Aramis-V6 1 PDF
Aramis-V6 1 PDF
Aramis-V6 1 PDF
GOM mbH
Mittelweg 7-8
D-38106 Braunschweig E-Mail: info@gom.com
Germany Fax: +49 (0) 531 390 29 15
Tel.: +49 (0) 531 390 29 0 www.gom.com
Symbols, Legal and Safety Notes
Legal Notes
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by
any means or used to make any derivative work (such as
translation, transformation or adaptation) without the prior writ-
ten permission of GOM.
GOM reserves the right to revise this publication and to make
changes in content from time to time without obligation on the
part of GOM to provide notification of such revision or change.
7-Aug-2009
Copyright 2007
GOM mbH
All rights reserved!
Table of Contents
C Measuring ........................................................................................ 3
C1 Selecting the Correct Measuring Volume................................................. 3
C2 Preparing a Specimen ................................................................................ 3
C 2.1 Spraying a Stochastic Pattern .................................................................................... 4
C 2.2 ARAMIS Spray Pattern Reference ............................................................................. 5
C 2.3 Spraying Patterns For Large Measuring Volumes ..................................................... 7
C3 Creating a New Project............................................................................... 9
C 3.1 2D, 3D Project ............................................................................................................ 9
C 3.2 Project Keywords ........................................................................................................ 9
C 3.3 Project Parameters ..................................................................................................... 9
C 3.4 Stage Parameters ..................................................................................................... 10
C 3.5 How Do I Start the Measurement Mode? ................................................................. 11
C 3.6 Adjusting the Shutter Time, Specimen Lighting........................................................ 11
C 3.7 Standard Recording Modes ...................................................................................... 11
C4 Advanced Measuring Methods ................................................................ 12
C 4.1 Sensor Controller ...................................................................................................... 12
C 4.2 Analog Channels (AD Channels) .............................................................................. 12
C 4.3 Additional Recording Modes ..................................................................................... 12
C5 Measuring For Experts ............................................................................. 14
C 5.1 Trigger Lists .............................................................................................................. 14
C 5.2 Slave Mode ............................................................................................................... 14
C6 Summary ................................................................................................... 14
G5 Summary .................................................................................................... 11
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aramis-v6-1_1st_en_rev-c
For being able to make optimum use of the system, we assume the
ability to visualize in 3D and a color vision ability.
For directly operating the sensor with the ARAMIS application soft-
ware, a Linux operating system is required. As of software version
v6.0.2, the ARAMIS software is also available with limited functions on
Windows systems.
Record CDs/DVDs directly in the appli- yes no (CDs/DVDs can only be recorded us-
cation software ing external software.)
aramis-v6-1_1st_en_rev-c
Computer:
Recommended configuration:
Processors: Intel Core2Duo or AMD Dual Core Opteron,
RAM: 2GB RAM, NVIDIA Quadro
Graphics card: NVIDIA Quadro FX1100, FX1500, 128 MB
The software has been tested with NVIDIA Quadro graphics
cards. Certified NVIDIA graphics cards: FX570, FX1100, FX1300,
FX1500, FX1700
Minimum requirements:
Processors: Pentium IV, 2GHz,
RAM: 1 GB,
Graphics card: OpenGL graphics card. 64 MB
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A Basics ........................................................................ 3
A1 Brief Introduction to the ARAMIS System ..................................... 3
A2 Fields of Application........................................................................ 3
A9 Summary ........................................................................................ 16
Chapter A 1 (16)
Table of Contents
Basics
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aramis-v6-1_a_en_rev-c
2 (16) Chapter A
Brief Introduction to the ARAMIS System
Basics
A Basics
A 1 Brief Introduction to the ARAMIS System
ARAMIS is a non-contact optical 3D deformation measuring system.
ARAMIS analyzes, calculates and documents deformations. The
graphical representation of the measuring results provides an opti-
mum understanding of the behavior of the measuring object.
ARAMIS recognizes the surface structure of the measuring object in
digital camera images and allocates coordinates to the image pixels.
The first image in the measuring project represents the undeformed
state of the object.
After or during the deformation of the measuring object, further images
are recorded. Then, ARAMIS compares the digital images and calcu-
lates the displacement and deformation of the object characteristics.
If the measuring object has only a few object characteristics, like it is
the case with homogeneous surfaces, you need to prepare such sur-
faces by means of suitable methods, for example apply a stochastic
color spray pattern.
Stochastic pattern
A 2 Fields of Application
Material testing
Strength assessment
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Component dimensioning
Examination of non-linear behavior
Characterization of creep and aging processes
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Chapter A 3 (16)
Features of the ARAMIS System
Basics
High-performance PC system
ARAMIS application software v6.1 and GOM Linux 10 system soft-
ware or higher
4 (16) Chapter A
Principle of Deviation Measurements
Basics
15x15 facets with 2 pixels overlapping (made visible in the 2D image via the right mouse but-
ton)
You may adjust the facet size in pixels in the software. In the different
load stages, the facets are identified and followed by means of the in-
dividual gray level structures.
ages, the white dashed line visualizes the undeformed state in order
to make clear the factual relation between facets and deformation.
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Chapter A 5 (16)
Principle of Deviation Measurements
Basics
7-Aug-2009
The system determines the 2D coordinates of the facets from the cor-
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ner points of the green facets and the resulting centers. Using photo-
grammetric methods, the 2D coordinates of a facet, observed from the
left camera and the 2D coordinates of the same facet, observed from
the right camera, lead to a common 3D coordinate.
After successful computation, the data may undergo a post-
processing procedure in order to e.g. reduce measuring noise or sup-
press other local perturbations.
The measuring result is now available as 3D view. All further result re-
presentations like statistical data, sections, reports, etc. are derived
thereof.
6 (16) Chapter A
Principle of Deviation Measurements
Basics
Stage 2 through 13, left image Stage 2 through 13, right image
Due to the start point definition,
the software in principle knows the position
of the facets and their adjacent facets in the
2D image. By identifying the individual spray
pattern of a facet in the right and left image,
the facet quadrangle is optimized. From the
resulting 2D image coordinates of the facet
(central point of the facet) in the right and
left camera image, the software now calcu-
lates the 3D position of the facet.
Chapter A 7 (16)
The GOM Linux Operating System
Basics
Password user
A default user has the rights for writing, reading and deleting data and
directories he created.
This user manual does not deal with the Linux operating system in
more detail. You only need superficial Linux knowledge to be able to
work with the ARAMIS software.
8 (16) Chapter A
The GOM Linux Operating System
Basics
A 6.1.4 Internet
Using the Firefox web browser, you may establish a connection to the
internet in order to, for example, download updates from the GOM
web site.
A 6.1.6 Loudspeakers
If loudspeakers are connected to your computer, this icon becomes
active and you may adjust the volume here.
the respective icon appears on the screen and the medium is auto-
matically mounted. A little green arrow appears.
If you would like to remove the medium again, you need to unmount it
by clicking with the right mouse button on the medium icon and select-
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ing the respective entry from the context menu. For the CD, the little
green arrow disappears, and in case of a USB stick the entire icon
disappears.
Chapter A 9 (16)
The ARAMIS Application Software
Basics
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10 (16) Chapter A
The ARAMIS Application Software
Basics
3D view
Icon bar to select the functions (strain directions, visualizations, etc.). The tool bar and
its scope of functions depend on the operating modes. The icon bar can be adapted
individually (right mouse button click in the bar).
Icon bar to choose selection and deselection tools.
Tab Stage Data: This tab contains a list of all stage data for each stage.
Tab Stage Elements: Here, you will find Sections, Stage Points, Anal-
ysis and Primitives. This tab contains a list of all elements that were
created for the project.
Tab Image Series: This tab contains a list of all image series that were
created for the project.
Tab Reports: This tab contains a list of all reports that were created for
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the project.
Status indicator line. Here, all important information about the project and the current
commands are displayed.
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Chapter A 11 (16)
The ARAMIS Application Software
Basics
12 (16) Chapter A
The ARAMIS Application Software
Basics
In this mode, you calibrate the system and record the images.
After image recording, the images need to be prepared for computation. For this
purpose, you define a mask in the left image of the undeformed stage (0) which lim-
its the area (green area) of the specimen to be computed (stochastic pattern). Here
as well, a start point is defined (automatically or manually). This start point is identi-
fied by means of the gray level distribution typical for this point in the right image
(for creation of 3D data) and in each other stage (for creation of strain data). It is
used as basis for the entire computation of the specimen.
The image information outside the green area (blue area) will not be used for com-
putation.
Then, the specimen is computed and the evaluation mode starts automatically. If
required, you may edit stages (delete, add, disable) or change stage or project pa-
rameters in this mode.
Start/Stop Measurement Mode
This mode can only be opened from the project mode In this mode,
you record the images.
Evaluation Mode
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In the evaluation mode, all computed results, e.g. strain, displacements, are visua-
lized on the entire surface of the specimen.
Various visualizations may be displayed and edited. To understand the behavior of
the specimen to be examined, numerous functions like sections, stage points,
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Chapter A 13 (16)
The ARAMIS Application Software
Basics
home
user
demo-data projects
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aramis-v6-1_a_en_rev-c
aramis_4711
aramis_0815
aramis_0007
aramis_2708
14 (16) Chapter A
The ARAMIS Application Software
Basics
projects Save your deformation projects here. For each measuring project, the soft-
ware automatically creates a directory. The name of the directory is identical
to the project name. A measuring project always consists of several files and
directories (see A 7.7).
The figure shows as an example the structure for two measuring projects
(4711 and 0815). Save your export data according to the project name.
demo-data Saved data for demonstration purposes only.
aramis_4711
aramis4711.dap Deformation project file. With this file, a deformation project is opened in
(example) ARAMIS.
results Recommended directory in which you may save your result data (snap-
shots, images, exported data, movies, ).
stages Directory containing all stages and the corresponding images and files
together with your project settings.
directory. The name of the directory is the name of the project. The
project data consist of several files and directories. The .dap-file is the
deformation project with which ARAMIS is started when resuming the
project. All primitives, distances and other measurements created in
aramis-v6-1_a_en_rev-c
Chapter A 15 (16)
User Profiles
Basics
A 7.8 Preferences
The software provides extensive settings for preferences to allow you
adapting the software optimally to your needs. Most of the changes
only take effect on new measuring projects!
The software also provides the possibility to save user-defined prefe-
rences in a file to optimally adapt to the measuring projects.
You may restore the factory-adjusted settings any time.
A 8 User Profiles
User profiles are used to adapt the user interface of the GOM software
to company-specific workflows. For this purpose, you can hide menu
items of the software as well as GOM standard templates and add us-
er-defined scripts to menus. Generally, a user profile is saved in a de-
termined local directory. The configuration data of this directory are
then available to the user. You need to set up this directory prior to
creating a user profile.
You can define user profiles only in the Administration Mode of the
GOM software. As of software version v6.2.0, the corresponding ad-
ministrator license is integrated in your license dongle by default.
A user profile is always fixed to a specific computer and not to the in-
dividual measuring projects or files!
Features
Special directory for user profiles
Fixed to a specific computer
Displaying and hiding menus and toolbars
Inserting own scripts before or after menu items
Including configuration files like templates and scripts
Locking the editing of templates
Hiding default GOM templates
Special dongle for restricted user rights required 7-Aug-2009
A 9 Summary
Brief introduction
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16 (16) Chapter A
Table of Contents
Sensor
B Sensor ....................................................................... 3
B1 Sensor Setup .................................................................................... 3
B 1.1 Adapting the Sensor to Other Measuring Volumes ................................. 3
B 1.1.1 When is an Adaptation Required? .............................................................................. 3
B 1.2 Adjust Lenses .............................................................................................. 3
B 1.2.1 Why do Lenses Need to be Adjusted? ....................................................................... 3
B 1.3 Changing the Camera Support .................................................................. 3
B 1.3.1 Why Should the Camera Support be Changed? ........................................................ 3
B 1.4 Adjust Cameras ........................................................................................... 3
B 1.4.1 Why do Cameras Need to be Adjusted? .................................................................... 3
B2 Calibration ........................................................................................ 3
B 2.1 Calibration Objects ..................................................................................... 4
B 2.1.1 Calibration Object Selection ....................................................................................... 4
B 2.1.2 How to Handle Calibration Objects ............................................................................. 5
Calibration Panel, Calibration Cross ........................................................................... 5
Calibration Cube ......................................................................................................... 5
B 2.2 Calibration Conditions ................................................................................ 5
B 2.2.1 When is Calibration Required? ................................................................................... 5
B 2.2.2 Prerequisites ............................................................................................................... 6
B 2.3 Calibration Process .................................................................................... 6
B 2.3.1 Positioning of the Calibration Object .......................................................................... 6
B 2.3.2 Calibration Results...................................................................................................... 6
B 2.4 Calibration Using External Image Series .................................................. 7
B 2.5 Background Information About Calibration ............................................. 7
B 2.5.1 Calibration Theory ...................................................................................................... 7
B 2.5.2 Calibration Deviation................................................................................................... 7
B 2.5.3 What Causes Decalibration of the System? ............................................................... 7
B 2.6 Quick Calibration ........................................................................................ 7
B3 Summary .......................................................................................... 8
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Chapter B 1 (8)
Table of Contents
Sensor
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aramis-v6-1_b_en_rev-c
2 (8) Chapter B
Sensor Setup
Sensor
B Sensor
B 1 Sensor Setup
B 1.1 Adapting the Sensor to Other Measuring Volumes
The correct angle between the cameras and the correct measuring
distance are required to optimally capture the measuring object in the
measuring volume.
If, for example, you adjusted your sensor to a new measuring volume
or if you changed the camera support, the cameras need to be cor-
rectly adjusted again. The required steps are described in the ARA-
MIS User Information - Hardware.
B 2 Calibration
Chapter B 3 (8)
Calibration
Sensor
ing volume you would like to use. In the ARAMIS User Information
Hardware Sensor Configurations the corresponding measuring vo-
lumes for each calibration object are listed.
aramis-v6-1_b_en_rev-c
Calibrate the system only with the calibration object valid for the re-
spective measuring volume as you otherwise will get wrong measur-
ing results!
4 (8) Chapter B
Calibration
Sensor
Calibration Cube
The surface of the calibration panel is made of ceramic and is there-
fore very susceptible to touch. Finger prints or any other kind of dirt
can probably not be removed any more. Therefore, avoid contact of
the surface!
Please wear gloves during the calibration to protect the ceramic panel!
Camera image of a stage in a decalibrated state Camera image of the same stage in a calibrated state
aramis-v6-1_b_en_rev-c
Chapter B 5 (8)
Calibration
Sensor
B 2.2.2 Prerequisites
We recommend calibrating the sensor under operating conditions.
Do not expose the sensor to unnecessary temperature variations.
Avoid that a possible specimen lighting strongly heats up the sensor.
tion results.
For a correct calibration, the calibration deviation may be between
0.01 and 0.04 pixels. In addition, for a calibration object (with the in-
formation of two scale bars), the deviation of the adjusted calibration
scale bar must not be too high (less than 0.005% of the calibration
scale bar). A high deviation indicates a wrong or damaged calibration
object or also incorrect scale parameters.
6 (8) Chapter B
Calibration
Sensor
Chapter B 7 (8)
Summary
Sensor
These three new images are combined with the original calibration
and thus a new calibration is calculated for the following measure-
ments.
However, the image characteristics of the cameras must not have
changed! If, for example, you inserted new or incorrectly adjusted
lenses, you need to perform a complete new calibration!
The calibration cross must not have been taken apart during the last
calibration and the quick calibration!
B 3 Summary
Calibration objects
Calibration conditions
Calibration process
Calibration results, calibration deviation
Calibration using external image series
Calibration theory
Average intersection deviation of all 3D points
Quick calibration
Adapting the sensor to other measuring volumes
Lens adjustment
Changing the camera support
Adjust cameras
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8 (8) Chapter B
Table of Contents
Measuring
C Measuring.................................................................. 3
C1 Selecting the Correct Measuring Volume ...................................... 3
C6 Summary ........................................................................................ 14
Chapter C 1 (14)
Table of Contents
Measuring
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aramis-v6-1_c_en_rev-c
2 (14) Chapter C
Selecting the Correct Measuring Volume
Measuring
C Measuring
This chapter describes the typical measuring procedure with the
ARAMIS system, the preparation of the specimen, the creation of a
new measuring project in the ARAMIS software up to recording a se-
ries of images. The sensor is already adjusted and calibrated (see
ARAMIS User Information Hardware and Chapter B of this User
Manual).
C 2 Preparing a Specimen
The surface structure is important for carrying out a measurement.
The specimens surface must meet the following requirements:
putation.
The pattern on the object should show a good contrast because
otherwise such an allocation (matching) does not work.
aramis-v6-1_c_en_rev-c
Chapter C 3 (14)
Preparing a Specimen
Measuring
appropriate. The left figure shows a pattern that is not really suita-
ble. The right figure shows a good and clearly better pattern.
Unsuitable low contrast stochastic pattern High contrast stochastic pattern with Good high contrast stochastic pattern
disturbing large sports
What lacquers or powder sprays you may use for your specimens
largely depends on the measuring task and on the ambient conditions
during the measuring process. Please contact the GOM support for
more information.
GOM may give you spray recommendations for tests up to 300%
strain and for high-speed tests up to 1500 C.
In a first step, if required, you need to apply a white and dull base
layer. In a second step, spray a black stochastic pattern.
Press the spray button of the black spray very softly so that the spray
can spits and a high contrast, stochastic pattern results. Smaller
measuring volumes require a finer pattern than large measuring vo-
lumes.
volume, specific reference patterns are available for the measuring vo-
lumes.
aramis-v6-1_c_en_rev-c
4 (14) Chapter C
Preparing a Specimen
Measuring
For comparison, only use the original ARAMIS spray pattern refer-
ence!
However, you may judge your spray pattern on your computer screen
as well. The advantage of this procedure is that independent of your
measuring volume you just need one reference pattern (100 x 80
mm).
To compare the spray patterns, please use your computer screen and
aramis-v6-1_c_en_rev-c
the spray pattern reference for the volume 100x80 mm, regardless of
the real measuring area. If you do not have an original spray pattern
reference, you may also use this page of the user manual. Only use
original pages of the user manual. Other printouts may probably have
an insufficient display quality.
Position your specimen with the spray pattern in the measuring dis-
tance in front of the camera.
On your computer screen, adjust the window of the camera image
to the same dimensions as the spray pattern reference 100x80 mm
(see figure).
Chapter C 5 (14)
Preparing a Specimen
Measuring
Reset the zoom (left mouse button click on the image and key R).
Compare the pattern of the camera image with the spray pattern
reference for volume 100x80 mm.
The spray may contain solvents! Please observe the warnings printed
on the spray can. Do not inhale the fumes, only use the spray with the
sufficient ventilation. Avoid contact with your skin and your eyes.
Spray fumes may be highly inflammable - do not smoke! Keep away
from ignition source.
Check the suitability of plastics and other non-metallic surfaces before
you spray them.
The following figure shows some 15 pixel facets with a 2 pixel over-
lapping area and a good gray level distribution. With these settings, an
unproblematic facet computation and a precise strain measurement
are possible.
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aramis-v6-1_c_en_rev-c
15x15 facets with 2 pixels overlapping made visible in the 2D image via the right mouse button
6 (14) Chapter C
Preparing a Specimen
Measuring
Pattern brush
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The pattern was created with a pattern brush using black paint on a
white background. A slightly overlapping dabbing technique was used.
aramis-v6-1_c_en_rev-c
Depending on the pressure you apply to the brush, you may create
fine to rough patterns.
Chapter C 7 (14)
Preparing a Specimen
Measuring
8 (14) Chapter C
Creating a New Project
Measuring
Chapter C 9 (14)
Creating a New Project
Measuring
C 3.3.2 Strain
For strain computation, ARAMIS distinguishes between two methods,
Linear strain and Spline strain computation.
In ARAMIS measuring projects, normally only Linear strain computa-
tion is used. The default parameters of linear strain are Computation
size 3 and Validity quote 55%.
For the exception you would like to analyze your specimen in areas of
small curvature radii, the Spline strain computation method is availa-
ble (expert function!).
For further information, please refer to Chapter D .
10 (14) Chapter C
Creating a New Project
Measuring
Chapter C 11 (14)
Advanced Measuring Methods
Measuring
The sensor controller releases the start pulse for image recording and
also records existing analog voltage values. After recording, you may
load all or just selected images as stages into your measuring project.
For further information, please refer to the Online Help (key F1).
C 4.1.2 Function
Depending on the signal which should start image recording, the sen-
sor controller provides different trigger inputs (e.g. for TTL signals,
analog signals, pushbutton, photoelectric sensor).
According to the selected mode, a switching operation which is
coupled to image recording is released in the sensor controller, e.g. in
case a certain voltage is exceeded.
For further information, please refer to the ARAMIS User Information
Hardware.
12 (14) Chapter C
Advanced Measuring Methods
Measuring
Chapter C 13 (14)
Measuring For Experts
Measuring
C 6 Summary
Strain computation
Shutter times
Standard recording modes simple and fast measurement
aramis-v6-1_c_en_rev-c
Sensor controller
Analog channels
Additional recording modes external trigger and fast measure-
ment
Trigger lists
Slave mode
14 (14) Chapter C
Table of Contents
Computation
D Computation ............................................................. 3
D1 Facets (Project Parameter) ............................................................. 3
D 1.1 Facet Size, Facet Step ................................................................................ 3
D 1.2 Facet Shapes ............................................................................................... 4
D 1.2.1 Rectangular Facets..................................................................................................... 4
D 1.2.2 Quadrangular Facets .................................................................................................. 4
D4 Strain Computation........................................................................ 11
D 4.1 Comparison Linear Strain and Spline Strain .......................................... 11
D 4.2 Strain Reference ........................................................................................ 12
D5 Summary ........................................................................................ 12
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Chapter D 1 (12)
Table of Contents
Computation
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aramis-v6-1_d_en_rev-c
2 (12) Chapter D
Facets (Project Parameter)
Computation
D Computation
In the previous chapters, we already described the typical measuring
procedure for an ARAMIS project (preparation of the specimen, creat-
ing a measuring project with default project parameters up to record-
ing the series of images).
This chapter now extends the basic knowledge with respect to the
most important project parameters which you also may adapt in the
project mode of the software after having recorded an image series,
explains the strain computation, and shows corresponding 3D repre-
sentations.
The facet size is larger The accuracy of the resulting measuring point improves.
than the default value The computation requires more time.
Local effects within the facet size cannot be captured.
The facet size is smaller The accuracy of the resulting measuring point decreases.
aramis-v6-1_d_en_rev-c
Chapter D 3 (12)
Computation Masks
Computation
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aramis-v6-1_d_en_rev-c
D 2 Computation Masks
4 (12) Chapter D
Computation Masks
Computation
The following measuring images explain this fact (tensile test speci-
men with circular hole):
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aramis-v6-1_d_en_rev-c
The images show a tensile test specimen with a hole in stage 1 of a strain measuring project, seen from the left and
right camera. While the surface pattern almost looks the same, considerable differences result at the hole edges due to
the different camera locations.
Chapter D 5 (12)
Computation Masks
Computation
The image shows the same example as above but in an already computed state. 3D overlapping and facets are set vis-
ible, and no computation mask was defined.
The example shows the facet problem in the edge region of the hole. Although measures are already effective that only
permit facets with the same information content of the right and left image, it is impossible for the software to decide be-
tween strain and perspective view of the cameras (facets with homogeneous content, e.g. only white or black, are gen-
erally not used.
The red framed area shows strain which cannot be computed correctly because of the mentioned problems.
The image shows a tensile test spe- The image shows the same specimen but prior to computation a computation
cimen with hole and a computation mask was defined. This excludes the facet problems in the edge region.
mask.
In the blue area, facets will not be
computed.
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6 (12) Chapter D
Define Start Point (Project Mode)
Computation
Chapter D 7 (12)
Define Start Point (Project Mode)
Computation
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aramis-v6-1_d_en_rev-c
The semi-automatic start point creation may fail in the following stages
because the facet content shows only little stochastic pattern struc-
ture.
8 (12) Chapter D
Define Start Point (Project Mode)
Computation
In the following stages, the semi-automatic start point creation can fall
back on a well perceptible stochastic pattern structure.
As the start point is located in the right-hand image area and the rela-
tive movement here is the highest, there is a chance that the point will
7-Aug-2009
Chapter D 9 (12)
Define Start Point (Project Mode)
Computation
In order to compute the strain in the torn apart area of the specimen
as well, define a second start point (project mode) as of the stage pre-
ceding the crack. This procedure optimizes the computation time.
After calculating the project with the second start point, now strain da-
ta are also available in the torn apart area.
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aramis-v6-1_d_en_rev-c
10 (12) Chapter D
Strain Computation
Computation
D 4 Strain Computation
Principle of a specimen in the undeformed (left) and deformed (right) Principle of a specimen in the undeformed (left) and deformed (right)
state. state.
In this example, we consider the strain for a measuring point (red arrow) The black points are measuring points which are directly derived from
together with the surrounding measuring points (blue quadrangle). the facets. The white points were interpolated from the black points us-
The strain is computed in connection with the surrounding measuring ing the spline function.
points which are directly derived from the facets. Here, strain computation also considers the interpolated (white) points.
Advantages: Advantages:
Fast strain computation Valid strain computation also in case of clear curvature (radii) in the
Low measuring noise blue quadrangle.
Real points are the reference location for the strain
Small deviations of the measuring points from the local plane are
compensated.
Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
No strain computation for curvature radii of the specimen that are Longer computation time (fourfold point amount)
7-Aug-2009
Chapter D 11 (12)
Summary
Computation
D 5 Summary
Facet size
Facet step
Facet shapes
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Computation masks
Defining start points
Start points for torn specimens
aramis-v6-1_d_en_rev-c
12 (12) Chapter D
Table of Contents
Transformations
E Transformations ....................................................... 3
E1 Why are Transformations Required? ............................................. 3
Transform ARAMIS Projects According to Specimen Geometry ............................... 3
Transformations of Several ARAMIS Projects ............................................................ 3
Transformations of Individual Stages in a Project ...................................................... 3
E6 Summary ........................................................................................ 12
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aramis-v6-1_e_en_rev-c
Chapter E 1 (12)
Table of Contents
Transformations
7-Aug-2009
aramis-v6-1_e_en_rev-c
2 (12) Chapter E
Why are Transformations Required?
Transformations
E Transformations
E 1 Why are Transformations Required?
The position of the coordinate system depends on the calibration of
the cameras and usually has no logical relation to the specimen.
Chapter E 3 (12)
Overview of the Transformation Methods
Transformations
Project transformations:
3-2-1 Transformation At least 6 coordinates of 3D points according to the 3-2-1 definition need to be known, e.g. three Z, two Y
coordinates and one X coordinate. The direction of the coordinate system can be adjusted as you like.
Best-Fit by Reference Points If the measuring project contains photogrammetrically recorded reference points (e.g. points recorded by
TRITOP), and in the images of the ARAMIS reference stage sufficient (at least 3) reference points were
seen, the entire ARAMIS project can be transformed into the coordinate system of the reference points.
During measurements, the reference points must not change their position.
Stage transformations:
Transform Stage by Reference This is the same function as described above (Best-Fit by Reference Points), with the difference that the
transformation refers to a stage. Transform Stage by Reference is only used in special cases. If the spe-
cimen has a fixed relation to reference points (frames, bars), all the stages can be transformed into a
common coordinate system any time again even if the ARAMIS sensor or the entire test setup moved.
Movement Correction The movement correction is a stage transformation which is able to eliminate rigid body movements
through all project stages without influencing the global coordinate system.
If you would like to analyze displacements of a specimen, Movement Correction is useful.
For further information, please refer to the Online Help (key F1).
the screen. It is displayed as a dice and serves as guide for easy ro-
tating the measuring object. By clicking on the axes or the corner
points you may rotate the measuring object into different views.
aramis-v6-1_e_en_rev-c
In addition, you may display the coordinate system in its origin or hide
it completely.
4 (12) Chapter E
Principle of the 3-2-1 Transformation
Transformations
Chapter E 5 (12)
Principle of the 3-2-1 Transformation
Transformations
The example shows the factual relations using the minimum number
of points required fort his transformation method. You may use refer-
ence points, pixel points or 3D points. In this case, the points define
the coordinate system directly. It is important that the points reliably
describe the required coordinate system.
6 (12) Chapter E
Principle of the 3-2-1 Transformation
Transformations
Before you carry out the actual 3-2-1 transformation, you need to
create pixel points in the 2D images based on the specimen edges.
Pixel points are 3D points that were created based on image pixels in
the 2D images. Pixel points can be created in the entire 2D image
range. Here, the computation mask has no effect. For creating Pixel
points, information about the reference plane is required in order to
get the 3D positions. You may define the reference plane when creat-
ing these points. A reference plane can only be created in areas where
facets have been computed. You may create a reference plane auto-
matically or manually. In case of flat specimens, you should define all
facets as reference plane (manual creation).
7-Aug-2009
Chapter E 7 (12)
Principle of the 3-2-1 Transformation
Transformations
At the end, the coordinate system is positioned along the edge of the
specimen.
Step 1:
7-Aug-2009
Click the pixel points on the edge of the hole and select the reference
plane (Manual plane or Best-fit plane).
aramis-v6-1_e_en_rev-c
8 (12) Chapter E
Principle of the 3-2-1 Transformation
Transformations
Step 2:
Select the corresponding points in the 3D view with the selection tool
Select on Surface (Ctrl and space key).
Step 3:
Now, you can create a circle through the selected pixel points using
Primitives Circle Best-Fit Circle.
You may use the Best-Fit Circle now for 3-2-1 transformation.
7-Aug-2009
aramis-v6-1_e_en_rev-c
Chapter E 9 (12)
Other Transformation Methods
Transformations
E 5.1.1 Prerequisite
For this method, the complete 3D coordinates of at least 3 arbitrary
reference points need to be known. The function automatically identi-
fies these points in the measuring project if the coordinates entered
describe a reference point constellation that can be found in the mea-
suring project as well. The measuring project then is transformed into
the coordinate system of these points.
You may reset the movement correction any time (Reset Stage
Transformation).
aramis-v6-1_e_en_rev-c
10 (12) Chapter E
Other Transformation Methods
Transformations
For the Movement Correction, you need to select an area (or individual 3D points) which
shows no or just insignificant strain (see red arrow) prior to transformation. The area is as-
sumed to have not changed throughout all stages.
You can see the selected area in the right-hand images on the left edge.
7-Aug-2009
aramis-v6-1_e_en_rev-c
Chapter E 11 (12)
Summary
Transformations
E 6 Summary
Why transformations
Transformation methods
Visualization of the coordinate system
Principle of the 3-2-1 transformation
Basics of 3-2-1 transformation
3-2-1 transformation using the specimen edge
3-2-1 Transformation using primitives
Best-fit by reference points
Transform stage by reference
Movement correction of rigid body movements
7-Aug-2009
aramis-v6-1_e_en_rev-c
12 (12) Chapter E
Table of Contents
Creating and Editing Results
F3 Sections ............................................................................................ 4
F 3.1 Plane Sections ............................................................................................. 4
F 3.2 Spline Sections ........................................................................................... 5
F 3.3 Circle Sections ............................................................................................ 6
F4 Filtering ............................................................................................. 6
F 4.1 Filter Parameters ......................................................................................... 7
F7 Primitives ........................................................................................ 12
F 7.1 Primitive Point ........................................................................................... 12
F 7.2 Primitive Line............................................................................................. 13
F 7.3 Primitive Plane .......................................................................................... 14
F 7.4 Primitive Circle .......................................................................................... 15
F 7.5 Primitive Slotted Hole ............................................................................... 16
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F 10 Summary ........................................................................................ 22
Chapter F 1 (22)
Table of Contents
Creating and Editing Results
7-Aug-2009
aramis-v6-1_f_en_rev-c
2 (22) Chapter F
Overview of the 3D Result Representations
Creating and Editing Results
Epsilon Y Strain
Chapter F 3 (22)
Info Points, Stage Points
Creating and Editing Results
Stage point with visible text label and display of the major strain
The text label was set visible with Edit Properties and the default la-
bel template Value was chosen.
F 3 Sections
ARAMIS provides for cutting the computed 3D data. This function al-
lows for creating plane sections, circular sections and spline sections
in all stages of the specimen.
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4 (22) Chapter F
Sections
Creating and Editing Results
Selected points in the 3D object and the resulting curve during definition
7-Aug-2009
Final sections
Chapter F 5 (22)
Filtering
Creating and Editing Results
Circular section
F 4 Filtering
You may filter result data in order, for example, to suppress possible
noise or to emphasize local effects. The filter function may be used for
selected stages or for all stages and additionally for selected areas or
for not selected areas.
6 (22) Chapter F
Interpolating 3D Points
Creating and Editing Results
Median The central value is calculated (the values are sorted by size and the value in the middle is used).
Gradient This filter type corresponds to the filter type Average as long as no point in the amount of points is outside the ad-
justed gradient value. The gradient value determines the max. admissible slope between two grid points at which fil-
tering still is allowed.
As the function of the filter is not always clearly visible in the 3D view, the following example shows a section. The
black line in the diagram is the non-filtered state, the red line is the filtered one. Here, you clearly see that areas
above the max. gradient were not filtered.
Filter type
Runs Number of runs for the adjusted filter parameters. If the value is 0, no filtering is performed.
Size Number of grid points for filter computation, e.g. 3 means that the center point of a 3x3 grid is filtered. The filter
function is based on the adjacent grid points.
Max. gradient Only active with filter type Gradient, see filter type Gradient. The required value depends on the specimen. If the
value is 0, no filtering is performed.
Filter quote Input of the validity quota of grid points in %. If, for example, Size 3 and Filter quote 50% is adjusted, at least 50%
of the grid points must be present in the 3x3 grid in order to be filtered.
Behavior Depending on the selected Filter quote, a grid point is deleted or not filtered. Accordingly, select Remove or No fil-
ter.
F 5 Interpolating 3D Points
If your result representation has holes because, for example, the
spray pattern failed at a point, you may fill these holes by means of in-
7-Aug-2009
terpolation.
In the interpolation parameters, you may adjust the maximum size of
the hole to be filled.
aramis-v6-1_f_en_rev-c
Chapter F 7 (22)
Legend Optimization in the 3D View
Creating and Editing Results
Prerequisite:
Scaling Min/Max. Manually is selected in the Properties!
Advantages/Disadvantages:
In case of fixed limits and high strain, small strain cannot be made vis-
ible.
Prerequisite:
In the Properties for legends Scaling Min/Max. Automatic is
selected!
Advantages/Disadvantages:
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If no strain or just small strain amounts occur, the very small measur-
ing noise of the system is displayed in the 3D view and in the dia-
grams although these values are very low.
aramis-v6-1_f_en_rev-c
Prerequisite:
In the Properties for legends Scaling Min/Max. Constraints is
selected! When clicking on Constraints on or Constraints off you
reach menu Legend Constraints.
In this menu Automatic must not be selected for both, minimum and
maximum!
8 (22) Chapter F
Legend Optimization in the 3D View
Creating and Editing Results
Advantages/Disadvantages:
Using this function, you may restrict the automatic scaling. The indi-
vidual functions can be adjusted independently for the upper and low-
er part of the legend (Maximum, Minimum).
For example, it is possible to set the lower legend range to a fixed
value (mode Fixed value), while the upper range is scaled automati-
cally (mode Auto scaling).
The mode Fixed range only allows automatic scaling within a fixed
range.
In the following example, automatic scaling will be carried out in the
lower range from 0 to -500 and in the upper range from 1 to 500
(strain in %).
That is, if the value range is between 0 and 1%, the scaling always is
from 0 to 1%. If, however, the strain values exceed 1%, the upper limit
is scaled automatically based on the largest measuring value. If the
smallest value falls below 0%, the lower limit as well is scaled auto-
matically.
These settings were taken as ARAMIS default settings for strain and
proved successful for technical strain.
The measuring noise is no longer displayed in detail. In case of loga-
rithmic strain, these settings are not useful. For more information see
section F 6.5.
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aramis-v6-1_f_en_rev-c
Chapter F 9 (22)
Legend Optimization in the 3D View
Creating and Editing Results
edit them.
The settings described in sections F 6.1 and F 6.4 are valid for tech-
nical strain. For the technical strain, the settings are factory-
preadjusted.
If you work with logarithmic strain, you need to define the default set-
ting again. According to the settings for technical strain (Scaling
Min/Max. Constraints with Constraints on or off and Fixed val-
ue) we recommend the following settings for logarithmic strain:
Maximum: Fixed range Fixed minimum 0.01 Maximum 1
Minimum: Fixed range Fixed minimum -1 Maximum 0
10 (22) Chapter F
Legend Optimization in the 3D View
Creating and Editing Results
Confirm the changes with Apply and OK. The settings are now auto-
matically taken over for the next project that is opened.
In the same way, you may change the values for the constraints set-
tings (Edit Preferences Preferences) item Evaluation Mode
Legend Scaling Min./Max. Constraints with Constraints on
or off).
7-Aug-2009
aramis-v6-1_f_en_rev-c
Chapter F 11 (22)
Primitives
Creating and Editing Results
F 7 Primitives
Primitives (points, lines, circles, planes, spheres, ...) are user-defined
objects in the 3D view. You need primitives, for example, for transfor-
mation, for analysis or for the documentation of measuring results.
When clicking with the right mouse button on the defined primitive,
you may edit the element. The following functions are available:
Editing labels, label visibility
Changing the appearance of the primitive
The following table informs you in extracts about possible primitives
and particularities when creating them. All primitives are generated
based on 3D points or other primitives (e.g. planes and lines). Use Ctrl
and left mouse button in the 3D view to select points, planes, lines,
etc. to create primitives or by directly clicking on the primitive's label
with Ctrl and left mouse button. You may also select the elements di-
rectly from the explorer list.
Point on 3D mesh
Division Point Creates an individual 3D point between 2 points. The position be-
tween the points can be defined in 100 steps (%).
meshes and bodies. Point only uses the junction points of the 3D
meshes or the centers of circles and spheres. Curve uses the bor-
der lines. Plane uses the planes of circles or planes. Line uses the
rotation axis of cones or cylinders.
aramis-v6-1_f_en_rev-c
12 (22) Chapter F
Primitives
Creating and Editing Results
Chapter F 13 (22)
Primitives
Creating and Editing Results
14 (22) Chapter F
Primitives
Creating and Editing Results
Best-Fit Plane Creates a plane according to the best-fit principle based on se-
lected 3D mesh or sections. Based on the selected points, the
plane can be calculated for All points or with the help of statistical
methods with 1 Sigma to 5 Sigma. In case of a large amount of
points, 1 Sigma is approx. 68.3%, 2 Sigma approx. 95.4% and 3
Sigma approx. 99.7% of all points. Using the statistical methods,
measuring point outliers can be eliminated during the best-fit Best-fit plane, created on previously se-
process. lected 3D points.
On a cylinder-shaped 3D mesh a 3D
mesh section was created. By selecting
three points on the 3D mesh section, the
circle was created. The white 3D mesh
section is superimposed by the green
primitive circle.
Point-Normal-Radius Creates a circle by defining the circle center and stating the rotation
Circle axis. The radius can be defined by selecting the points or by enter-
ing the radius value directly.
Best-Fit Circle Creates a circle according to the best-fit principle based on se-
lected 3D mesh or sections. Based on the selected points, the cir-
cle can be calculated for All points or with the help of statistical
methods with 1 Sigma to 5 Sigma. In case of a large amount of
aramis-v6-1_f_en_rev-c
Chapter F 15 (22)
Primitives
Creating and Editing Results
Projected Best-Fit Creates a circle according to the best-fit principle based on se-
Circle lected 3D meshes, sections or features and projects it onto a plane
chosen by the user. Based on the selected points, the circle can be
calculated for All points or with the help of statistical methods with
1 Sigma to 5 Sigma. In case of a large amount of points, 1 Sigma Projected best-fit circle, created from the
is approx. 68.3%, 2 Sigma approx. 95.4% and 3 Sigma approx. selected points (red) of a section.
99.7% of all points. Using the statistical methods, measuring point
outliers can be eliminated during the best-fit process.
5-Points Slotted Hole Creates a slotted hole by clicking on five points on the edge (circu-
lar area) of a slotted hole in the CAD data.
5-Points Rectangular Creates a rectangular hole by clicking on five points on the edge of
aramis-v6-1_f_en_rev-c
16 (22) Chapter F
Primitives
Creating and Editing Results
Chapter F 17 (22)
Primitives
Creating and Editing Results
Best-Fit Cone Creates a cone according to the best-fit principle based on selected
3D points or sections that can determine a cone. Based on the se-
lected points, the cone can be calculated for All points or with the
help of statistical methods with 1 Sigma to 5 Sigma. In case of a
large amount of points, 1 Sigma is approx. 68.3%, 2 Sigma approx.
95.4% and 3 Sigma approx. 99.7% of all points. Using the statistic- Best-fit cone, created on previously se-
al methods, measuring point outliers can be eliminated during the lected cone-shaped 3D points.
best-fit process. If the direction of the cone is known, you may enter
it to support the best-fit function by means of Direction.
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aramis-v6-1_f_en_rev-c
18 (22) Chapter F
Analysis Elements
Creating and Editing Results
F 8 Analysis Elements
Using the analysis elements, you may evaluate the deformation at or
between certain points. These evaluations may be visualized in form
of a report and may also be exported. Using text labels, you may dis-
play information interesting for you in the 3D view either automatically
by means of a template or you may create your own template manual-
ly.
There are various functions available for distance and angle analyses.
Element Description Example
Point Posi- Using this function, you may display the displacement of individual points with
tion respect to the basic stage. When changing the stages, the respective valid
value is shown for the respective current stage.
Point-Point This function provides for measuring changes in the distance between object
Distance points and/or primitives. You may create the respective reference element ei-
ther directly by clicking points or you may select primitives. The distance is
shown with an arrow. The corresponding label shows the deviation. When
changing the stages, the calculated deformation value changes and displays
the valid measure for the current stage.
Point-Line This function provides for measuring changes in the distance between a point
Distance and a line (object points and primitives). You may create the respective refer-
ence element either directly by clicking points or you may select primitives.
The software always calculates the shortest perpendicular distance from the
point to the line. The distance is shown with an arrow. The corresponding label
shows the deviation. When changing the stages, the calculated deformation
value changes and displays the valid measure for the current stage.
7-Aug-2009
Point-Plane This menu item provides for measuring changes in the distance between a
Distance point and a plane (object points and primitives). You may create the respective
reference element either directly by clicking points or you may select primi-
aramis-v6-1_f_en_rev-c
tives. The software always calculates the shortest perpendicular distance from
the point to the plane. The distance is shown with an arrow. The correspond-
ing label shows the deviation. When changing the stages, the calculated de-
formation value changes and displays the valid measure for the current stage.
First, select the point for which you would like to display the deviation. Then,
define the reference element.
Chapter F 19 (22)
Analysis Elements
Creating and Editing Results
20 (22) Chapter F
Evaluate Results Statistically
Creating and Editing Results
For comparative evaluations you may define statistic data sets. For
this data set, the data type is not changed, i.e. any changes made in
display and selection of the 3D View have no effect on these results.
Thus, the statistical information e.g. of Major Strain and Minor Strain
of selected areas can be looked at simultaneously.
These data will be saved such that you may access this information
e.g. by means of a statistics diagram (report function). In addition, you
may create a Point Statistic from an info point. Multistage data
shows the data of all stages selected in the explorer.
Statistic data can be exported.
7-Aug-2009
aramis-v6-1_f_en_rev-c
Chapter F 21 (22)
Summary
Creating and Editing Results
F 10 Summary
Creating results
Info points
Stage points
Plane section, spline section, circular section
Filtering, using filter parameters
Interpolating 3D Points
Primitives
Analysis elements
Evaluate results statistically
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aramis-v6-1_f_en_rev-c
22 (22) Chapter F
Table of Contents
Documentation
G Documentation ......................................................... 3
G1 Reports ............................................................................................. 3
G 1.1 Standard Reports ........................................................................................ 3
G 1.2 Overview of Default Report Templates ..................................................... 4
G 1.3 Analysis Elements in a Report ................................................................... 6
G 1.4 Special Settings in the Report Diagrams .................................................. 7
G 1.4.1 Legend Setting 3D ...................................................................................................... 7
G 1.4.2 Legend Settings Fixed and Auto................................................................................. 8
G 1.5 Create and Edit User-Defined Reports ...................................................... 8
G3 Snapshots....................................................................................... 10
G5 Summary ........................................................................................ 11
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aramis-v6-1_g_en_rev-c
Chapter G 1 (12)
Table of Contents
Documentation
7-Aug-2009
aramis-v6-1_g_en_rev-c
2 (12) Chapter G
Reports
Documentation
G Documentation
ARAMIS allows for presenting result data in various ways. The results
in the 3D view with sections, primitives and analysis elements always
are the basis for the different documentation possibilities. So, for ex-
ample, image series may be created as movies or you may document
your results using default report templates.
If you wish to document your results in external applications, you may
also export your result data.
G 1 Reports
G 1.1 Standard Reports
Deformation results can clearly be illustrated in reports. Different re-
port templates are available. Based on these standard report tem-
plates you may easily present your measuring results. However, you
may design reports individually and save them as user-defined tem-
plates.
All reports you create are available in the sub explorer under tab Re-
ports and tab Image Series.
The standard reports Report-ARAMIS contain result images, diagrams
and camera images.
If the images or diagrams are empty or do not contain the required da-
7-Aug-2009
For further information, please refer to the Online Help (key F1).
Chapter G 3 (12)
Reports
Documentation
Multi-Section FLC
(Forming Limit Curve)
Representation of the data used for FLC computation. For
further information, please refer to the User Manual Soft-
ware FLC Computation.
Multi-Section
Diagram representation of one or more sections of the cur-
rent load stage.
Multi-Stage-Point
Diagram representation of one or several stage points
through all load stages.
7-Aug-2009
4 (12) Chapter G
Reports
Documentation
Multi-Stage-Section
Diagram representation of a section through all load stages.
Project-Keyword-ARAMIS
Shows the project keywords to be used in other report tem-
plates. You may transfer the keywords with copy (Ctrl and C)
and paste (Ctrl and V).
You may also change the language of the keywords, see
troubleshooting in Chapter K .
Report-ARAMIS
Example reports with the most important report elements for
standard ARAMIS applications.
X axis
Number of stages
Stage data (A/D values, time, calculated values from this)
Statistics
Y axis
Measurements
Stage data
Statistics
Chapter G 5 (12)
Reports
Documentation
When double clicking on the diagram, you may establish the connec-
tions. In this example, we chose for the X axis Visualization
Project Point stage and for the Y axis Data Measurements
7-Aug-2009
6 (12) Chapter G
Reports
Documentation
The advantage of this setting is the link to the legend in the 3D view. If
you change the scaling or the visualization (e.g. Major Strain, Minor
Strain, etc.) in the 3D view, this new setting is directly transferred to
the report diagram.
Setting 3D enables the definition of an "own" axis setting (= value
range) for each visualization which is displayed accordingly in the dia-
gram by optimally adapting the legend of the 3D view.
Thus, you may quickly create report and diagram series which match
the 3D image series without the need to permanently adapt the scal-
ing of the diagram to the 3D legend manually.
If several visualizations are displayed in one diagram, the setting 3D
automatically scales the value range of the diagram to the maximum
and minimum value.
Example: Section data in a common major/minor diagram (Multi-
Section Diagram)
Chapter G 7 (12)
Reports
Documentation
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aramis-v6-1_g_en_rev-c
8 (12) Chapter G
Image Series and Movies
Documentation
Chapter G 9 (12)
Snapshots
Documentation
G 3 Snapshots
Using the snapshot function, you may save the screen representation
of the 3D view, of the left or right 2D camera image or of reports as an
image and print or copy this image to the clipboard.
A snapshot is a static image that does not change through the stages.
Using the right mouse button (RMB) you may limit the snapshot func-
tion to defined areas.
7-Aug-2009
G 4 Printing Documentations
Printing in ARAMIS is only possible using the snapshot function (see
aramis-v6-1_g_en_rev-c
G 3).
10 (12) Chapter G
Summary
Documentation
G 5 Summary
Standard reports
Analysis elements in a report
Special report diagram settings
Individual reports
Image series and movies
Snapshots
Printing documentations
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aramis-v6-1_g_en_rev-c
Chapter G 11 (12)
Summary
Documentation
7-Aug-2009
aramis-v6-1_g_en_rev-c
12 (12) Chapter G
Table of Contents
Export, Automation
H2 Macros .............................................................................................. 4
H 2.1 Automation .................................................................................................. 4
H 2.2 Functional Extensions ................................................................................ 4
H3 Summary .......................................................................................... 4
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aramis-v6-1_h_en_rev-c
Chapter H 1 (4)
Table of Contents
Export, Automation
7-Aug-2009
aramis-v6-1_h_en_rev-c
2 (4) Chapter H
Export
Export, Automation
H Export, Automation
H 1 Export
ARAMIS provides extensive export functions to make your measuring
results available for subsequent systems or applications in defined
formats.
Export Diagram Data Exports the data of one diagram (selected in the explor- One or several ASCII files (depends on the di-
er Report). agram type and the stage selection).
Chapter H 3 (4)
Macros
Export, Automation
H 2 Macros
H 2.1 Automation
For recurrent measurements with very complex analysis elements, the
ARAMIS software provides for recording macro scripts based on Py-
thon. Thus, automation of individual processing steps is possible.
You may easily generate a new macro by creating a new, empty ma-
cro, start recording, carry out the desired operating steps, stop record-
ing and save the macro.
You may modify macro commands in the editor any time using the
context menu of the right mouse button on the respective command. If
you have the necessary knowledge, you may also change the script
directly in the syntax.
In addition, you may include a macro into another macro.
For more detailed information about scripts and programming, please
refer to the expert manual GOM Scripting Language.
7-Aug-2009
H 3 Summary
Export functions
Automation due to macros
Functional extensions by macros
4 (4) Chapter H
Table of Contents
The Basics of Strain
Chapter J 1 (14)
Table of Contents
The Basics of Strain
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aramis-v6-1_j_en_rev-c
2 (14) Chapter J
Basics of 2D Strain Computation
The Basics of Strain
ratio :
The following known functions are frequently used strain measures:
Technical strain:
aramis-v6-1_j_en_rev-c
Green's strain:
Chapter J 3 (14)
Basics of 2D Strain Computation
The Basics of Strain
as follows:
aramis-v6-1_j_en_rev-c
4 (14) Chapter J
Basics of 2D Strain Computation
The Basics of Strain
used:
xy 2 xy
Chapter J 5 (14)
Basics of 2D Strain Computation
The Basics of Strain
Based on the example values used, the definition of the shear angle
can be generally separated from figure c as follows:
xy = x + y
x = arctan (xy / (1 + x )) = arctan (0.2 / (1,4 ))
y = arctan (xy / (1 + y )) = arctan (0.2 / (1 ))
Notes:
As given by this example, the values for x and y can be different.
With a symmetric stretch tensor only a parallelogram can be rea-
lized for the local deformation field.
The fixed values for x and y show that the orientation of the paral-
lelogram to the coordinate system is fixed. The stretch tensor can-
not describe rotations. The coordinate system is defined as x-y
system.
undeformed points Pu,i (i being the index for the different points). The
functional connection for each local point is as follows:
aramis-v6-1_j_en_rev-c
6 (14) Chapter J
Basics of 2D Strain Computation
The Basics of Strain
Figure d: Definition of the coordinate system (based on the deformation of a unit square)
The coordinates of the point (e.g. pu and pv) are calculated in the
global x-y coordinate system. For the 2D discussion, the coordinate
system x-y is parallel to x-y, but is placed in the undeformed position
of the point of interest Pu,i.
The rotation matrix R defines the rotation from the x-y to the x-y
system. The coordinate system x-y for the strain calculation is inde-
pendent from rigid body movement and rotation. It shows the deforma-
tion introduced by the stretch tensor U and defines the direction of the
strain values similar to figure c. This leads to:
result window.
Chapter J 7 (14)
Basics of 2D Strain Computation
The Basics of Strain
Frequently, the effective strains are needed. The effective strains ac-
cording to von Mises and von Tresca are available. The effective
strain according to von Mises results from the following formula:
formula:
The technical values for the effective strain according to von Mises
aramis-v6-1_j_en_rev-c
8 (14) Chapter J
Calculation of the Deformation Gradient Tensor From a 2D
The Basics of Strain Displacement Field
If more than three points are chosen for the calculation, the result is
overdetermined and an adjustment is used.
For calculating the deformation gradient tensor for a point p, the used
number of neighboring points can be adjusted. The width of the field is
the strain reference length. In figure e for example, the neighborhood
of 3 x 3 points is shown.
7-Aug-2009
Chapter J 9 (14)
Definition of the x-y Strain Values and the Strain Directions in 3D
The Basics of Strain
10 (14) Chapter J
Definition of the x-y Strain Values and the Strain Directions in 3D
The Basics of Strain
Figure f: Definition of the undeformed local surface strain coordinate system in 3D based on a
plane parallel to x-z
In figure f, the local coordinate system (xp1 yp1; xp2 yp2; xp3 yp3)
is shown for a cylindrical specimen for three different points (P1, P2,
P3). In this case, the global y direction is parallel to the axis of the cy-
linder. For this special case, the y directions for all surface points are
parallel to the global y direction.
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aramis-v6-1_j_en_rev-c
Chapter J 11 (14)
Definition of the x-y Strain Values and the Strain Directions in 3D
The Basics of Strain
2D situation.
The unit square is deformed to a parallelogram. The geometry of the
parallelogram together with the stretch tensor (x and y) define the lo-
cal strain directions (x and y) in the deformed state.
12 (14) Chapter J
Definition of the x-y Strain Values and the Strain Directions in 3D
The Basics of Strain
Chapter J 13 (14)
Bibliography for Strain Theory
The Basics of Strain
[Hib] Hibbitt, Karlsson and Lorensen, Inc. ABAQUS -Theory Manual, 5.7
edition.
[BB75] Becker und Brger. Kontinuumsmechanik. Teubner-Verlag, 1975
[Mal69] Malvern. Introduction to the Mechanics of a Continuous Medium.
Prentice-Hall, 1969
[Hah84] Hahn. Elastizittstheorie. Teubner-Verlag, 1984
[Kop98] Kopp und Wiegels. Einfhrung in die Umformtechnik. Verlag der
Augustinus Buchhandlung, 1998
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aramis-v6-1_j_en_rev-c
14 (14) Chapter J
Table of Contents
Support
K Support ...................................................................... 3
K1 Where Do You Find Help? ............................................................... 3
K 1.1 Manuals / Online Help ................................................................................. 3
K 1.2 FAQs............................................................................................................. 3
K 1.3 Distributor .................................................................................................... 3
K 1.4 Support Form .............................................................................................. 3
K 1.5 Direct Support ............................................................................................. 3
K3 Troubleshooting............................................................................... 4
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Chapter K 1 (5)
Table of Contents
Support
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aramis-v6-1_k_en_rev-c
2 (5) Chapter K
Where Do You Find Help?
Support
K Support
K 1 Where Do You Find Help?
If you face a problem, you will find help at several places.
K 1.2 FAQs
If you have the corresponding access information, you may reach the
English FAQ area (Frequently Asked Questions) via the internet
(http://support.gom.com/) and find responses to frequently asked
questions.
K 1.3 Distributor
If you cannot solve a problem yourself and do not find answers in the
other help sources, please contact your responsible distributor or your
contact partner in your country first.
Chapter K 3 (5)
Troubleshooting
Support
K 3 Troubleshooting
Problem: Remedy:
The Linux PC is "frozen" but the mouse pointer can still be Press Ctrl and Alt and Backspace and log in again.
moved.
The Linux PC is "frozen" and the mouse pointer cannot be Switch the PC off and on again.
moved, or the mouse pointer can be moved but the keyboard
does not respond.
The ARAMIS software is "frozen" and other applications work. Click with the mouse pointer on the open windows and press Escape. If ne-
cessary, repeat several times.
If you do not succeed, press Ctrl and Alt and and log in again or use Ctrl,
Alt, Esc and left mouse button to quit the application.
How can I change the language of the ARAMIS application soft- As of version 5.4, the language of the application software can be changed in
ware? the preferences. For this purpose, open menu item Edit Preferences
Preferences General and select the desired language in the selection list
under Language. Confirm the selection with OK. When starting the program
again, the application software appears in the newly selected language.
I cannot work with the ARAMIS project. The stages in the explorer The project is already open in a ARAMIS application. This effect may occur
are highlighted in gray. after the computer crashed and thus, temporary lock files were not correctly
deleted.
The best-fit function does not work correctly in connection with The reason could be a wrong selection in the 3D view. Deselect all, then se-
primitives. lect again and repeat the best-fit function.
Probably the specimen is shown from the rear side.
Remedy: Rotate view.
The color 3D representation is poor or not visible in the window.
All was selected in the 3D view.
Remedy: Click with the right mouse button (RMB) in the 3D view and choose
Deselect All.
How do I cancel the Auto Start Point process? Press Escape.
I cannot play the image series I saved in .mpeg format with exter- You created an image series from the original camera images. You should
nal players, why? not use the .mpeg format for that, as during the export, the original image size
of the camera is used but the mpeg specification requires a lower resolution.
For image series created from reports, the mpeg format does not cause any
problems!
ARAMIS cannot overwrite CD or DVD-RW media. Delete the media completely by means of an external program.
How can I change the language of the Project Keywords? In the project keyword window click on button Edit, then click with the right
mouse button onto the list and select Add Defaults. Select the required lan-
guage and confirm with OK.
What can I do if I cannot achieve the desired calibration values? Check if the sensor is configured correctly.
7-Aug-2009
How do I know if I need to calibrate the system again? If the value of the mean Intersection deviation is larger than 0.1 pixel and
the frequency of the yellow facets in the camera images increase (see figure
below).
aramis-v6-1_k_en_rev-c
The system creates yellow facets if the intersection error of a 3D point is larg-
er than 0.3 pixels (factory-adjusted setting).
4 (5) Chapter K
Troubleshooting
Support
Problem: Remedy:
The system decalibrates during operation. Check if the screw connections of the cameras are tight and calibrate the sys-
tem again.
The cameras cannot be initialized. Is the sensor controller switched on? Normally, the sensor controller supplies
power to the cameras. Did you connect all necessary cables? See User In-
No camera images are displayed. formation Hardware.
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aramis-v6-1_k_en_rev-c
Chapter K 5 (5)