative.
guathong dem. some small ones. Gram:
chkraik dem. just that particular one.
Diminutive plural indefinite demonstrative.
Gram: Emphatic feminine singular contrastive
demonstrative. guavam dem. two short ones. Gram: Re-
duced dual indefinite demonstrative.
chkrak dem. just that particular one.
Gram: Emphatic masculine singular contrastive guavap dem. some short ones. Gram: Re-
demonstrative. duced plural indefinite demonstrative.
chkrang dem. just those two particular guavek dem. some people. Gram: Human
ones. Gram: Emphatic count neutral contras- plural indefinite demonstrative.
tive demonstrative. guavem dem. two. Gram: Feminine dual in-
chevaik dem. just that particular one. definite demonstrative.
Gram: Emphatic feminine singular contrastive
371
C Location and direction
guavs dem. some flat ones. Gram: Flat ithiglem dem. these two pieces. Gram:
plural indefinite demonstrative. Excised dual proximate demonstrative.
guavet dem. one long one. Gram: Long ithigleng dem. these pieces. Gram: Ex-
singular indefinite demonstrative. cised plural proximate demonstrative.
inath dir. from here. ithini dem. this small one. Gram: Diminutive
inavi dir. from there. singular proximate demonstrative.
ithaik dem. this one. Gram: Feminine singu- ithiom dem. these two. Gram: Masculine
lar proximate demonstrative. dual proximate demonstrative.
ithak dem. this one. Gram: Masculine singu- ithithom dem. these two small ones.
lar proximate demonstrative. Gram: Diminutive dual proximate demon-
strative.
ithang these. Gram: Count neutral
dem. 1
proximate demonstrative. 2 these flat ithithong dem. these small ones. Gram:
ones. Gram: Flat plural proximate demon- Diminutive plural proximate demonstrative.
strative. kchm dem. that particular short one.
ithath dem. these people. Gram: Human Gram: Reduced singular contrastive demon-
plural proximate demonstrative. strative.
ithchm dem. this short one. Gram: Re- kchit dem. that particular large one.
duced singular proximate demonstrative. Gram: Extended singular contrastive demon-
strative.
ithchit dem. this large one. Gram: Ex-
tended singular proximate demonstrative. kglem dem. those particular two
pieces. Gram: Excised dual contrastive de-
ithmlk dem. these flat ones. Gram: monstrative.
Flat plural proximate demonstrative.
kglem dem. those particular two short
ithmlm dem. these two flat ones. ones. Gram: Reduced dual contrastive de-
Gram: Flat dual proximate demonstrative.
monstrative.
ithnk dem. these large ones. Gram: Ex- kgleng dem. those particular pieces.
tended plural proximate demonstrative.
Gram: Excised plural contrastive demon-
ithnm dem. these two large ones. strative.
Gram: Extended dual proximate demonstrative.
kk dem. that particular one. Gram: Mas-
ithsm dem. these two long ones. Gram: culine singular contrastive demonstrative.
Long dual proximate demonstrative.
kmlk dem. those particular flat ones.
ithseng dem. these long ones. Gram: Gram: Flat plural contrastive demonstrative.
Long plural proximate demonstrative.
kmlm dem. just those particular two
ithvam dem. these two short ones. flat ones. Gram: Flat dual contrastive de-
Gram: Reduced dual proximate demonstrative. monstrative.
ithvap dem. these short ones. Gram: Re- knk dem. those particular large ones.
duced plural proximate demonstrative. Gram: Extended plural contrastive demon-
ithvem dem. these two. Gram: Feminine strative.
dual proximate demonstrative. knm dem. those particular two large
ithvs dem. this flat one. Gram: Flat sin- ones. Gram: Extended dual contrastive de-
gular proximate demonstrative. monstrative.
ithvet dem. this long one. Gram: Long kni dem. that particular small one.
singular proximate demonstrative. Gram: Diminutive singular contrastive demon-
strative.
ithigl dem. this piece. Gram: Excised singu-
lar proximate demonstrative. kngt dem. those particular ones; that
particular one. Gram: Count neutral con-
372
C Location and direction
ksem dem. those particular two long paivaik dem. that particular one. Gram:
ones. Gram: Long dual contrastive demon- Feminine singular distal demonstrative em-
strative. phatic.
kseng dem. those particular long ones. paivak dem. that particular one. Gram:
Gram: Long plural contrastive demonstrative. Masculine singular distal demonstrative em-
phatic.
kthom dem. those particular two small
ones. Gram: Diminutive dual contrastive de- paivang dem. those particular flat ones.
monstrative. Gram: Flat plural distal demonstrative em-
phatic.
kthong dem. those particular small
ones. Gram: Diminutive plural contrastive paivang dem. that particular one; those
demonstrative. particular ones. Gram: Count neutral distal
demonstrative emphatic.
kvam dem. those particular two short
ones. Gram: Reduced dual contrastive de- paivathe dem. those particular people.
monstrative. Gram: Human plural distal demonstrative em-
phatic.
kvap dem. those particular short ones.
Gram: Reduced plural contrastive demon- paivthong dem. those particular small
strative. things. Gram: Diminutive plural distal de-
monstrative emphatic.
kvem dem. those particular two. Gram:
Feminine dual contrastive demonstrative. pavchm dem. that particular short
thing. Gram: Reduced singular distal demon-
kvs dem. that particular flat one. Gram: strative emphatic.
Flat singular contrastive demonstrative.
pavchit dem. that particular large
kvet dem. that particular long one. thing. Gram: Extended singular distal demon-
Gram: Long singular contrastive demon-
strative emphatic.
strative.
pavgl dem. that particular piece. Gram:
kiom dem. those particular two. Gram: Excised singular distal demonstrative em-
Masculine singular contrastive demonstrative.
phatic.
kraik dem. just that particular one. Gram: pavglem dem. those two particular
Feminine singular contrastive demonstrative.
pieces. Gram: Excised dual distal demon-
krak dem. that particular one. Gram: strative emphatic.
Masculine singular contrastive demonstrative.
pavgleng dem. those particular pieces.
krathe dem. those particular people. Gram: Excised plural distal demonstrative
Gram: Human plural contrastive demon- emphatic.
strative.
pavmlm dem. those particular two
kravum dem. that particular one. Gram: flat ones. Gram: Flat dual distal demon-
Masculine singular contrastive demonstrative. strative emphatic.
pachvaik dem. that particular one. pavnk dem. those particular large
Gram: Feminine singular distal demonstrative ones. Gram: Extended plural distal demon-
emphatic. strative emphatic.
pachvak dem. that particular one. pavnm dem. those particular two
Gram: Masculine singular distal demonstrative large ones. Gram: Extended dual distal de-
emphatic. monstrative emphatic.
pachvang dem. 1 that particular one; pavni dem. that particular small one.
those particular ones. Gram: Count neu- Gram: Diminutive singular distal demonstrative
373
C Location and direction
Gram: Flat singular distal demonstrative em- taithvam dem. these particular two
phatic. short ones. Gram: Reduced dual proximate
pavvet dem. that particular long one. demonstrative emphatic.
Gram: Long singular distal demonstrative em- taithvap dem. these particular short
phatic. ones. Gram: Reduced plural proximate de-
paviom dem. those particular two. Gram: monstrative emphatic.
Masculine dual distal demonstrative emphatic. taithvem dem. these particular two.
taithaik dem. this particular one. Gram: Gram: Feminine dual proximate demonstrative
Feminine singular proximate demonstrative emphatic.
emphatic. taithvs dem. this particular flat one.
taithak dem. this particular one. Gram: Gram: Flat singular proximate demonstrative
Masculine singular proximate demonstrative emphatic.
emphatic. taithvet dem. this particular long one.
taithang dem. 1 this particular one; Gram: Long singular proximate demonstrative
these particular ones. Gram: Count neu- emphatic.
tral proximate demonstrative emphatic. taithigl dem. this particular piece. Gram:
2 these particular flat ones. Gram: Flat Excised singular proximate demonstrative
plural proximate demonstrative emphatic. emphatic.
3 these particular long ones. Gram: taithiglem dem. these particular two
Long plural proximate demonstrative em- pieces. Gram: Excised dual proximate de-
phatic. monstrative emphatic.
taithath dem. these particular people. taithigleng dem. these particular
Gram: Human plural proximate demonstrative pieces. Gram: Excised plural proximate de-
emphatic. monstrative emphatic.
taith dem. right here. Gram: Proximate taithini dem. this particular small one.
demonstrative emphatic. Gram: Diminutive singular proximate demon-
taithchm dem. this particular short strative emphatic.
374
C Location and direction
taithiom dem. these particular two. naimuani dir. from over there.
Gram: Masculine dual proximate demon- naimui dir. from over there (distant).
strative emphatic.
naimuit dir. from the other side.
taithithom dem. these particular two
small ones. Gram: Diminutive dual proxi- naimuk dir. from inside.
mate demonstrative emphatic. nainamuk dir. from over there (towards
taithithong dem. these particular small speaker).
ones. Gram: Diminutive plural proximate nainath dir. from around here.
demonstrative emphatic. nainavi dir. from there.
tik dem. this very one. Gram: Proximate de- nainavuk dir. from up.
monstrative emphatic particle.
naivono dir. from up there.
C4 Distance and proximity naivui dir. over from (middle distance).
naivuit dir. over from.
bana dir. among themselves.
naivuk dir. from up.
bing sa-vi. surround.
namanp dir. from down there.
dur adv. deep.
namano dir. from down over there.
gl prep. with.
namk dir. from down.
gelaulul dir. far away; long way.
namt prep. at something.
glm prep. near; close.
namethik dir. from the other side.
glmna prep. near; next to each other.
namonp dir. over from the side.
gl kuvet dir. be near to.
namono dir. from over there; across.
inamuk dir. across towards speaker;
forward. namuani dir. across from.
inavuk dir. down towards speaker; namui dir. from over there; same level
downwards. as speaker.
ithm dir. alongside; beside. namuit dir. over from.
ithmna dir. side by side. namuk dir. from in.
ivui dir. upwards away from speaker. nanavuk dir. back down from.
mnina dir. across each other. nathmanp dir. from down there.
mt prep. 1 in; within. 2 inside. nathmano dir. from down there.
3 into. 4 through. nathmk dir. from down at.
mvem prep. inside. nathmono dir. from over there.
na prep. with. nathmuanp dir. from side.
nagl prep. from. nathmui dir. from over there.
naglm prep. from close to. nathmuit dir. from over there.
naglmna prep. back to. nathmuk dir. from in there.
naimanp dir. from down there. nathvono dir. from up there.
naimano dir. from down at. nathvui dir. from over there.
naimek dir. up from inside. nathvuit dir. from out there.
naimni dir. over from. nathvuk dir. from up there.
naimono dir. over from. nave dir. from there.
naimuanp dir. from over there. navi dir. from there.
375
C Location and direction
376
C Location and direction
tethana sa-vi. group together. agiseng pro. some long ones. Gram: Long
plural indefinite pronoun.
tvuk dir. up there.
agit pro. what. Gram: Count neutral indefinite
tneng n vt. dodge.
pronoun.
tu dm n vt. lose.
agitha pro. some people. Gram: Human
vethik dir. beside. plural indefinite pronoun.
vui dir. out there. agithom pro. some two small ones. Gram:
Diminutive dual indefinite pronoun.
C5 Pronouns
agithong pro. some small ones. Gram:
againi pro. some small thing. Gram: Di- Diminutive plural indefinite pronoun.
minutive singular indefinite pronoun. agivam pro. some two short ones. Gram:
agia pro. something. Gram: Count neutral Reduced dual indefinite pronoun.
indefinite pronoun. agivap pro. some short things. Gram: Re-
agicha pro. someone; something. Gram: duced plural indefinite pronoun.
Masculine singular indefinite pronoun. agivem pro. some two people; some two
agichm pro. some short thing. Gram: things. Gram: Feminine dual indefinite pro-
Reduced singular indefinite pronoun. noun.
agichi pro. something; someone. Gram: agivs pro. some flat thing. Gram: Flat
Feminine singular indefinite pronoun. singular indefinite pronoun.
agigl pro. some piece. Gram: Excised singu- agivet pro. some long thing. Gram: Long
lar indefinite pronoun. singular indefinite pronoun.
agiglem pro. some two pieces. Gram: Ex- aguik pro. something; someone. Gram:
cised dual indefinite pronoun. Feminine singular indefinite pronoun.
agigleng pro. some pieces. Gram: Excised ain you two, your. Gram: Second
pro. 1
plural indefinite pronoun. 2 those
person dual possessive pronoun.
two, their. Gram: Third person dual posses-
agimlk pro. some flat ones. Gram: Flat
sive pronoun.
plural indefinite pronoun.
aina pro. 1 you two, your. Gram: Second
agimlm pro. some two flat ones. Gram:
person dual possessive pronoun and possessive
Flat dual indefinite pronoun.
pronoun and specific article. 2 those
aginait pro. some large one. Gram: Ex- two, their. Gram: Third person dual posses-
tended singular indefinite pronoun. sive pronoun and possessive pronoun and spe-
agink pro. some large ones. Gram: Ex- cific article.
tended plural indefinite pronoun. ainama pro. 1 you two, your. Gram:
aginm pro. some two large ones. Gram: Second person dual possessive pronoun and
Extended dual indefinite pronoun. emphatic possessive pronoun. 2 those
two, their. Gram: Third person dual posses-
agini pro. some small thing. Gram: Di-
sive pronoun and emphatic possessive pro-
minutive singular indefinite pronoun.
noun.
agingt pro. something. Gram: Count neu-
ainanga pro. 1 you two, some of your.
tral indefinite pronoun.
Gram: Second person dual possessive pronoun
agiom pro. two of something; two uni- and non-specific possessive pronoun.
dentified people. Gram: Masculine dual 2 those two, some of their. Gram: Third
377
C Location and direction
person dual possessive pronoun and athama pro. her; its. Gram: Third person
non-specific possessive pronoun. singular possessive pronoun and emphatic
ainangama pro. 1 you two, some of possessive pronoun.
your. Gram: Second person dual possessive athanga pro. some of her; some of its.
pronoun and indefinite possessive pronoun. Gram: Third person singular possessive pro-
2 those two, some of their. Gram: Third noun and non-specific possessive pronoun.
person dual possessive pronoun and indefinite athangama pro. her; its. Gram: Third per-
possessive pronoun. son feminine singular possessive pronoun and
angan pro. your. Gram: Second person plural indefinite possessive pronoun.
possessive pronoun. ath pro. some people. Gram: Human plural
angana pro. your. Gram: Second person plu- indefinite pronoun.
ral possessive pronoun and possessive pronoun athv pro. their. Gram: Third person human
and specific article. plural possessive pronoun.
anganama pro. some of your. Gram: Sec- athva pro. their. Gram: Third person human
ond person plural possessive pronoun and plural possessive pronoun and possessive pro-
non-specific possessive pronoun. noun and specific article.
angnanga pro. some of your. Gram: athvama pro. their. Gram: Third person
Second person plural possessive pronoun and human plural possessive pronoun and emphatic
non-specific possessive pronoun. possessive pronoun.
angenangama pro. any of your. Gram: athvanga pro. some of their. Gram: Third
Second person singular possessive pronoun person human plural possessive pronoun and
and indefinite possessive pronoun. non-specific possessive pronoun.
angt pro. its; their. Gram: Third person athvangama pro. their. Gram: Third per-
neuter possessive pronoun. son human plural possessive pronoun and in-
angtha pro. its; their. Gram: Third person definite possessive pronoun.
neuter possessive pronoun and possessive aun pro. our two. Gram: First person dual
pronoun and specific article. possessive pronoun.
angthama pro. some of its. Gram: Third auna pro. us two, our. Gram: Possessive
person neuter possessive pronoun and em- pronoun and specific article.
phatic possessive pronoun.
aunama pro. us two, our. Gram: First per-
angthanga pro. some of their. Gram: son dual possessive pronoun and emphatic
Third person neuter possessive pronoun and possessive pronoun.
non-specific possessive pronoun.
aunanga pro. us two, some of our. Gram:
angthangama pro. any of their. Gram: First person dual possessive pronoun and
Third person neuter possessive pronoun and non-specific possessive pronoun.
indefinite possessive pronoun.
aunangama pro. us two, our. Gram: First
anggung some. Gram: Count neu-
dem. 1 person dual possessive pronoun and indefinite
tral indefinite demonstrative. 2 any; possessive pronoun.
anything. Gram: Count neutral indefinite
demonstrative.
aung dem. 1 someone; something.
Gram: Masculine singular indefinite demon-
angitha pro. 1 anyone. Gram: Human plu- strative. 2 anyone; anything. Gram:
ral indefinite pronoun. 2 someone. Masculine singular indefinite demonstrative.
Gram: Human plural indefinite pronoun.
aung gue interrog. which one. Gram:
at pro. her; its. Gram: Third person singular Masculine singular indefinite pronoun.
possessive pronoun.
aungguik dem. 1 someone; something.
atha pro. her; its. Gram: Third person singular Gram: Feminine singular indefinite demon-
possessive pronoun.
378
C Location and direction
379
C Location and direction
nmbam pro. any small two; some small nemini pro. which small one; some small
two. Gram: Reduced dual interrogative pro- one. Gram: Diminutive singular interrogative
noun. pronoun; also used to refer to people; can imply
attenuative meaning; can be used in indefinite
nmbap pro. any short two; some short
contexts.
two. Gram: Reduced plural interrogative
pronoun. nemiom pro. which two people; which
two things; some two people. Gram:
nmbem pro. any two people; any two
Masculine dual interrogative pronoun; can be
things; some two people. Gram: Feminine
used in indefinite contexts.
dual interrogative pronoun.
nemisem pro. which two long ones;
nmbm pro. any short one. Gram: Re-
some two long ones. Gram: Long dual in-
duced singular interrogative pronoun.
terrogative pronoun; used in a joking way to
nmda pro. who. Gram: Human plural inter- refer to people and implies something about
rogative pronoun. their large size; can be used in indefinite con-
nmga pro. who. Gram: Masculine singular texts.
interrogative pronoun; can be used in indefi- nmiseng pro. which long ones. Gram:
nite contexts. Long plural interrogative pronoun; can be used
nmgi pro. who. Gram: Feminine singular in- in indefinite contexts.
terrogative pronoun; can be used in indefinite nemithom pro. which two small ones;
380
C Location and direction
some two small ones. Gram: Diminutive gular class one pronoun. 2 your. Gram:
dual interrogative pronoun; also used to refer Second person singular possessive pronoun.
to people; can imply attenuative meaning; can ngigl pro. piece. Gram: Excised singular
be used in indefinite contexts. nominal pronoun.
nemithong pro. which small ones; some ngiglem pro. short two. Gram: Excised dual
small ones. Gram: Diminutive plural inter- nominal pronoun.
rogative pronoun; also used to refer to people;
can imply attenuative meaning; can be used in
ngigleng pro. short ones. Gram: Excised
plural nominal pronoun.
indefinite contexts.
ngaiom pro. two things; two people. ngimlm pro. the flat two. Gram: Flat
dual nominal pronoun.
Gram: Third person masculine dual nominal
pronoun. ngin pro. you and.
ngait pro. the long one. Gram: Extended ngink pro. the long ones. Gram: Extended
singular nominal pronoun. plural nominal pronoun.
ngam pro. short one. Gram: Reduced singu- nginm pro. the long two. Gram: Extended
lar nominal pronoun. dual nominal pronoun.
ngas pro. the flat one. Gram: Flat singular ngini pro. small one. Gram: Diminutive sin-
nominal pronoun. gular nominal pronoun.
ngavam pro. short two. Gram: Reduced dual ngisem pro. the long two. Gram: Long dual
nominal pronoun. nominal pronoun.
ngavap pro. short ones. Gram: Reduced ngiseng pro. the long ones. Gram: Long
plural nominal pronoun. plural nominal pronoun.
ngavem pro. two people; two things. ngithom pro. small two. Gram: Diminutive
Gram: Third person feminine dual nominal dual nominal pronoun.
pronoun. ngithong pro. small ones. Gram: Diminu-
ngavet pro. the long one. Gram: Long sin- tive plural nominal pronoun.
gular nominal pronoun. ngo pro. me. Gram: First person singular class
nge pro. you. Gram: Second person singular three pronoun.
class three pronoun. ngu pro. me. Gram: First person singular class
ng pro. he; she; it; they. Gram: Third per- two pronoun.
son neuter class one pronoun. ngua pro. 1 I. Gram: First person singular
ngn pro. you all. Gram: Second person class class one pronoun. 2 my. Gram: First
one pronoun and second person class three person singular possessive pronoun.
pronoun. ngun pro. me and.
ngn pro. them and; it and. ta pro. they; them. Gram: Third person human
ngn pro. you all and. plural class one pronoun and third person hu-
man plural class three pronoun.
ngni pro. you all. Gram: Second person
plural class two pronoun. ti pro. they. Gram: Third person human plural
class two pronoun.
ngt pro. him; her; it; them. Gram: Third
person neuter class three pronoun. tin pro. them and.
ngthi pro. he; she; it; they. Gram: Third un pro. 1 we. Gram: First person dual class
person neuter class two pronoun. three pronoun. 2 us. Gram: First person
dual class three pronoun.
ngi pro. you. Gram: Second person singular
class two pronoun. un pro. us two and.
ngia pro. 1 you. Gram: Second person sin- uni pro. we two. Gram: First person dual class
381
C Location and direction
mnia iva interrog. why. nemink pro. which large ones; some
large ones. Gram: Extended plural inter-
mnia na interrog. what happened.
rogative pronoun; used in a joking way to refer
nma pro. who. Gram: Interrogative pronoun. to people and implies something about their
nmava pro. whose. Gram: Third person large size; can be used in indefinite contexts.
masculine singular possessive interrogative nminm pro. which large two; some
pronoun. large two. Gram: Extended dual interroga-
382
D Plants
nemithong pro. which small ones; some athing n. fibres used for weaving.
small ones. Gram: Diminutive plural inter- athongga n. fruit sp.; must be cooked
rogative pronoun; also used to refer to people; before it is eaten.
can imply attenuative meaning; can be used in aulmangachi n. native orange; refers
indefinite contexts. to both the tree and the fruit.
auravucha n. native spinach (aibika)
D PLANTS top that is used for cooking.
auravuves n. native spinach (aibika)
D0 General
leaf.
achvor angthoes n. betel pepper avolacha n. leaf shoot.
(daka); betelnut mustard.
ayaungem n. tree tips; the ends of the
achuvorves n. betel pepper (daka) branches where the leaves are.
leaves; mustard leaves.
baler n. 1 piece of wood. 2 piece of
adigl n. piece of taro. taro.
agraing adj. overgrown. balerbaler n. bits and pieces; especially
aichilka n. native spinach (aibika) top of wood.
that is used for cooking. changska n. betelnut.
aichilves n. native spinach (aibika) leaf. chlmga n. seed pod of the chlmgi
aithir n. new growth; skin or bark that tree.
grows in order to heal a cut. chlevecha n. bean.
383
D Plants
chlelachun'ga n. driftwood.
lscha n. banana shoot.
384
D Plants
385
D Plants
balska n. tree sp.; large tree with soft mulichi n. orange; both the tree and the
wood. fruit.
changska n. betelnut palm. nmbingga n. tree sp.; strong trees
chlaska n. tree sp.; has soft wood; that grow on top of mountain ridges.
cassowaries eat the fruit. rachan'ga n. tree sp.; hardwood tree
chlmgi n. tree sp.; has pods that are used for timber; very large, is both tall
used as rattles. and broad; burns well good for
firewood; was logged extensively by
chluangga n. tree sp.; has silky fibre. the Catholic Mission for use in its
chungacha n. tree sp.; casuarina. post-war building program.
churemgi n. palm sp.; betel palm. raiycha n. tree sp.; grows along the
galpki n. palm sp.; wild palm; used for coast and in the mountains in the
making axe handles and floors. bush; the sap is fragrant and burns
like wax.
govacha n. guava tree; the leaves are
good for stomach aches. saksaki n. sago palm.
govachi n. guava. saluchachi n. palm sp.; similar to the
areca or black palm (limbum); has a
isinggi n. tree sp.; similar to breadfruit
mountain spirit living inside it.
but brown on the outside and yellow
inside; refers to both the tree and the srubn'ga n. tree sp.; if you touch it
fruit. your skin swells.
ivngacha n. tree sp.; large tree from tangamgi n. banana plant.
the bush; is the home of spirits. tap s vt. cut down; especially of trees;
ivon'ga n. pandanus. also used to refer to the act of clearing
an area of bush.
kaverki n. wild palm sp.; trunks are split
and used to make floors. tchusacha n. fig tree.
lamsachi n. coconut palm. tltlcha n. tree sp.; grows near the
beach; has edible fruit.
lamsait n. tall coconut palm.
thabucha n. tree sp.; used for making
lamthain'ga n. tree sp.; large tree
canoes.
species.
thelelki n. palm sp.; has small leaves;
luanggareska n. tree sp.; very straight
looks a bit like a betelnut palm, only
and tall; is easy to split into planks.
smaller; fronds are good to use as
matholka n. tree sp.; new leaves from thatch.
this tree are used to treat sickness in
vaidebunggi n. tree sp.; known as wild
the spleen and for boils; for the
orange tree.
spleen, the leaves are chewed and
swallowed; for boils, the leaves are variachi n. breadfruit tree.
heated and then placed over the boil. vaski n. breadfruit tree.
mlutki n. tree sp.; beach tree; grows viulacha n. mango tree.
horizontally towards the water. vlngacha n. tree sp.; grows in old
mnumgi n. tree sp.; tall tree that garden sites; has very thick bark,
grows in the bush; a bit like the m- small white leaves, and very small
lutki species; good timber for houses. flowers.
minminga n. tree sp.; a softwood tree warevacha n. tree sp.; grows by the
with red flowers. river; has small leaves.
mrunggi n. tree sp.; rosewood tree. yaungga n. tree sp.; used in the clean-
386
D Plants
thalechachi n. bush sp.; used for trutki n. native spinach (aibika) stem;
decoration; grows in the bush. used for planting.
387
D Plants
388
E Fauna
sp.; very small; grows on the branches grucha n. bandicoot; has spiky hair, a
of mango trees; is similar in shape to a long tail, and strong teeth; climbs
rats paw. trees and eats galip nuts (Canarium
kunengga ava lm n. mushroom sp.; indicums).
large, white, umbrella shape; the stalk kaumatka n. rat; mouse; generic term;
is 30 cm in diameter; grows in grassy also used specifically for domestic rats
fields after heavy rain. and mice.
marupki atha lm n. mushroom sp.; marupki n. cassowary.
white; grows on certain trees in the masn'ga n. bandicoot; cannot climb;
bush; eaten by cassowaries. eats fallen fruit; has spiky hair.
nangsacha ava lmga n. mushroom murapka n. wild dog.
sp.; greyish in colour; edible; grows
on rotting trees; is flat on top with pusicha n. cat; wild or domestic.
many small holes underneath. vaim atha nmga n. large forest rat;
thombek athva sdm n. mushroom has tan fur; lives in holes.
sp.; very thin, brown, and vaimbem n. puppy.
semi-transparent; feel like plastic; vaimga n. dog.
round and grow up to 5 cm in diame-
vaimgi n. bitch.
ter; found growing on rotting trees.
vlmga n. pig.
D8 Mosses and lichens vlmgi n. 1 sow. 2 large pig.
arumsngga n. lichen. vlmbm n. piglet.
389
E Fauna
390
E Fauna
391
E Fauna
392
E Fauna
lasrvthacha n. freshwater fish sp.; has white and dark brown stripes;
multi-coloured: brown, yellow, and short stout shape with scales; up to
red; lives in still waters such as billa- 15 cm long.
bongs; up to 20 cm long. mololm n. fish sp.; lives on the reef;
lgmetka n. freshwater fish sp.; looks has white and dark brown stripes;
like a small shark but has no teeth; short stout shape with scales; up to
eats moss; white with greasy flesh; 15 cm long.
lives where the current is fast. mutucha n. reef fish sp.; yellow and
lviam n. fish sp.; stonefish; lives on the white stripes lengthwise along its
reef; white with bones that stick body; up to 50 cm long.
through the skin to form strong spikes ngalengm n. freshwater fish sp.; has
all over its back and sides; swells up brown stripes; makes the sound nguk
when touched. nguk when shot with a spear.
makaucha n. reef fish sp.; tilapia; grey snggratki n. freshwater fish sp.; silver
with scales; have no teeth; up to with scales; has two black spots on its
30 cm long. tail.
makauchi n. large fish of the makaucha siluigl n. freshwater fish sp.; brown;
species. flat, rounded shape like a flounder; up
makauves n. school of tilapia (makau). to 30 cm across; can sting with a
malisacha n. fish sp.; barracuda; deep sharp barb on either side of its tail.
sea fish; have a long mouth, sharp sumsumigl n. fish sp.; lives on reef;
teeth, and whitish flesh with scales; brown with tiny scales; up to 20 cm
are long and thin. long.
malisachi n. large barracuda. tangirka n. deep sea fish sp.; looks like
malmalcha n. reef fish sp.; grey; up to the malisacha species; whitish with
15 cm long; no scales, slippery skin; very sharp teeth; up to 2 m long; no
lives close to shore; good for bait. scales.
malolbanggi n. reef fish sp.; faded tlngbes n. fish sp.; lives on the reef;
colours: dim whitish, yellowish, and brown and very flat; up to 20 cm long;
brown stripes; similar to the mololchi moves to and fro like a floating leaf.
species but a bit larger. thgumga n. fish sp.; two types of
maramatun'gi n. reef fish sp.; dark stonefish: one is a saltwater fish and a
grey with small whitish spots; similar good eating fish, the other lives in
to the marumgi species but larger. fresh water; both are brown and can
sting with poisonous spines.
marumgi n. reef fish sp.; grey with
scales; have no teeth; up to 30 cm thinmbes n. school of fish.
long. ubatki n. reef fish sp.; various colours:
mrmarki n. fish sp.; deep sea fish that blue, brown, or black with whitish
sometimes visits the reef; colour var- fins; up to 30 cm long; have sharp
ies from silver to bluish or greenish; teeth and very tough skin which must
body is very narrow close to the tail; be burnt off before eating.
silver ones are short and stout; ulutka n. reef fish sp.; grey with slip-
greenish ones are longer in shape; pery skin, no scales, and a big belly;
have very small scales. lies on the reef.
msgubarka n. reef fish sp.; white with vlmgi n. reef fish sp.; brown; has a
scales; up to 40 cm long. nose like a pigs; is up to 1 m long.
mololchi n. fish sp.; lives on the reef; vthenm n. freshwater fish sp.; white;
393
E Fauna
394
E Fauna
tled exterior and shiny white interior; mros n. shellfish sp.; lives on the reef.
up to 10 cm long. naingini n. chiton sp.; small in size, up
chamotki n. shellfish sp.; large black to 4 cm; black.
shellfish from the river; lives in the saecha n. shellfish sp.; found on the
water during the day but crawls up on reef; rounded cone up to 3 cm across;
stones at night to find food. mottled brown colour with small
chavithoski n. shellfish sp.; nautilus. ridges.
chlom angt nank n. shellfish sp.; snos ama mor n. large sea urchin sp.
large shell, similar to a conch; up to snoska n. sea urchin sp.; is covered in
25 cm long; used to make buttons; has many spikes.
a large door.
suacha n. shellfish sp.; found in the
chlomgi n. shellfish sp.; lives on the river; rounded black shell with red in-
reef; rounded spiral shell with ridges; side; lays its eggs on the outside of its
brown and white mottled colour; up to shell; up to 2 cm across.
4 cm across; has a door.
tavan'ga n. shellfish sp.; clam.
chulumga n. shellfish sp.; white cowrie
shell. tavurki n. conch shell.
395
E Fauna
396
E Fauna
397
E Fauna
398
F Physical properties
399
F Physical properties
400
F Physical properties
401
G Quantification
402
H Human classification
aduguaseng num. three long ones. aunmlm num. two flat ones. Gram: Flat
Gram: Long plural. dual.
aduguathong num. three small ones. aunglem num. two pieces. Gram: Excised
Gram: Diminutive plural. dual.
aduguavap num. three short ones. Gram:
Reduced plural. H HUMAN CLASSIFICATION
aduvanguik num. three. Gram: Feminine
plural. H0 General
ailotka n. hundred. angthepki n. name.
aka n. one and only; special one. tes vt. name; call by name.
alevavet num. four.
H1 Spirits and devils
angthikism n. ten.
angthikpet num. five. amchlingga n. name of Mndas
dancer; can carry a guaremgi mask;
asgchm num. one short one. Gram:
body decorated to look like a
Reduced singular.
saw-backed lizard; has a long tail;
asggl num. one piece. Gram: Excised always dances in the evening; dances
singular. a humorous dance; scratches the
asgk num. one. Gram: Masculine singular ground, twisting its knees; does not
and count neutral. use rattles.
asgm num. one short one. Gram: Re- amorka n. 1 ancestor. 2 God.
duced singular. amorki n. 1 female ancestor.
asgni num. one small one. Gram: Di- 2 goddess.
minutive singular. anvmnacha n. underground person.
asgvs num. one flat one. Gram: Flat arachtki n. spirit from a spirit mask;
singular. these spirits can go into someone
asgvt num. one long one. Gram: Long (especially a woman) and make her
singular. act crazy, e.g. shouting out and taking
asnggik num. one. Gram: Feminine singu- her clothes off; someone who knows
lar.
an appropriate charm must speak it
into lime powder and then spread the
asnggit num. one large one. Gram: Ex- lime powder on the womans face,
tended singular.
ears, and body.
athvuska n. thousand.
areveikpmka n. saviour; redeemer.
aunbam num. two short ones. Gram: Re- asingalka n. 1 dangerous spirit.
duced dual.
2 Satan; devil.
aunbem num. two. Gram: Feminine dual.
asingalki n. female spirit.
aundenm num. two large ones. Gram: aurachi n. witch.
Extended dual.
awan'ga n. name of dancer; masked
aundisem num. two long ones. Gram: Long dancer, dressed in yellow leaves from
dual.
the victory leaf plant, who carries
aundom num. two small ones. Gram: Di- beating sticks and punishes children.
minutive dual.
ayauska n. spirit.
aun'giom num. two. Gram: Masculine dual chavatka n. spirit that causes illness.
and count neutral dual.
chlochacha n. soul.
403
H Human classification
404
H Human classification
405
H Human classification
406
H Human classification
danungga n. unproductive man; a per- a clam, something that does not move
son who does not bring anything home around.
for the household (e.g. no firewood, ravan'gi n. faithful woman.
water, or food); someone who cannot
catch fish etc. sechabangga n. boisterous man;
someone who is always talking and
danunggi n. unproductive woman. laughing loudly.
dt mt uvski n. stupid person. sechabanggi n. boisterous woman.
dt mtha musnng n. forgetful per- svocha n. thief.
son.
svochi n. female thief.
dt pa sndm n. deaf person.
srumn'ga n. dangerous man; one who
gurguerka n. enemy. reacts violently and impulsively to a
gurguerki n. female enemy. sudden shock or noise.
lmuacha n. friend; ally. subicha n. mute.
lmuachi n. female friend; female ally. thuvska n. father-in-law; brother-in-
manaingimga n. sighted man. law; uncle-in-law; any in-laws except
ones wifes mothers brother and his
manaingimgi n. sighted woman. wife.
mervmka n. benevolent man; a person thuvski n. mother-in-law; sister-in-law;
who is a source of good things. aunt-in-law; any in-laws except ones
mervmki n. benevolent woman. wifes mothers brother and his wife.
metmavocha n. lame man. ulabungacha n. naked boy or man.
metmavochi n. lame woman. ulabungachi n. naked girl or woman.
moruska n. lazy man; person who is not umngacha n. enemy; raider.
willing to do garden work; used as an vathecha n. lazy man; a person who
insult. does not like to do any work, they just
moruski n. lazy woman. sit and chew betelnut all day.
mulen'ga n. frightened man. vathechi n. lazy woman.
mulen'gi n. frightened woman. vnbon'ga n. generous man.
mumanaska n. 1 selfish man. vnbon'gi n. generous woman.
2 rich man; someone with lots of
vingbmga n. 1 vandal. 2 naughty
money or pigs etc. boy or man.
mumanaski n. selfish woman; rich vingbmgi n. 1 female vandal.
woman. 2 naughty girl or woman.
nimulichi n. slut; a woman who sleeps vinoska n. vandal.
around.
vinoski n. female vandal.
ngaipka n. hidden man; invisible man.
vrucha n. enemy.
ngaipki n. hidden woman; invisible
woman. vruchi n. female enemy.
407
I Human qualities and emotions
chluchi n. sister-in-law; both the ad- asokmtka n. fearless man; stoic man;
dress and reference term; used by a someone who is solid inside.
female speaker; refers to both a asokmtki n. fearless woman.
womans husbands sister and her
brothers wife. auluvk mt vi-so. be timid; be cow-
ardly; be afraid.
mamga n. father; Dad; address and
reference term; it is also used by auluvkmtka n. 1 coward. 2 good
children-in-law. humoured man; reasonable man.
408
I Human qualities and emotions
409
J Body parts and products
410
J Body parts and products
something.
J3 Torso
chlochaini n. small inside part of
something. achlel angtha iska n. 1 urinary
411
J Body parts and products
412
K Body states and functions
aithir n. new growth; skin or bark that pupurik sa-vi. squirt excreta.
grows in order to heal a cut. puren vt vi-so. wake up; stir.
arengga n. sweat. rengga cha mn na sa-vi. sweat.
asechaski n. yawn. rip n. swell.
asnok n. excrement; faeces. saik da ves vi-so. squirt excreta.
asureng vi-so. snore. sangaska n. breath.
asurngga n. snoring person. sanggas sa-vi. breathe.
bk pt vt. hatch. sanggas ithms sa-vi. lose ones
bep d ves vi-so. fart; a noisy fart. breath.
bramr sa-vi. recover. sanggas machuvt sa-vi. gasp for
breath.
buepki n. fart; especially noisy farts.
sp samk sa-vi. faint.
chn'gn bt vi-so. 1 shiver.
2 tremble. sis sa-vi. swell.
413
K Body states and functions
tu nank sa-vi. grizzle; cry for some- lul pt vi-so. be grazed; be scratched.
thing for a long time. lulul pt vi-so. be scratched up.
mamr adv. well; fine.
K2 Body states
mnap vi-so. sleep.
K2.1 Temporary mnap mt vi-so. be sleepy; be drowsy.
aiskias vi-so. be cold. mnapki n. sleep.
414
K Body states and functions
415
L Stance and motion
tlu vthanas sa-vi. look after oneself. tor sa-vi. 1 bathe. 2 get wet.
valachi n. blister.
tusachus sa-vi. wriggle around because
of irritation; toss and turn e.g. while
vlochithong n. rash. trying to sleep.
K4 Other things done with the body
L STANCE AND MOTION
amusnng n. behaviour.
bnmalivi sa-vi. writhe; thrash around; L1 Stance, position
especially something thrashing
around in death throws. L1.0 Stance, position general
416
L Stance and motion
417
L Stance and motion
sek mni vt. walk through; walk across; vunak vt. twist.
especially of walking across, that is, wirep pt vi-so. move; give yourself
through a river. away when you are hiding because
srpm na vi-so. stop suddenly; stop you move.
with a jolt; e.g. when a car brakes
L2.1 Movement vertical axis
suddenly.
sichirdot vi-so. shrink back, as for an bn sa-vi. climb.
octopus that realises it has been seen; bn vt vt. climb on.
make yourself inconspicuous, e.g. if
you are ashamed or to avoid being beng dm vt. get something down from
a high place; especially referring to
volunteered to do something.
picking something from a tree.
sisit na vt. sneak up; creep up; refers to
moving quietly and slowly without
beng vt vt. climb up.
being seen. din s vi-so. faint; collapse.
tain sa-vi. dance. don sa-vi. 1 sink. 2 drown.
tat mt vt. bump. donanas sa-vi. jump; throw oneself.
tat mt na sa-vi. leave. krau sa-vi. subside; can refer to a flood
going down, wasting strength during
tk mamr tm vt. meet someone ac-
an illness, or petrol evaporating.
cidentally; run into.
tk tichim vt. avoid.
kut na sa-vi. descend.
tet kutna sa-vi. miss someone because pai fall down; hit the ground.
sa-vi. 1
2 land heavily.
each person went by a different path.
tet na vt. go past; pass.
paik sa-vi. jump.
tthuk vi-so. slide; especially of some- pathik mes sa-vi. fall down.
thing like a landslide. pl tm vi-so. be broken; be bent over;
be flattened out; e.g. of grass that has
tneng sa-vi. avoid; dodge.
been walked on.
tnp nanas sa-vi. capsize.
pen d vi-so. fall.
tnp n vt. turn.
ps d vi-so. jump out.
tuchun vt. chase.
pt vt. plunge.
tusachus sa-vi. wriggle around because
of irritation; toss and turn e.g. while
ptpt na vi-so. fall.
thuer sa-vi. 1 go first. 2 go ahead. pus mk vi-so. leap up; especially refer-
418
L Stance and motion
sp sa-vi. fall.
alek mt vi-so. be hollow.
419
L Stance and motion
420
M Artefacts, material culture and manufactured things
421
M Artefacts, material culture and manufactured things
botal gumi n. hot water bottle. masarka n. net bag (bilum) that is still
buchm n. book. being made; unfinished net bag
(bilum).
chanasucha n. hook.
masin'gan'gi n. machine gun.
changgthacha n. 1 rope; vine makes
a good rope. 2 fishing line. Usage: matka n. mat.
Arongda dialect. nilka n. nail.
changgthait n. rope. paelka n. file.
charoski n. rope. Usage: Abilta dialect. palangga n. plank.
chulchulcham n. hoop. plangigel n. board; plank.
chureski n. bucket; made from an areca plangves n. piles of planks; especially
palm leaf. somewhere like a sawmill where there
diski n. dish; often refers to a large are lots of planks all around.
aluminium dish. plastika n. plastic bag; plastic bottle;
dlangga n. walking stick. specifically a bottle between 1 and 5
litres in size, or a medium sized plas-
dramgi n. drum; specifically a drum of tic bag.
fuel, not a musical instrument.
plastiki n. large plastic bottle; large
gilamuchi n. plug; e.g. the stopper in a plastic bag.
bamboo tube of water or a cork in a
bottle. plastikini n. small plastic bottle; small
plastic bag.
glaski n. thermometer.
rarpka n. gun.
gotka n. pole made of bamboo.
rngska n. scraper; grater.
guaiachi n. hoop.
rulacha n. ruler.
guvangithong n. belongings; things.
sachong n. glasses.
ivtki atha aila n. map.
sangarka n. tongs.
kapki n. cup.
sangauchi n. net.
katenm n. cotton.
sangecha n. pliers.
kichi n. key.
sapka n. rounded club; looks like a
kilok n. clock.
softball bat.
kunduchi n. hand drum. secha n. trap. Usage: Abilta dialect.
kunngga ava iski n. clock.
schuvm n. broom.
kurupacha n. crowbar.
senpepa n. sandpaper.
lamga n. lamp.
sensocha n. chainsaw.
landmbm n. short club; baton. silingim n. old net bag (bilum).
livinem n. cross pole; specifically the sipen'gi n. pot; saucepan.
short poles that attach to a longer
pole that something heavy has been sipun'ga n. spoon; especially something
tied to; the pole helps people carry about the size of a dessert spoon or
heavy things. soup spoon.
mairki n. net that is used for catching sipun'gi n. large spoon; e.g. a serving
birds and flying foxes. spoon.
422
M Artefacts, material culture and manufactured things
423
M Artefacts, material culture and manufactured things
angtps n. roof.
M3 Clothes, materials, and decora-
asongga n. rafter. tions
banamathipes n. kitchen.
aiski thchng n. waist rope used for
blaenbs n. blind. tucking in lade, viringgi, or simalachi.
bon vt. thatch; put leaves on a roof. alcharachi n. shoe.
brtki n. wall. amuthms n. decorations.
chinipki n. fireplace; hearth. aviringgi n. apron.
chulemgi n. corner. baul n. clothes.
grtpes n. section of frame; e.g. one baulgi n. wraparound skirt (laplap);
side of a house frame. sarong; strip of cloth.
letacha n. stairs. chlom angt nank n. shellfish sp.;
lunaski n. louvre glass. large shell, similar to a conch; up to
manaingimgi n. window. 25 cm long; used to make buttons; has
a large door.
mononamucha n. crossbeam.
hatki n. hat.
nemon'gi n. door.
kangalcha n. 1 headdress.
paipki n. chimney; pipe. 2 ornament; brightly coloured things
panggalvs n. wall; specifically a wall such as feathers that can be used as
made of leaf stems. head ornaments.
paranda n. porch; verandah. koloski n. meri blouse; a loose fitting
424
N Kinship
M4 Nautical
N KINSHIP
achiragareska n. paddle.
baski n. barge.
N1 Kin terms
botki n. boat. alichini n. small younger sibling.
chevs n. fishing spear; has many alika n. younger brother.
prongs. aliki n. younger sister.
kanucha n. canoe.
amorka n. ancestor.
luln'ga n. canoe.
amorki n. female ancestor.
luln'gi n. boat; especially a banana angthiaik n. grandfather; grandfa-
boat. ther-in-law.
motochi n. motor.
angthuauk n. grandmother; grand-
pulka n. paddle. mother-in-law.
sipki n. ship. athoemga n. son.
trip glaski n. float from a gillnet. athoemgi n. daughter.
425
O Marriage, sex, nurturing
brothers wife.
chvek n. relatives. O MARRIAGE, SEX, NURTURING
kao n. uncle; specifically the mothers O1 Marriage and sexual relations
brother.
mambet n. father. aruacha n. friend; often used to refer to
spouses.
mambethiom n. parents.
aruachi n. female friend; wife.
mamk n. father.
beng vt. have sex with. Usage: This has
mamkiom n. parents.
developed into the most salient sense
mamga n. father; Dad; address and of the stem beng; note its earlier
reference term; it is also used by meaning continues in the form beng
children-in-law. vt climb up.
mathm n. older brother. Usage: A term chavatka n. adulterer.
of address.
chavatki n. female adulterer.
nank n. mother.
kavat tm vt. commit adultery.
nanet n. mother; Mum; address and
lugutka n. husband.
reference term.
lugutvthaiom n. couple.
nan'gi n. mother; Mum; address and
reference term; it is also used by schi n. marriage.
children-in-law. sek alugut sa-vi. 1 be married. 2 get
oes mamk n. brother-in-law; husband; married.
address and reference term; used by a sek na sa-vi. marry each other.
female speaker.
tethana sa-vi. be married.
oes nank n. sister-in-law; wife; ad- tok vt. impregnate.
dress and reference term, used by a
male speaker or male ego. O2 Pregnancy and childbirth
saemga n. uncle-in-law; nephew-in-law;
specifically: ones wifes mothers athoemini n. baby.
brother, ones husbands sisters son, lavaitigel n. placenta.
and ones husbands mothers brother. pis d vi-so. be swollen. Usage: The ex-
saemgi n. aunty-in-law; niece-in-law; pression pis d sarum have a swollen
specifically ones mothers brothers belly is not normally used with ref-
wife, husbands sisters daughter, or erence to women, but can be used to
husbands mothers brothers wife. talk about pregnant animals, espe-
smga n. distant cousin. cially dogs. Its use in the following
example is derogatory.
smgi n. distant female cousin.
sarumbm n. 1 conception.
thuvska n. father-in-law; brother-in-
2 pregnancy.
426
P Speaking, communicaton, and sounds
lmu thm vt. look after; care for; take iras tm vt. lie.
care of. iras tm s vt. lie.
naingim pt vt. look after. klol vt. report.
secha n. orphaned boy, he is one who kuar vt. say.
often grows up to be a person who can
kuar na vt. tell.
do many good things.
kuar nana sa-vi. tell each other.
sechi n. orphaned girl.
kuares vt. say.
tlu vt vt. look after.
kuares ithm mes sa vt. confess.
amr glm vi-so. rejoice. par na vt. call; specifically to call for a
domestic animal.
amethamnbes n. 1 words.
2 message. par s vt. 1 invite. 2 ask for some-
one; call for someone.
amethamn'gi n. 1 language.
2 speech. 3 message. prk mt vi-so. shout; yell.
amethamnini n. word. pr ma vt. talk into; tempt.
amuvtka n. answer. pestm svt vt. whisper charms;
charms can be whispered over ob-
angtkn'gi n. voice.
jects, e.g.: lime powder, water, ginger,
Arausmt n. the accent of the Mranachi and cooked banana.
and Dadul people (who speak Mali).
raik dm vi-so. scream.
asevaik pt vi-so. rejoice.
snan vt. ask.
asnan'ga n. question.
427
P Speaking, communicaton, and sounds
tamn pthanas s vt. give thanks. -na derivational suffix. each other. Gram: Re-
ciprocal marker.
tamn sthm vt. tell.
-na derivational suffix. Gram: Reduces the
tares pt vt. praise; worship. valency of the stem.
taresbana vt. promise.
namu sa-vi. continue. Gram: May function as
tchr vt. command; order. minor verb in serial verb construction encoding
tp pt vt. inform. durative aspect.
tpma methamn s vt. discuss. -nas derivational suffix. oneself. Gram: Re-
flexive marker.
ter vt. refuse; decline.
nia modal. 1 just; suddenly; surpris-
tes vt. name; call by name.
ingly. Gram: Mirative marker with present
tes nas sa-vi. call oneself. tense or past tense verbs. 2 tried. Gram:
tes svt vt. tell. Frustrative marker with future tense verbs.
tes svt da sek sa-vi. narrate; tell a thia modal. FOC. Gram: Realis focus marker.
story. ve sa-vi. be there. Gram: May function as mi-
tes svt dm vt. narrate; tell about. nor verb in serial verb construction encoding
imperfective aspect.
tes vt vt. read.
tvaik ba vt. explain. P2.2 Interjections
tnen vt. ask.
a Oh!; well; um; expression of
interj.
tnen sa-vi. pray. surprise or hesitation.
tnp n vt. translate. ae interj. Oh!; expression of shock.
tns sa-vi. call out; shout. ai interj. Oh!; expression of happiness.
tns m vt. call for. aichua interj. Ok; I see; Oh! Usage: Ex-
tu amethamn pt vt. pass a message presses surprise or understanding.
about someone or something. aie interj. Careful!
tu chuar s vt. call; calling out to alchar interj. Oh dear!
someone to follow you.
ana interj. Ill take it!
tuchun mes vt. instruct.
ani interj. Take this!
tuvet sa-vi. answer.
athoi interj. Ow!; exclamation of pain.
tuvet mt vt. answer; respond.
auk interj. well.
thvika n. explanation; meaning.
chule nge chlan interj. Bye! Usage:
thuchunmska n. 1 explanation. This expression lets the hearer know
2 instructions. that they can go.
428
P Speaking, communicaton, and sounds
dok coord. and just. iva subord. PURP. Gram: Intentional pur-
posive.
doki adv. 1 also; too. 2 similarly.
ivasa subord. so that.
dule coord. and then.
ivasik subord. if.
dut coord. and we.
ma rel. that; who. Gram: Relator that intro-
in pro. 1 you two and. 2 those two duces clauses or NPs that provide additional
and. information about their head. Constructions
kn pro. him and. involving the relator ma are sometimes used to
express uncertainty or emphasis.
429
P Speaking, communicaton, and sounds
anggia np art. some. Gram: Specific indefinite nenga chalu disc. maybe; who knows.
NP article. sa disc. Gram: Imperative marker.
kama np art. the. Gram: Functionally un- saika disc. possibly.
marked NP article. skoi disc. still not.
k np art. the. Gram: NP article that marks sok disc. really; truly.
referents whose unique identity is established
by the discourse.
vandi disc. 1 nearly; almost.
2 maybe.
ma np art. the. Gram: The NP article that marks
inherently uniquely identifiable referents. P4 Non-verbal communication
430
Q Social interaction, relationships, and behaviour
piam vt. 1 rotate; e.g. shake ones ngk d vi-so. gasp; grunt.
head. 2 wave; e.g. wave ones ngngeng d vi-so. squeak; squeal.
hands.
pae vt. tap.
sleitigl n. slate.
paret n. warning sound.
slpka n. pencil.
pau interj. Bang!; imitates the sound of a
slpka vamgi n. nib; pen point; pencil stone from a sling hitting a target.
point.
raik dm vi-so. scream.
su ba vt. sign; make signs.
raun'ga n. sound.
tapeligl n. slate.
tbut tbut n. stamping.
tlng n. letter.
tbut tbut s vi-so. stamp.
tlngm n. book.
tchen sa-vi. groan.
tnap na vt. wave; signal by using hand
gestures to communicate. tk tk mt vi-so. click.
ts interj. swish; whoosh; imitates the
P5 Sounds sound of a stone from a sling hitting a
target.
achuskuska n. hissing noise; e.g. the
noise of pressurised air.
tnok sa-vi. cry; people crying; sounds
made by roosters, frogs etc.
achuskuska mt vi-so. make a hissing
sound; e.g. by shushing a child or the
tnok tichim vt. whinge; cry.
sound made by a jet plane. tu nank sa-vi. grizzle; cry for some-
thing for a long time.
ddrin n. roar; a roaring sound.
ddin n. thunder.
Q SOCIAL INTERACTION,
dldl n. ringing.
RELATIONSHIPS, AND
din'ga n. boom; roar. BEHAVIOUR
dolngengga n. bang.
enmula sa-vi. make the sound of a bang. Q0 General
431
Q Social interaction, relationships, and behaviour
snas dir. for themselves; about them- tu daruan vt. hurt; injure.
selves. tu thik dm vt. beat.
surnanas sa-vi. be wrong. tuthik mna vt. shoot at.
tk tichim vt. avoid. tuvet mt vt. take revenge; pay back.
tmna dir. together. umngacha n. enemy; raider.
tmnas dir. after oneself. vinos n. destruction.
tu vlk svt vt. fall in love with. bingia sa-vi. debate; argue.
tuvet mt vt. 1 answer; respond. gur sa-vi. shout crossly.
2 reciprocate. iras sa-vi. pretend.
tharesini n. trouble. iras tm vt. lie.
thng n. behalf.
iras tm s vt. lie.
432
Q Social interaction, relationships, and behaviour
433
R Religion, ceremony, law and the supernatural
434
R Religion, ceremony, law and the supernatural
435
R Religion, ceremony, law and the supernatural
436
R Religion, ceremony, law and the supernatural
437
S Gathering, farming, hunting, tracking
lotu svt vt. worship; adore; praise. asgnachi n. large net bag (bilum).
lotuvmgi n. church.
athalka n. small net bag (bilum).
martir n. martyr.
bn bt sa-vi. search out; gather some-
thing that is scarce, e.g. cocoa pods
methanasia n. miracle.
when the season has already finished.
misa n. mass.
nges t vt. dig for.
mumeninacha n. cross; crucifix; espe- sas t vt. dig out.
cially referring to the crucifixion of
Christ. slavirochi n. large net bag (bilum);
made from split bush canes; used for
munggulmga n. verse.
carrying food.
pai dm pt vt. crucify.
sragan'gi n. large net bag (bilum);
pekato sa-vi. sin. made from bush vines; usually used
rveikpmka n. redeemer; refers spe- for carrying food.
cifically to Jesus. tangabs n. banana leaf.
Sakramento n. Sacrament. tlngga n. parcel of banana leaves.
Sion n. Zion. tusamon dm n vt. collect; gather
slavo sa-vi. sin. things together.
slavocha n. sin.
S2 Hunting
slavovmka n. sinner.
aen'ga n. iron spear.
slavovmki n. female sinner.
angelenggi n. stone; small rounded
sunthmbes n. temptation.
stone for using in a sling.
tamn dm vt. sanctify; in Christian re-
avlika n. sling.
ligious contexts.
baurka n. trap.
tamn ithm mes vt. confess.
donel sa-vi. hunt.
tamn pthanas s vt. give thanks.
kut m vt. spear.
tares pt vt. praise; worship.
kut mes vt. shoot randomly.
tares svt vt. bless.
mairki n. net that is used for catching
tchm sa-vi. arise; specifically refer-
birds and flying foxes.
ring to Jesus rising from the dead.
plng vt. kill.
tvaik namn vt. redeem.
rarpka n. gun.
tnen sa-vi. pray.
secha n. trap. Usage: Abilta dialect.
Trinitas n. Trinity.
sisit na vt. sneak up; creep up; refers to
tu thm mes pt vi-so. be glorious.
moving quietly and slowly without
thchnmucha n. sacred being; God being seen.
438
S Gathering, farming, hunting, tracking
tuthik mna vt. shoot at. within a larger section of garden that
vadechi n. bow. has been assigned to a particular
person; the section is divided into
vadechi atha chepki n. arrow.
plots for different crops.
vilchi n. gun.
burichi n. cleared area; flattened area;
e.g. a place in the bush where there
S3 Fishing
has been a dog fight or a crocodile
birbirka n. frame for a net. resting.
bloka n. block and tackle; pulley. chrechacha n. loose soil.
chanasucha n. hook. chriduchi n. native spinach (aibika)
stem; used for replanting. Usage: Abilta
changgthacha n. fishing line.
dialect.
chevs n. fishing spear; has many
don ma sa-vi. clear land for a new gar-
prongs.
den.
glas sa-vi. dive; go spearfishing.
guingini n. immature fruit; the buds of
kebongbonggi n. river crab sp.; brown; fruit that appear after the flowers
shell up to 5 cm in diameter; lives have fallen off.
near riverbanks; changes its shell in
kakauigl n. cocoa plantation.
pools along the road after rain; used
for bait. kunmgi n. old garden; a garden that
cannot be used again for two or three
malmalcha n. reef fish sp.; grey; up to
years.
15 cm long; no scales, slippery skin;
lives close to shore; good for bait. lamsigl n. coconut plantation.
mathongga n. grasshopper sp.; brown lscha n. banana shoot.
and long in shape; bores holes in wood liviska n. betel pepper (daka) shoot.
or bamboo; used as bait for river fish. mormorki n. flower garden; special
par s vt. pull in a fish; refers to a fish garden containing healing plants like
which is caught on a hook. ginger; you can put someone there to
sangauchi n. net. encourage healing or growth.
trip sa-vi. fish with a hook and line from nugulka n. boundary; either a boundary
a canoe or a boat. between villages or a boundary be-
tween different peoples plots within a
valmka n. hook.
garden.
S4 Farming and propagation nunggulia n. garden section; section
within a garden that has been as-
agraing adj. overgrown. signed to a particular person.
aithir n. new growth; skin or bark that nges mt vt. dig a new hole where there
grows in order to heal a cut. was not one before.
alat n. garden(s). pt vt. plant.
althini n. small garden. pupuik n vi-so. sprout.
altki n. large garden. pur mt vi-so. germinate.
athemgi n. taro top; used for replant- purvur vi-so. sprout.
ing.
suchut m vt. set out or define an area.
athvatki n. digging stick.
sukderut n vi-so. wither; die from the
avolacha n. leaf shoot. roots up.
avram n. garden plot; specifically a plot tal vt. bear; specifically to bear fruit.
439
T Fire and cooking
traingga n. seed.
churetka n. flame.
440
U Human uses of natural resources
ser tm vt. shell; e.g. peanuts, beans alanaski n. saltwater eel sp.; white with
etc. sharp teeth; up to 1 m in length.
slichini n. bit of meat. almbrgiangga n. mushroom sp.; edi-
ble, white, and flat; is very soft; up to
srp adj. ripe.
5 cm in diameter; grows in the
441
U Human uses of natural resources
442
U Human uses of natural resources
443
U Human uses of natural resources
444
U Human uses of natural resources
athingga n. tree sp.; yields fibre. athikoneng angt nank n. fish sp.;
avarka n. tree sp.; grows close to the refers to two different species that are
beach; branches bend down; has yel- often found on the reef: one is black,
low flowers and useful fibres. up to 20 cm long; the other is light
brown, up to 30 cm long; both have a
chvaik n. sword grass (kunai). stinging spike on either side of their
chluangga n. tree sp.; has silky fibre. tail and greasy flesh.
chureski n. bucket; made from an areca avisaigl n. fish sp.; lives on the reef;
palm leaf. light brown colour; up to 20 cm long;
galpki n. palm sp.; wild palm; used for good meat; can sting with its fins.
making axe handles and floors. barathigl n. mushroom sp.; white and
irocha n. rattan. inedible; grows into a semi-circular
shape; is found on trees.
kaverki n. wild palm sp.; trunks are split
and used to make floors. baulcha snguvs n. snake sp.; poi-
sonous; black with a coloured band
lamthain'ga n. tree sp.; large tree
around its neck; its head breaks off if
species.
it bites you.
mamaing n. fibre for making net bags
lviam n. fish sp.; stonefish; lives on the
(bilums).
reef; white with bones that stick
maminggi n. vine sp.; yields fibre. through the skin to form strong spikes
masar mt vt. weave; making a net bag all over its back and sides; swells up
(bilum) or weaving a net. when touched.
mnumgi n. tree sp.; tall tree that mnggariachi n. reef crab sp.; dark
grows in the bush; a bit like the m- brown; have hard, rough, wrinkly
lutki species; good timber for houses. shells; meat is inedible and can make
you itchy.
sarengacha n. pandanus sp.; small with
long leaves; used for making mats. musavu n. poison.
ser vt. weave; process of making a blind siluigl n. freshwater fish sp.; brown;
or a basket. flat, rounded shape like a flounder; up
to 30 cm across; can sting with a
thabucha n. tree sp.; used for making
sharp barb on either side of its tail.
canoes.
srendm vt. sting.
thelelki n. palm sp.; has small leaves;
looks a bit like a betelnut palm, only srubn'ga n. tree sp.; if you touch it
smaller; fronds are good to use as your skin swells.
thatch. tasingl n. starfish sp.; live on the reef;
uratps n. coconut frond; stem is used two types, both with four arms: one is
to make a basket. red and covered in poisonous spikes,
the other is blue and has spikes on its
U5 Things that are bad for you back.
thgumga n. fish sp.; two types of
achlachuas n. grass sp.; tends to grow
stonefish: one is a saltwater fish and a
in old gardens; the seeds stick to your
good eating fish, the other lives in
legs.
fresh water; both are brown and can
achririaski n. poisonous centipede. sting with poisonous spines.
amnggaricha n. tree sp.; has soft
wood; makes you itch.
athmga n. poisonous scorpion.
445
V Thinking, perception and attention
ben sachong sa-vi. 1 spy on. auluvk tm vi-so. feel cold. Usage: Only
2 check with a glance. refers to a thing or another person.
bn slp sangglm mes vt. check nder na vi-so. be uncomfortable because
something for ones own satisfaction. something is too tight.
bing dm vt. spy. tk vt vt. feel.
446
W Handling and physical transfer
447
W Handling and physical transfer
suchut nanas mt vt. try on; e.g. try kuer s vt. lead.
new clothes on yourself. kut vt. serve.
svo sa-vi. steal. kut vt. stack.
svo t vt. steal. lvur t vt. overturn.
tar tm vt. 1 remove; take off. nasek vt. lift up.
2 uncover. navar n vt. pull; hold tight in a stretch.
tat vt. get. nunggring mt vt. turn inside out.
tk vt. wear; specifically the apron of ngerik ta vt. hold on to.
leaves worn by women at the front of
their bodies. ngim melia vi-sa. roll over; flip.
tk vt vt. touch.
ngim melia vt. roll over; flip.
tt s vt. get.
par dm vt. drag.
par s vt. lead.
tthanas t vt. help oneself; to take
something without permission. peneng dm s vt. make a bed; make a
platform.
tvaik tm vt. remove.
pr ma vt. pull along.
tik vt. get down.
ploltem sa vt. remove; take off.
tik s vt. pick.
sangar vt. hold.
tik tm vt. 1 pick. 2 break.
3 snap off.
sangar pt vt. hold on to.
trut n vt. put in; push in. sangar tm vt. hold on to.
tu vt. 1 put. 2 wear; put on. sek vt. 1 lift. 2 raise. 3 pick up.
448
X Impact and surface contact
449
X Impact and surface contact
kut vt. 1 pierce. 2 spear. 3 inject. pus pm vi-so. erupt; burst out.
450
X Impact and surface contact
bing vt. roll; specifically to twist string lmr vt. clean thoroughly.
used to make net bags (bilums). lmr nas sa-vi. clean oneself thor-
deng vt. twist together; e.g. to make a oughly.
strong rope out of finer ones. lul pt vi-so. be grazed; be scratched.
dingdm pt vi-so. stick. lul s sa-vi. graze; scratch; scrape.
kethik mt vt. bind. lulul pt vi-so. be scratched up.
kethik pt vt. tie. paithm vt. pat.
kethik sthm vt. fasten. plikdm vi-so. slip away.
kethik tm vt. tie on. plik s vi-so. slip over.
kop dm vt. hang up. pel vt vt. 1 rub. 2 wipe.
kop mni vt. fasten. schup vt. sweep.
kop s vt. tie up. schup mt vt. cross out.
kutm s vt. sew. schup pt vt. sweep.
masar mt vt. weave; making a net bag schup s vt. erase.
(bilum) or weaving a net. sek d vt. husk coconuts.
paim vt. fold.
sek pt vt. peel; e.g. a banana or an
paim m vt. wind around. orange.
pais pt vt. tie up. sem bt vt. peel; e.g. taro or sweet po-
psding mt vt. cover. tato (kaukau).
ploltem s vt. loosen. ser tm vt. shell; e.g. peanuts, beans
etc.
pusnas pt vt. shelter.
sup vm vt. lick.
pustm vt vt. cover.
tp m chdenggi sa-vi. keep clean.
ser vt. weave; process of making a blind
or a basket. tthuk vi-so. slide; especially of some-
thing like a landslide.
tar tm vt. 1 remove; take off.
2 uncover. tneng n vt. rub; massage.
tvaik tm vt. 1 loosen. 2 unwrap. tor vt. wash.
451
Y Speed, manner and relative time
452
Y Speed, manner and relative time
sai sai adv. repeatedly; again and again. mubang adv. 1 tomorrow. 2 next
day.
snas adv. forever.
naruer adv. first; firstly.
skoi disc. still not.
naruer vi-so. be first.
taithik dem. right now. Gram: Emphatic
adverbial proximate demonstrative.
naruer veia adv. before.
453
Y Speed, manner and relative time
454