Ews-Itws Lab Manual
Ews-Itws Lab Manual
Ews-Itws Lab Manual
ENGINEERING WORKSHOP
LABORATORY MANUAL
Student Na e:
RollNo :
Bra ch:..Sectio
Year Semester..
FACULTY INCHARGE
SAFETY RULES & UNSAFE PRACTICES
Remember that accidents do not occur, they are caused. With this in mind, strictly follow the
general safety rules given below and safe practices indicated in brief under each section.
1. FITTING 04 - 16
2. CARPENTRY 17 - 27
4. HOUSE WIRING 38 - 47
5. BLACK SMITHY 48 - 51
6. FOUNDRY 52 - 59
MRCET ENGINEERING WORKSHOP MANUAL B.TECH 1ST YEAR
1. FITTING
Introduction
Machine tools are capable of producing work at a faster rate, but, there are occasions when
components are processed at the bench. Sometimes, it becomes necessary to replace or repair
component which must be fit accurately with another component on reassembly. This involves a
certain amount of hand fitting. The assembly of machine tools, jigs, gauges, etc, involves certain
amount of bench work. The accuracy of work done depends upon the experience and skill of the
fitter.
The term bench work refers to the production of components by hand on the bench, where as
fitting deals which the assembly of mating parts, through removal of metal, to obtain the required
fit.
Both the bench work and fitting requires the use of number of simple hand tools and
considerable manual efforts. The operations in the above works consist of filing, chipping,
scraping, sawing drilling, and tapping.
Holding Tools:
Bench Vice
The bench vice is a work holding device. It is the most commonly used vice in a fitting shop.
The bench vice is shown in figure below.
It is fixed to the bench with bolts and nuts. The vice body consists of two main parts, fixed jaw
and movable jaw. When the vice handle is turned in a clockwise direction, the sliding jaw forces
the work against the fixed jaw. Jaw plates are made of hardened steel. Serrations on the jaws
ensure a good grip. Jaw caps made of soft material are used to protect finished surfaces, gripped
in the vice. The size of the vice is specified by the length of the jaws.
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Vblock is rectangular or square block with a Vgroove on one or both sides opposite to each
other. The angle of the V is usually 900. Vblock with a clamp is used to hold cylindrical work
securely, during layout of measurement, for measuring operations or for drilling for this the bar
is faced longitudinally in the VGroove and the screw of Vclamp is tightened. This grip the rod
is firm with its axis parallel to the axis of the vgroove.
C Clamp
This is used to hold work against an angle plate or vblock or any other surface, when gripping is
require Its fixed jaw is shaped like English alphabet C and the movable jaw is round in shape
and directly fitted to the threaded screw at the end .The working principle of this clamp is the
same as that of the bench vice.
Surface Plate
The surface plate is machined to fine limits and is used for testing the flatness of the work piece.
It is also used for marking out small box and is more precious than the marking table. The degree
of the finished depends upon whether it is designed for bench work in a fitting shop or for using
in an inspection room; the surface plate is made of Cast Iron, hardened Steel or Granite stone. It
is specified by length, width, height and grade. Handles are provided on two opposite sides, to
carry it while shifting from one place to another (refer figure in next page).
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It is measuring and marking tool for 900 angle .In practice, it is used for checking the squareness
of many types of small works when extreme accuracy is not required .The blade of the Try
square is made of hardened steel and the stock of cast Iron or steel. The size of the Try square is
specified by the length of the blade.
Scriber
A Scriber is a slender steel tool, used to scribe or mark lines on metal work pieces. It is made of
hardened and tempered High Carbon Steel. The Tip of the scriber is generally ground at 12oto
15o.
It is generally available in lengths, ranging from 125mm to 250mm .It has two pointed ends the
bent end is used for marking lines where the straight end cannot real.
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Dot Punch is used to lightly indent along the layout lines, to locate center of holes and to
provide a small center mark for divider point, etc. for this purpose, the punch is ground to a
conical point having 60 included angle.
Center Punch is similar to the dot punch, except that it is ground to a conical point having 90
included angle. It is used to mark the location of the holes to be drilled.
Fig: Punches
Calipers:
They are indirect measuring tools used to measure or transfer linear dimensions. These are used
with the help of a steel Rule to check inside and outside measurements. These are made of Case
hardened mild steel or hardened and tempered low carbon steel. While using, but the legs of the
caliper are set against the surface of the work, whether inside or outside and the distance between
the legs is measured with the help of a scale and the same can be transferred to another desired
place. These are specified by the length of the leg. In the case of outside caliper, the legs are bent
inwards and in the case of inside caliper, the legs bent outward.
Fig: Calipers
Cutting Tools:
Hack Saw
The Hack Saw is used for cutting metal by hand. It consists of a frame, which holds a thin blade,
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firmly in position. Hacksaw blade is specified by the number of teeth for centimeter. Hacksaw
blades have a number of teeth ranging from 5 to 15 per centimeter (cm). Blades having lesser
number of teeth per cm are used for cutting soft materials like aluminum, brass and bronze.
Blades having larger number of teeth per centimeter are used for cutting hard materials like steel
and cast Iron.
Hacksaw blades are classified as (i) All hard and (ii) flexible type. The all hard blades are made
of H.S.S, hardened and tempered throughout to retain their cutting edges longer. These are used
to cut hard metals. These blades are hard and brittle and can break easily by twisting and forcing
them into the work while sawing. Flexible blades are made of H.S.S or low alloy steel but only
the teeth are hardened and the rest of the blade is soft and flexible. These are suitable for use by
unskilled or semiskilled persons.
The teeth of the hacksaw blade are staggered, as shown in figure and known as a set of teeth.
These make slots wider than the blade thickness, preventing the blade from jamming.
Chisels
Chisels are used for removing surplus metal or for cutting thin sheets. These tools are made from
0.9% to 1.0% carbon steel of octagonal or hexagonal section. Chisels are annealed, hardened and
tempered to produce a tough shank and hard cutting edge. Annealing relieves the internal
stresses in a metal. The cutting angle of the chisel for general purpose is about 60.
Twist Drill
Twist drills are used for making holes. These are made of High speed steel. Both straight and
taper shank twist drills are used. The parallel shank twist drill can be held in an ordinary self
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centering drill check. The tapper shank twist drill fits into a corresponding tapered bore provided
in the drilling machine spindle (see figure in next page).
A tap is a hardened and steel tool, used for cutting internal thread in a drill hole. Hand Taps are
usually supplied in sets of three in each diameter and thread size. Each set consists of a tapper
tap, intermediate tap and plug or bottoming tap. Taps are made of high carbon steel or high speed
steel (see figure in next page).
Bench Drilling Machine
Holes are drilled for fastening parts with rivets, bolts or for producing internal thread. Bench
drilling machine is the most versatile machine used in a fitting shop for the purpose. Twist drills,
made of tool steel or high speed steel are used with the drilling machine for drilling holes.
1. Select the correct size drills, put it into the check and lock it firmly
2. Adjust the speed of the machine to suit the work by changing the belt on the pulleys. Use
high speed for small drills and soft materials and low speed for large diameter drills and hard
materials.
3. Layout of the location of the pole and mark it with a center punch.
4. Hold the work firmly in the vice on the machine table and clamp it directly on to the machine
table.
5. Put on the power, locate the punch mark and apply slight pressure with the Feed Handle.
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Finishing Tools:
Reamers
Reaming is an operation of sizing and finishing a drilled hole, with the help of a cutting tool
called reamer having a number of cutting edges. For this, a hole is first drilled, the size of which
is slightly smaller than the finished size and then a hand reamer or machine reamer is used for
finishing the hole to the correct size.
Hand Reamer is made of High Carbon Steel and has lefthand spiral flutes so that, it is prevented
from screwing into the whole during operation. The Shank end of the reamer is made straight so
that it can be held in a tap wrench. It is operated by hand, with a tap wrench fitted on the square
end of the reamer and with the work piece held in the vice. The body of the reamer is given a
slight tapper at its working end, for its easy entry into the whole during operation, it is rotated
only in clock wise direction and also while removing it from the whole.
Fig: Reamers
Files
Filing is one of the methods of removing small amounts of material from the surface of a metal
part. A file is hardened steel too, having small parallel rows of cutting edges or teeth on its
surfaces.
On the faces, the teeth are usually diagonal to the edge. One end of the file is shaped to fit into a
wooden handle. The figure shows various parts of a hand file. The hand file is parallel in width
and tapering slightly in thickness, towards the tip. It is provided with double cut teeth. On the
faces, single cut on one edge and no teeth on the other edge, which is known as a safe edge.
Files are classified according to their shape, cutting teeth and pitch or grade of the teeth. The
figure shows the various types of files based on their shape.
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Miscellaneous Tools:
CrossPeen Hammer
It is similar to ball peen hammer, except the shape of the peen. This is used for chipping,
riveting, bending and stretching metals and hammering inside the curves and shoulders.
StraightPeen Hammer
This is similar to cross peen hammer, but its peen is inline with the hammer handle. It is used
for swaging, riveting in restricted places and stretching metals.
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Viva Questions
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2.CARPENTRY
Introduction
Carpentry may be defined as the process of making wooden components. It starts from a
marketable form of wood and ends with finished products. It deals with the building work,
furniture, cabinet making. Etc. joinery, i.e., preparation of joints is one of the important
operations in all woodworks. It deals with the specific work of carpenter like making different
types of joints to form a finished product.
Timber:
Timber is the name given to the wood obtained from well grown trees. The trees are cut, sawn
into various sizes to suit building purposes.
The word, grain, as applied to wood, refers to the appearance or pattern of the wood on the cut
surfaces. The grain of the wood is a fibrous structure and to make it strong, the timber must be so
cut, that the grains run parallel to the length.
Timber Sizes
Timber sold in the market is in various sizes and shapes. The following are the common shapes
and sizes.
a. Log The trunk of the tree which is free from branches.
b. Balk The log, sawn to have roughly square cross section.
c. Post A timber piece, round or square in cross section, having its diameter or side from
175 to 300mm.
d. Plank A sawn timber piece, with more than 275 mm in width, 50 to 150 mm in
thickness and 2.5 to 6.5 meters in length.
e. Board A sawn timber piece, below 175 mm in width and 30 to 50 mm in thickness.
f. Reapers Sawn timber pieces of assorted and nonstandard sizes, which do not confirm to the
above shapes and sizes.
Classification of Timber
Wood suitable for construction and other engineering purposes is called timber. Woods in
general are divided into two broad categories: Soft woods and Hard woods.
Soft woods are obtained from conifers, kair, deodar, chir, walnut and seemal. Woods obtained
from teak, sal, oak, shisham, beach, ash mango, neem and babul are known as hard wood, but it
is highly durable.
Another classification of woods is based on the name of the trees like teak, babul, shisham,
neem, kair, chir, etc.
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Seasoning of Wood
A newly felled tree contains considerable moisture content. If this is not removed, the timber is
likely to wrap, shrink, crack or decay. Seasoning is the art of extracting the moisture content
under controlled conditions, at a uniform rate, from all the parts of the timber. Only seasoned
wood should be used for all carpentry works. Seasoning makes the wood resilient and lighter.
Further, it ensures that the wood will not distort after it is made into an object.
a. It should have minimum moisture content, i.e., the timber should be well seasoned.
b. The grains of wood should be straight and long.
c. It must retain its straightness after seasoning.
d. It should produce near metallic sound on hammering.
e. It should be free from knots or cracks.
f. It should be of uniform color, throughout the part of the wood.
g. It should respond well to the finishing and polishing operations.
h. During driving the nails and screw, it should not split easily.
Marking and Measuring Tools:
Accurate marking and measurement is very essential in carpentry work, to produce parts to exact
size. To transfer dimensions onto the work; the following are the marking and measuring tools
that are required in a carpentry shop.
Steel rule is a simple measuring instrument consisting of a long, thin metal strip with a marked
scale of unit divisions. It is an important tool for linear measurement. Steel tape is used for large
measurements, such as marking on boards and checking the overall dimensions of the work.
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Marking Gauge
It is a tool used to mark lines parallel to the edge of a wooden piece. It consists of a square
wooden stem with a sliding wooden stock (head) on it. On the stem is fitted a marking pin, made
of steel. The stock is set at any desired distance from the marking point and fixed in position by a
screw. It must be ensured that the marking pin projects through the stem, about 3 mm and the
end are sharp enough to make a very fine line. A mortise gauge consists of two pins. In this, it is
possible to adjust the distance between the pins, to draw two parallel lines on the stock.
Try Square
It is used for marking and testing the squareness and straightness of planed surfaces. It consists
of a steel blade, fitted in a cast iron stock. It is also used for checking the planed surfaces for
flatness. Its size varies from 150 to 300 mm, according to the length of the blade. It is less
accurate when compared to the trysquare used in the fitting shop.
It is used for marking on timber. It is made of steel having one end pointed and the other end
formed into a sharp cutting edge (refer Fig. in next page).
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Bevel Square
It is used for layingout and checking angles. The blade of the bevel is adjustable and may be
held in place by a thumb screw. After it is set to the desired angle, it can be used in much the
same way as a trysquare. A good way to set it to the required angle is to mark the angle on a
surface and then adjust the blade to fit the angle
Holding Tools:
Carpenter's Vice
It is used as a work holding device in a carpenter shop. Its one jaw is fixed to the side of the table
while the other is movable by means of a screw and a handle. The Carpenter's vice jaws are lined
with hard wooden' faces
Planing is the operation used to produce flat surfaces on wood. A plane is a hand tool used for
this purpose. The cutting blade used in a plane is very similar to a chisel. The blade of a plane is
fitted in a wooden or metallic block, at an angle.
Types of Planes:
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Jack Plane
It is the most commonly used general purpose plane. It is about 35 cm long. The cutting iron
(blade) should have a cutting edge of slight curvature. It is used for quick removal of material on
rough work and is also used in oblique planning.
Smoothing Plane
It is used for finishing work and hence, the blade should have a straight cutting edge. It is about
20 to 25 cm long. Being short, it can follow even the slight depressions in the stock, better than
the jack plane. It is used after using the jack plane.
Rebate Plane
It is used for making a rebate. A rebate is a recess along the edge of a piece of wood, which is
generally used for positioning glass in frames and doors.
Plough Plane
It is used to cut grooves, which are used to fix panels in a door. The following figure shows the
various types of planes mentioned above.
Cutting Tools:
Saws
A saw is used to cut wood into pieces. There are different types of saws, designed to suit
different purposes. A saw is specified by the length of its toothed edge.
Types of Saws:
CrossCut Saw or Hand Saw
It is used to cut across the grains of the stock. The teeth are so set that the saw kerf will be wider
than the blade thickness. This allows the blade to move freely in the cut, without sticking
Rip Saw
It is used for cutting the stock along the grains. The cutting edge of this saw makes a steeper
angle, i.e., about 60 whereas that of crosscut saw makes an angle of 45 with the surface of the
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stock.
Tenon Saw
It is used for cutting the stock either along or across the grains. It is used for cutting tenons and
in fine cabinet work. However, it is used for small and thin cuts. The blade of this saw is very
thin and so it is stiffened with a thick back steel strip. Hence, this is sometimes called as
backsaw. In this, the teeth are shaped like those of crosscut saw.
Compass Saw
It has a narrow, longer and stronger tapering blade, which is used for heavy works . It is mostly
used in radius cutting. The blade of this saw is fitted with an open type wooden handle.
Chisels are used for cutting and shaping wood accurately. Wood chisels are made in various
blade widths, ranging from 3 to 50 mm. They are also made in different blade lengths. Most of
the wood chisels are made into tang type, having a steel shank which fits inside the handle.
These are made of forged steel or tool steel blades.
Firmer Chisel
The word 'firmer' means 'stronger' and hence firmer chisel is stronger than other chisels.
It is a general purpose chisel and is used either by hand pressure or by a mallet. The blade of a
firmer chisel is flat, as shown in figure.
Dovetail Chisel
It has a blade with a beveled back, as shown in Figure, due to which it can enter sharp comers
for finishing, as in dovetail joints.
Mortise Chisel
It is used for cutting mortises and chipping inside holes, etc. The crosssection of the
mortise chisel is proportioned to withstand heavy blows during mortising. Further, the
crosssection is made stronger near the shank..
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Viva Questions
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INTRODUCTION
3.TIN SMITHY:
Tin smithy deals with the production of components in a wide variety of shapes and sizes
from a sheet of metal with the aid hand or machines. For example many Engineering and house
hold articles such as hoppers, guards covers, boxes and cans, funnels and ducts etc. are made
from a flat sheet of metal.
A wide variety of metals, in the form of sheet are used in sheet metal workshop. The most
commonly used are explained below.
It is a sheet of soft steel coated with zinc. I sheet is one of the least expensive metals used in
sheet metal shop. It is used for making pans, buckets, gutters, tanks, boxes etc. Generally GI
products are very suitable for corrosive environment because zinc coating protects the iron form
corrosion.
Copper
It has reddish color and is used for water pipes, roofing, gutters and other parts of the building.
Copper products are used where thermal resistance is the criterion along with corrosion
resistance. But copper is somewhat expensive.
Tin Plate
Tin plate is the iron or steel coated with pure tin. It has bright silvery appearance and is used for
containers, dairy equipments, furnace fittings, cans, trays and pans.
Stainless Steel
The 18-8 type steel is used in sheet metal work from the available different type of stainless
steel. The products like food containers, dairy equipments and kitchen wares are prepare from
18-8 steel.
Black Iron
It is an uncoated sheet of metal with bluish appearance. The black iron sheet is used for the
products, which are having no restrictions on painting after its preparation.
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Aluminium
It is an uncoated sheet of metal with bluish appearance. The black iron sheet is used for the
products, which are having no restrictions on painting after its preparation.
Most of the tools that are used in fitting are also used in sheet metal work. The additional tools
specially used in sheet metal work are described below.
Steel Rule
Steel rule is a simple measuring instrument consisting of a long, thin metal strip with a marked
scale of unit divisions. It is an important tool for linear measurement.
Try Square
It is measuring and marking tool for 900 angle .In practice, it is used for checking the squareness
of many types of small works when extreme accuracy is not required .The blade of the Try
square is made of hardened steel and the stock of cast Iron or steel. The size of the Try square is
specified by the length of the blade.
Compass and divider, are used for marking arcs and circles on the planed surfaces of the GI
sheet.
Snips:
Snips are hand shears varying in length from 200mm to 600mm. The 250 mm length is
the commonly used one.
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Types of Snips:
Straight snip
It has a straight blade and is used for cutting along straight lines and for trimming the edges. The
straight snip and its usage is shown in figure below:
It is having curved blade and is used for cutting circles and irregular shapes. It is also used for
trimming the cylindrical edges. The curved snip and its usage is shown in figure below:
Double Snip
Double shears are used for cutting thin cylinders, stove pipes and for cutting holes and light
gauge metals. The double cut snip is shown in figure below:
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Bench Shear
In this type of hand cutting machine, the sheet is cut by shearing action. The force is applied
through compound lever. The machine is able to cut the sheet metal upto 2 mm thick.
The bench shear also consists of chopping hole in the chopping blade which can shear a mild
steel rod upto 10 mm diameter. The below figure represents the schematic diagram of bench
shear.
Funnel Stake
It is used for forming conical shapes and for making wire rings. The below figure shows the line
diagram of funnel stake:
Half Moon Stake
It is used for folding edges of cylindrical shaped articles. The half moon stake is shown in figure
below:
It is used for shaping round, square surfaces, bending edges, and making corners. The beak horn
stake is shown in figure below:
It is used for forming or seaming funnels. The below figure represents the blow horn stake:
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Conductor Stake
It is used for forming pipes and cylindrical pieces. The conductor stake is shown in figure below:
Hatchet Stake
It has a horizontal sharp straight edge and is used for making straight, sharp bends and folding
edges. The schematic representation of hatchet stake is shown in figure below:
Hammers and mallets are used to apply moderate forces gently in the processes accompanied in
tinsmithy such as forming and bending.
Types of Hammers and Mallets:
Setting Hammer
It has a square, flat face and its peen is tapered on one side. It is used for setting down the edges
for making a double seam. The below figure represents the setting hammer:
Riveting Hammer
It has a square slightly curved face and its peen is tapered. It is used for riveting. The riveting
hammer is represented in figure below:
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Raising Hammer
It is used for making depressions on a flat sheet, and it is particularly adapted for making trays,
bowls, and similar objects. The sketch of raising hammer is shown in figure below:
Mallet:
It is generally made of wood or plastic. It is used whenever slight blows are required. Wooden
hammer (mallet) is most commonly used because it does not damage the work surface. The
simple mallet used in tinsmithy is shown in figure below:
Fig: Mallet
Miscellaneous Tools:
Hand Groover
It is used for grooving a seam by a hand. It has a recessed end to fit over the block of seam. The
shape of hand groover and usage is shown in figure below.
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INTRODUCTION
4.HOUSE WIRING
Power is supplied to domestic installations through a phase and a neutral, forming a
single phase A.C.230V, two-wire system. For industrial establishments, power is supplied
through three-phase four wire system, to give 440 V. Figure 3.1 shows the power tapping for
domestic and industrial purposes. The neutral is earthed at the distribution sub-station of the
supply.
When supplied to domestic utilities, power is fed to a kilowatt meter and then to a distribution
panel. The panel distributes power along several circuits. It also protects these circuits from
overload by safety devices like fuses or circuit breakers. The panel also serves as a main switch.
As a safety practice, all single-phase devices such as switches, fuses, etc., are connected to the
live conductor. All electrical conductors and cables are color coded and must be correctly
connected-up. Electrical wiring is defined as a system of electric conductors, components and
apparatus for conveying electric power from the source to the point of use. The wiring system
must be designed to provide a constant voltage to the load.
These are the devices designed to provide protection to a circuit against excess current. In old
type of distribution panels, open link fuses, plug or cartridge fuses were used. In newer panels,
circuit breakers are used. If something goes wrong with an appliance or supply, the
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line becomes over loaded or short-circuited. Then, either the fuse blows-out or circuit breaker
trips open, isolating that circuit or appliance. In such cases, the appliance must be checked for
defects or it must be ensured that there are not too many appliances in that particular circuit.
Figure below shows several forms of fuses that are in use. Open link fuses are not safe in
operation, even though they are cheaper and reliable. It consists of a thin strip of metal or wire.
Here, when the fuse blows-off due to heavy current in the circuit, the metal is spilled around. A
modified version of it consists of a porcelain fuse link, backing the wire safely.
Through the plug fuse confines the molten metal thrown out while blowing, it is not very
accurate in operation. The length of the element also is very short. The cartridge fuse of non-
renewable type, enclose the fuse element in a fiber tube with a non-inflammable material. During
the blowing-off, the arc produced is chilled by the non-inflammable material. In case of a
renewable type, a cheap renewable fuse material is used in the cartridge.
The trouble with fuses is that they must be replaced once they burn away, whereas the circuit
breaker can be reset after the original condition is established. An electromagnetic circuit breaker
is shown in below figure. A set of switch contacts inside the circuit breaker is normally kept
closed by an armature. When too much current flows through the coil, the armature is attracted,
breaking the circuit. The circuit breaker may be reset by a toggle lever.
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Figure (a) below shows the wiring diagram for a lamp controlled by a one way switch. This is
the normal connection one comes across in house wiring. However, more than one lamp may be
connected either in series or parallel and controlled by a one way switch as shown in figures b &
c respectively.
It is sometimes desirable to control from two different places .one may come across this situation
with stair case, bed room, long corridors or hall containing two entrances, etc.this is achieved by
two way switches as shown in fig.d.
Two lamps may be connected by a one way switch in parallel for bright glow or in series for dull
glow .this is recommended when the intensity in the room as to be controlled (fig.e).
Figure (f) shows a typical tube light connection. Tube lights are the commonly used light
sources for illumination in the houses, industries, commercial organizations, etc. A tube light is
a low power mercury discharge lamp with internal surface coated with suitable fluorescent
material. This lamp consist of a glass tube, provided at both ends with caps having two pins
and oxide coated tungsten filament. The tube contains argon or krypton gas to facilitate
starting with small quantity of mercury at low pressure.
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When switch s1 is closed, full supply voltage induces across the starter electrodes P and Q which
are enclosed in a glass bulb, filled with organ gas. This voltage causes discharge in the organ gas,
resulting in the heating of the electrodes. Due to this heating, the electrode P which is made of
bimetallic strip, bends closes the contact of the starter. At this stage the choke, the filaments M1
and M2 of the tube T and the starter become connected in series across the supply; causing
current flow through the filaments M1 and M2 and heating them. Mean while, the argon gas
discharge in the starter tube disappears causing sudden break between electrodes P and Q. This
causes a high value of induced e.m.f in the choke. The induced e.m.f in the choke is applied
across the tube light electrodes M1 and M2 and is responsible for initiating a gaseous discharge.
Thus, the tube light starts giving light output. Once the discharge through the tube is established,
a much lower voltage than the supply voltage is required to maintain it. A reduction in voltage
available at the tube during running condition is achieved by having a voltage drop across the
choke.
Thecapacitor connected across the starter terminals P and Q is used to suppress the
electromagnetic waves generated at the gap due to sparking.
Note: the wattage of the tube, choke and starter should be the same.
Earthing
The definition of the term, earthing or grounding as it is otherwise called, refers to the
connection of the electrically equipment to the mass of the earth by a wire of negligible
resistance for the safety of the human body from shocks. The metallic covers of the machines,
the frames of the machines, sheathing of wiring, etc. are generally dead. Failure of insulation or
workmanship may make these alive. When this happens, a person touching the parts receives an
electric shock. To avoid this, the relevant parts are earthed. A good earthing system should have
a very low resistance and should be in a position to allow the leakage current through it. The
following are the methods of earthing:
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The following are the some of the items that need earthing: Metallic coverings containing
electric supply wire, switches, distribution fuse boards, ceiling fans, generator frames, stationary
and portable motors, metallic parts of transformer, refrigerators, energy meters, cooking oven,
electric heaters, etc.
Safe Practices
1. When closing the electric switch, always grasp the switch by the insulated handle
3. Use fuses in the circuit breakers of proper capacity, so as to interrupt the current before it
becomes dangerous
4. Disconnect the units to be repaired, free from power supply and make sure that they might not
be energized while the repair work continues
5. Do not pour water to put off fires in electric wires and electric equipment. You will be
subjected to electric shock or you will be electrocuted use sand to put off fires in electric items.
6. Whenever there is power failure put-off the power supply to all equipments in order to prevent
spontaneous recovery
7. Never remove a plug from an outlet by pulling the cord. Always pull by the plug.
10. While testing, always keep one hand in your pocket. If the hands are in contact with a circuit,
a current will flow across your body and is more dangerous.
11. Electricity has no respect for ignorance. Do not apply voltage or turn-on any device until it
has been properly checked.
13. Before replacing the blown fuse, always switch-off the main switch
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Viva Questions
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7.FOUNDARY
Introduction
Foundry practice deals with the process of making castings in molds, formed in either sand or
some other material. The process involves the operations of pattern making, sand preparation,
molding, melting of metals, pouring in molds, cooling, shake-out, heat treatment, finishing, and
inspection.
Pattern
Pattern is the principal tool during the casting process. It may be defined as a model of anything,
so constructed that it may be used for forming an impression called would in damp sand or other
suitable material.
When this mold is filled with molten metal and the metal is allowed to solidify it forms a
reproduction of the pattern and is known as casting. The process of making pattern is known as
pattern making.
Mold
Mold is cavity formed by the pattern. It is similar in shape and size to that of the actual casting
plus some allowances for shrinkage, machining etc. Molds are classified as temporary and
permanent. Temporary molds are made of refractory sand and other binding materials and may
be produced either through hand molding or machine molding.
Molding Sand
Sand is the principal material used in foundry. The principal ingredients of molding sands are:
Silica sand, clay, moisture, and miscellaneous materials. Silica sand withstands very high
temperatures and doesnt react with the molten metal.
Miscellaneous materials that are formed in addition to silica and clay penetrates the mixture and
forms a microfilm which coats the surface flake shaped clay particles.
Natural molding sand is available in river beds or dug from pits. They possess an appreciable
amount of clay and are used as received with addition of water.
Synthetic sands are prepared by adding clay, water and other materials to silica sand so that
desired strength and bonding properties are achieved which are not possessed by natural sands.
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The essential requirement of good molding sand is that it should produce sound castings which
are free from defects. For producing sound castings, molding sand or mold should possess the
following properties; to quote a few:
Porosity or Permeability
When molten metal is poured into a mold, gases and steam are passed through it. If they are not
removed, casting defects such as blow holes will be formed.
Flowability
Flowability of molding sand refers to its ability to its ability, under externally applied forces
(ramming), into deeper sections of the pattern and uniformly fill the flask. Flowability increases
as clay and water content increase.
Collapsibility
Collapsibility is the property of sand that permits it to collapse (break) easily during its knockout
from the castings. This property is particularly important for cores. This property depends on
amount of the sand, clay and type of binder used.
Adhesiveness
Adhesiveness is the ability of a molding sand to stick on the surface of molding boxes. It is due
to this property that the sand mass can be successfully held in a molding box and it does not fall
out of the box when it is removed.
Cohesiveness or Strength
This is the ability of sand particles to stick together. Insufficient strength may lead to a collapse
in the mold or its partial destruction during conveying, turning over or closing.
Refractoriness
The sand must be capable of withstanding the high temperature of the molten metal without
fusing.
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Molding sands are classified according to their use into a number of varieties. These are
described as follows:
Green Sand
Dry Sand
Green sand that has been dried or baked after the mold is made is called dry sand.
Loam Sand
Facing Sand
Facing sand forms the face of the mold. It is used directly next to the surface of the pattern and it
comes into contact with the molten metal when the mold is poured. It is made of silica sand and
clay, without the addition of used sand.
Baking Sand
Baking sand or floor sand is used to backup the facing sand and fill the whole volume of the
flask. Old repeatedly used molding sand is mainly employed for this purpose. The baking sand is
sometimes called black sand because of the fact that old, repeatedly used molding sand is black
in color due to the addition of coal dust and burning on coming in contact with molten metal.
Parting Sand
Parting sand is used to keep the green sand from sticking to the pattern and also to allow the sand
on the parting surface of the cope and drag to separate without clinging. This is clean clay free
silica sand which serves the same purpose as parting dust.
Core Sand
The sand used for making cores is called as core sand and sometimes it is called as oil sand. This
is silica sand mixed with core oil which is composed of linseed oil. Resin light mineral oil and
other binding materials.
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Pattern Materials:
1. Service requirement, e.g. quantity, quality, and intricacy of casting i.e. minimum
thickness, desired degree of accuracy, and finish required
2. Type of production of castings and the type of molding process
3. Possibility of design changes
4. Number of castings to be produced, i.e. possibility of repeat orders
The wide variety of pattern materials which meet these characteristics are wood and wood
products; metal and alloys; plasters; plastics and rubber; and waxes.
Types of Patterns:
In a simple solid pattern, one side is made flat which serves as a parting surface. In this case, the
mold cavity will be entirely in the drag, and requires the more number of manual operations such
as cutting the gating system and repairing of the mold. The shape of the single piece pattern is
exactly same as that of casting. Single piece patterns are inexpensive and best suited for limited
production.
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Split Pattern
Split pattern is made in two parts. One part producing the mold in drag and the other in cope.
They are kept in position by dowel pins, and the split is usually arranged along the parting line to
draw the pattern easily out of the mold before pouring of molten metal. Split piece patterns are
used for intricate castings or castings of unusual shapes.
Pattern with three or more parts is used for more complex castings. This type of pattern is known
as multi piece pattern. It requires molding box with three parts. The middle one is called cheek.
Loose piece pattern is used to produce the castings having projections in the sides. Such design
makes impossible to draw the pattern from the mold. It is therefore necessary to make such
projection in loose piece and fastened to main pattern by means of anchor pin.
In this case, pattern in two halves is attached on opposite side of wooden or metal plate (match
plate). Production efficiency and dimensional accuracy of castings can be generally improved by
the use of these patterns. Several patterns for small castings (need not be same) can be mounted
on one match plate. These are mostly used in machine molding as well as for producing large
number of small castings by hand molding.
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Sweep Pattern
It is not a true pattern, but a template made of wood or metal revolving around a fixed axis in the
mold shapes the sand to the desired contour. This eliminates the need for a large three
dimensional pattern. It is suitable for producing simple symmetrical castings such as wheels,
rims, and bell shapes.
Runner:
Runner is a horizontal channel that receives molten metal from the sprue base, and distributes to
the ingates which carries metal to the mold. Runners are usually made trapezoidal in cross-
section. They are generally located in cope and ingates in the drag. This ensures that the slag and
dross are trapped in the upper portion of runner and only molten metal enters into the mold.
Runner Extension:
The runner is often extended beyond the last ingate to retain inclusions and various refractory
materials that may have been washed along the stream of molten metal. Also, it absorbs kinetic
energy causing a smooth flow of metal into the mold cavity.
Gates or Ingates:
Gates or ingates are openings through which molten metal directly enters into the mold cavity.
The gates should be designed such that the molten metal can flow steadily and quietly into the
mold cavity. They should be easily removed from the casting after solidification.
Molding Board
A molding board is a smooth wooden board on which the flask and pattern are placed when the
mould is being made. The figure is shown below:
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Molding Boxes
Sand moulds are prepared in specially constructed boxes called flasks. The purpose of flask is to
impart the necessary rigidity and strength to the sand in molding. They are usually made in two
parts, held in alignment by dowel pins. The top part is called the cope and the lower part the
drag. These flasks can be made by wood or metal depending upon the size required and the
purpose the flask must serve.
Shovel
A shovel is used for mixing and tempering molding sand and for moving the sand from the pile
to the flask as shown in figure below:
Riddle
A riddle sometimes called a screen consists of a circular or square wooden frame fitted with a
standard wire mesh at the bottom as shown in figure below. It is used to remove coarse sand
particles and other foreign material from the foundry sand.
A hand rammer is used for packaging or ramming the sand into the mould. One of its ends,
called the peen end, is wedge shaped and is used for packing sand in spaces, pockets and corners,
in the early stages of ramming. The other end called the butt end, has a flat surface and is used
for compacting the sand towards the end of molding as shown in below figure.
Strike Edge or Strike-Off Bar
It is a piece of metal or wood with straight edge as shown in below figure. It is used to remove
excess sand from the mould after ramming, to provide a level surface
Riser Pin
It is a straight wooden pin used to make a hole in the cope over the mold cavity for the molten
metal to rise-in and feed the casting to compensate the shrinkage that may take place during
solidification.
Sprue Pin
It is a tapered wooden pin, as shown in below figure. It is used to make a hole in the cope
through which the molten metal is poured into the mould.
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Fig: Lifters
Slick
It is a small double ended tool having a flat on one end and a spoon on the other end as shown in
below figure. Slicks are used for repairing and finishing small surfaces of the mould.
Lifter
Lifters are made of thin sections of steel of various widths and lengths with one end bent at right
angles as shown in below figure. They are used to clean and finish the bottom and sides of deep,
narrow openings in moulds.
Gate Cutter
It is a small piece of tin plate shape as shown in below figure. This serves as a tool for cutting
gates and runners in the mould.
The draw spike is appointed steel rod, with a loop at one end. It is used to rap a draw patterns
from the sand. Below figure shows two kinds of draw spikes. The draw spike is threaded on the
end to engage metal patterns.
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IT WORKSHOP
LAB MANUAL
( B.Tech I YEAR)
INDEX
8. Networking 57-58
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COURSE OBJECTIVE
Objective:
The IT Workshop for engineers is a training lab course spread over 60 hours.
The modules include training on PC Hardware, Internet & World Wide Web and
Productivity tools including Word, Excel, Power Point and Publisher.
Internet & World Wide Web module introduces the different ways of hooking the PC
on to the internet from home and workplace and effectively usage of the internet.
Usage of web browsers, email, newsgroups and discussion forums would be
covered. In addition, awareness of cyber hygiene, i.e., protecting the personal
computer from getting infected with the viruses, worms and other cyber attacks would
be introduced.
Productivity tools module would enable the students in crafting professional word
documents, excel spread sheets, power point presentations and personal web sites
using the Microsoft suite of office tools and LaTeX.
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WEEK1:
Generations of Computers :
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very
expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a
lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. The UNIVAC and ENIAC
computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.
Computer Types
Many types of computers exist that differ widely in Size, Cost, Computational Power
and intended Use
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A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve highly
complicated problems quickly and accurately.
InputUnit:
Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve any problem.
Therefore we need to input the data and instructions into the computers. The input
unit consists of one or more input devices. Keyboard is the one of the most
commonly used input device.
StorageUnit:
The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions that are entered through
the input unit, before they are processed
MemorySize:
All digital computers use the binary system, i.e. 0s and 1s. The size of the
primary storage is specified in KB (Kilobytes) or MB (Megabyte). One KB is equal
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to 1024 bytes and one MB is equal to 1000KB. The size of the primary storage in
a typical PC usually starts at 16MB. PCs having 32 MB, 48MB, 128 MB, 256MB
memory are quite common.
Output Unit:
The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation
to outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the commonly used output
devices..
All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer..
The ALU can perform basic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, etc and does logic operations viz, >, <, =, etc.
Control Unit:
It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit instructs the input unit,
where to store the data after receiving it from the user.
Hardware is the physical appearance of the devices or tools. It is what which we can
touch and feel.
Computer Hardware consists of the Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse and all other
devices connected to the computer either externally or internally.
1. CPU The central processing unit contains the heart of any computer, the
processor. The processor is fitted on to a Mother Board. The Mother Board
contains various components, which support the functioning of a PC.
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3. RAM (Random Access Memory)- For program execution and short term data-
storage, so the computer doesn't have to take the time to access the hard drive to
find something. More RAM can contribute to a faster PC.
1. Storage of the copy of the main software program that controls the general
operation of the computer. This copy is loaded on to the main memory when
the computer is turned on, and it stays there as long as the computer is on.
3. Temporary storage of data that has been input from the key board, until
instructions call for the data to be transferred in to CPU for processing.
2. Data cant be written every time, to write the data we need PROM, EPROM,
OR EEPROM.
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2. RAM has volatile memory. It looses its contents when the power is switched
off.
3. Size of the RAM makes difference in the processing i.e., bigger the size of the
RAM more is the speed of processing.
4.Buses : PCI bus, PCI-E bus, ISA bus (outdated), USB, AGP
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5. Power Supply - a case that holds a transformer, voltage control and fan
6. Storage controllers, of IDE, SCSI or other type, that control hard disk, floppy
disk, CD-ROM and other drives; the controllers sit directly on the motherboard
(on-board) or on expansion cards
7. Video display controller that produces the output for the computer display
8. computer bus controllers (parallel, serial, USB, Fire wire) to connect the
computer to external peripheral devices such as printers or scanners
10. CD - the most common type of removable media, cheap but fragile.
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13. Internal storage - keeps data inside the computer for later use.
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16. Sound card - translates signals from the system board into analog voltage
levels, and has terminals to plug in speakers.
17. Networking - to connect the computer to the Internet and/or other computers
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Mouse
Types of monitors
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Printer
Types of printers
Non impact printers: This type uses other means to create an image for example
in ink jet printers tiny nozzles are used to spray droplets of ink on the page.ex: Ink
jet printer
Laser
Printer
Inkjet printer
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Speakers
LCD Projectors:
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TASK 2:
Safety Precautions:
Insert the preprocessor into the slot provided such that the corner with no pin
coincide with corner without pinhole on motherboard.
Apply the appropriate adhesive on the processor for fixing the processor fan.
Fix the processor fan on the processor and use clips on it to keep it firm.
Insert the RAM card into the slots provided on the motherboard.
Fix the hard disc drive in the space provided in the PC cabinet using screws
provided.
Fix the FDD in the space provided in the PC cabinet using screws provided.
Fix the CD-ROM in the space provided in the PC cabinet using screws
provided.
Connect power supply to the HDD, FDD, CD-ROM drive using the cables
from the SMPS.
1. Check how to open the cabinet and determine where to fix the
components.
3. Ribbon cables.
4. Hard disk.
5. CD-ROM Drive.
6. RAM
7. CPU
9. Mother board.
10. Screws.
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1. Line up the patch on the motherboard ( ps/l, USB, etc ) with the
appropriate holes in the block panel I/O shield of the case.
3. Install them and make the mother board sit on them and fix screws if
required.
1. ACR slot.
2. PCI Slot.
3. AGP Slot.
4. ATX Connectors.
5. CPU Fan.
7. CPU socket.
8. Floppy.
9. System memory.
ATX Connectors:
1. PS, Mouse.
2. Key board.
3. USB.
4. Parallel ( Prints )
5. Serial COM1.
6. Serial COM 2.
7. Joystick.
8. Sound.
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2. Notice that there is a pin missing at one corner, determine the direction to
fit in the processor.
3. You should not force the CPU. When inserting it. All pins should slide
smoothly into the socket.
5. Install the heat sink over it (Different type for each processor). Heat sink /
CPU fan.
a) SD RAM.
b) DDR SD RAM.
c) RD RAM.
3. The mother boards chipset determines which type of RAM may be used.
1. Attach the long end of the cable to the IDEU connector on the
motherboard first.
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2. The red stripe on the IDE cable should be facing the CD Power.
2. RS, RE, RS or RESET: Connect the two pin Reset cable here.
3. PWR, PW, PWSW, PS or power SW: Power switch, the pcs on (switch, the
plug is two pin ).
4. PWLED, PWRLED or Power LED: The light emitting diode on the front panel
of the case illuminates when the computer is switched on. Its a 2-pin cable.
5. HD, HDD, and LED: These two pins connect to the cable for the hard disk
activity LED.
Final Check:-
1. Mother board jumper configurations are the settings for the processor
operator.
3. Are the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in there
sockets?
4. Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?
5. Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?
1. Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.
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Disconnect the NIC and other cards from mother board by removing from
slots and unscrewing from cabinet.
Remove power supply cables from HDD, FDD, CD-ROM drive etc.
Disconnect the HDD, FDD, CD-ROM drive from mother board by removing
flat ribbon cable.
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Week 2:
TASK3: Install MS windows on the personal computer INSTALLATION OF
WINDOWS XP:
Insert the windows XP cd in your cdrom and than go to the BIOS by hitting DEL or
F12 when your system in powering on. Go to Boot order and make sure cdrom is
on the first place.
Save settings and restart your computer.
Once you have successfully booted from the CD, you will see the Windows XP
Welcome to Setup screen. Press ENTER to begin the setup process.
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When you see the Windows XP license agreement press F8 to accept it and
proceed.
Setup will search for existing Windows installations. You will see the next repair or
install fresh copy screen appear only if a Windows installation currently exists on
your machine. If youre installing on a brand-new hard drive, skip to Step 5.
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Press ESC. You will be given a list of partitions available on your hard drive.
Step 5: Partitions
If there are multiple partitions on your hard drive, or you have multiple hard drives in
the computer, use the UP or DOWN arrow keys to choose your install partition.
Please note that your system partition needs to be a primary partition (usually the
first partition that shows up in the list), not a logical partition.
The partition should be at least 10 GB in size. Make sure that all the data you need
from this partition is copied elsewhere, because it will be deleted.
Once you have selected the right partition selected, press ENTER. You will see the
next you already have a system installed screen only if you already have Windows
installed on this partition.If you are installing on a brand-new hard drive,skip to Step
7.
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Select the option to Format the partition using the NTFS file system (quick) and
press ENTER.You will receive a warning about formatting the drive unless the drive
is brand-new.
After the format setup will automatically copy files and restart your computer. Go to
BIOS and remove cdrom from first boot device. Start your computer.
STEP 10: Setup will show a progress box and reboot when copying files is complete.
When you see the "Press any Key to Reboot" do not Press any Key. If CD boots
anyway, remove CD and reboot.
Step 11:From this point, you will follow the on screen prompts.
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Step 12:If you live outside the US, you will probably need to modify the default
settings.
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Step 13:If you live outside the US, you will probably need to modify the default
settings.
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Step 15:Enter the Product Key. The Key is located on the back of the CD folder in the
Retail versions, and on a holographic label with the OEM versions purchased with a
piece of hardware. Write this key down and secure it in a safe place in case the
original is misplaced or destroyed through natural causes .
Step 16:Choose a name for the computer, this should be a unique name for the
computer, especially if it is to be connected to a network. In Pro, you are given the
option of creating a password or leaving it blank.
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Step 18: If detected you will have the choice to choose a typical configuration or
custom. Choose typical if you are unsure.
Step 19: For home you will choose your workgroup, if a network is already
established and you intend to connect to it, use the existing workgroup name,
otherwise, I suggest using the default.
Step 20:For Pro, the same goes for Pro as suggested for Home, but you will have the
choice to join a Domain, if you do not have a Domain or do not know leave blank.
Setup will continue and reboot when completed ignore the "Press Any Key".
Viva Questions:
3) How many characters does a product key contain fro windows XP?
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TASK-4
Exposure to Basic commands in MS-DOS commands like ver, vol, date, time, cls,
dir, md, cd, path, rd, copy con, type, copy, move, del, ren, prompt, ipconfig etc.
Directory Structure of DOS: One thing is to be kept in mind is that a directory can
have as many child (sub) directories, but the child directory can have only one parent
directory. (DIR)
These internal commands are further grouped according to their properties. These
are as follows.
1. CLS
7. COPY CON
2. DIR
8. TYPE 12. MD
3. VER
9. COPY 13. CD
4. VOL
10. REN 14. RD
5. DATE
11. DEL
6. TIME
1. CLS:- (Clear the screen) This command is used to clear the screen or wipe out
every thing written on the screen.
2. DIR:- (Directory) Dir command is used for listing files and directories present in the
current disk.
\
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Options:-
/P Page wise
/W Widths wise
Output:-
C:\>VER
Windows 98 [Version 4.10.2222]
4. VOL:-(Volume) Displays the disk volume label and serial number, if it exist.
Type TIME with no parameters to display the current time setting and a prompt for a
new one. Press ENTER to keep the same time.
7. COPY CON:- This command gives the facility to create a new text file.
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After copy con we must specify a suitable file name. Press enter. Start typing the
informations of the file. After gathering the information we press ^Z (CTRL+Z) button
or F6 button to save the file. After pressing enter key computer will show a message
like 1 file(s) copied. This means that file is stored in the disk. Suppose we don't want
to save the file or we just want to abort from file creation job, then we simply press ^C
(CTRL+C) button to abort without saving the file, intend of pressing ^Z button.
8. TYPE:- This command is used to display the contents or text of any file to the
display device.
9. COPY :- Copy command is used for copy any file to another location or to copy
the files to another directory. This command may also be used for copying any file to
another disk with different file name.
10. REN:- (Rename) This command is used to change the name of any file or
directory.
11. DEL:- This command is used for erasing any file from the disk.
12. MD:- (Make Directory)- This command allows to create a new directory.
Now this directory can be used for keeping various sort of reports. Under this
directory we can create another directory which is known as subdirectory.
13. CD:- (Change Directory):- We can enter or exit from any directory using this
command.
Prompt will change with the directory name. If we keep two dots after CD command
than we will exit from the directory.
Syntax:-C:\> CD..
C:\REPORT> CD..
C:\>
14. RD:-(Remove directory):- This command is used when we want to remove any
unusable directory form our disk.
15. PATH:- This command is used for display or sets directories for executable files.
C:\> PATH=C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND;C:\WINDOWS\;C:\TC
this command will sets the directories windows, the command subfolder of windows
and TC folder for executable files. Operating system will look for executable files in
these directories.
16. Prompt allows the user to set a new DOS prompt instead of usual C:\> or A:\>;
eg C:\> prompt pcc; Prompt$p$g - this allows you to reset default prompt; Prompt $d
(current date); Prompt $t (current time);
17. MOVE:- Move command is used for moving one file or multiple files from one
location to another location or from one disk to another disk.
C:\>
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ipconfig /all
Windows IP Configuration
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Week 3:
Text Mode - In this mode you have to interact with character based interface ( i.e.,
Command prompt ).
To install Linux in Text Mode Type : Linux text and Press Enter.
After selecting the mode of installation, it goes on detecting the basic input output
devices and file systems. And at last it displays a screen asking whether to test the
CD inserted to install or to Skip the test process. Otherwise we can test total
installation CDs.
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It starts with the display of the welcome screen containing the online help ,
and four buttons to help us in the different activities in the installation process.
Hide Help/Show Help - Which helps you in guiding the installation process,
which can be activated or hidden.
Release Notes - Which contain the Basic Hardware Requirements that are necessary
for the installation of the Red Linux 9.0 and some other post-installation issues.
Next - This button allows you to go to next step of the installation process by the
current step.
Back - This button allows you to move back of the installation process to make any
changes that previously mentioned.
Action: click Next to move to next screen.
3. SELECTING A LANGUAGE
Here we need to select our own keyboard and mouse layouts which will help you to
interactively proceed in the installation process.
At this point of time it displays you the different types of keyboard layouts. So that
you can select your desired one that you would like to use for the system.
And also choose the appropriate Mouse for the system, based on the following:
Select the exact mouse type among the available.
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5. TYPE OF INSTALLATION:
There are different installation types that are available which will enable you to select
that will best meet your needs.
Personal Desktop
- You select it for personal computers or laptops, select this installation type to install
a graphical desktop environment and create a system ideal for home or desktop use.
Work Station
- This option installs a graphical desktop environment with tools for software
development and system administration.
Server
- If you would like to set up file sharing, print sharing, and web services and
additional services.
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Custom
- Select this installation type to gain complete control over the installation process,
To remove only Linux partitions remove all Linux partitions on this system.
To remove all partitions on your hard drive, select remove all partitions on this
system.
To retain your current data and partitions, assuming you have enough free
space available on your hard disk, select Keep all partitions and use existing free
space.
You can review the partitions that are automatically created using the check box
Review (and modify if needed) the partitions created.
MANUAL PARTITIONING
To partition manually, choose the Disk Druid partitioning Tool. For the manual
partitioning of Linux installation you need assign disk space for the three compulsory
file systems, they are /boot, /(root), swap
/boot
- This type of partition should of ext3 file system type. For this /boot partition a
minimum of about 150MB is necessary.
Swap
The swap partition should of swap file system type having a minimum of the double
the RAM available on your system. (i.e., if, RAM is of 512MB, your swap should be a
minimum of 1024MB.)
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/(root)
The symbol / stands for the root. This root partition should be a minimum of 5GB.
And you can also increase it based on your availability to increase your system
performance.
To add a new partition Just click on the NEW button and select your mount point (i.e.,
directory of partition ex: /, /boot, /user, etc., ), select your file system type among the
available i.e. Ext3, ext2, swap, vfat, etc., ), and you have different additional size
options like Fixed Size, Fill all space up to(MB), Fill to maximum allowable size. And
also you can make a partition to be primary partition and check for the bad blocks on
each partition.
Now we have to partition our hard disk. You can choose to let the Fedora installer do
the partitioning, or you can do it yourself. I want to create a small /boot partition (less
than 100 MB) with the file system ext3, a swap partition and a huge / partition (again
with ext3):
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Now the boot loader GRUB will be installed. You can leave the default settings
unchanged and click on Next:
8. NETWORK CONFIGURATION
With this option you can set your Network devices manually or using DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) which will automatically takes default IP
address, and Net mask addresses. The DHCP also set your Hostname.
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9. FIREWALL CONFIGURATION
A firewall configuration is set between yours computer and network. And decides
which resources of your computer are accessible by the remote users on the
network. On proper configuration of firewall we can set different security levels for the
system.
By using firewalls we can avoid any entrusted passage of data and also we can set
our own protocol supports.
This screen shows different additional languages for installation. These additional
languages can be used to switch after installation process.
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To set our time zone we can do it either by selecting computers physical location or
by your time zones offset from Universal Time, Coordinated. This screen shows two
tabs namely location and UTC Offset. First tab offers you the ability to configure by
location. Second tab allows to set UTC Offset.
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This is the final step to make any modifications to the installation process. Once you
click the next button you cannot do any modifications.
First it formats the file systems and copies the files to our hard disk to continue
installation. Then there starts the installing of packages which may take up to several
minutes of time during which we need to insert next two CD ROMs to complete the
installation process.
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Here the prompts you to create a Linux boot disk on your choice for your further
requirement.
At this stage you need to select your video card type and monitor configuration and
also you restore to the original values.
19. END OF INSTALLATION PROCESS At the end of the installation process it will
remove all the media that is used by the installation. And reboots your system again.
After the installation your computer will reboot and you will go through a simple
configuration procedure to get your computer ready for use. It includes such things
as setting the time, setting the password for the "root" user, and creating other user
accounts.
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Click Next:
Click Next:
Click Next:
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Click Next:
Click Next:
Click Next:
Out-Of-The-Box Experience:
Note: All of the following assumes that you used the defaults during installation of
Fedora Core. If you picked different defaults then you might not have pieces like
XMMS (an audio player like Win Amp) already installed and you'll need to add those
as you go along. It doesn't really hurt anything; it will just add a few extra steps here
and there.
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Many of the tools you are likely to need for everyday use come with Fedora Core but
you might not recognize them if you are more familiar with Windows tools. For
example, Mozilla is the most commonly used browser under Linux. It takes the place
of Microsoft's Internet Explorer (IE) and in my opinion does a much better job than IE
does. Here's a quick table listing some common equivalences:
As time goes by I hope to talk about all of these applications and provide screenshots
and some basic information for each one, in the meantime though I've singled out
just a few for further attention. Click on the links to see more information on each
one.
As a long time Windows user there are certain pieces of software and certain
capabilities that I really expect to have. For example, I expect to be able to view and
interact with the same multimedia elements as my Windows counterparts. Music files
(.MP3, .WAV, and .OGG), video files in various formats (.WMV, .MPG, .MOV, .RM,
.AVI), video discs (VCD, SVCD, DVD), etc. are all things you can hardly go three
clicks on the Internet without stumbling across. I need to be able to view/listen to all
of them.
The following software addresses many of those needs and installation of it is really
really simple. In fact it is easier than installing similar software on Windows usually is.
To get to that level of ease does take a couple of steps though so you will want to
read the sections below entitled
A Word About Permissions and Software Installation Made Easy eventually to add
the Apt and Synaptic software to your machine. In the meantime, first read about
some of the software that Apt and Synaptic can get for you.
Viva Questions:
3) What are the commands used to make disk partitioning manually in Linux
OS?
TASK 6:
AIM: Exposure to Basic commands in Linux General Purpose utilities like man, who,
tty, clear, date, cal, passwd; File Handling utilities like pwd, mkdir, rmdir, cp, rm, mv,
cat, cd, ls, ln; Filters like wc, cmp, diff, head, tail, sort.
To edit a file-$vi
p-to put the contents of the recent buffer back to where the cursor is
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* 0 or more characters
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Week 4:
Troubleshoot:-
2. If the system turns on but does not beep or begin to boot up.
Basic troubleshooting:
Sometimes things do not work exactly as planned at this point. Sometimes the
system will not power on at all. Sometimes it will power on, but you get no video.
Sometimes you will get beep codes. Sometimes you hear the fans, but the rest of the
PC just sits there and does nothing. If things didn't go according to plan, troubleshoot
the system. Walk mentally through the boot process and check all hardware as it
goes. Think like the computer thinks, if you know what I mean. Here is a list of some
of the more common problems.
1. The power does not even turn on. This sometimes happens on ATX
machines and it usually tracks down to the fact that the power switch is not
properly connected to the motherboard or it is not connected at all. Find the
power switch lead and make sure it is connected to the motherboard. Its a
possibility that simply reversing the lead will do the trick. If this is the not the
case, then make sure the motherboard is not grounded somehow. Make sure
that the board is not touching the case (this is what the spacers are for). Make
sure that none of the screws that hold the board in place is touching anything
metal or any of the electrical pathways on the motherboard. If you have any
doubt on this, you can remove each screw one at a time and place a washer
on them. You do not need to remove the motherboard to do this.
2. The PC boots, but it is giving beep codes. This is actually better than having
to track everything down on your own, because at least the PC is giving you a
hint as to what is wrong. You can also use the PC Mechanic Beep Codes E-
book available on the PC Mechanic CD to track it down for other BIOS
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versions. Often, these beep codes will not tell you exactly what the problem
is, but will point you at the trouble device. This information will then get you
pointed in the correct direction.
3. The fans come on, but you get no video or beeps. Sometimes, this is because
some key component may not be plugged in well or may not be operational.
Check the memory modules and the processor to be sure they are firmly
installed. You might want to make sure the processor is actually working. One
way that I have used to see if a processor is working is to remove or unplug
the CPU fan and place your fingers on the CPU to see if it heats up real fast.
If it does, its OK and dont let it run this way for long. If it remains at room
temperature for awhile, then there is no juice going through the processor and
it may need replacing. The keyboard doesnt seem to work. This one doesnt
happen too often, but if it does, your two trouble sources will be the keyboard
itself or the keyboard controller on the motherboard. Hope it isnt the second
one.
Software troubleshooting
Ensure that your computer BIOS settings are correctly configured to the hardware
that is installed in your computer
1.If you have recently installed or changed something that could have caused normal
windows to stop loading , try loading the last known good configuration
2.If you are unable to get into Normal windows and believe that removing or
uninstalling a program or changing a setting may help enable you to get into windows
, boot the computer into windows XP safe mode
3.If your computer has worked fine in the past but recently has been experiencing
the issue you are encountering run the system restore option to restore the computer
to an earlier date
Other error messages that occur while windows is loading or after windows is
loaded
1.If error occur but windows still loads , verify no issues or conflict exits in device
manager
2.Ensure that if programs are loading automatically that these errors are not
associated with these programs
4.If your computer has virus protection installed make sure that it is up to date and
that no virus are being detected
5. If your computer has worked fine in the past but recently has been experiencing
the issue you are encountering run the system restore option to restore the computer
to an earlier date
Software Troubleshooting:
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Why BIOS?
To run any system, there must be default settings so that the system can load those
settings when it is started or restarted. For a computer system the basic I/O settings
and boot process details are necessary to start a system.
All these default, predefined settings will be loaded in the BIOS and whenever we
start the system, these settings will be loaded.
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Week 5:
Task 8: NETWORKING
Orientation & Connectivity Boot Camp: Students should get connected to their
Local Area Network and access the Internet. In the process they configure the
TCP/IP setting. Finally students should demonstrate, to the instructor, how to
access the websites and email. If there is no internet connectivity preparations
need to be made by the instructors to simulate the WWW on the LAN
PURPOSE: To learn Local Area Network and access the Internet. In the process
they configure the TCP/IP setting. Finally students should demonstrate, to the
instructor, how to access the websites and email
THEORY:
LANs are privately owned networks with in a single building or campus of up to few
kilometers in size.
A WAN is a network that connects computers across a large geographic area such
as a city or country
Collection of methods used to connect servers on the internet and to exchange data.
Part of a URL that identifies the location as one that uses HTML
IP(Internet Protocol):
A format for contents and addresses of packets of information sent over the internet
IP ADDRESS:
SEARCH ENGINE:
A program that searches documents located on the Internet for keywords or phrases
entered by a person browsing the net.
TCP/IP protocol
Client Software
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ISP Account
telephone Modem
Ethernet
Satellite.
PROCEDURE:
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Web Browsers, Surfing the Web: Students customize their web browsers with
the LAN proxy settings, bookmarks, search toolbars and pop up blockers.
Also, plug-ins like Macromedia Flash and JRE for applets should be configured
THEORY:
Web browser provides the means to the searching and also helps to
download the web content.
Web browsers support most of the famous Internet Protocols like HTTP, FTP.
Bookmark:
Each web browser is built-in with the support of Internet Bookmarks which serve as a
named anchor primarily to URLs. The primary Purpose of this book mark is to
easily catalog and access web pages that the web browser user has visited or plans
to visit, without having to navigate the web to get there.
Pop-up Blockers:
Pop-ups are a form of online advertising on the WWW intended to attract the
attention of the users. These pop ups are hosted on the web sites which are
frequently visited by the netizens. These pop ups are activated when these web sites
open a new web browser window and there by displaying the advertisements.
Plug-ins:
Macromedia flash
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Adobe Shockwave
Select connections
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LAN connection
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Week 8:
TASK 10:
PURPOSE: To know what search engines are and how to use the search engines.
A search engine can be defined as a web site with tools which help you to find
information on the internet
You can find anything from a schedule of White house tours to instructions for
removing stains from clothes.
Limitations:
Search engines visit web sites only several weeks. Search engines cannot see
information in other data bases later on.
Pros:
You can select the search terms
You can use the same search terms with multiple search engines
You can change search terms as much as you wish
You will normally receive numerous links
Its fast
Cons: There are so many different search engines it may be difficult to choose
You will normally receive too many links often making it difficult to
identify the most relevant sites.
The vast majority of links may be only marginally relevant or
altogether irrelevant
EX:
Alta Vista,Ask Jeeves,Google,Lycos etc.,
Meta Search Engines:
Meta search engines or metacrawlers dont crawl the web themselves. Instead
they search the resources of multiple search engines by sending a search to several
search engines at once aggregating the result.
Pros:
You only need to use one search tool which is time- efficient
You only need to learn how to use one search engine reducing
learning curve
You benefit from the difference among several search tools at once
Cons:
Meta search services may not be able to leverage each individual
search engines full range of query tools resulting in less refined
searches
You can not personally select the search engines queried by Meta
search services.
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Week 8:
Task 11: Cyber Hygiene (Demonstration):
PURPOSE: To learn various threats on the internet and configure the computer to be
safe on the internet.
THEORY:
Antivirus:
Antivirus software is a program that either comes installed on your computer or that
you purchase and install yourself. It protects your computer against most viruses,
worms, Trojan horses and other unwanted invaders that can make your computer
sick.
Firewall:
A firewall is a special software or hardware designed to protect a private computer
network from unauthorized access. A firewall is a set of related programs located at a
network gateway server which protects the resources of the private network from
users from other networks.
License agreement will open. Click I accept the terms of the license
agreement and then click next.
Choose a setting
Click OK
Windows Firewall:
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THEORY:
Establish internet connection and create a new email id , send mail and
attachment file to other mail account
Define search engine. List the various search engines. Navigate through any
of the search engine like Google and explore its features.
Download a file from the internet. Write the various steps involved in
downloading
What is Antivirus software? List a few popular anti virus kits available.
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Week 9:
TASK 12:
To create project certificate, Features to be covered:-Formatting Fonts in word,
Drop Cap in word, Applying Text effects, Using Character Spacing, Borders
and Colors, Inserting Header and Footer, Using Date and Time option in both
LaTeX and Word.
PURPOSE: To create a document applying the above mentioned techniques.
THEORY:
LaTeX:
In the late 1970s Donald Knuth introduced TEX. In the 1980s Leslie
Lamport decided TEX was too hard (other than Knuth) and introduced
LaTeX.TEX comes from Greek letter which is short for the word technical or
technique. LaTeX is pronounced as La tek or Lay tek.LaTeX is a typesetting
program and is an extension of the original program TEX written by Donald Knuth.
Advantages:
1)It is easy to read and compile
Disadvantages:
1)Not widely used like any other MS office product.
2)Like MS office product it is not
CREATE A FILE: Type the code in a text editor like Latex Editor or notepad and
save the file with an extension of tex for example examplefilename.tex
2)The first line should be \ documentclass{article} tells LaTeX that what we want
to produce is an article. If we want to write a book then we will write the above line
as \ documentclass{book}.
3)The whole document we want to typeset should be included between
\begin{document} and \end{document}.
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
This is my \emph{first} document prepared in \LaTeX.
\end{document}
In our example the first three words are produced as typed. Then \emph{first},
becomes first in the output i.e. \emph is a command to display the text in
emphasized format (italic letters). Again , the next three words come out without any
change in the output. But the input \LaTeX comes out in the output as LATEX.
Header and Footer:
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To apply the color most recently applied to text, click font color.
To apply different colors, click the arrow on the right of the font color button,
select the color you want and then click the button.
Procedure:
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Week 10:
TASK 13:
THEORY: Table:
Cell Alignment:
Aligns contents written in a table in the top left corner or top right
corner or in the center etc...
Foot Note:
Foot notes are used to comments on, or provide references for text in a document.
Hyperlink:
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Symbols:
You may not be able to enter certain symbols into your word
document, as there is a limitation on the keys on the key board. Creating these new
symbols especially when working with mathematical terms it becomes very difficult
.For example we can insert symbols such as,,, ..
Spell check:
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FormattingStyles:
You can change the text orientation in drawing objects, such as text
boxes, shapes, and callouts, or in table cells so that the text is displayed
vertically or horizontally.
Track changes:
Procedure:
1. Click the drawing object or table cell that contains the text you want to
change.
Table:
Cell Alignment:
2. On the Tables and Borders toolbar, select the option for the horizontal and
vertical alignment you want for example, Align Bottom Center or Align Top
Right.
Foot Note:
1. In print layout view, click where you want to insert the note reference mark.
By default, Word places footnotes at the end of each page and endnotes at
the end of the document. You can change the placement of footnotes and
endnotes by making a selection in the Footnotes or Endnotes box.
5. Click Insert. Word inserts the note number and places the insertion point next
to the note number. Type the note text.
Hyper link:
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Select the text or picture you want to display as the hyperlink, and then click Insert
Hyperlink on the Standard toolbar
Do one of the following:
1. Link to an existing file or web page:
1. Under Link to, click Existing File or Web Page.
2. In the Address box, type the address you want to link to or, in the Look
in box, click the down arrow, and navigate to and select the file.
2. Link to a file you havent created yet
Under Link to, click Create New Document.
3. In the Name of new document box, type the name of the new file.
4. Under When to edit, click either Edit the new document later or Edit
the new document now
An e-mail address:
1. Select the text or picture you want to display as the hyperlink, and then click
Insert Hyperlink on the Standard toolbar
2. Under Link to, click E-mail Address.
3. Either type the e-mail address you want in the E-mail address box, or select
an e-mail address in the recently used e-mail addresses box.
4. In the Subject box, type the subject of the e-mail message
A specific location in another document
1. Insert a bookmark in the destination file or Web page.
2. Open the file that you want to link from, and select the text or object you want
to display as the hyperlink. On the Standard toolbar, click Insert Hyperlink.
3. Under Link to, click Existing File or Web Page.
4. In the Look in box, click the down arrow, and navigate to and select the file
that you want to link to.
5. Click Bookmark, select the bookmark you want, and then click OK.
Symbol:
2. On the Insert menu, click Symbol, and then click the Symbols tab.
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5. Click Close
Spell check:
1. Type 1. to start a numbered list or * (asterisk) to start a bulleted list, and then
press SPACEBAR or TAB.
4. To finish the list, press ENTER twice, or press BACKSPACE to delete the last
bullet or number in the list
Formatting Styles:
2. If the Styles and Formatting task pane is not open, click Styles and
Formatting on the Formatting toolbar
3. Click the style you want in the Styles and Formatting task pane.
If the style you want is not listed, click All Styles in the Show box
Track Changes:
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Week 11:
Task 14: Word Orientation
Create a Newsletter. Features to be covered:-Table of content. Newspaper
columns, Images from files and clipart, Drawing toolbar and Word Art,
Formatting Images, Textboxes and Paragraphs.
PURPOSE: To create a news Letter
Newspaper columns:
Inserting a picture (graphic) from a file and clipart may be required for
a document. This picture could be a scanned photograph or any other digitally
produced one. These pictures can be modified, resized, cropped and enhanced.
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When you are formatting a paragraph, you do not need to highlight the
entire paragraph. Placing the cursor any where in the paragraph enables you to
format it. After you set a paragraph format, subsequent paragraphs will have the
same format unless you change the format
PROCEDURE:
Table of contents:
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2. On the Insert menu, point to Reference, and click Index and Tables.
4. To use one of the available designs, click a design in the Formats box.
Newspaper columns:
3. Any desired number of columns are presets-one or two or three or left or right
b\can be selected.
4. Width and spacing can be fixed and equal columns width can be checked for
uniformity
6. Under apply to will be whole document if entire document is selected else we have
to select a selected text.
7. Click ok
2. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click From File.
CLIP ART:
1. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click Clip Art.
2. In the Clip Art task pane, in the Search for box, type a word or phrase
that describes the clip you want or type in all or some of the file name
of the clip.
4. Click Go.
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5. If you don't know the exact file name, you can substitute wildcard
characters for one or more real characters. Use the asterisk (*) as a substitute
for zero or more characters in a file name. Use the question mark (?) as a
substitute for a single character in a file name.
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o To make the drawing canvas boundary larger without changing the size of
the objects on the canvas, click Expand.
o To make the drawing canvas boundary fit tightly around the drawing
objects or pictures, click Fit.
o To scale the drawing and make the objects and canvas proportionately
smaller or larger, click Scale Drawing, and then drag the edges of the
canvas.
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2. You can use the options on the Drawing toolbar to enhance a text box for
example, to change the fill color just as you can with any other drawing
object
Paragraphs:
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Week 12:
Task 15: Using LaTeX/Word: Creating a Feed Back Form:-Features to be
covered: Forms, Text Fields, Inserting objects and Mail Merge in Word.
PURPOSE: To create a Feed Back form, text fields, inserting objects, mail merging,
THEORY:
Forms:
Using Microsoft word one can create an organized and structured document
with a provision to enter the required information into it. A document of such nature is
called a form.
Mail Merge:
Inserting objects:
Insert an object such as drawing word art text effects or an equation at the
inserting point.
Fields:
It inserts a field at the inserting font fields are used to insert a variety of
information automatically. Select table in table select insert. In that select insert table
a box containing number of rows and columns will appear. Select six colors and four
rows and click o.k. Given the first row as date, problem repeated students signature
action recommended problem status and councilors sign. Insert the objects in the
feed back form and apply the text fields in the form.
PROCEDURE:
Mail Merge:
1. Open a document and type the complete body of the letter and format it
as required.
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2. Create a data source and choose mail merge from tool bar a window is
displayed.
3. Click on create button and choose from letter options. Then a window is
displayed.
4. Click active window choose currently active document. Click on data and
create data source option.
5. A window for customizing the data base structure appears and this file
contains the names address details with contact number etc. we can add
or remove fields from this file.
6. Once the list of fields is finalized a window of same is displayed and types
the required file names and click on save button.
8. Click on the o.k. to finish entering the records mail merge tool bar is
displayed.
9. Place the curser at the place where you wish to insert names and click on
insert mail merge button. A drop list is displayed all fields created would be
shown.
10. By highlighting to desired file and click on it we can insert the field into the
main document and go to begin the mail merge click on mail merge.
11. A window is displayed click once on the merge button to generate letters
for all records in your data source file.
Forms:
1. Design the form by sketching a layout first, or use an existing form template
as a guide. Tables, text boxes, borders, and shading are all design elements
that can help you create a well-designed form that's easy to use.
4. Select the Add line numbering check box, and then select the options you
want.
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Week 13:
PURPOSE:
THEORY:
Grid lines:
2. On the file menu, click page setup and the click the sheet tab.
3. Click gridlines.
4. Select the sheets on which you want to change the gridlines color.
5. On the Tools menu click options click the color you want in the color box.
7. Lines you can add to a chart that make it easier to view and evaluate data.
Gridlines extend from the tick marks on an axis across a plot area.
Format Cell:
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Auto fit:
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2. On the format menu click cells and then click number tab.
5. Click ok.
PROCEDURE:
First click start button of the screen on status bar. Click on programs and then
Microsoft excel. To get a new blank work sheet go to programs and then click on
excel sheet. On the file menu click page setup and then click sheet tab click gridlines.
In this way do the required changes using format cell, make the required changes
using formatting text also make the required changes. Enter the data in the data in
the worksheet consisting of week name person name and timings 7 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Make all the above changes to the text.
Viva Questions:
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Week 14:
Task 17 : Calculating GPA
PURPOSE:
THEORY:
2. Text direction.
Click the arrow down next to the text direction button. For right to left click right
to left. For left to right reading order, click left to right.
For reading order that is consistent with the language of the first entered
character, click context. For reading order that is inconsistent with the language
of the first entered character, click control.
3. In the tools menu click options and then click chart tab.
4. To show all worksheet data in the chart even if some rows and columns are
hidden, clear the plot visible cells by check box.
5. To prevent hidden rows and columns from displaying in the chart, select the
plot cells only check box.
Hyper Linking:
1. Create a worksheet: On the file menu, click new, and then click blank
workbook task pane.
3. Hyperlink: Using hyperlink we can insert one more sheet in the present
sheet
Worksheet:
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Sort:
3. Under first key sort click the custom sort order you want and then click ok.
PROCEDURE:
Formulae in Excel:
First click on start button at the bottom of the screen on status bar. Click on
programs and then on Microsoft excel. Then open a new document. Give the main
heading and subheading by changing the size so that they look in block letters. Enter
the data. To calculate go to Insert menu in the menu bar and then click on function
and then ok. Then select the data to which you want to calculate mean. Then you get
the required answer. In same way, sample means standard deviation lower count
limit and upper count limit. Go to insert menu and click on function and select the
required operation to be done and select the data and calculate. Formulas for all the
above are given below.
Hyper linking:
First click on start button of the screen on status bar. Click on programs
and then Ms-excel. To get a new blank worksheet go to programs and then click on
excel sheet. Rename the first sheet as student by right clicking on sheet 1 and
renaming. Insert hyperlink insert and click on hyperlink. Then go to sheet 2 and
rename as CSE type in particulars of ECE right click on sheet 3. Then go to sheet -4
rename as IT. In this type all the four sheets are created.
WORKSHEET
First click on start button at the bottom of the screen on status bar. Click
on programs and then Ms-excel. Then enter the data as given. Enter the students
names, Subjective wise marks, total and avg. Then calculate the total and avg by
using formula. Then go to Data menu and click sort. Under first key sort, click custom
sort order needed i.e. ascending order or alphabetical order and then click o.k. Then
the required worksheet is prepared,
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Week 15:
TASK 18:
PURPOSE:
To create Excel with split cells, freeze panes, group and outline, sorting, Boolean
and logical operators, conditional formatting
THEORY:
Split Cells:
Excel allows you to split the workbook window into two horizontal or vertical panes
and also to split cells or data across many cells.
Sort:
7. Under first key sort click the custom sort order you want and then click ok.
Freeze Panes:
You can freeze a pane from a split window or just freeze rows or columns
without splitting the window.
PROCEDURE:
Sort:
First click on start button at the bottom of the screen on status bar. Click on
programs and then Ms-excel. Then enter the data as given. Enter the students
names, Subjective wise marks, total and avg. Then calculate the total and avg by
using formula. Then go to Data menu and click sort. Under first key sort, click custom
sort order needed i.e. ascending order or alphabetical order and then click o.k. Then
the required worksheet is prepared
Split cells:
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1. Copy the data you want into the upper-leftmost cell within the range.
3. To merge cells in a row or column and center the cell contents, click Merge
and Center on the Formatting toolbar.
1. Select the merged cell When cells have been combined, Merge and Center
on the Formatting toolbar is selected
1. Select the range of cells that contains the text values. The range can be any
number of rows tall, but no more than one columns wide.
3. Follow the instructions in the Convert Text to Columns Wizard to specify how
you want to divide the text into columns.
Split Windows:
1. At the top of the vertical scroll bar or at the right end of the horizontal scroll
bar, point to the split box.
2. When the pointer changes to a split pointer, drag the split box down or to the
left to the position you want.
Freeze Panes:
The top horizontal pane Select the row below where you want the split to
appear.
The left vertical pane Select the column to the right of where you want the
split to appear.
Both the upper and left panes Click the cell below and to the right of
where you want the split to appear.
Outline:
1. Select the range of cells you want to outline. To outline the entire
worksheet, click any cell on the worksheet.
2. On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Auto
4. On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click
Group. The outline symbols appear beside the group on the screen.
5. Continue selecting and grouping detail rows or columns until you have
created all of the levels you want in the outline.
Group:
Group objects
1. Select the objects you want to group.
To select multiple objects, hold down SHIFT while you select each object.
2. On the Drawing toolbar, click Draw, and then click Group.
Ungroup objects
1. Select the group you want to ungroup.
2. On the Drawing toolbar, click Draw, and then click Ungroup.
To continue ungrouping, click Yes when the message box appears.
To change an individual object, continue to select and ungroup objects until
the one you want becomes available.
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1. Select the cells for which you want to add, change, or remove conditional
formatting
2. On the Format menu, click Conditional Formatting.
3. Do one of the following:
Add a conditional format
1. Do one of the following:
To use values in the selected cells as the formatting criteria, click Cell
Value Is, select the comparison phrase, and then type a constant
value or a formula. If you enter a formula, start it with an equal sign
(=).
To use a formula as the formatting criteria (to evaluate data or a
condition other than the values in selected cells), click Formula Is and
then enter the formula that evaluates to a logical value of TRUE or
FALSE.
2. Click Format.
3. Select the formatting you want to apply when the cell value meets the
condition or the formula returns the value TRUE.
4. To add another condition, click Add, and then repeat steps 1 through
3.
You can specify up to three conditions. If none of the specified
conditions are true, the cells keep their existing formats
Change or remove a conditional format
o To remove one or more conditions, click Delete, and then select the
check box for the conditions you want to delete
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TASK 19:
PURPOSE: To learn about pivot tables, Interactive Buttons, Importing data, Data
Protection, Data validation.
THEORY:
Pivot Tables:
A PivotTable report is an interactive table that quickly combines and compares large
amounts of data. You can rotate its rows and columns to see different summaries of
the source data, and you can display the details for areas of interest.
Interactive Buttons:
Data Protection:
Ms excel allows you to protect your work sheet from being added or renamed or
deleted or copied by providing password protection to your worksheets.
Data Validation:
Data validation is a tool that helps you to control the kind of information that is
entered in your worksheet. With data validation you can:
PROCEDURE:
Pivot Tables:
1. Open the workbook where you want to create the PivotTable report.
o If you are basing the report on a Web query, parameter query, report
template, Office Data Connection file, or query file, retrieve the data
into the workbook, and then click a cell in the Microsoft Excel list
containing the retrieved data.
o If you are basing the report on an Excel list or database, click a cell in
the list or database.
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3. In step 1 of the PivotTable and PivotChart Wizard, follow the instructions, and
click PivotTable under What kind of report do you want to create?
5. Follow the instructions in step 3 of the wizard, and then decide whether to lay
out the report onscreen or in the wizard.
Button:
Drag this button to your new toolbar in the location where you want it
to be.
Data Protection:
2. Unlock any cells you want users to be able to change: select each cell or
range, click Cells on the Format menu, click the Protection tab, and then
clear the Locked check box.
3. Hide any formulas that you don't want to be visible: select the cells with the
formulas, click Cells on the Format menu, click the Protection tab, and then
select the Hidden check box.
You don't need to unlock buttons or controls for users to be able to click and use
them. You can unlock embedded charts, text boxes, and other objects created with
the drawing tools that you want users to be able to modify. To see which elements on
a worksheet are graphic objects, click Go To on the Edit menu, click Special, and
then click Objects.
1. Hold down CTRL and click each object that you want to unlock.
2. On the Format menu, click the command for the object you selected:
AutoShape, Object, Text Box, Picture, Control, or WordArt.
4. Clear the Locked check box, and if present, clear the Lock text check
box.
5. On the Tools menu, point to Protection, and then click Protect Sheet.
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7. In the Allow all users of this worksheet to list, select the elements that you
want users to be able to change.
1. Have all other users save and close the shared workbook. If other
users are editing, they will lose any unsaved work.
4. Select the List changes on a new sheet check box, and then
click OK.
click Paste .
3. On the Tools menu, click Share Workbook, and then click the
Editing tab.
4. Make sure that you are the only person listed in the Who has this
workbook open now box.
5. Clear the Allow changes by more than one user at the same time
check box.
If this check box is not available, you must unprotect the workbook
before clearing the check box.
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3. On the Tools menu, click Share Workbook, and then click the
Editing tab.
2. Set other types of protection if you want: Give specific users access to
ranges, protect worksheets, protect workbook elements, and set passwords
for viewing and editing.
3. On the Tools menu, point to Protection, and then click Protect Shared
Workbook or Protect and Share Workbook.
5. If you want to require other users to supply a password to turn off the change
history or remove the workbook from shared use, type the password in the
Password box, and then retype the password when prompted.
o If you want users to enter a password before they can view the
workbook, type a password in the Password to open box, and then
click OK.
o If you want users to enter a password before they can save changes
to the workbook, type a password in the Password to modify box,
and then click OK.
5. Click Save.
Data Validation:
In the source box type an equal to sign and list the name
Click ok
Viva questions:
1) Explain about pivot table reports
2) Define macro
3) Define template
4) How can you open protection tool in excel?
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Week:16
TASK 20:
PPT Orientation, Slide Layouts, Inserting Text, Word Art, Formatting Text,
Bullets and Numbering, Auto Shapes, Lines and Arrows in both LaTeX and
PowerPoint.
TITLE:
Slide 5 Friends
PURPOSE:
THEORY:
SLIDE LAYOUT:
2. On the slides tab in normal view, select the slides; you want to apply a
layout too.
3. In the slide layout task pane, point to layout you and then click it.
4. A new slide can also be inserted within the task pane. Point the layout you
want the slide to have, click the arrow and then click the insert new slide.
INSERT TEXT:
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1. Select the lines of text that you want to add bullets or numbering to.
AUTOSHAPES:
1. Select the auto shape that has the text you want to position.
2. Double-click the selection rectangle of the auto shape or text box and then
click the text box tab in the format dialog box.
3. In the text anchor point box, click the position you want the text to start in.
4. To change the colors, patterns or lines, select the options you want.
5. To specify a fill effect, click fill effect and then select the options you want
on the gradient, text patterns or picture tabs.
PROCEDURE:
First click on start button at the button of the screen on status bar. Click on
programs and then Microsoft PowerPoint. Go to file and new. Then you find different
pattern of slides on right side of your screen. Then select which is completely empty.
Then enter the contents in the first slide as per given information, name in the second
slide, Address in the third slide, Hobbies in the fourth slide and friends in the fifth
slide. Except first slide, all the second, third, fourth, fifth slides should be inserted.
When you select pattern of slide from a new slide, on slide which you selected you
will find an arrow towards its right side, click that arrow and then again click insert
slide. Then save it. Then adjust the layout. Then format the text then give bullets or
numbering to the text if required. Go to auto shapes. Select more auto shapes and
insert wherever required. Then again go to insert option and select new slides. And
select chart and a chart with datasheet appear. Give the name, roll no, marks in three
subjects and calculate the total. Then save the file
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TASK 21:
Hyperlinks, Inserting Images, Clip Art, Audio, Video, Objects, Tables and
Charts
Slide 1:- Name of your college in bold letters.Slide 2:- Address of your college
in bold letters.Slide 3:- List of all available courses.Slide 4:- Extra co-curricular
activities.And apply the transaction effects and set the time three seconds for
each slide and view it in slide show.
THEORY: HYPERLINK:
1. Select the text or object that you want to represent the hyperlink.
INSERT IMAGES:
3. Locate the folder that contains the picture that you want to insert, and then
click the picture file.
CLIP ART:
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2. in the clipart task pane, in the search for box, type a word or phrase that
describes the clip, you want to type in all or same of the file menus of the
clip.
1. On the slide show menu, click setup show. Under performance check box.
If your computer has their capability, office PowerPoint will attempt to use
it.
2. Animation performance will be much better with a video card that has
Microsoft direct 3D.
TABLE:
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2. Print to select the numbers of rows and columns you want and then click.
CHART:
1. Click the slide where you want to place the embedded object.
3. Click a cell on the data sheet and then type the information you want.
PROCEDURE:
First click on start button at the bottom of the screen on status bar. Click on
programs and then Microsoft power point go to file menu. Then you find different
pattern of slides on right side of your screen. Then select which is completely empty.
Then enter the name of your college in bold letters. Address of your college in bold
letters in the second slide. List of all the available courses in the third slide, extra co-
curricular activities in the fourth slide except first slide, all the second, third, fourth
slide should be inserted. When you select pattern of slide from a new slide, on slide
which you selected, you will find an arrow towards it right side click that arrow and
then again click insert slide. Then save it the select the slide show and then select
the view show option. Then review the presentation in slide show by selecting next
and after completing the slide show then click end show. Click on start button at the
button of the screen on status bar, click on programs and then Microsoft power point.
Go to file menu. On insert menu and select table option and give no. of rows and no.
of columns and give the name, Roll no and marks in three subjects and find the total
Viva Questions:
4) What is animation
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TASK 22:
TITLE:
PURPOSE:
THEORY:-
MASTER LAYOUTS:-
1. On the view menu, point to master, and then click slide master.
SLIDE SHOW:
1. On the slides tab in the normal view, select the slides you want to set the
things for.
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3. Under advance slide, select the automatically after checkbox, and then
number of seconds you want the slide to appear on the screen.
PROCEDURE:
First click on start button. Then click programs, and then power point
presentation. Then select file menu and click on new. Then you get a new blank
presentation. Then in the first slide, enter the title as business and give product name
as sub title. Then insert the second slide. Then enter the title as about the product
and give description as sub title. Then insert the third slide and enter the title as sales
about product and enter something about it sales. In this way, complete the three
slides. Then click on view and then master and then enter date in the space provided
for footer. Then you find these two in all slides and then again go to view and click on
slide show.
Viva Questions:
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TASK 23::
TITLE:
PURPOSE:
THEORY:
AUTO-CONTENT WIZARD:
1. If the new presentation task pane is not displayed on the file menu, click
new.
2. Under new, click from auto content wizard, and then follow the instructions
in the wizard.
3. In the presentation, replace the text suggestions with the text you want
and then make any other changes you want such as adding or deleting
slides, adding art elements or animation effects and inserting headers and
footers.
4. When you finish, on the file menu, click save, type a name in the file name
box, and then click save.
SLIDE TRANSACTION:
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It helps to design the slides in anyway with our own interest we can set any
thing we want.
CUSTOM ANIMATION: Its used to add animation to the element of the slide.
AUTO RECHARGING:
2. Double click the selection rectangle of the auto shape or text box, and
then click the text box tab in the format dialog box.
PROCEDURE:
First click on start button at the button of the screen on status bar, click on
programs and then Microsoft power point. Go to file menu. Prepare some slides in
which each given the information about when you are going to welcome and topics to
be covered. Now go to Auto content wizard in that you are provided with four
options. Click text in that dialog box to get them and give the details. Then go to slide
transaction. In that we can set the time, font design by selecting apply to all slides.
Go to customer animation option in slide show and there select or required type of
presentation.
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TASK 24:
PURPOSE:
To learn Using Templates, Layouts, Inserting text objects, Editing text objects,
Inserting Tables, Working with menu objects, Inserting pages, Hyper linking,
Renaming, deleting, modifying pages, and Hosting website
THEORY:
Layouts:
Layout guides comprise margin, column, row, and baseline guides. They are used to
create a grid on a master page. This grid appears on every page in your publication
where that master page is used. Use layout guides to organize text, pictures, and
other objects into columns and rows so that your publication will have an ordered,
consistent look. Set layout guides in the Layout Guides dialog box (Arrange menu).
Margin guides, column guides, and row guides are represented by blue dotted lines;
baseline guides are represented by gold dotted guides; and ruler guides are
represented by green dotted lines
Hyper Link:
hyperlink is a link from a document that, when clicked, opens another page or file.
The destination is frequently another Web page, but it can also be a picture, an e-
mail address, or a program. The hyperlink itself can be text or a picture.
PROCEDURE:
Template:
5. Click Save.
Layouts:
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Note If the Snap to Guides command is on (On the Arrange menu, point to Snap,
and then click To Guides), objects will continue to snap to the guides even when the
guides are hidden
InsertingTextObjects:
In your publication, select an AutoShape
2. In the Edit WordArt Text dialog box, change the text, and then click OK.
Inserting Tables:
Select the table, position the mouse pointer over a selection handle until you
see the Resizer icon, and then drag to resize the table.
5. In the table, click the cell where you want to add text, and then start typing.
Each cell expands to fit your text, unless you lock the table size by clearing
the check mark next to Grow to Fit Text on the Table menu.
Hyperlink:
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o To select a file that was recently viewed in your Web browser, click
Browsed Pages.
o To select a file that you were recently working in, click Recent Files.
4. Either type the e-mail address you want in the E-mail address box, or select
an e-mail address from the recently used e-mail addresses box.
4. Either type the path and name of the new file, or click Change to navigate to
a location.
5. Select either Edit the new document later or Edit the new document now.
Pages:
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2. In the Edit Master Pages task pane, click New Master Page.
4. Click OK.
2. In the Edit Master Pages task pane, click the arrow next to the master page
you want to edit, and then click Edit.
4. To see the updated publication pages, click View publication pages, and
then navigate to a page to which the master page is applied
2. In the Edit Master Pages task pane, click the arrow next to the master page
you want to delete, and then click Delete.
TEXT BOOK
REFERENCE BOOKS
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