Among Wetlands and Lakes: The Network of Neolithic Communities in Pelagonia and Lake Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - Goce Naumov
Among Wetlands and Lakes: The Network of Neolithic Communities in Pelagonia and Lake Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - Goce Naumov
Among Wetlands and Lakes: The Network of Neolithic Communities in Pelagonia and Lake Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - Goce Naumov
Band 293
edited by
Krum Bacvarov and Ralf Gleser
2016
UPA
293 VERLAG DR. RUDOLF HABELT GMBH, BONN
AMONG WETLANDS AND LAKES:
THE NETWORK OF NEOLITHIC COMMUNITIES
IN PELAGONIA AND LAKE OHRID, REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Goce Naumov
Abstract
For many decades the valley of Pelagonia and Lake Ohrid basin in the Republic of Macedonia were regarded as culturally different
regions due to their diverse geographical settings. It was determined that these communities had uncommon identities manifested onto
their settlements and items they produced and therefore the regions were regarded as isolated cultural groups in the Neolithic, with
Veluina-Porodin (Pelagonia) and Zlastrana (Lake Ohrid basin) belonging to Early Neolithic, and Trn (Pelagonia) and Ustie na
Drim (Lake Ohrid basin) specific for the Late Neolithic. Nevertheless, current research indicates that the communities inhabiting
these regions established solid networks and shared common identity in regard to wetland environment and farming economy, which
was introduced in this area around 6000 BC. Such relationship was initiated in the Early Neolithic and numerous white painted
vessels and anthropomorphic house models are in favor of dynamic contacts of the first farmers in Pelagonia and Lake Ohrid basin.
The networks were firmly maintained in the Late Neolithic when the communities in these regions synchronically started to produce
encrusted black polished pottery and stamps with identical patterns. The communication between these agricultural societies was
intertwined on various economic, social and symbolic levels and further archaeological research with implementation of palaeoecological
analysis, radiocarbon dating and dendrochronolog y will determine the wetland setting and the exact age when they initiated and
changed their shared identities.
For more than seven decades the Neolithic in the Republic of Pelagonia, and Zlastrana and Ustie na Drim groups for
of Macedonia has been explored with a few major and Early and Late Neolithic in Lake Ohrid basin, respectively3.
numerous minor archaeological projects. This research This was a significant step towards the first definition of
provided basic information on the first farming societies cultural characteristics of these regions in the 1970s, and
in this region, their villages, subsistence, crafts, economy, as such contributed to the identification of sites into the
rituals etc. Though modest, the results from archaeological aforementioned groups. Hence, the reconsideration of
excavations and specialized studies demonstrated the cul- published material, museum depots, documentation and
tural features of the communities that had established the new excavations demonstrated that these geographically
first agricultural settlements and their identity manifested divided and different regions were not culturally diverse4.
through produced items1. The identification of a culture Though there were indications for the established contacts
was a reference for the culture-historical archaeology in between Lake Ohrid basin and Pelagonian communities in
the Balkans and abroad, and led many to identify particular the Late Neolithic,5 their constant networks and similar-
regions with finds unearthed from Neolithic sites. This was ity of material culture since the Early Neolithic were not
a helpful tool for the early stage of prehistoric archaeology thoroughly regarded. This paper will therefore consider
in Macedonia and contributed to the understanding of the common Neolithic characteristics of these isolated
particular regional attributes common for societies inhab- regions and the types of networks that integrated shared
iting Ove Pole, Skopje Plain, Pelagonia and other areas in identities of distant societies.
the Neolithic (fig. 1). However, recent research indicated
that these cultural borders and the characteristics of their THE GEOGRAPHY OF PELAGONIA AND LAKE
material cultures are not so rigid and often involve net- OHRID BASIN
works beyond the proposed spaceframes. The concept of Pelagonia and Lake Ohrid basin are located in the Southeast
culture itself has been questioned and often reconsidered of the Republic of Macedonia (fig. 1). Although belonging
on the basis of identity as a more adequate notion con- to same broader zone, they are exceptionally different in
cerning the Neolithic societies and their villages, pottery, terms of geography as Pelagonia is an elongated plain,
tools, images, burials, and bodies2. while the Ohrid basin is both hilly and valley area with the
Among these culturally determined regions are Pelag- biggest lake in Macedonia. They are divided by the basin of
onia and Lake Ohrid basin. Since the first definitions of Lake Prespa, but due to scarcity of archaeological research
Neolithic cultures in Macedonia, they were regarded as it cannot be confirmed whether this region shared the same
separated and isolated areas and thus referred to as Velui- material culture. Besides Lake Prespa, these two regions
na-Porodin and Trn groups for Early and Late Neolithic
3 Garaanin 1979; Sanev 1994.
1 Garaanin 1979; Sanev 1995. 4 Naumov 2016.
2 Naumov 2010; 2015. 5 Benac 1989.
175
Naumov
Fig. 1: Map of the Republic of Macedonia showing the location of sites discussed in the paper, within the regions of
Ove Pole (12), Pelagonia (312), and Lake Ohrid basin (1316).
Fig. 2: Calibrated radiocarbon dates for the prehistoric tell sites in Pelagonia (after Naumov, in press).
176
Among wetlands and lakes: the network of Neolithic communities
are also divided by several high mountain ranges which 358 km and 289 m maximum depth. It is considered as
disrupt comfort communication, such as Baba, Galiica, the oldest lake in Europe inhabited by numerous endemic
and Istok. Considering the high ranges, the communication species dating back to the Pliocene. The lakes altitude is
between Pelagonia, Prespa and Lake Ohrid in the past 693 m (a.s.l.); it is enclosed by the Galiica and Jablani-
was performed most likely through the same routes that ca Mountains to the east and west, while the rivers Crni
are used today, i.e., the corridor between Baba and Bigla Drim, Sateska, and Koselska flow in the alluvial valley to
Mountains, Gjavato Pass, the corridor between Istok and the north9. Lake Ohrid is 30 km long and 15 km wide, and
Galiica Mountains, as well as the route from Leskoec to borders with Albania to the southwest. The climate in the
Trpejca in the Galiica Mountains. Other routes could basin is considered as local-continental with maximum of
have been used in the Neolithic as well, but those listed 35 C in the summer to minimum -17 C in the winter, while
above provide the most effective communication between the average precipitation is approximately 759 mm per year.
Pelagonia and Lake Ohrid. The distinct biodiversity and lively landscapes made
Lake Ohrid basin a preferred region for living where sig-
Pelagonia nificant prehistoric, classical and medieval settlements were
Pelagonia is the biggest valley in the Republic of Macedonia founded. Particular locations have been suggested as po-
and its southern part borders with Greece. It is an elongat- tential Palaeolithic sites, although the earliest settlements
ed, north-south oriented plain, with an approximate length are dated to the Neolithic10. The fertile alluvial plain and
of 80 km, occupation area of 4000 km and elevation rich lake attracted various communities and as result some
of 650 m. It is surrounded by several mountains (Baba, settlements become urban and trade centers in prehistoric
Bueva, Dautica, Babuna, Seleka, Nidje, and Neredska) and classical times when contacts with distant societies were
and a few rivers flow within (Crna Reka and its confluents established, some of them even bearing African features11.
Dragor, emnica, and Eleka)6. In the tertiary period, Pel- Lake Ohrid basin was an attractive and dynamic area since
agonia was occupied by lakes, and hence the abundance of the Early Neolithic when intensive communication with
alluvial terrain. Due to alluvial deposits, snow melting from the regions of Pelagonia and Kora is evidenced. It remains
surrounding mountains, and frequent river flooding in the to be discussed which was the direction of influences and
central part, the plain had several marshy lakes, which were whether there was a mutual exchange of local manifesta-
drained in the 1960s. The fertile soils have attracted farmers tions within material culture, architecture and social life.
since the Early Neolithic, when first agricultural societies This is one of the questions that will be addressed in this
established their settlements commonly referred to as tells. paper and several explanations will be proposed in regard
The climate of Pelagonia is modified continental and to the solid networks established between Lake Ohrid and
moderate continental, with hot and dry summers, and Pelagonia in the Early and Late Neolithic.
cold and wet winters. Large temperature fluctuations are
frequent, with maximum of 40 C in the summer to min- EARLY NEOLITHIC NETWORKS
imum of -30 C in the winter. The average precipitation Prior to any identification of the types of Neolithic net-
is approximately 915 mm per year, which, along with river works between Pelagonia and Ohrid region, a general
floodings, allows a constant watering of the soil and suc- introduction to the Neolithic in Macedonia is necessary.
cessful cultivation of cereals7. This was an adequate envi- There are several theories about how the first agricultural
ronment for the Neolithic settlers to establish agricultural societies were established in this region, but most of the
communities and to preserve cereal based economy for authors agree that it was a rapid and intensive process12.
many generations. There is not much done in terms of The direction of neolithization is still discussed, with some
research on life prior to Neolithic, so that it cannot be con- proposing settling along main rivers, especially Vardar13,
firmed whether this plain was inhabited in the Palaeolithic. and others arguing that Pelagonia was the first region set-
The few Palaeolithic tools found on the surface suggest tled by the farming communities14. For the moment, the
the possibility of hunter-gatherer nomads to have resided geographical and chronological evidence doesnt suggest
in this area,8 but the lack of excavations at Palaeolithic and that Pelagonia was a suitable area for agricultural societies
Mesolithic sites prevent solving the issue. in the initial Neolithic stages. The high mountains, density
of smaller lakes and heavy floods did not provide an easy
Lake Ohrid basin access to Pelagonia from Thessaly in the second half of
The region of Ohrid consists of several mountain ranges,
an alluvial plain and a large lake. Lake Ohrid is the biggest 9 Trifunovski 1992; Albrecht / Wilke 2008; Hoffmann et al. 2010;
lake in the Republic of Macedonia, with a surface area of Wagner et al. 2014.
10 Kuzman 1993; 1995.
11 Chausidis 2009.
6 Trifunoski 1998. 12 Gimbutas 1974; Garaanin 1979; Sanev 1995; Naumov 2009a.
7 Puteska et al. 2015. 13 Gimbutas 1976; Sanev 1994; Naumov 2015.
8 Malez 1979; Kuzman 1995. 14 Zdravkovski 2006.
177
Naumov
the 7th millennium BC15. While many communities around Lake Ohrid basin
6200 BC were inhabiting locations on the plains close to the The beginning of the Neolithic in Ohrid area is not yet
rivers Vardar and Bistrica (e.g., Nea Nikomedeia, Giannitsa, chronologically determined through radiocarbon dates.
Paliambela), in Pelagonia there is an absence of sites in There are discussions on its initial stages in regard to the
this period, except for several questionable radiocarbon character of the first agricultural settlements. It has been
dates. Even the earliest dates from Amzabegovo (east of suggested that the site of Zlastrana is the earliest because
the river Vardar) are closer to those from Nea Nikomedeia of the modest coarse ware and potential pit houses22. In
and Giannitsa, than to the dates from Pelagonia16. The issue this case, the same conclusion as the one concerning the
of the absolute dating requires more detailed elaboration site of Peterica in Pelagonia has been followed, i.e., the
of Pelagonian context and the initial Neolithic stages in coarser ware or simpler dwellings (pit houses) means ear-
this region. lier sites23. Unless chronologically dated, the debates on
these sites cannot be taken as conclusive as they could
Pelagonia belong to camps or isolated communities that preserved
Although the first and only radiocarbon dates from Pel- an Early Neolithic lifestyle in much later times than the
agonia were provided in the 1970s and 1980s, they were initial Neolithic stages. It should be noted as well that these
neglected by archaeologists for several decades17. The cal- sites are located in higher remote areas of mountainous
ibrated dates from the Neolithic sites in Pelagonia were a landscape far from the alluvial plains that were adequate
significant step forward in understanding the neolithisation for first impact of new societies and for solid provision
of this area, and thus a new chronological perspective was of subsistence close to the rivers and the lake.
presented18. The revised dates indicate that the first agricul- One such settlement is the site of Dolno Trnovo, which
tural societies inhabited this plain around 6000 BC (fig. 2), is located on the alluvial flat terrain in the northeastern
although some dates offer much earlier occupation19. The suburbs of the city of Ohrid. The excavations at this site
accuracy of these early dates with a high deviation is still yielded wattle and daub houses, white painted pottery,
under discussion, and therefore new analysis is necessary altars, and anthropomorphic house models24. They are
in order to determine whether there was occupation in almost identical to those produced in Pelagonia, which
Pelagonia several centuries prior to 6000 BC. Available confirms the identified communication between both re-
calibrated dates show the tell sites of Porodin, Mogila, gions (fig. 4). The similarities within material culture and
and Topolani as the earliest in the area and they entirely architecture could indicate simultaneous occupation of
fit into the designated features of the so called Velui- the sites in these geographically divided regions, although
na-Porodin group. radiocarbon dating is necessary in order to propose a more
In the earliest levels of these tell sites white painted pot- thorough elaboration on the issue. In this case it should
tery appears, along with wattle and daub houses, figurines, be emphasized that the ceramic assemblage from Dolno
altars, stone and bone tools, while the anthropomorphic Trnovo partially resembles the one unearthed at the Early
house models appear in the next stage of settlement de- Neolithic sites in the Kora basin located in the vicinity of
velopment20. The particular white painted patterns, altars, the now dried Lake Maliq. The sites of Podgorie, Sovjan,
figurines and anthropomorphic houses are distinct Pelag- and Vashtmi are situated only a few kilometers south of
onian features and were incorporated within the notion Lake Ohrid,25 and the communication with them was easier
of identity of communities inhabiting this geographically as there are no high mountain ranges in between as those
enclosed area21. These patterns, specific hybrid representa- on the way to Pelagonia. The Early Neolithic pottery of
tions or miniature architectonic details are absent in other Pelagonia, although apparently distinctive, also has some
regions of Macedonia or were significantly modified in similarities to the one from the Kora basin, Thessaly and
the process of modest contacts with other communities the plains northwest and west of Thessaloniki. There-
(fig. 3). Lake Ohrid basin is one of the rare areas where fore, further discussion on influence directions is needed
such Pelagonian features were apparently preserved and in order to understand the exchange system and shared
exchanged or produced in similar fashion. Therefore, these identities at least on a local level.
traits require further archaeological attention as they were
neglected or minimized previously. Characteristics of the Early Neolithic networks
The archaeological material apparently indicates that
15 Kitanoski et al. 1980; Naumov 2009a. there was an established network between Pelagonia and
16 Gimbutas 1976; Whittle et al. 2005; Reingruber / Thissen 2005. Lake Ohrid basin. In regard to broader communication,
17 Srdo et al. 1977; Valastro et al. 1977; Pazdur 1990.
18 Thissen 2000; Whittle et al. 2005; Naumov 2009a.
19 Naumov, in press. 22 Kuzman 1990.
20 Grbi et al. 1960; Simoska / Sanev 1975; Simoska et al. 1979; 23 Kitanoski et al. 1980.
Kitanoski et al. 1978; Mitkoski 2005; Naumov / Toma 2015. 24 Kuzman et al. 1989; Naumov / Chausidis 2011.
21 Naumov 2010; 2015. 25 Ruzi 2009; Bunguri 2014.
178
Among wetlands and lakes: the network of Neolithic communities
Fig. 3: Early Neolithic pottery, figurines, and house models from Tumba and VelukaTumba at Porodin in Pelagonia: (1) height 48cm
(Fidanoski 2009, pl. 66/7); (2) width 23 cm (Fidanoski 2009, pl. 66/5); (3) height 17 cm (Fidanoski 2009, pl. 67/3); (4) height 7cm
(Kolitrkoska Nasteva 2005, fig. 7); (5) height 12 cm (Kolitrkoska Nasteva 2005, fig. 26); (6) height 6 cm (Kolitrkoska Nasteva
2005, fig. 5); (7) no scale (Vasileva 2005, 40); (8) height 25 cm (Kolitrkoska Nasteva 2005, fig. 43); (9) no scale (Vasileva 2005, 40).
it should be noted that the pottery from these regions ture. It still cannot be determined whether the influences,
resembles ceramic assemblages from Greece (Nea Niko- exchange or demographic movements to Pelagonia and
medeia, Giannitsa, and Mavropigi) and Albania (Podgorie Lake Ohrid were coming from the Giannitsa Nea Niko-
and Vashtmi), but significantly differs in terms of paint- medeia Rizari (southwestern direction) or from Servia
ed compositional structures26. Particular painted patterns Vrysi Mavropigi (southern direction) (fig. 5). The pottery
from Veluka Tumba or Mogila (Pelagonia) and Dolno from Mavropigi shares significant similarities with the one
Trnovo (Lake Ohrid basin) are similar to those from the produced at the Early Neolithic sites in the Kora basin27,
aforementioned sites, but the manner of their combination while its polychrome surface and compositional designs
within the compositional structure of vessels is consider- are entirely absent from vessels in Lake Ohrid basin or
ably different. This suggests that contacts and influenc- Pelagonia. The southwestern route of neolithisation seems
es from the south are distinctive, but during the process more adequate as there is chronological closeness with
of communication or occupation of new areas, such as the sites in Pelagonia,28 but still the pottery in this region
Pelagonia and Lake Ohrid, the farming communities es- lacks many distinctive painted patterns known from the
tablished a new identity, which was partially manifested settlements of Nea Nikomedeia and Giannitsa.
onto pottery design and other elements of material cul-
27 Karamitrou-Mentessidi et al. 2013.
26 Naumov 2010. 28 Naumov, in press.
179
Naumov
180
Among wetlands and lakes: the network of Neolithic communities
Fig. 5: Map of the Balkans showing the region of Pelagonia and two probable directions of its neolithisation.
181
Naumov
Fig. 6: Late Neolithic ceramic sherds from the tell sites of Trn (15: Fig. 7: Late Neolithic ceramic sherds from Ustie na Drim (15:
Simoska / Sanev 1977, T. III) and Senokos (610: Temelkoski/ Benac 1979, T. LXXI) and Ohridati (Kuzman 2013, T. III) in
Mitkoski 2006, T. II, V) in Pelagonia: (1) height 6 cm; (2) width Lake Ohrid basin: (1) height 8 cm; (2) height 7 cm; (3) height 10
8 cm; (3) height 10 cm; (4) width 11 cm; (5) width 17 cm; (6) cm; (4) height 12 cm; (5) width 13 cm; (6) height 6 cm; (7) height 5
width 7 cm; (7) width 7 cm; (8) width 13 cm; (9) width 12 cm; cm; (8) width 7 cm; (9) height 9 cm; (10) height 13 cm.
(10) width 10 cm.
regions, and it is therefore hard to elaborate whether there fishing. These sites have been reconsidered on the basis
was a gradual or rapid turn from one phase to anoth- of latest research and new insights have been offered into
er. Nevertheless, the Late Neolithic in the area is fully their economy and networks40.
developed and apparently different from earlier periods. Bone harpoons, spears, and fishhooks make up the
There are only two sites excavated which reveal the life majority of the small finds recovered from Ustie na Drim
and material culture. Both of them are within the modern and Ohridati, which has never happened at other Neolithic
cities of Struga (referred to as Ustie na Drim) and Ohrid sites in Macedonia. Occupation of lakeshores reasonably
(popularized as Penelopa or Ohridati), but the modest suggests practicing fishing economy, but the quantity and
excavations provided evidence on settlement life that was variety of such tools is remarkable. The same is valid for the
then unknown in Macedonian archaeology39. They are both pottery production as many new shape types and significant
pile dwellings situated on the lakeshore and were occupied innovations in fabric and decoration appeared. Encrusted
by communities mainly focused for obvious reasons on incisions with netted triangles and dotted stripes are espe-
182
Among wetlands and lakes: the network of Neolithic communities
41 Naumov 2009b.
42 Naumov 2016. 44 Fidanoski 2009; Naumov 2009b.
43 Fouache et al. 2010; Facorellis et al. 2014; Chrysostomou et al. 45 Benac 1979; 1989.
2015. 46 Garaanin 1989.
183
Naumov
184
Among wetlands and lakes: the network of Neolithic communities
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