QUATUOR CORONATI LODGE NO.

2076, LONDON,
.-
- r a A A A

F R O M T H E 18ABELLA M l 8 8 l L 3

;~R+IG
MUSEUM ADO. HRS., (..a
CIRCA 1500 A.D.

VOLUME XLII. PART 1.

CONTENTS.
PAGE PAGE
Proceedings, 4th January, 1929 ... 1 111 RIemoriam-Joseph \\.alter Hobbs 69
Exhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3 A AIasonic Pilgrimage t h r ~ u g hLondon 70
Provincial \Warrants- Part 11. ... -l Reviews . . . . . . . . . ,...... 113
Gild of Masons at Lineoh . . . ... 64 Notes and Queries ......... 130
Proceeclings, ~ 1 s t1IarcIi. 1929 ... 68 Obitua r y . . . ........... 135

W J. PAEEETF, LTD., PEINTEES, MAEGATE.

*. 1950
.t
 THE QUATUOW CORONATI LODGE No. 2076, LONDON,
was warranted on the 28th November, 1884, in order
l.-To provide a centre and bond of union for Masonic Students.
%-To attract intelligent Masons to its meetings, in order to imbue them with a love for Masonic research.
3.-To submit t h e discoveries or conclusions of students to the judgment and criticism of their fellows by
means of papers read in Lodge.
B.-To submit these communications and the discussions arising therefrom to the general body of the Craft by
publiGing, at proper intervals, the Transactions of the Lodge in their entirety.
'.":I:. :;
a

World.
6.-To tabulate concisely, in the printed Transactions of the Lodge, the progress of the Craft throughout tLo,
6.-To make the English-speaking Craft acquainted with t,he progress of Masonic study abroad, by
1
(in whole or part) of foreigd works.
7.-To reprint scarce and valuable works on Freenlasonry, and to publish Manuscripts, &c.
8.-To form a Masonic Library and Museum.
9.-To acquire permanent London premises, and open a reading-room for the members. I .

* -_ ,.
The membership is limited to forty, in order to prevent tli; Lodge from becoming unwieldy.
No members are admitted without n high literary, artistic, or scientific qualification.
The annual subscription is one guinea, and the fees for initiation and joining are twenty guineas and five: ,
guineas respectively.
The funds are wholly devoted to Lodge and literary purposes. and no portion is spent in refreshment. T h e -
members usually dine together after the meetings, but ot their own individual cost. Visitors, who are cordially
welcome, enjoy the option of partaking-on the same terms-of a meal a t the common table.
The stated meetings are the first Friday in January, March, May, and October, St. John's Day (in
and the 8th November (Feast of the Quatuor Coronati).
At every meeting a n original paper is read, which is followed by a discussion.
, j? l

The Tiaasartions of the Lodge, ATS Quotuor Coionatoium, a r e published towards the end of April, July@!
and December In each year. They contain a summary of the business of the Lodge, the full text of the papers read m
in Lodge together with the discussions, many essays comulunicated by the brethren but for which no time can '
found at the meetings, biographies, historical notes, reviews of Masonic publications, notes and queries, ~ b i t u a r ,
aud other matter. They are profusely ill~lstrated and l~andsomely printed.
The Antiquarian Reprints of the Lodge, ~ u a t u o rC o r o n a t o ~ r ~ mA n t i p a p h a , appear $4iiidefined intervala.
and consist of facsimiles of documents of Masonic interest wit11 commentaries or introductions by brothers well informed 1,
,.* .
.
on the subjects treated of.
The Library has now been arranged a t No. 27, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's I n n Fields, London, where Menihere
of both Circles may consult t h e books on application to the Secretary. .<
4
k.1

To the Lodge is attached a n outer or

CORRESPONDENCE CIRCLE.
This was inaugurated in January, 1887, and now n u ~ u b e r s about 3500 members, comprising many cf the L
distinguished brethren of the Craft, such as Masonic Students and Writers, Grand Masters, Grand Secretaries, L
nearly 300 Grand Lodges, Supreme Councils, Prlvate Lodges, L i b r a r ~ e sand other corporate bodies.

2.-The printed Transactions of the Lodge ore posted to them as ~ssued.

as those mentioned under No. 7 above.

4.-Papers from Correspondence Members are gratefully accepted, and as f a r as possible, recorded in thl
Transactions.
5.-They are accorded free admittance to our Library and Reading Rooms.
A Candidate for Membership in . t h e Correspondence Circle is subject to no literary, artistic, or scientifi
qnalification. His election takes place a t the Lodge-meeting following the receipt of his application.
Brethren elected to the Correspondence Circle pay a joining fee of twenty-one shillings, which includes t h i
subscription to the following 30th November.
The annual subscription is only half-a-guinea (10s. (id.), and is renewable each December for the following yea
Brethren joining us late in the year suffer no disadvantage, as they receive all the Transactions previously issued
the same year.
It will thus be seen t h a t for only half the annual subscription, t h e m e m b e ~ s of the Correspondence Circll
enjoy all the advantages of t h e full members, except t h e right of votlng in Lodge matters and holding o5ce.
M e m b e r s o f b o t h C i r c l e s a r e r e q u e s t e d t o f a v o u r t h e S e c r e t a r y w i t h c o m m u n i c a t i o n s t o be r e a d i n Lodge a n
subsequently p r i n t e d . Members of foreign jurisdictions will, we trust, keep us posted from time to time in
Masonic history of their districts. Foreign members can render still further assistance by furnishing us
with the names of new Masonic Works published abroad, together with any printed reviews of such publications. ' ,
Members ahould also bear i n mind t h a t every additional member increases our power of doing good b:
publishing matter of interest to them. Those, therefore, who have already experienced the advantage of associatioi
with us, are urged to advocate our cause to their personal friends, and to induce them to join us. Were'eac, f
member annually to send us one new member, we should soon be in a position to offer them many more advantag
than we already provide. Those who can help us in no otIier way, can do so in this.
Every Master Mason in good standing throughout the Universe, and all T,odges, Chapters, and Mabonic
41 '
Libraries or other corporate bodies are eligible as Members of the Correspondence Circle. I
 Tn.0 G r a ~ ~I.c,tlges,
d T l ~ r e c Tlodyes. One I d g e of I ~ r s t r n c t i o ~ One
i. Socicty and
xvcre ndmitted t o li~elubcrshili of t h e C'o~wspontlenee Circle.
Fifty-eight I l w t l ~ r e l ~

The reiiort of t h e Arltlit C'omnlittee : -

PERMANENT AND AUDIT COMMITTEE.

The Committee met n t t h e Offices. No. 27. G r e a t Queen S t r e e t . L o n d o l ~ , on

E'riday. 4th J a n u a r y . 1929.
P~esent:-131.0. R e v . H. Poole, in t h e Cihair, with Ilro. S i r Alfred Robbins.
R e r . W . TT. Corey-Crump. Gilbert W. Daynes. Gordon P. G. Hills. George N o ~ x i a n .
K. J. Songhurst, TT. J . Williams. T. M. C a r t c r . Lionel Y i b e i t . Secretary, and
R . H. JCcLeod. an cl it or^.
The Secretary proclnced his I3oolrs. ancl t h e T r e a s u r e r ' s A c c o n ~ ~ tand
s Touchers.
nhich had been examined by t h e Auditor a n d certified n s being correct.
The Committee agreed upon t h e follon.ing

REPORT FOR THE TEAR 1928

It is with deep regret t h a t Tre r e p o r t t h e d e a t h on 26th October of 13ro.

Edmuncl H u n t D r i n g , P a s t G r a n d Deacon. nhose e m i n e ~ l t services t o t h e Lodge a r c
recorded in t h e Transactions. Another cause f o r sincere r e g r e t is t h e withdrawal of
Bro. V i l l i a ~ n J o h n Songhurst. P a s t G r a n d Deacon, f r o m t h e Secretaryship of the
Lodge, a f t e r a devoted service of over t n e n t g - t w o years. I n t h e course of this h e
has given invaluable aicl a n d t h e Committee a r e glad t o lrnon. t h a t this, in raiious
capacities, nil1 be c o n t i ~ m e dt o t h e Lodge. H e is succeeded i n t h e Secretaryship by
Bro. Lionel Vibert. P.ll., A.G.D.C., t o n h o m a cordial welcome is extended. The
total membership of t h e Lodge is now 22.
K e a r e pleased t o be able t o s t a t e t h a t t h e membership of t h e Corrcspondence
Circle shows a n e t increase of 176. On t h e 30th November 1927. we hacl a total of
3.129, and 434 names were added d u r i n g t h e y e a r : on t h e other hand 258 werc
remorecl from t h e list. 92 b y resignation. 58 by d e a t h , a n d 108 for non-paynent of
clues. Thus t h e t o t a l n u m b e r carri'ed forward is 3 303. W e m u s t again nrge all
Brethren t o assist u s by introducing new members. It is absolutely e s e n t i a l t h a t
our total number should reach 4.000 i n order t h a t t h e income m a y be sufficient t o
corer t h e a n n u a l e s p e n d i t u r e . The Committee obscrre with r e g r e t t h a t subscriptioi~s
amounting t o over 400 a r e still o ~ ~ i n g D . u r i n g t h e yeitr micler review t h e nholc
of Volume s s s i s . n a s issued, together with one p a r t of Volnmt. s l . . of nhich a sccond
p a r t is now i n t h e post. It is estimated t h a t t h e cost of p r i n t i n g t h e r e m a i ~ ~ d r r
of Volume s l . (1927) a n d t h e ~ r h o l e of Volume s l i . (1928) v i l l be $1.500.
I n F e b r u a r y t h e M a s t e r macle a special appeal for f u n d s in order t o bring
t h e publication of o u r T ~ a n s n c f i o n nu p t o clate. It is g r n t i f y i n g t o be able t o rcport
t h a t t h e Publication F u n d t h u s formecl h a s alrea* resulted in over E800 being
received from members of t h e Lodge a n d t h e Correspondence Circle. The Audit
Committee r o u l d wish t o espress t h e i r sincere appreciation of t h e efforts made bp
131.0. George N o r m a n . T.P.Jr.. in i n a n g u r r t i n g t h i s most n s e f ~ ~Flu n d . The F l ~ n dhas
not been closed a n d t h e (Tommittec hope t h a t T3reth1.en will continue t o support i t .
a n d so enable u s completely t o c a r r y o u t t h e purpose for n h i c h i t Trns formed.
TTe desire t o convey t h e t h a n k s of t h e Loclge t o o u r Local Secretnries. who
continue t o d o m u c h good ~ r o r l r . A r a c a n c p h a s been c m ~ s e d b p t h e retirement of
Bro. C. F. Ilooper a f t e r 20 years' service i n Bengal. 131.0. E. Ralicr has liindly
undertaken t h e worli i n Singapore, i n succession t o Rro. Freclk. Apps. n-110 also has
returned t o Englancl a f t e r long service. T h e r a c a n c y causecl i n Somerset m d
\Tiltshire by Bro. Vibert's removal t o London h a s been filled b y t h e appointment of
 TRANSACTIONS OF T H E
BEING THE
Quatuor Coronati Lodge of A.F. G A.M., London,
No. 2076.

FRIDAY, 4th JANUARY, 1929.

HE Lodge met a t Freemasons' Hall, a t 3 p.111. Present :-Bros.

Rev. H. Poole, l3 .A., P.Pr.G.Oh., ~ T e s t m o r l a n d and Cumberland,
W.JI. : George Norman, P.A.G.D.C., T.P.M. ; Rev. TIT. TT. Covey-
Crump, P . N . . as S.TfT.: Gilbert W. Daynes, J . W . ; Lionel Vibert,
A.G.D.C., P . l l . , Secretary; Gordon 1.' G. H ~ l l s , P.A.G.Sup.W.,
P.M., D.C. ; W. J. W ~ l l i a m s ,J . D . , as S.D. ; MT. J. Songhurst,
P.G.D., Almoner; Thos. > l . Calter, P.Pr.G.St.B., Bristol, I.G.;
a n d J. Heron Lepper, P.G.D., Irelancl. P.M.

Also t h e following Members of t h e Correspondence Circle :-Bros. l?. C.

Stoate, A. L. Gladstone, J a s . F. Anclrew, Arthur Heiron, Geo. Simpson. Ivor
Grantham, J a s . Johnmann, F. J. Asbury, P.A.G.D.O., Robt. Colsell, P.A.G.D.C.,
S. W. Parfect, A. G. H a r p e r . J a s . Wallis, Augnstus Smith, A. E. Gurney, G.
Trevelyan Lee, H . E. McMeel, S. Hazeldine. A. W. Caddy, H . W. m e t w i n , F. L.
Coldwell-Smith, R. A. Hill, P. A. Wilson, L. G. Wearing, Wallace Heaton, H. F.
Mambey, TT7. Darison, Richard Faull, P.A.G.D.C., E. Fyles. C. Arnlstrong Austin,
F. TV. Davy, A.G.Reg., Albert D. Bowl, Wm. Lemis, S. W. Rodgers, P.A.G.Reg.,
Ernest \TTarren, W. Brinkworth, J. F. H. Gilbard, F. Houghton, R. H. Clerke,
H. Johnson, R . J. Sadlier, and C. A. Newman.

Also t h e following Visitors :-Bros. A. F. Jackson, Enoclr Lodge No. 11; Wm.
Hodgetts, W.N.,TVilson-Iles Lodge No. 21054; Charles G. Rforin, P.M., Manhera
Lodge No. 136 (N.Z.C.); J. S. Machin, P . X . , St. Andrews Lodge No. 231; and
H. E. Eden, Rleridan Lodge No. 4106.

Letters of apology for non-attendance r e r e reportcd from Bro. s i r Alfred

Robbins P.G.W.. Pres.B.G.P., P.M. ; John Stolrcs, P.G.D.. P.G.11.. Pr.A.G.M., VTest
yorli~. P.M. : J . T. Thorp. P.G.D., P.3T. : Wm. TITatson, P.A .G.D.O. : R. 13. Baxter.
P.A.G.D.C.. P . M . ; J. X d t e r Hobbs, P.A.G.D.O., S.D. : Ed. Armitage, P.G.D.
Treasurer : S. T. Klein. L.R.. P.11. : H. C. de Lafontnine, P.G.D., S.XT.; Cecil
Ponell, P.G.D., P.31.; and F. J. TV. Crone, P.A.G.D.C., P . M .
Jlro. H . Hiram Hallett. of 'I';runtolr. Ilro. C8orn\\.ell Smitli: \v110 has rendered
' ~ I I16
excellent service in N e n c a s t l e - I I ~ J ~ I I - ' Ifor ~ ycirrs. h:ls 1,esigned. I I I I ~ ul~rallgelnents
are now being made for a l3rothei. t o t a k e his placc. I3ro. l'. C'. l3alco1l has liinclly
~~nilertnlrent o fill t h e vacancy caused by t h e ~ ~ Ilro. II. Silversto~l, i n
r c s i g ~ l a i i o c~f
\Yarwiclishirc.

ill t h e Chair.

GENERAL CASH ACCOUNT, 1928.

Receipts. Expenditure.
S. d . S. d.
To Cash Balance . . . . . . 130 2 0 By Lodge . . . . . . . . . 35 19 1
, . Lodge . . . . . . . . . 2 8 7 0 .. Salaries. R e n t . R a t e s ancl
.. Joining Fees . . . . . . 225 15 0 Taxes . . . . . . . . . 727 9 3
!. Subscriptions. 1928 ... 1122 8 8 ,. I ~ i g h t i n g .H e a t i n g . Cleaning.
do. 1927 ... 127 14 7 Insurance. Teleplione.
do. 1926 ... 49 9 6 Carriage and Sundries 152 1 2 3
. . Bacli Subscriptions ... 1 2 1 1 0 ,, P r i n t i n g . S t a t i o n e r y , etc. ... 1588 4 3
:. Life do. ... 193 6 0 , , 3ledals ......... 9136
.. Payments received i n ,. Binding . . . . . . . . . 44 16 6
Advance .
. . . . . . 177 16 8 . Sundry Puhlications ... 43 10 1
,. Nednls ...... ... 12 4 6 .. Summer Outing . . . . . . 381 17 4
>, Binding . . . . . . . . . 59 1 3 6 Library .. ... . . . . . . 24 0 0
?, Sundry Publications ... 71 8 11 .. Itepairs (27. reat at Queen
,, Srunmer Outing . . . . . . 362 16 0 S t r e e t ) . . . . . . . . . 61 13 0
.. Interest and Discounts ... 63 7 2 >, Postage . . . . . . . . . 258 l l1
,, Pr~hlication F u n d . . . . . . 801 8 1 ,, Local Secretaries' Expenses 4 8 10
Cash Balance .. . . . . . . 108 0 7

The SECRETIIIT dren- a t t c ~ r t i o nt o t h e following

W a ~ c ~ w o c swit11
, n u m b e r 5 4 1 and malrer's unnie: 'I'lros. Crnnil). I~ivcrpool.
Elaborately engrnvcd n-it11 a 11nmbcr of l\lasonic e~nblcms. If t h e
n111nbe1 refers t o a Lodge. it \vonlcl bc t h e I{oy;11 Clicsliire. n-liicl~v a s
held in t h e R.ogal negiinent of Cheshire J l i l i t i a . ( L a n e , 1$9f;, p. 23'7.)
Tlut it is m o lilrcly~ ~ t o he merclg t h e m a k e r ' s ~ i i ~ m b eforr t h e n-atch.

A Cnrdial r o t e of tllanlrs Jvni pns\ecl t o 13ro. T-loopcr. who lincl I~iiirllylent the
watch for exhibition.
 PROVINCIAL WARRANTS
(Part 11.).

1V.-PROVINCES IN PARTICULAR.

U R I N G the eighteenth century there were no Lodges founded

by either Antients or AIoderns i n Bedfordshire (first Lodge
1841), Buckingllanlshire (1851), Runtingdonshire (1823), or
Rutland (1869).
I t is not without significance t h a t modern organised
i\Iasonry was so slow in making its appearance in these Home
Counties, as compared with t h e activity in t h e Midlands and
elsewhere, and gives weight against any contention that the
Fraternity originated in London and spread peripherally.
The phenomena of the growth of modern organised Masonry indicates
rather the linking up of units already existing to a newly recognised centre, and
a more rapid expansion under the new impetus in those places where there
already was some established tradition.
No Provincial Constitutions-(whether Warrants, or Deputations, or
Dispensations)-were issued in the following Counties, which may be thus
grouped :-
1. Home Counties or neighbouring thereto:
Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, Middlesex, Northamp-
tonshire, Oxfordshire.
2. Welsh Countiee:
Anglesey, Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire, Carnarvonshire,
Merionethshire, Monmouthshire, Montgomeryshire, Pembroke-
shire.
3. North Border Counties:
Cumberlnnd, Durham, N o r t h u ~ b e r l n n d ,Westmorland.
4. Worcestershire.
On looking through the lists given in Appendix I . . one cannot but be
impressed by t h e very large number of Lodges, not only founded, but still
surviving in Lancashire and Yorkshire: the survival is a tribute, I think, to
the character of the men of those parts, who having p u t their hands to the
plough, do not readily t u r n back
Both these Provinces exhibit this characteristic of tenacity and permanency
in an undertaking once started; and perhaps i t may also be rightly inferred
that there existed a tradition of Masonry which gave i t a greater stability there
than elsewhere. and formed a more fertile soil for t h e new seed.
These indications of Xasonic enthusiasm led m e to make some exteusive
researches into the relationship between the number of Lodges working in a
district and the available population that could be expected to support them.
The subject is a difficult one to pursue with any degree of accuracy:
there was no Census before 1801, and the estimated figures of Rickman from
l700 onwards do not allow of much dissection: and I do not think any useful
purpose is served by detailing the few impressions I was able t o get regarding
the middle of the century.
But in 1801 we can get accurate and analysed figures from the published
Census, and I call present a few interesting approximations based on the calcula-
tion of the male population of all the towns and districts in which Lodges were
actually working in 1800, and t h e number of Lodges: aud compare this with
the proportion of Lodges now working to the male population of t h e County at
the last Census.
I think this is a fairer comparison t h a n comparing t h e number of Lodges
with the total (male) County population i n 1801. The Lodge was mainly
supported by residents reasonably near-(they always pleaded t h a t convenience
when petitioning),-so t h a t i t would he unfair t o take the total (male)
population of the County in 1801; whereas now t h e Lodges are so distributed
all over the areas t h a t t h e total Countv a
figure
" can reasonablv be used.
( I t was not practicable to extract t h e figures for i l c l ~ t l tmales only, from
the Census figures of 1801.)
I n Lancashire there was in 1800 one Lodge for every 6,000 males: now
there is one for 5,000.
The L o d ~ e sin 1800 were in twentv towns and districts. but much the
0

greatest number were congregated in Manchester and Liverpool.

I n Yorkshire there was one Lodge for every 7,000 males; now one in 10,000.
Here again the Lodges in 1800 were in about twenty towns and districts, but they
were scattered more-evenly anlong them than in ~ a n c a s h i r e .
I n Cheshire t h e proportion then and now is much higher and was largely
represented by Lodges in Chester. One in 3,000 in 1800 and t h e same proportion
prevails to-day.
On comparing this area with others, Devonshire is strangely similar with
one Lodge to 3,000 then and one to 4.000 now.
Norfolk has t h e extraordinarily high figure of one Lodge to 1,500 male
population in 1801, t h e Lodges being in Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn and the
Walsingham district (Fakenham) : and in Norwich itself t h e figure is still a
little higher, eleven Lodges being in active work there in 1800 with a male
population in the City and County of Norwich of sonlething over 15,500, giving
a proportion of one to 1,400. To-day the population has much outstripped the
Lodges, and there is no more t h a n one Lodge in t h e County of Norfolk to a
male population of 8.000.
Gloucestershire (excluding Bristol, which was by then a separate Province)
had in 1801 one Lodge (and there was actually b u t one in t h e whole County)
to a male population of 6,500, while now i t has one to 8.000.
Bristol (with Clifton) had one to 7,000, and has now b u t one in 8,000.
Impressive, then, as is t h e survival figure of t h e Lancashire and Yorkshire
Lodges, the actual number of Lodges formed in proportion to available popula-
tion does not seem t o be greatly differing from t h a t of sonle other parts of the
Country.

The Constitutions issued by the Provincial Grand Masters of the relnainiug

Provinces must now be considered in some detail and inay most conveniently be
arranged as follows :-
1. A large it4iscellaneo~1s Class, distinguished (except in the case of
Cornwall) by the Constitutions being based on t h e model of the
Grand Lodge Issues, whether Warrants or Deputations.
Of this Class, groups may conveniently be considered territorially :-
Group a . Norfolk. Lincolnshire, Suffollr.
Group b. Leicestershire. Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire.
Group c. Warwickshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Flintshire, and
nenbighshire.
 7 ' 1 ~ r 1 1 s r t c t i o 1 oi <f t l i r ~ ( , ) ~ ~ r i t r r o( r' o r o i c / r t i I , o / l y e .

Group d . Sonth ,Wales.

Group e . Surrey, K e n t . Sussex.
Group f . Devonshire. Cornwall, Scilly Isles, a n d t h e Channel Islands.
The Dnnckerley Provinces-with Charters also on G . L . model-
Hampshire (and Isle of W i g h t ) . Essex. Wiltshire, Dorset. Somerset,
Gloucestershire (and Bristol), Ilerefordshire .
and t h e three remaining with m a n y characteristic issues differing widely fro111
the G.L. model a n d aniong themselves:-
3. Lancashire.
4. Yorkshire
5. Cheshire.

CLASS 1. GROUP (I. NORFOLK, LINCOLNSHIRE. SUFFOLK.

Although Alanningham h a d himself issued t o t h e Friendship Lodge

(No. 100 G r e a t Y a r m o u t h ) 111 1757 one of t h e earliest Charters of Constitntion
ill W a r r a n t f o r m , t h e earliest issues b y t h e Provincial G r a n d Master were in
the old f o l m of Deputation.
T h e first Provincial Grand N a s t e r for Norfolk ( E d w a r d Bacon) v a s
appointed on 13 J a n . 1759, a n d h e held a nleeting of t h e Provincial Lodge on
Sep. 6th of t h a t year, when i t was agleed t h a t ' Quarterly Communications
sl~oulclbe held b y rotation a t t h e severd Lodges i n t h e City of Norwich according
to seniority. "
The W a r r n n t of t h e TJodge constituted a t t h e D u k e S H e a d : ~ Lt y n n liegis
on J u n e 9 1762 was a Grand TAodge issue, signed b y L o r d Ferrers as Grand
Master. J o h n Revis D . G . N . , a n d witnessed b y Samuel Spencer G.S. I t is
preserved i n t h e G . L . Library, b u t i n very bad condition.
B u t t h e next Lodge was t h e Great Lodge, meeting a t t h e Crown I n n a t
Swaffham, constituted on Dec. 10 1764, and this h a d Deputation from E d w u d
Bacon, who issued similar cloc~uneilts t o t h e Royal Eclmin a t Fakenhain 1765,
and the Royal A l f ~ e da t Diss 1770. t h e Lodge a t t h e Blue Boar Norwich 1765
(knovn as t h e Union Lodge) united i n 1819 with t h e Lodge a t t h e King's Head
of 1736 (now No. 52). a n d t h e character of its original Constitution is unlrnown,
but very probably it h a d a similar document to those of t h e Lodges immediately
I~eforeand after it.
A full transcription of t h e 1)epntation issued to t h e G r e a t Lodge a t
Snaffham is given b y Bro. I-Iamon le Strange i n his most interesting a c c o ~ m tof
tlus Lodge i n .I .Q.C'., vol. s x . , p. 233.
The clocunlent itself has been lost, b u t a detailed account of t h e Constitu-
tion proceedings a n d a copy of t h e D e p ~ ~ t a t i owere n included i n t h e well kept
3linutes of this Loclge, which a r e now i n t h e possession of t h e Ceres Lodge
No. 2879. a t Swaffham.
The Depntation follows t h e usnal form :-
E d w a r d Bacon P.G.11.
'l

To all ancl Every our Riglit Worshipful W o ~ s h i p f u l and loving

Brethren. We, Eclward Bacon, Recorder of t h e City of Norwich.
a n d one of i t s Rep-eeentatjves i n P a r l i a m e n t . Provincial Grand
Master of t h e A n t i e n t and Honorable Society of ffree and Accepted
Xasons for t h e P r o v i l ~ c eof Norfolk a n d Norwich, send Greeting " ;
ancl recites how a t t h e petition of fifteen brethren who a r e severally named in
the document ' W e do hereby Constitute a n d A p p o i n t hi111 t h e said Benjamin
Nnthall, for U s a n d i n O u r N a m e to convene our said B r e t h ~ e nwho have signed
the :sic1 Petition, a n d in clue for111 to const.itute t h e m into a Regular L o d g e " :
and ends :-
" Giveu a t O u r Ho11se a t Westali~lstev 111ider o11r H a n d and Seal of
Arasonry t h i s t e u t h d a y of December A : 13 : 1764 A : L : 5764
B y t h e R i g h t Worshipful t h e Provillcial Grand ;\laster's Colillnand
F r s Frank P.L.T."
The initials P . L . T . (probably Provincial Lodge Treasurer) instead of P.G.T. are
found on other docunlents i n this Province.

The Deputation issued t o t h e Royal E d w i n Lodge ' a t F a k e n h a m , dated

30 Sep. 1765. is now i n G r a n d Lodge, b u t i t is unfortunately i n too bad a
cond~t~lonfor satisfactory reprodnct~ion i n facsimile. I t s seal h a s gone, b u t was
evidently fixed t o a p u r p l e ribbon which is still attaclled. I t appoints W m . P u e
" for Us and i n o u r N a m e to convene (pursuant of the'ir humble Petition) "
certain uanied brethren (eleven a r e cited), ' ' a n d i n d u e form t o C o m t i h t e them
into a regular Lodge," a n d follows t h e usual wording of such d ~ c m u e n t ~ ending:
s,
" Given a t E a r l h a i n i n t h e County of this City of Nclrwich, u n d e r &c.
B y t h e Provincial G r a n d nlaeter's Comniaild
T . Davey P.G.S."
Beneath is given t h e " Certificate "
" Constituted b y t h e A u t h o r i t y aboves"
Y e 30t" Dec. 5765 " :
followed by signatllres of \V. P L IP~. L . T . : T . Davey A . P . G . N . , a n d five others.
I t is a little difficult t o uiiderstancl why if W m . P u e t h e Provincial
Treasurer was deputed 11y t h e P . G . M . to constitut,e t h e Lodge, T. Davey, t h e
Prov.G.Secretary. sl~oulcl st8yle himself A . P . G . X . iii t h e certificate: mrless t h e
" A ' ' stands for " A s s i s t a i ~ t" a n d not for ' , Act'iag."

I n t h a t model of Provincial I-Iistories, F'~ee7irctso1/r?/ in i170~fol'i,,. Bro.

Hallloll le Strange, p. 152, tells of a Copy of Anderson's Constitntioas, printed
in 1756, which was i n t h e possession of Bro. Chetwood Crawley. on t h e fly leaf
of which is written:-" This was t h e Constitution Book belonging t o t h e Royal
Edwin Lodge, F a k e n h a m . Thetford : while a n inset paper i n t h e book notes : -
"

" Royal Edwin Lodge N o . 226 held a t t h e R e d L y o n F a k e n h a m Norfolk, by

virtue of a Dispensation from E d w a r d Bacon Esq'''~. P . G . i \ l . N a y 14th 1765.
Constituted a t do. Dec. 30 1765."

Some correspo~ldence antecedent to tlie Coilstitution of t h e Royal Alfred

Loclge a t Diss has already been quoted. Bro. l e Strange's description of t h e
document. which is now preserved a t Norwich, is as follows :--" It is 011 vellum.
signed by the P.G.31. E d w a r d Bacon, ancl i n t h e form of a deputation to Thomas
Marks of Norwich, directing him t o convene t h e petitioners residing in Diss and
constitute them Into a regular Lodge. Tile wording is almost identical with t h a t
of the Constitution of t h e Royal Edwin Lodge i n 1765. It is dated a t Earlhain
on t h e 26th d a y of J u n e 1770, a n d countersigned b y Thomas Davey P . G . S .
I t is interesting t o find t h a t i t still bears, pendent f r o m t h e t o p corner by n red
ribbon, a piece of b l u e cardboard on which is t h e seal i n red w a x of t h e i\Ioderns
as used by them prior t o 1813-the very seal a n d ' ribband " sent down by t h e
Grand Secretary t o b e attached to t h e document i n 1770. A t t h e foot of t h e
Deputation is written tlle certificate b y Thomas Marks, s t a t i n g t h a t h e had duly
couvened t h e brethren on t h e 26th J u l y , a t t h e house of J a m e s Simpson, t h e
' King's H e a d " a t Diss. a n d h a d constituted t h e m i n t o a Lodge i n due form,
as well as imtalled Bro. J o h n W o r t h as their N a s t e r .
W i t h tlle Account of t h e Provincial Quarterly Commmiication 12 Oct.
1170. Norwich, sent t o tlie G . S . l ~ yT h o n ~ a s1)avey P . G . S . , t h e r e a r e illcluded
items :-
 F o r t'he Diss Constitution . . . .. . ... 3 0 0
F o r New P l a t e (Diss Lodge) ... . .. 2 6
The Grand Secretary is I-equested t o accept
t o d r i n k Success to t,he Iliss Lodge 5 0
and with this Account t h e P . G . S . included some queries a b o u t t h e ( ' cloathing "
of Grand Officers a t t h e Constitution of a Lodge when, if i n London. ' ' t h e fine
for their Constitution is b u t forty shillings " :-
" Query, t h e n , if t h e I h s Lodge should have paid more, as they
cloathed i n G . Cloathiug t h e ofliciating G. Officers & gave u p t h e said
cloathing W'' was delivered in a t this colnnlunication 1 "
The G. Sec. replied o n 26 Oct. l770 :-
" I t was some years ago customary for t h e G.O.'s to attencl at t h e
constit". of every Lodge a n d t o be properly cloathed & entertained
in which case 2 guineas were paid t o t h e f ~ u l dof Charity, but the
m a t t e r being found inconvenient on acct. of t h e great espences
attending i t , was i n a great measure dropped. a n d a n order made in
G.L. t h a t o n Constituting a new L . i n London b y t h e G.M.'s W a r r a n t
a n d without t h e attendance of t h e G.O.'s t h e sum of F o u r guineas
should b e paid to t h e F l m d of Cht"., a n d this last is t h e general
method a t present. T h e Country Lodges always paid 2 gnineas to
t h e Charity, t h e additional guinea (for three guineas is always to be
remitted) is allowed for t h e registering t h e new L . , as appears by the
printed r e g n t inclosed. T h e L . a t Diss therefore onght to remit
t h r e e guineas instead of 3 pounds."
Not a n unbusinesslike reply after t h e present of 51- for a drink !

Twenty-two yeals passed before another Lodge, either of Moderns or

Antlents, was founded in Norfolk. a n d meanwhile E d w a r d Bacon had passed.
and Sir E d w a r d Astley h a d i n 1785 become P . G . M . with liobert Partridge as
D . P . G . X . , v h o continued t o hold t h a t position u n t i l 1817.
A W a r r a n t was t h e n issued t o a Lodge which was t o meet a t the Little
White S ~ m n . S t . P e t e r Mancroft, Norwich, a n d was " Given a t Melton
Constable u n d e r our H a n d a n d Seal of l1asonr.y this 2 8 t h of J d y A.D. 1792.
A . L . 5792."
This Lodge now exists as No. 284 Sh:rlrespeare Lodge a t Warwick. and has
had a very interesting career, accounts of which have been published in the
Ilcsto7y o f I'reenaccconry z n Korfolh., i n Bro. Tibhits' H z q f o r y of 5'Sj Shn1:e~pctrr
Lodge, TT'n~t~l~cl:, < ~ n idn Gould's ilftlttnrg Lodges.
The W a r r a n t is still carefully preserved a t Warwick a n d wisely kept shielded
from sunlight.
The wording closely follows i n full t h e G . L . model; i t is engrossed on
vellum. a n d bears t h e signature of t h e P . G . N . , E d w a r d Astley. a t t h e top left-
hand corner. with t h e seal of G . L . London, and is signed a t t h e foot on t h e right
Robert P a r t r i d g e D . P . G . M . : Thos. Marks P . S . G . W . , a n d Janles Buttivant
P . J . G . W . . while t o t h e left a r e t h e words " Witness J a s . Buttivant J i m .
P.G.S."
I t is very noticeable t h a t t h e handwriting of t h e whole document ancl
the word " W7itness " a n d t h e signature J a s . Buttivant .Tun1." a r e identical.
( '

It is scarcely credible t h a t a n y engrosser in London would have engrossed the

name of t h e Witness to t h e d o c w n e n t ; a n d i t is, moreover, quite clear from
comparison with t h e handwriting of Janles B u t t i v a n t , J u n l . . i n t h e nlany letters
that exist i n t h e correspondence portfolios in t h e G . L . L i b r a r y t h a t this whole
W a r r a n t is i n his hanclwritiug.
Bro. H a m o n le Strauge, conunenting on this issue ( p . 172), says: " The
Warrant, thongh issued b y t h e Provincial Grand Master was clrawn u p in
London, and not i n Norwich. like t h e W a r r a n t of t h e Royal Alfred Lodge, Diss.
I t also accounts for tlie wording being identical with t h a t of documents issued
by the Grand Master."
Bio. le Strange based this view on a letter from Janles Buttivant. Junr..
to the Grand Secretary, dated Norwich. 2 Aug 1792, acknowledging the receipt
of the Constitution.
This hardly seems sufficient to rebut the evidence of the similarity of
hanclwritlng, particularly when we look at the actual terms of the letter :-
D''. S' .
I have duly rec'd the Constitution with t h e seal of the Grand
Lodge annex'd to i t , & which is in course deliver'd to the Petitioner,
who will sit under t h e same a t ye Little White Swan, St. Peter's
Xancroft Norwich on the First Nonday in t h e m o n t h You will be
so kind to inform me ill course t h e number. M r . W . White my
Bro in Law & Bearer hereof will pay to you Five guineas.
I remain, with fraternal regards
Dear Sir
Your obedi. serv'. & Bro.
J a s . Buttivant jun'.
Norwich. Aug. 2 1792.
Endorsed. Received from Mr. W h i t e of Norwich
5 . 5 for t h e Const". of the Lodge.
We have already seen t h a t a t t h a t time Lodges paid to Grand Lodge
" Two guineas for Each of t h e Funds (Charity & H a l l F u n d ) and one guinea
for registering." while a further half-guinea was required when t h e Constitution
was written for them. T h a t half-guinea is not charged here.
I t is not a t all improbable t h a t by t h a t date t h e G. Secretary frequently
sent the form of words used for Warrants t o any P . G . S . requiring them; and
it is not unlikely t h a t having been engrossed a t Norwich t h e document was sent
to Grand Lodge for approval and for affixing t h e s e a l this would have been
quite in keeping with t h e words of Buttivaat's acknowledgment. It is a little
strange. however, in t h a t case, t h a t the number was not also affixed. but new
Lodges were coming in thickly just then, and some delay often occurred before
the correct sequence could be decided and a number allotted.
The evidence of t h e Lodge of Unity. Yarmouth, 7 Oct. 1793, the
Theatrical Lodge 1797, and the Lodge of Attention, L y n n , 1798, were comtituted
by the P.G.M. is solely from t h e entry in t h e nlenlorandunl register of the
G. Secy. : none of t h e documents has survived.
I n l796 another Lodge-the Strict Benevolence, a t Lynn-was constituted
by Sir Edw" Astley: dated a t Melton Constable 14 April 1796. It is now in
the Grand Lodge Library.
I t is signed by Janles Buttivant as P.G.S.. and t h e handwriting of the
document and of Buttivant are again identical.
Strangely, and for no obvious reason a t so late a date, t h e form reverts
to the Deputation (it is tlie last extant of this class of Constitution), and carries
the usual certificate from Thoinas Marks t h a t t h e Lodge was constituted: but
no n~entionis made of t h e W . N . or officers appointed.
The document is unusually small, l lins. by 9ins.. engrossed on vellum.
and bears the Seal of t h e Provincial Grand Lodge of Norfolk and not the G.L.
Seal.
An interesting enclorsenlent appears on the back, signed by W m . White
G.Sec., and with G.L. S e , ~ l attached transferring t h e Lodge to Wisbech.
Cambridge. and dated 7 Nov. 1807, t h e actual removal having taken place two
years before.
I n 1797 the P . G . N . constituted i h e United Friends Lodge. Yarmouth
(now No. 313), still meeting there n ~ i d e rauthority of t h e W a r r a n t then issued.
The docunlent is engrossed on parchment and was evidently locally
produced: i t appears to be wholly written by the new Pr0v.G Secy.. Janles Boyce.
and the skeletou line rulings are still plainly seen ; t h e wording has become in
places badly faded and defaced aud dificult to decipher. b u t i t is clearly in the
common fo1.111 of a G . L . \Varl,ant, and a11 uanles of persons and places in t h e
body of t h e W ; ~ r r ; ~ ;Ire
n t filled in hy t h e ellgrosser, ;lnd not left blank.
The signature of t h e Provincial Grand N a s t e r is lulusually placed in the
wide left-hand m a r g i n , about a third of t h e distance from t h e top. and not a t
top left-hand corner. t h e number 564 being engrossed near t o t h a t position.
Slt,hougll this class of expert penmanship was very common a t that
period. I t h i n k t h e r e can be no doubt as to t h e writing being t h a t of James
Boyce, t h e line down stroke ending i n a very short heavier portion being plainly
characteristic.
There is 110 seal, though just below t h e P . G . l l . ' s signature a r e marks
where one has been or was intended to be, a n d t h i s wonld better fit the G.L.
Seal usually attached t h a n t h e larger oval impression of t h e Provincial Grand
Lodge of Norfolk.
Though not a n issue to a New Lodge, t h e V7arrant of Confirmation issued
to the Social Lodge. Norwich (93). datecl 2 Aug. 1797, is of interest, as a
document e ~ n a n a t i n g from t h e Provincial Graucl Master.
It reads : -

013dward Astley P . G . N .

prov.~

of
~

,i
~
To
No. 120.
All ancl Every our R i g h t Worshipful
Worshipful and Loving Brethren W e Edward
~Astley.
Ancient
~ l ancl
Baronet
' , ITo~lorable
Provincial
I\lasons send Greeting
SocietyGrand
of F r e Naster
e and Accepted
of the

W e c10 hereby certify t h a t t h e Lodge late

No. 135 now 120 fornlerly held a,t t h e Fountain
i n t h e I'arish of S a i n t Stephen in t h e City of
Norwich, b u t l.emovec1 b y Order of our Provincial Grand Lodge.
dated t h e seventll d a y of October A.L. 5790 t o t h e Wounded H e a r t
i n t h e Parish of S a i n t P e t e r of i\lancroft i n t h e said City, where the
same is now held, was duly C o n s t i t ~ ~ t ebdy a W a r r a n t bearing date
t h e sixt'eenth d a y of September ,4.L. 5755 A.D. 1755. B u t such
W a r r a n t of C o n s t i t ~ ~ t i ohaving
n been mislaid we do hereby give and
g r a n t full power and authority t o t h e members of t h e said Lodge
t o sit : ~ n d act :IS ; I r e g u h r I,odge of 1l:lsous till such 1T:rl~r;rllt
shall be f o ~ u l d . Provided t h a t t h e B r e t h r e n of t h e s;lid I,odge
shall do a n d observe, perform and keep all a n d every t h e Rules.
Orders a n d Regulations contaiued i n t h e Book of C o n s t i t ~ ~ t i o (Except
~is
s11ch as have been or may he repealed) together with all such other
Kules, Regulations, and Instructions as shall from Time to Time be
transmitted b y us or IZobert P a r t r i d g e Esquire our n e p n t y . or by
a n y of our Successors, Provincial Gl,and Masters, or their Deputy for
tlle time being.
Given uncler our I I a n d ancl Seal of Masonry this second clay of
August A.D. 1797. A.L. 5797.
B y Command of t h e Provincial Grand Master
J a s . Boyce. P . G . Secy.
The statelllent here m a d e t'llat t h e Social Lodge was " Constituted by a W a r r a n t "
is interesting, b u t cannot be accepted as evidence t h a t t h e new . ' AIanningham "
Charter had been issued to i t : while t h e statement t h a t the removal from the
Fountain to t h e Wounded Heart was by order of " O u r Provincial Grand
L u d g e " is also notable, and much Illore i n keeping with t h e pl~raseologyof the
Antients t h a n t h e l\loderns.

L/t~colt~shire.
Two Lodges only are known to have been constituted b y t h e P . G . X . of
Lincolnshire. ancl both of these in t h e lact decade of t h e century.
 The of Glanford Bsigg, is stated in t h e G . Secy.'s register to
h'lve been constituted I)y t h e P.G.i\l. t h e Rev. M r . P c t c r s o n 20 Oct. 1792, but
though t h e W a r r a n t (having served as authority for t h e S t . Janies' Lodge a t
Louth, and t h e Apollo, G r ~ m s b y ) ,was returned t o G r a n d Lodge b y its W . N . ,
the celebrated l > r . Geo. Oliver, i n 1834, no trace of lt is now t o be found.
The form of t h e d o c ~ ~ m e ncannot,
t therefore, be stated.
The W i t h a m Lodge received its W a r r a n t from t h e R e v . Willialn Peters
P . G . ~ I I:-.
' Given a t T,ondon u n d e r O w I I a n d a n d Seal of Atasonry this 23'" day
of September A . L . 5793. A . D . 1793
B y t h e Provincial G r a n d N a s t e r ' s Conlsnand
N a t t h e w Uarnett. D . P . G . N .
Witness. W"'. Henton P.G.S."
and bears t h e Seal of G r a n d Lodge and t h e No. 530.
It is i n full W a r r a n t f o r m , following t h e G.L. model i n every particular
except t h a t t h e phrase " t o t a k e especial care t h a t all a n d every t h e said
Brethren a r e or have been regularly m a d e nlasolls " is placed f u r t h e r down in
t h e wording of t h e W a r r a n t , a n d linked with t h e injunction t o " observe perforin
and keep all t h e Rules & Orders '-a sequence observed i n t h e majority of
later Warrants wherever issued, a n d t h a t t h e qualification as t o Rules and ,

Regulations being repealed a t Quarterly C o ~ n n ~ ~ n i c d t i oannsd other Rules, &C..

heing sent by t h e G . M . o r D e p u t y or Successors, is omitted as also usually occurs
in late issues.
No later T,odges were constituted i n Liucolmllire dllriug t h e century.

Tlie first Provincial G r a n d Master, Rowland H o l t (17'71-li88), was also

Deputy Grand X a s t e r i n t h e G r a n d Lodge of E n g l a n d over t h e same
per~od.
On 23 Sep. 1785 h e constituted tlle Lodge of Perfect Friendship to meet
a t t h e Green 11an Ipswich, on t h e p e t i t ~ o n of J o h n Conder. M a r k V7i1loughy,
and W m . Fenton.
This Lodge u n i t e d with t h e S t . L u k e ' s Lodge o n J u n e 14 1820 and is
now No. 225.
The S t . Luke's Lodge had, since 1805, been working as a civil Lodge a t
Il~swich,conling f r o m Colchester a t first as a X l l i t a l y Lodge u u d e r t h e Antients
regime, and ctlll works u n d e r their W a r r a n t dated 20 Oct. 1803.
Then known a s t h e K n i g h t s of X a l t a Lodge i n t h e Second Regiment of
Royal Lancashire F u s i l ~ e r s , i t h a d acquired a vacant nuniber flosn an erased
Antients Lodge a t Newcastle-upon-Tyne. whose W a r r a n t d a t e d from 1 Nov.
1763, and t h e next year (1804) i t united wsth another Anticlits Military Lodge
a t Portsmouth in t h e 2nd Battalion of t h e Eighty-fifth Regiment. said to have
heen founded on 27 Sep. 1797 b y a W a r r a n t issued t o t h e Fifty-second Regiment
of Foot.
I have been unable t o obtain a n y information respecting t h e original
docunient issued t o t h e Lodge of Perfect Friendship. a n d presume t h a t i t has
not been pleselved. t h e fact t h a t i t was a l'rovincial issue being based upon t h e
entry in t h e Grand Secy. S register.
This register also states t h a t t h e Lodge of P r u d e n c e wds constituted by
the P.G.31. W m . l l i d d l e t o n . a t t h e Three T u n s llalesworth o n 23 J a n . 1792,
but no other recold of t h i s is known t o me.
The P a t e n t t o W m . Xiddleton of Crowfield H a l l , Esquire, 171.P. for
Ipswich, is entered a s bearing d a t e 20 A u g . 1788.
This would account for t h e absence of a n y reference t o Constitution by
the Provincial Authorities i n t h e e n t r y of t h e Pliilautllropic Lodge a t Nelford,
which was c o n s t ~ t u t e dA u g 1 1788, 4 n c e Rowlasicl H o l t h a d died two gears before,
but there is a n omission to mention t h e fact of Provincial Colistitution with
legdld to t h e Apollo Lodge a t Beccles (544).
This Lodge, stlll worlring there as No. 305, has a most interesting
Constitution, dated 22 J u l y 1794.
I t is i n Deputation form a n d appoints " Thomas N a r k s of t h e City of
Norwich ' t o convene t h e petitioliiiig brethren a n d coilstitute them into a regular
Lodge: i t is signed b y William illiddletoii, P r o v . G r a n d Blaster, a n d bears a
seal after his signature, b u t not t h e seal of Grand Lodge. A detailed certificate
follows telling of t h e n a m e a n d number of tlie Lodge and t h e appointment of
Officers. This Thonlas Marks is cited i n t h e " Shakespear " W a r r a n t of 1792 as
t h e P . S . G . W . of Norfolk, and i n 1796 was deputed to convene and colistltute
t h e Lodge of Strict Benevoleilce a t L y n n : i t would b e interesting to know why
the P . G . X . of Suffolk imported him from t h e neighbouring Province to constitute
this Lodge i n 1794.
The ellgrossing is somewhat poor in quality of penmanship. as though
done by a n a m a t e u r , a n d t h e certificate appended is written throughout by t h e
same hand.
The signature of Tho'. Marks may be t h e especially careful writing of the
same penman, though this. 1 think. is d o u b t f u l . possibly t h e doculllent was
prepared by t h e Secretary of t h e Province, a n d after t h e Constitution t h e later
addition made b y h i m for t h e Consecrating officer S signature.
The whole document is as follows:-
To All a n d Every our R i g h t Worshipful Worshipful and Loving
Brethren. W e , William Niddleton of Crowfield H a l l , i n t h e County
of Suffolk, Esquire, Provincial Grand Pllaster of t h e Ancient and
Honourable Society of free a n d accepted I\lasons for t h e said County
of Suffollc send Greeting.
K n o w ye t h a t we of our great Tru5t a n d Confidelice reposed in our
R i g h t Worshipful a n d well-beloved Brother Thoinas Marks of t h e
City of Norwich Esquire a t t h e humble petition of several Brethren
residing i n or near Beccles i n t h e said County of Suffolk Do hereby
constitute a n d appoint him t h e said Thoinas Marks for us and in our
names t o Convene our said Bretliren who have signed t h e said
Petition a n d i n d u e form to constitute t h e m into a regular Lodge of
free a n d accepted i\Iasoils, he t h e said Thomas M a r k s taking especial
care tliat all and every t h e said Brethren have been regularly made
Xasons and t h a t they do observe perforill a n d keep all and every the
Rules Orders a n d Regulations contained i n t h e Book of Coiistitutious
(except such as llave been or m a y be repealed o r altered a t any
Quarterly Com~nunication or other general Aleeting duly authorized)
also with all s11ch other Rules, Orders, Regulations a n d h s t r u c t i o n s
as shall from time to time be t r m s i n i t t e d b y or through U s from His
Royal Highness George Prince of Wales, tlie present R i g h t Worshipful
G r a n d Master or by a n y of H i s successors G r a n d Masters for t h e
Time being, IIereby willing a n d requiring Y o u t h e said Thomas
Marks as sooil as conveniently m a y b e t o send us a n Account in
W r i t i n g of what you shall do b y v i r t u e of these Presents. Given
under our IIancl and Seal t h e 22""ay of J u l y A . D . 1794. A L .

I
5794
Wllliam Midclleton
Prov. G r a n d Master
Seri (
B y V i r t u e of t h e above Constitution 1 convened t h e Brethren in and
near Beccles i n t h e Conuty of Suflolk on Tuesday t h e 2gt" Day of J u l y
a t t h e House of L y d i : ~W a r d Widow lrnovw b y t h e Nmne or Sign of
t h e K l n g ' s H e a d i n Beccles aforesaid, a n d having taken especial care
t h a t all a n d every t h e Bretlweii were regular Masons I constituted
tliem into a regular Lodge in due F o r m , by t h e ilanie of t h e Apollo
 Lodge No. 544 and they chose Robert Davey. Gentleman their
Xaster which choice I confirnied and installed him in due Form, and
he entered ininiediately upon the execution of his Office ancl chose his
Wardens ancl other Officers out of the Fellow Crafts and Master
1Iasons of t h e same Lodge, and I approved of them and installed
them in due Form iu thew proper Places, as TT'itiless my I-Iancl this
29"' Day of J u l y A . D . 1794. A . L . 5794
Tho'. Narks.

GROUP b. L E I C E S T E R S I - I I R E , NOTTINGI-IADISHIRE,
DERBYS H I R E .

These three Counties were groupecl uncler t h e Provincial Grand Nastershil)

of Thomas Boothby Parkyns by patent issued by t h e Duke of Cnniberland. dated
25 X a r . 1789.
Under his reginie one Lodge was constituted in Leicester, t h e St. John S
Lodge, then nuinbered 562, still working uncler the number 279 (31 Aug. 1790),
and two in Nottinghamshire, t h e Corinthian a t Newark, numbered 561 (5 June
1790) and the North Nottinghanishire Lodge a t Retford No. 587 (21 Mar.
1792)-both of which have been erased.
On J u n e 21 1792, a P a t e n t was issued t o Sir J o h n Borlase Warrea
appointing him P.G.M. for Derbyshire, and under his rule t h e Scarsdale Lodge
was constituted a t Chesterfield on 5 Mar. 1793. erased i n 1838.
The Warrants of all these have been lost, and t h e only evidence that they
were Provillcial issues is t h a t they are cited in the G. Secy.'s register as having
been constituted by t h e P . G . N .
The St. John's Lodge No. 279 works under a W a r r a n t of Confirmation
issued in 1820 by t h e Duke of Sussex. G . N .

GROlUP c. WARWICKSHIRE. SHROPSHIRE, STAFFORDSHIRE,

F L I N T S H I R E A N D DENBIGI-ISI-IIRE.

Two Lodges only were established by the Provincial Grand AIasier. Thonias
Thonil~son. whose P a t e n t only dated from 2 May 1792. and both these wele
d,~ughterLodges of S t . J o h n S Lodge, Henley-in-Arden, which m;Ls constituted
i 1791. There were no other Lodges established in the Collnty until the TTnio~i.
Both these Warrilnts are ext,illt. That of the Shakespeare Lodge of
Stratford-on-Avon No. 516 (constituted 1 Feb. 1793) is now in the possession
of the Shakespeare Lodge No. 284 a t Warwick (see Norfolk); and that of the
Apollo Lodge No. 301 (constituted 23 April 1794) is still imparting its authority
to the Lodge a t Alcester.
They are both in full W a r r a n t form, closely following t h e wording of the
Grand Lodge model, engrossed on vellum, and bear t h e Seal of Grand Lodge and
the number assigned to the Lodge.
Blanks had been left in the engrossing for the lianie of the Deputy
Provincial Grand Master-Brother Timniins-to be inserted, and also for the
clates. :md autograph signatures are added, of Tholnas Thompson P . G . N . a t the
top left-hand corner. Janies Timlnins a t bottom right, and t h e Witness James
Slretchley P.G.S. bottom left.
The title letters P . G . N . . D . P . G . M . and P . G . S . and the word
\TTitnes~" are engrossed.
All these details are coninion form whele the doc~mlent was prepared in
Lo11don and sent down for signature, but there I S an intelesting e n o r in the
Shakespeare W a r r a n t where the ' Co~nlnons ' appears instead of Com-
nlai~ds" : ' By the Provincial Grancl ]Taste1 S C'ommons." I t certainly suggests
the idea that the engrosser was having his copy dictated to 11in1.
 A siniilar " auditory error " occurs ill a W a r r a n t issued on Nov. 29 1769
to the Lodge of Sincerity (now No. 224 Stonehouse. Devon) from Grand Lodge.
which closes with t h e words b y virtue of these I'resei~ce," illstead of " presents."
"

and in t h e Eiioch W a r r a n t we had " assistalice " for " assistants."

The P.G.11. for Warwickshire also constituted other Lodges just over the
Staffordshire border (of t h a t time) a t Fazeley :1nd a t Tarnworth. The St.
I3:~rtholomew's Lodge. which met a t t h e W h i t e Lion. Fazeley. was constituted
6 Aug. 1795 (erased 1828). aud t h e Lodge of Harniony a t Dndley's Coffee Tave111.
Tamrvorth, 011 5 Nov. 1796 (evased 1809). t h e evidence t h a t t h e W a r r a n t s were
Provincial issues being i n t h e G . Sec.'s register, b u t t h e documents themselves
have been lost.

The Rev. Francis I-Iy. Egerton (afterwards E a r l of Bridgwater) received

his Patent as P . G . N . for Shropshire dated 1 n l a y 1786, a n d a further Patent
was issued to him b y Lord Rawdon on 13 A p r i l 1'791, t h e full details of his
description i n which. t h e G. Sec. W m . W h i t e carefully copied i n his Warrant
register :-
P o t e n t to Rev. Frx'. H e n r y Egerton 3 I . A . Fellow of t h e Royal
Society of Antiquarians London, Prebendary of t h e 4t" Stall of the
Cathedral Church of Christ and of t h e Blessed Virgin i n Durham,
Rector of Whitchurch c u n ~ M a r b u r y i n t h e County of Salop &C.,
who was b y a patent bearing d a t e 1 M a y 1786 appointed P.G.i\I. for
t h e County of Salop which we hereby confirm, a n d also do by these
presents appoint and constitute him t h e said F. H. Egerton Prov.G.11.
for t h e Counties of Stafford F l i n t , Deilbigh & iUontgomery, with full
powers &C., dated 13 April 1791 signed b y Lord Rawdon & Sir P.
Parker.

T h e Rev. M r . Egerton was t h e first Senior W a r d e n of t h e Whitchurch

Lodge which h a d been established through t h e energy a n d elithusiasin of that
inost indefatigable. though irascible a n d opinionated half-pay officer N a j o r
Charles Shirreff, b u t as t h e Major found t h a t t h e position of Provincial Grand
Master was beyond his means, h e advocated t h e appointment of his Senior Warden
for t h e post.
T h e scope of this essay prevents iilclusioil of m a n y details of great interest
in coimection with t h e various Lodges a n d Provinces brought under review, but
the following inimitable letter m ~ l s t a t all costs be quoted.
Shirreff writes t o t h e Grand Secretary. 6 F e b . 1786:-
' 31y S . W . t h e Rev. M r . Egertou, son of t h e Bishop of Durham's ad
our Rector here left us on t h e 3'" iust, a n d from t h e Coiiversation
t h a t pass'd between us respectilig t h e F r a t e r n i t y altho' he knows but
very little of i t , yet as he will be advis'd b y me. a n d appoint me his
D.G.i\I1. I have advis'd him as he is known t o L". E f f i ~ ~ g h a mto, get
appointed for t h e County h e being a m a n of family a n d foitune it
will be t h e means of promoting t h e Craft i n this County, and wherein
t h a t is concerned, I always yield, a n d especially so when t h e person
who fills t h e Chair is ready to receive advice, i n this case i t is of
little lnoment who is in i t , f u r t h e r on m y own p a r t I have never
filled a n y chair yet as a 31ason t h a t I found a n y one could talk to
me, b u t his answer was ready for h i m . ' "

U n d e r t h e regime of t h e Rev. Francis I I e n r y Egerton t h e n (with the not

inconsiderable help of his Deputy) four new Lodges were established in Salop,
and two i n Staffordshire, one i n Flintshire, a n d one i n Denbighshire-and these
were t h e oilly ones established i n those provinces after his appointment as
Provincial Grand Master.
 Of these the Salopian No. 262 still works a t Shrewsbury, but all the others
have been erased: t h e W a r r a n t of the Unlon. Soho, of 1793 is preserved in Grand
Lodge. but the evidence of provincial issue respecting t h e rest is the statement
in the G.L. Register.
The Warrant of t h e Salopian Lodge, still in t h e possession of the Lodge,
is of G.L. type with t h e shorter phrasing to which allusion has already been
made: it is engrossed on parchment and bears the signature of Francis Henry
Egerton P.G.M. a t tlie top left-hand corner and the Seal of Grand Lodge and
the number Salopian No. 1 (being Shirreff's local numbering) b ~ no ~ t G.L.
number.
I t is signed a t the foot by C. Shirreff D . P . G . N . , and characteristically he
:dso signs as witness t o his own signature, being i n no whit perturbed that
the letters P.G.S. had been engrossed against t h a t place.
I t is:

" Given a t Whitchurch . . . the 13t" May A . L . 5788. A.D. 1788."

There is no doubt from correspondence preserved in G . L . t h a t the Warrant
was prepared in London: full details having been sent to t h e Secretary for the
purpose (see Graham's History of Freenznsonry in S h r o p ~ h i r f ) .
The W a r r a n t of t h e Union Soho Lodge, which met a t Handsworth, Stafford-
shire (now included in t h e City of Birmingham), is preserved in t h e Grand Lodge
Library, having endorsed on i t " Returned by T . B. Ribbons of Carmarthen.
14 J a n . 1857."
It is on very thin vellum, well mounted on linen, and in good condition:
it bears the Seal of G . L . and another Seal not clearly decipherable after the
P.G.M.'s signature a t t h e top left-hand corner-probably tlie P . G . L . Seal. The
number 514 is also engrossed.
I t is signed, bottom right, by C. Shirreff D . P . G . X .
" for t h e County of Staffordshire &c. & C . , "
and witnessed by J o h n Collins P.G.S.
The names in t h e body of t h e document are all engrossed, including t h a t
of the Deputy, and i t is " Given a t Whitchurch under t h e Seal of Masonry this
loth Day of J a n . A . L . 5793. A.D. 1793."
The evidence of issue by t h e Province in all tlie other doculnents-Egerton
Lodge Whitchurch, Salop, 1789 ; Wrekin Lodge, Wellington. Salop, 1789 :
Friendly Brothers, Newcastle-under-Lyme Staffs., 1793; Peace & Good Neigh-
bourhood. Wynnstay, Denbighshire, 1795 (which W a r r a n t number was assigned
to No. 620 Truro in 1810. still working as 331), and S t . Winifreds, Holywell,
Flintshire, 1795, and t h e Lodge of Industry, Bridgnorth, Salop, 1799-is that
they are cited as having been constituted by the P . G . M . i n t h e G. Secy.'s register:
items in Shirreff's correspondence preserved in G.L. also confirmiilg this in some
cases.

G R O U P d. SOUTH WALES.
Two Lodges only were constituted by the P . G . M . , Sir H. n4ackworth.
namely, The Mackworth a t Cowbridge, Glamorganshire. 30 M a r . 1787, and The
Cambrian Lodge, Brecon, 1 Aug. 1789, but neither W a r r a n t has survived and
the evidence is the entries i n the G.L. Register.
Arrangements were made to W a r r a n t a Lodge a t Aberystwith, Cardigan-
shire. but a note in t h e G.L. Register states:-" 011 acct. of t h e death of Sir
H. Mackworth before he had executed t h e W a r r a n t : a Dispensation for holding
the Lodge was sent dated 29 Sep. 1791."
There were no other Lodges constituted i n South Wales until the next
century.
 G R O U P e. K E N T , S U R R E Y , SUSSEX.

From l760 to 1780 seventeen Lodges were constituted by the Moderns

and eleven by the Antients, from 1780 to 1800 four by t h e Noderns and ten by
the Antients, the majority uncler the At11011 Constitution being Military Lodges.
During the regime of the early Provincial Grand Masters-Walsinghanl,
Frederick, and Smith (1770 to 1785)-there had been no Lodges warranted by
the Provincial Masters, thereafter all issues by t h e Moderlls were Provincial.
After the death of Col. Sawbridge. Dr. W m . Perfect became P.G.M.,
and two L o d g e e J a c o b ' s Lodge, Ramsgate, 3 Sep. 1798, and The Lodge of
Reason. Ashford. 18 Mar. 1799-were warranted by him, as recorded in the
G.L. Register, b u t these Lodges were erased in 1827 and 1811 respectively and
all traces of their Warrants are lost.
B u t both Warrants issued by Col. Sawbridge exist; t h a t of the Thanet
Lodge, Margate (1785), being preserved in Grand Lodge, and the Enlulation
Lodge. Dartford (1794), still working under the number 299 and preserving the
original Provincial W a r r a n t .
The W a r r a n t of the Thanet Lodge is engrossed on vellanl, not much
embellisl~ed or decorated, and has the Seal of G.L. and the number.
The signature of the P . G . N . , Jacob Sawbriclge, appears a t the top left,
and George Farbrace signs as D.P.G.11. bottom right with t h e Witness Wm.
Epps P . G . S . bottom left.
It is in full form on G.L. model:-
" Given a t Canterbury . . 18 Aug. A.L. 5785. A.D. 1785."
I n t h e body of t h e document the name of t h e D.P.G.M. has been left
blank by the engrosser and filled in in autograph for Geo. Farbrace Esq.
Probably engrossed in London and sent for completion and signatures to
Canterbury.
The W a r r a n t of No. 299 Emulation, Dartford, is similar in character;
engrossed on parchment i t bears the G.L. Seal and the number: the signature of
the P.G.M. Jacob Sawbridge is missing a t the top, though he is cited as the
authority for issuing the Warrant. It is signed by Julius Shepherd as D.P.G.M.
and witnessed by W m . Epps P.G.S., a n d :
" Given a t Faversham under. . . 4th day of J a n u a r y A.L. 5793.
A.D. 1793
By th,e Provincial Grand Ifaster's command."
There are blanks, as in the other, for filling in the name of the D.P.G.M.
in the body of the document.
Similarly to t h a t of the Thanet Lodge, this W a r r a n t appears to have been
engrossed in London and sent to Faversham for signature.

Surrey.
Very few Lodges were constituted in Surrey-five 3Ioderns during the
century and no Antients.
One only-the Pythagorean a t Richmond (1788)-was constituted by the
Provincial Grand Master, Thomas Parker, and no other Lodge was subsequently
warranted before 1800.
The W a r r a n t of the Pythagorean Lodge is preserved in G.L., the Lodge
having been erased in 1794.
It is engrossed on stout vellum, iu very good condition, has the Grand
Lodge Seal and number and the usual signatures of t h e P.G.M., D.P.G.M. and
P.G.S. in the usual places; is in the slightly shortened form of G.L. phrasing,
and was " Given a t London," and has the blanks filled in by autograph.
 General Sir Samuel Hulse was granted t h e P a t e n t as P . G . N . for Susses
by the Duke of Cuin,berland, dated 20 N a y 1788, and during the following ten
years warranted four Lodges in his province; a fifth Lodge was warranted in
1799, but by Grand Lodge, and though he continued as P . G . N . until 1814 he
appears not to have had any hand in i t .
This was for the Lodge of Harmony, Hastings, warranted on J u l y 1 1799:
perhaps as i t was a Ililitary Lodge formed in t h e Royal Westminster Reginlent
of Niddlesex Militia (though stationed a t Hastings) h e did not consider i t within
his province to grant the W a r r a n t , or possibly t h e impending legislation of
39 Geo. I I I . , c. 79, which was passed on 12 J u l y 1799 and had t h e effect of
stopping the issue of new Warrants. may have caused t h e more expeditious plan
to be adopted-though in fact t h e legislation actually gave two month's grace
before the new law became operative.
Of these four, No. 271 Royal Clareace, Brighton (1789). 311 South Saxon,
Lewes (1796), and 315 Royal York, Brighton, retain their old documents, the
other. Harmony, Chichester (1790), being cited in t h e G.L. Register as having
been constituted b y the P.G.11. for Sussex.
The interesting spoiled W a r r a n t for 271 has already been described and its
sig~~ificance noted.
The wording of t h e Charter issued to t h e Royal Clarence follows in every
detail the G.L. model. It bears t h e Seal of G.L. and t h e nunlber 543 (which
was the number of t h e Lodge in the 1781 enumeration). b u t i t is signed a t the
foot by Samuel Hulse P.G.11. himself, and witnessed by Janles Galloway
P.G.S.W.
I t is:

" Given a t London under Our H a n d and Seal of i\Iasonry this 8"' day
of August A . L . 5789: A . D . 1789."

The W a r r a n t of 311 is similar in wording: i . e . , strictly of G.L. model,

and is somewhat elaborately embellished with emblematic figures; i t bears the
Seal of Grand Lodge and t h e number 557. and, this time, has t h e usual arrange-
ment of signatures : Samuel Hulse P.G.31. top left. James Gnlloway D.P.G.N.
a t bottom right, and the witness, W. Lee P.G.S., bottom left.
I t also appears t o have the finely engrossed name C. R a n d a t the extreme
margin a t bottom right, which is frequently t h e manner i n which the engrosser
places his name when particularly pleased with his work, or t h e illuminator if
the enibellishnlents and decorations are imposed upon t h e originally plainly
executed document.
This Warrant also i s :

'Given a t London. 15 Oct. A.D. 1796."

The Warrant of No. 315 Royal York Lodge was issned by Samuel Hulse
as P.G.11, to be named t h e Royal Cincpe P o r t Lodge, meeting a t the Old Tree
I n n . Seaford.
I t is also strictly in G.L. form, with the Seal, t h e number 566, and the
signatures of P . G . M . . D.P.G.M.. and P.G.S., and :

' Given a t London 28th day of September A . L . 5797 A.D. 1797; by

the Provincial Grand i\/laster's Command."

This W a r r a n t was lost, and a TT7arrant of Confirmation issued in 1823.

but both docunlents are now in the possession of t h e Lodge.

The W a r r a n t for the formation of the South Saxon Lodge as the Provincial
Grand Lodge has already been described.
 GROUP f . DEVONSHIRE : C O R N T A L L A N D SCILLY ISLES :
T H E C I I A N N E L ISLANDS.
Uccomhire.
The first P.G.111. was Sir Charles Warwick Bampfylde.
H e was ' born and baptized' 23 J a n . 1753 a t S t . Augustine's. Bristol.
H e was initiated in t h e Union Lodge, Exeter (No. 39), in 1768 ( i . e . . a t tile age
of 15 l ) , and proceeding to Oxford was entered a t New College, as ' Charles
Bampfylde. Son of Richard Bampfylde of Bristol, Bart. ' '
H e joined the Alfred Lodge, Oxford, being entered as a " Fellow Craft
of the Cnion Lodge. Exeter. 19 Mar. 1772, ' and was raised ;\l.&I. 4 Jmne 1772.
He conlmenced his I\lasonic career a t Oxford badly. for in Novenlb.er of
that year a resolntion was passed in Lodge reprimanding him for having expressed
to persons not Masons his intention of " entring a Negative "against every
person who should be propoeed to the Lodge for admission.
IIe returned to the Union Lodge, Exeter, on leaving Oxford in 1774, and
was in that same year elected n1.P. for Exeter and received his Patent as
Provincial Grand Master for Devonshire a t the age of 22, and continued to
hold that post until 1819, when he met a tragic death in London, being
murdered by his valet.
H e was elected a joining nlenlber of the Royal Cumberland Lodge at
Bath on 7 Oct. 1788.
Of one Lodge constituted in the Province after the date of his appoint-
ment-Friendship, Dartmouth (1780)-thele is 110 evidence as t o the chardcter
of its Charter, but in 1782 the P.G.l\I. constitutecl the Lodge of True Love ancl
Gnity a t Brixhani (still working as No. 248), and thereafter until 1794 seven
other Lodges were constituted. all by the P . G . X . except one in 1783-a Xilitary
Lodge-The Good Intention (2nd Devon Ililitia) stationed a t Exeter, of which
bhere is no existing evidence.
Five of these seven Provincial Warrants have been preserved. four with
their Lodges. and one in Grand Lodge after erasure.
The Lodge of True Love & Unity, Brixham, No. 248, possesses a most
interesting document. It is issued by the P.G.M. in t r u e Warrant form.
following closely the G.L. model, except t h a t reports are required to be ~ndcle
I to your Provincial Grand Master "-his Deputy not being there nlentlonecl or
named: but a t the foot a note is added after the fashion when the Deputation
form was used, and the necessary certificate added :-
' The Provincial Grand Master doth hereby also authorise and depute
Brother I-Ienry Pollexson to assist in opening the said Lodge B
illstalling &c, of the said officers."
The W a r r a n t is engrossed 011 parchment aild all the names, & C . . in the
body of the document are in one handwriting: it bears the Seal of the
Provincial Grand Lodge. with the signatures of the P . G . X . and D.P.G.11.. but
not of a witness.
The Lodge number is not given, but the words " By the name of the
Lodge True Love & Unity " appear, engrossed apparently in the same style
and a t the same time as the rest of the docmnent, a t t h e left-hand margin below
the Seal. It records t h a t i t was :-
" Given a t Exeter under our hand and seal of Provincial Grand Lodge
of the County & City t h e Twentieth Day of J a n u a r y A.D. 1782.
A.L. 5782
By the Provincial Grancl Master's Comnland
J o h n Codrington D.P.G.X."
It is a plain unembellishecl document, probably locally engrossed.
No. 251 Loyal Lodge, Barnstaple, also possesses and works under its
original W a r r a n t issued by Sir Charles Bampfylde. Engrossed on parchment.
bearing the Seal of Provincial Grand Lodge and the name " Loyal " but no
number, i t bears the nanles of P . G . M . , D.P.G.M. and P.G.S. (Beavis Wood)
in the usual places, and appears to have been writteu locally without bla~lks
(except for the date) and by the P . G . S . himself, who engrossed the names of
the others instead of obtaining their autograph signatures.
I t is:
' Given a t Exeter under t h e H a n d and Seal of the Provincial Grand
Lodge of tlie said County and City this twenty third August A.D.
1783. A.L. 5783
B y t h e Provincial Grand Master's Command.''
There is no certificate added to this as there is on 248.
The next in order of Constitution, Concord, Devonport (1784), is stated
in the G.L. Register to have been constituted by t h e P . G . N . , b u t its docunlente
have been lost.
I n 1786 The Anlphibious Lodge was constituted a t Stonehouse, near
Plymouth, but now works a t Hecknlondwilre in Yorkshire-No. 258-and its
Warrant must appear a strange one among its contenlporaries of t h a t County.
I t was assigned t o a Lodge formed a t Shears I n n , H i g h Town, Yorkshire,
in 1803. having lapsed about 1800.
This is similar t o t h e previous issues by Sir Charles Bampfylde, bears the
Seal of Provincial Grand Lodge and the number 407, and i s :
" Given a t Exeter under our H a n d and seal of Provincial Grand Lodge
of the said County and City, the fifteenth day of J ~ m eA.D. 1786.
A.L. 5786
B y t h e Provincial Grand Master's Conlinand
J o h n Coclrington. D . P . G . X .
Witness Beavis Wood P.G.S." ;
and here, as in 248, follows a n additional note-a pseudo certificate :-
" The Rev. William Wood A . N . and P.G.C. t h e Rev. H e n r y Shorbridge

Carews L . L . D . and Beavis Wood P . G . S . are by the Provincial Grand

Xaster deputed t o constitute the said Lodge i n d u e form and swear
and invest the above named Philip Welsh, Naster."
No. 282 Bedford Lodge reported t h a t ' ' their W a r r a n t h a t h by some
accident been lost or destroyed " and they were granted a Warrant of
Confirnlation in 1839. The Lodge is cited in the G.L. Register as having been
constituted a t Tavistock by t h e P . G . M . on 10 Aug. 1791.
The Faithful Lodge. Bideford. was erased in 1823. and its Warrant is
preserved in the G.L. L i b r a r y : i t is similar to t h e previously described issues.
I t is engrossed on vellum, plainly and simply, and evidently locally
produced; the name of tlie witness appears to be t h e only actual autograph
(Beavis Wood P.G.Sec.), t h e others having been filled i n by t h e engrosser.
It was:
" Given a t Exeter under our H a n d & Seal of Provincial Grand Lodge
of the said County and City this twenty third of April A.D. 1792.
A.L. 5792
B y t h e Provincial Grand Ifaster's Command."
No. 303 Benevolent, Teignmouth, was warranted by t h e P.G.M. on
Mar. 25 1794, and has all t h e characters of t h e other issues. It was locally
engrossed-in the opinion of Wor. Bro. Raymeat, t h e Secretary of t h e Lodge,-
by the P.G.Sec. Beavis Wood himself; there is a curious mis-spelling of t h e
word Teignmouth, as " Teingmouth," which one would not expect i n a document
locally produced. Thoinas Okes now appears as D.P.G.M. i n t h e place of John
Codrington.
The citation of issue a t Exeter is as before, and there is no attached
" certificate."
Cor~iwalland Scilly Isles.
Scdly.
I have included the St. Blary's Island Lodge, Scilly (1768) among those
constituted by the Province on the evidence of a document in the correspondence
folios in G.L. Library with reference to the payment of fees to G.L. for Charity
and resolving to send 10S/6%, dated Scilly 1770 : -
" The Right Worshipful Provincial of these Islands and the illaster of
this Lodge, constituted by the Provincial's Deputation bearing date
the 25th day of November. A . L . 5755
Isaac Head P.G.M.
Lodge a t St. Marys Island, Scilly."
There is no Charter preserved, and the word ' ' Deputation " used above
refers to the P.G.&l.'s Patent 1755, and not to the character of t h e " Constitu-
tion " he issued to the Lodge, which was dated 13 J u l y 1768. The Lodge was
erased in 1851.
This appears to be the only Lodge ever constituted on these Islands, and
it is curious t h a t a Provincial Grand Master should have been appointed, and
t h a t the Nasonic Year Book does not include him in t h e list of Provincial Grand
Masters.
It may be of interest to note t h a t in vol. i., of Oliver's Golden Remains,
p. 102, is a Lecture " on the Social Virtues of Freemasonry," delivered in the
Lodge No. 151 a t Helston, in Cornwall, by Isaac Head, Esq., A . D . 1752. The
number of the Lodge in 1752 was 217, and i t was erased in 1774.

I n 1810 certain brethren " residing in or near Truro " petitioned for a
Warrant, and had assigned to them the W a r r a n t of 1795 issued to the then
No. 548 a t Wynnstay in Denbigh, which had lapsed i n 1809, and this Lodge
now works as t h e Phcenix Lodge No. 331; they do not possess t h e old Wynnstay
Warrant, and never had t h e document itself, a special W a r r a n t having been
issued to them by the E a r l of Moira, reciting t h e authority of t h e older issue
and transmitting i t t o them, as was the custom then observed i n order to get
round what were believed to be t h e restrictions of t h e Act of J u l y 1799.
B u t , fortunately, this Phcenix Lodge possesses t h e Charter of the older
Phcenix, which was constituted a t Truro in 1779 and lapsed in 1788. This is a
very interesting document, which begins as a Deputation, in t h a t i t authorises
a certain H e n r y Rosewarne to "Convene our Brethren who have signed
t h e Petition in t h e manner and form of a Freemasons Lodge." B u t its text
then takes on t h e form of a W a r r a n t ; for t h e P.G.M. proceeds " of our own will
and pleasure " t o appoint the Master and Wardens, and even the Treasurer and
Secretary.
This document is, therefore, sui generis, and has so many individual
characteristics t h a t i t must be transcribed in full:-
' . To All and every our Right Worshipful & loving Brethren, We,
Stephen Bell (by virtue of a Deputation from the Grand Master)
Provincial Grand Master of the Ancient and Honourable Society of
Free and Accepted Masons in the County of Cornwall. send greeting,
Know ye, t h a t We, of the great trust and Confidence reposed in our
Right Trusty and Well beloved Brother H e n r y Rosewarne Esqr. &
of the humble petition of several Brethren residing in or near the
said Town of Truro do Hereby Authorise, Constitute & Appoint him
t h e said H e n r y Rosewarne t o Convene our Brethren who have signed
t h e said Petition in the manner & form of a Freemasons Lodge
A n d further more of our own will & pleasure do nominate & appoint
him the said Henry Rosewarne Master presiding in the said Lodge,
 taking to his assistance Jaines Dagge or Daage of Killaganooll Esqte.
for his Senior Warden, The Rev. Cornelius Carden of Truro Clerk
for hls Junior Warden, Thomas Warren of Truro, gentleman, for
his Treasurer, and Thomas Clutterbuck of Truro, geatleman. for his
Secretary of t h e said Lodge.
Also we hereby do Confirm the Dedication of t h e said Lodge by the
S T I L E & T I T L E of t h e Phceuix Lodge of Honour & Prudeilce
pursuant of t h e prayer of the said petition, and t h a t from this day
forward they have full power to Have and to Hold a Regular Lodge
in the said Town of Truro to Make, Pass, & Raise Masons. & such
other Work as belongs t o the Craft, taking especial Care t h a t all &
every t h e said Brethren have been regularly made Masons, admitting
no person into t h e said Society b u t such whose lives & conversatioiis
may justly entitle them to become members A n d Also that they
will serve, Perform & keep all and every t h e Rules, Orders and
Regulations contained in t h e Book of Constitutions except such as
have been or may be repealed or altered a t a n y Quarterly Com-
municatlon or other General Meeting, together with all such Orders,
Rules. Regulations & instructions as shall from time to time be
tralismitted by us or our Deputy Williain Pryce or by any of his
successors taking care punctually to attend such Quarterly Com-
munications as shall by us be called & t o give a just account of all
their Proceedings, Bye-Laws & other Regulations they shall think
convenient t o make for their own Government of the Craft. & as
soon as may be trailsmittirig to our Deputy a n account of what House
they meet a t and what Days to t h e end t h a t i t may be inserted in
the list of Lodges &c.
Given a t Falmouth, under our D a a d and Seal of AIasonry this first
day of J a n u a r y A . D . 1779. A . L . 5779
Stephen Bell P.G.11.
The points of difference between this and the G.L. model will be readily
recognised it was evidently locally produced; no number of t h e Lodge is
attached, though the Seal is t h a t of the G.L. of England. b u t no other officer than
the P.G.i\T, signs t h e W a r r a n t .
The date of t h e Constitution of the Lodge is given in t h e G.L. Register
as 1 J a n . 1780.
The P.G.&I. makes use of t h e phrases in his own Deputation or Patent
to ensure that his own obligdtions to Grand Lodge when undertaking to form
New Lodges under its authority are observed but in other ways he differs much
from the usual form of words.
This is the only Provincial W a r r a n t now preserved in Cornwall.
The G.L. Register cites the Three Grand Principles Lodge a t Penryn as
having been constituted b y t h e P . G . M . Sir J o h n Aubyne B a r t . on 21 April 1799.
ISe had been appointed by P a t e n t dated 23 Nov. 1785.
The Lodge was erased in 1838 and the W a r r a n t has not been preserved.
The Warrant of 318, T r u e & Faithful, Helston, a Military Lodge, founded
in the Cornwall Regiment of Fencible Light Dragoons. 1 April 1'799. was issned
from Grand Lodge.

T h e Channel Islands
A facsimile Copy of t h e Warrant NO. 2 Jersey is in G . L . Library and
reads :-
" To All and Every our Right Worshipful. Worshipful

and Loving Brethren W e Thomas Dobree Esq.

Proviilcial Grand Master for the Islands of Guernsey.
Jersey & Alderney &c. I n virtue of a P a t e n t dated
t h e 22"" December 1753. Granted to ns by John
 Proby Baron of Carisford in the County of Wicklow
in the Kingdonl of Ireland. The Grand Master of
the Ancient and I-Lonourable Society of Free and
Accepted I\Iasons, send Greeting : -
Know Ye t h a t we of the great trust and confidence reposed in our
Right Worshipful & well beloved Brother Charles Coutnnche Esq".
Do hereby Constitute and Appoint him Master of a Lodge of Free &
Accepted IKasons to be kept in the Town of S t . Hillary in the Island
of Jersey and to be called the Union Lodge No. 2, with full power
and authority to form said Lodge by chusing & appointing proper
officers. A s also to make Masons in due form from time to time a:
occasion may require. And to execute all 2nd every such other Acts
and Things appertaining to the said Office as usually have been o r
ought to be done & executed by other Masters, The said Master taking
especial care t h a t all and every the I\Iembers he shall admit have been
regularly made masons, and t h a t they do perform and keep all and
every the Rules Orders & Regulations contained in the Book of
Constitutions (except such as have been or inay be repealed at any
Quarterly Commimication or other General i\Ieeting). And that
you promote on all occasions whatever may be for the I-Ionour and
Advantage of Masonry, and the Benefit of the Grand Charity. And
t h a t you Yearly send to the Grand Master or hie Successors an account
in Writing of Your proceedings.
Given a t Guernsey under our hand & Seal of Masonry this
28"' day of March A D 1788. -1L 5788
Thonlas Dobree P.G.M.
Seal
inrlecipl~er-

CLASS 2. T H E IIUNCKISRLEY PROVINCES.

This Class consists of Hampshire (and Isle of Wight).

Essex, Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset. Gloucestershire (and
Bristol). and Ilerefordshire.
I n none of these Provinces had any Provincial W a r r a n t been issued prerious
to Dunckerley's appointnlent as P.G.I\t.; but although responsible for so wide
an area, he did not constitute any very large number of Lodges, less than twenty
in the nine provinces under his rule. and of these but seven survive to-day : four
of these being in Somerset.
The position of the Lodges in the Provinces under his care in 1786 is
clearly given in a letter from Colchester on Sep. 14 :-
' ' Dear Sir
Yesterday mollling 1 was favour'd with yours of the 5th
forwarded from Hanlptoii Court, b u t as 1 met the Brethren (in
Grand Lodge) a t eleven in the forenoon: I did not leave them before
this morning, tho' the Lodge was clos'd a t 8 in the evening.
W e pass'd a very happy day and I appointed Bros. Sperling &
Tyssen (Gentlemen of large f o r t ~ m e sin this County) to be my Wardens.
I thank you for t h e account of the Lodges i n Hampshire, that have
shewn their regard for m e : but I did not know that there was a
Lodge a t the George I n n , Portsmouth.
I am ambitious to have Sir P. Parker's signature to my Patent.
therefore beg you will defer i t till his nomination is confirm'd.
 111 conformity to m y new P a t e n t . i t will b e proper t h a t the
Lodges u n d e r m y care be inserted i n t h e n e s t Calendar according to
t h e following alphabetical a r r a n g e m e ~ i t:
B . City & County of Bristol
155: 253: 296: 3 5 9 : 4 4 5 : 412.
D. Dorsetshile. 2 1 9 : 382. W i t h t h e two liew Lodges.
E. Essex. 3 0 : 5 1 : 205: 270: 402: 411.
G . Gloucesterhire. 462. City of Gloucester.
H. Hampshire. 1 8 : 206 : 314: 400: 485.
S . Soinersetshire. 3 9 : 212: 230: 294: 369: 473.
W. Isle of W i g h t . 33.
The above will give great pleasure t o t h e B r e t h r e n of Bristol & the
Isle of W i g h t , a n d l hope will meet with your approbation.
N e x t Monday evening I a m t o visit t h e Lodge a t Ilford on
m y r e t u r n home.
Believe m e most sincerely Y o u r affect. Brother
Tho'. 1)unckerley.

l J / ~ / / / p \ 1ire.
1
Though issued froin G r a n d Lodge t h e W a r r a n t of Hengist Lodge No. 195,
now meeting a t Bournemonth, is of great interest as being a kind of trnnsztional
I v a r r a n t , in which t h e Provincial G r a n d Master, Tho" Dunckerley, has a
recognised authority t h o u g h not issuing i t himself, a n d i n t h i s differing fro111
both the usual G r a n d Lodge a n d Provincial G r a n d Lodge W a r r a n t s .
The date of t h e W a r r a n t is 1770, a n d t h e m a i n wording is ill the usual
G.L. form and need n o t b e recited, b u t t h e n a m e of 13unckerley occurs three
times in it.
The Petition is said t o b e g r a n t e d , " a t t h e r e c o n m ~ e n d a t i o nof our Right
Trusty and dearly Beloved Brother Thomas D ~ u i c k e r l e yProvincial Grand Master
for the said County of H a n t s . ' T h e injunction t o send t h e account i n writing
once in every year includes t h e n a m e of t h e P.G.11. a n d his successors, and
lastly t h e signature of T)unckerley as P.G.11. is added below t h a t of Charles
Ihllon t h e I>.G.31. : all most unusual features ill W a r r a n t s issued by Grand
1,oclge.
Lodge No. 132 a t Ringwood has a imique story of g r e a t interest.
On A u g . 16 1764 a Lodge was coustitnted to meet a t t h e Crown,
Lymington, and continued t h e r e wlth a sonlewllat chequered career (see Sadler's
L i f e af U ~ n c k e r 7 e y ,p. 139) ~ m t i li t was removed i n 1777 u n d e r t h e authority of
t h r 1) P.G.11. H e n r y Dagge t o t h e W h i t e I f a r t Hotel. Ringwood. t h e happicr
conditions to b e anticipated there being set out i n t h e doculllent authorising
removal. Times were still s o m e w l ~ a ttroublous, however, ancl on 12 April l780
the Lodge was erased.
Now a new enunleratioii happened just t h e n t o b e i n progress, so the
Ringxood Lodge was omitted from t h e authorised list of Lodges: the belated
payment of a guinea t o G . L . . however, secured i t s re-instatement later in t h e
same year. without loss of seniority, with t h e result t h a t all t h e subsequellt
Lodges in t h e roll h a d t o have another alteration of numbers i n 1781.
Since then t h e L o d g e h a s achieved a distinction of a n o t h e r kind, for its
> n b s e q ~ ~ e nhistory
t h a s been so f o r t u ~ i a t e t h a t t h e Lodge h a s now been held
under t h e same roof f o r a hundred a n d fifty years.
B u t t h a t a u t h o r i t y t o remove t h e Lodge from L y m i n g t o n t o Ringwood
i w ~ e dby t h e D.P.G.31. i n 1776 has been regarded b y members of t h e Lodge-
and apparently b y other authorities also-as thsir " Warrant. "

A Centenary W a r r a n t was issued i n 1877: b u t t h e r e has apparently

never been a n y W a r r a n t of Confirination applied for or required.
I n an address t o his Lodge. published b y t h e W.11. some years ago, he
says: ' The earliest document still i n t h e possession of t h e Lodge is t h a t old
W a r r a n t of removal which we i n Lodge U n i t y look u p o n as onr Charter," and
while pointing out t h a t i t differs i n m a n y respects from t h e usual forms, says:
" However t h a t inay be t h e W a r r a n t appears t o be i n d u e order."

It reads :-
T o all t o whoin these presents shall come. H e n r y D'lgge
Esquire. Deputy Grand Master for t h e County of S o u t l ~ a n ~ p t oseuds n
Greeting.
Whereas i t has been represented t o m e t h a t there a r e nou remainiiig
two members only belonging to t h e Lodge a t Lymington i n t h e said
County of which t h e Master M r . Samuel Colborne is one. who has
signified to m e his desire t h a t t h e said Lodge should be transferred
and removed t o t h e T o w l of Ringwood i n t h e said County to be held
there a t t h e Sign of t h e W h i t e H a r t , kept b y Bro. Richard Gibbs.
A n d Whereas there a r e several Brethren residing in and near t h e said
town of Ringwood who a r e desirous of beconiiiig members of t h e said
Lodge when removed to Ringwood as aforesaid, now I t h e said IIenry
Dagge, b y virtue of t h e power a u d authority i n m e reposed do
hereby transfer a n d remove t h e Lyinington Lodge to t h e tow11 of
Ringwoocl, to b e held a t t h e W h i t e I l a r t I n n aforesaid, a n d t h e said
Master of t h e Lymington Lodge having resigned his office and our
W o r t h y Brother Stephen M a r t i n of Ringwood aforesaid Esquire
having been presented to m e as a proper person to succeed to the said
office, a n d having been strongly a n d unaniinously recommended by all
t h e Brethren now present as a person of Good Alorals, a n d great skill.
t r u e a u d t r u s t y a n d a lover of t h e whole F r a t e r n i t y wherever dispersed
over t h e face of t h e E a r t h . I do therefore appoint t h e Said Stephen
M a r t i n Master of t h e said Lodge.
I n testimony whereof I have hereunto set m y h a n d this twenty seventh
d a y of 1)eceniber i n the year of Our Lord one thousand seven hundred
QE. seventy six.
H e n r y Dagge D.G.11.
No seal. 110 witness, just a usual I ) . P . G . h l . ' s dispensation to remove.
e.xept t h a t h e appoints a &laster-" strougly and unanimously recoinmended by
all t h e Brethren now present "-when lle h a d previously recited t h a t there were
only two such left.
B u t if i n this h e had strained to its limits his Deputy's prerogative he
can little have dreamed t h a t t h a t piece of paper on which h e was indlting his
authority t o remove would, for a h ~ u i d r e dyears to come. he regarded and revered
by a long succession of zealous Brethren as " t h e old !A7arrant."
Still. i n all sincerity, we share t h e hope of t h e Hrethreii of 132 that this
interesting document will always be most carefully preserved.

On J l d y 1 l'i75, Dunckerley constituted t h e Lodge of Concord a t the Star

I n n , Southampton, i n person, as recorded i n a letter preserved in G.L. (see
Life of D~cticl;~c.dey, p . 1 4 0 ) : b u t T have f o u i ~ lno evidence of t h e character of
the \Tarrant, though i t was probably issued b y him.
T h e Phcenis No. 257, Portsmouth, lias a Grand Lodge W a r r a n t .
I n 1787 t h e Royal Navy Lodge. Gosport, was constituted b y Tluurkerley.
but t h e W a r r a n t h a s been lost.
I n 1792. Dunckerley rejoiced esceediligly t h a t t h e Brethren of t h e Antient
Lodge No. 174 petitioned him for a C o i i s t i t ~ ~ t i ounder n ' . O u r Grand Lodge,"
and he " ilnmedlately granted them a Dispeusatiou," ancl writing from Sdlishury
on August 8 t h h e says to t h e Grand Secretary :-
l
I a m t o desire t h a t W a r r a n t s m a y b e eiigrossecl f o r : The Lodge of
Love & H o n o u r t o be holden a t t h e Bell I n n Shepton Nallet, County
of Somerset . . . Dispensation d a t e d 4 J u n e 1792. Royal
Gloucester Lodge East St. Southampton . . . Dispensation dated
August 5 1792."
 This last was t h e Lodge of Antient Masolls who had met for twenty years
p& at the Vine Tavern : and he constituted them in person a t a Provincial
Grand Lodge held on Sep. 17 1792.
After Dunckerley's death the Lodge reverted to t h e Antients though
working under both Warrants, and returning names of members to t h e Registers
of both Societies (some being included in both lists): both numbers were carried
forwarcl at the Union, and recognised as of separate Lodges, t h a t of the Moderns
being erased in 1822 and t h a t of the Antients still working as No. 130.
I cannot find t h a t the Moderus Warrant issued by Dunckerley has been
preserved.

The three other Lodges constituted before 1800 had Provincial Warrants
issued by Col. Sherborne Stewart.
They follow the G.L. model in all respects, " Given a t London." allcl
apparently engrossed in London, with blanks left for names and dates.
The D . P . G . M . for Hants., signing the Warrants of 309 and 319, is
Thonlas Jeans. who was nephew to t h e Junior Warden named i n the Warrant
of 195: while the D . P . G . N . for t h e Isle of Wight Lodge-the Vectis Lodge of
Peace & Coacord-is William Holloway.

Dunckerley became P . G . N . in 1776 and remained in t h a t office until his

death in 1796, being succeeded by George Downing, a full account of whose
installation is given by Sadler in his Life of Dunckerley.
Dunckerley warranted three (perhaps four) Lodges of which only 0111~
survives. Downing warranted one which lapsed i n 1828.
TWOWarrants only are a t present known to have been preserved: one
still used by the existing Lodge a t Chelnisford No. 276, t h e other preserved in
G.L.: but there are several letters of Dunckerley S i n t h e G . L . Library which
have a bearing on these issues.
The Warrant of the U n i t y Lodge of Colchester is lost, but i t is included
anlong the Provincial issues on the sufficient evidence of this letter :-
I-Ianipton Court Palace. J u l y 10 1776.
My dear Friend
I set out for Essex the 13th inst. and as I have not yet rec'd
my W a r r a n t of I)eputation, shall call a t your house t h a t d a y . but if
you should be o u t of Town beg you will have the goodness to leave
Orders t h a t i t may be deliver'd to me.
A t the same time I beg a W a r r ' t of Constitution may be ready
for the Lodge a t Colchester, as 1 intend (with God's permission) to
Constitute t h a t Lodge on IIonday the 15t'1 inst. It is to be held a t
the King's H e a d Tavern, in t h a t Town.
The Rev'd. W"'. i\lartin Leake L . L . B . &laster.
Collin Rossack i1l.D. Sen'. Warden.
Tho'. Boggis Esql'. J u n r . Warden.
Let it be dated a t London J u n e 1lt" 1776 & blanks left for the
names of my Deputy and Secretary.
My wife & daughter unite ill sincere regard. & am
Dear Sir
Your obliged Friend & affect. Brother
Tho'. Dunckerley.
J a q . I-Ieseltine Esq".
This Lodge was erased in 1791.
Though i t is probable t h a t t h e"Social Lodge " constituted a t Braintree
on 9 June 1777 was sinlilarly warranted by Dunckerley, there is a t present 110
evidence available of this.
 Ten years later, we have t h e letter :-
I-Iampton Court Palace. N a r c h 30 1787.
Dear Sir
I have this morning receiv'd a letter from Braintree in Essex,
requesting nie to g r a n t a W a r r a n t of Constitution to colifirni the
Dispensation which I gave them t o hold a Lodge a t a Private Room
i n t h a t Town Ilated Nov. 3 1786 of which I inform'd you & receiv'd
for answer t h a t t h e nunlber would be 491.
I m u s t now desire you will do m e t h e favour to get t h e W a r r a n t
m a d e out with t h e above d a t e , for t,he Lodge of Good Will, to be held
a t a P r i v a t e room, Braintree i n Essex. Hro. William Low Xaster.
Bro. Richard Biss, Senr. W a r d e n , a n d Bro. Tho'. Osborne, J u n .
Warden.
I f ~t can be engross'd by next Wednesday I can sign and send i t the
n e x t d a y to Colchester, for m y Deputy and Secretary t o witness it.
Your faithful & zealous Brother
Tllo" D~lackerley.
William W h i t e Esq.

-
T h e W a r r a n t has been ureserved i n G . L . enerossed on vellum. not
decorated : with autograph signatures. & of G . L . nlodel wording. There appears
to be a clerical error i n t h a t t h e office of Senior W a r d e n is cited twice. Thomas
Osborne (evidently t h e J u n i o r W a r d e n ) being given t h e senior office as well as
Richard B i s s b u t a close scrutiny of t h e parchment reveals t h e fact that the
word J u n i o r has been altered to Senior-perhaps a t t h e instigation of the worthy
Brother Osborne when h e achieved promotion.
T h e W a r r a n t issued to t h e Lodge of Goodfellowship No. 553. now No. 276
a t Chelnisford, is of t h e same character-in full wording of t h e G . L . model,
except for t h e onlission of t h e exceptions referring t o t h e Rules & Orders in the
B. of C. a n d t h e combillation of t h e requirement t o t a k e special care t h a t all
and every t h e said Brethren a r e or have been regularly made Xasons, with the
obligation to " observe perform & keep all t h e Rules &c. '
T h e engrossing on velluni is plainly doue, without emblematic enibellish-
nients, a n d blanks had been left of t h e n a m e of t h e D e p u t y ' Thonlas Boggis '
111 t h e body of t h e document, and for t h e words ' H a m p t o n Court " a t the end.
I n every respect this IT7arraat is typical of tl;ose issued elsewhere by
Dunckerley.
Minute Books i n t h e possession of this Lodge go back to 1770. and the
earliest appears to be t h e continuation of a still earlier record: these. liowever.
appear to relate to t h e Lodge established a t t h e Saraceii's H e a d on 18 J a n . 1764
((erased 10 A p r i l 1782).

T h e Prestonian Lodge of Perfect Friendship established at Gray's

Tliurrock on 18 F e b . 1797 is stated in t h e G . L . Register to have been constituted
by t h e P.G.11. George Downing: t h e character and location of t h e W a r r a n t being
now unknown.

No Provincial W a r r a n t s a r e now known t o exist, b u t there is some evidence

t h a t two were issued b y Dunckerley.
I n 1783, as a result of serious insubordination i n t h e Sarum Lodge.
Dunckerley was being persuaded b y t h e Grand Secretary to resign t h e Province
of Wiltshire, a n d was promised :~ppointmeiit t o Somerset. A letter addressed
to him froni J a s . Heseltine, t h e Grand Secretary, a n d dated 1 I a r 20th 1753,
states, inter alia :-
" t h e Committee intimated t h a t if i t was t h e desire of t h e Lodges in
Somersetshire t o have you appointed their P . G . M . a n d you would take
 the trouble t o represent them i t might be 1.ecomalended to the Grand
illaster in the name of t h e Committee to appoint you to t h a t oflice,
up011 resigning the S~~perintendency of Wilts, which would certainly
convey the highest degree of I\Iasonic Respectability to you, and be
an indirect rebuke t o the Saruni Lodge, without any absolute Censure
t h a t might give offence, and thus universal peace and fraternal goodwill
might be produced.
The Grand Officers have also. since t h e Committee reconsidered
this plan which they still approve, and flatter theniselves with the
hopes of your Concurrence. J.H."

Five days later Ihnckerley replied :-

' I am much obliged to the Brethren a t B a t h for the regard they

express for me, and should be happy to render them any service. but
cannot prevail with niyself to take Soinersetshire and resign tlie County
where I now reside and (with God's permission) propose to remain;
and i t would be ingratitude to the Lodge of Science in this City who
have been a t t h e expense of a W a r r a u t of Constitntioii to be under
my Authority and Instruction. If the Grand blaster will honour me
with t h e appointment of Provincial Grand Master for the Counties
of Dorset, Somerset and Wilts: I shall esteem i t a pleasing einploy-
nlent for t h e very little time I may remain i n this life."

Grand Lodge decided (10 Sep, 1783) to coiitinne him in office as P.G.11.
for Kilts., but directed t h a t t h e Sarunl Lodge should deal directly with Grand
Lodge, and not through Iiim ; to which he responded with some spirit on
16 Sep. :-

" I shall not in f u t u r e interfere with the affairs of t h e Sarum Lodge:

and to prevent t h e possibility of any fresh disputes I shall not permit
any 1leinbers of t h a t Lodge to be present a t any Provincial Grand
Lodge t h a t T may occasioilally hold in f u t u r e for this County."

The allusion to t h e Science Lodge a t Salisbury appears t o indicate that he had

" constituted " the Lodge himself, b u t there is no other evidence of this, and
tlie Warrant is lost.
I n a letter dated from Salisbury, Dec. 21 1783, Jhunckerley writes:-

' I have the pleasure to inform you t h a t a Lodge of Antient 1Iasons,

constituted 7 years ago by Mr. Derniot by authority from tlie Duke
of Athol, have apply'd to me for 1ny Instruction and Patronage. I
have granted them a Dispensation for holding a Lodge and gave them
several obligations in an extra Prov. G . Lodge t h e llt" inst. Their
Warrt. of Constitution will be deliver'd in Prov. G. Lodge on St.
J o h n ' s Day and I would put the iinpression of t h e Grand Lodge seal
to it, if you can send i t on a piece of paper."

This last remark would, I think, clearly indicate t h a t , contrary to Dunckerley's

usual custom, the W a r r a n t was being engrossed locally.
This Antient Lodge was meeting a t t h e Vine I n n . Salisbury, then
numbered 200 on t h e roll of their Grand Lodge, and had h a d , soon after their
constitution in 1777, some serious disagreement with Dunckerley owing to his
having cluestioiied the legality of their W a r r a n t and t h e genuineness of the
support they claimed to receive from t h e Duke of Athol.
The Antient W a r r a n t was returned, and the nmnber declared vacant in
1792. I n 1801 No. 200 was granted to certain brethren for a Lodge a t Caris-
brook. Isle of Wight, now t h e Albany Lodge No. 151 Newport.
The Noderns W a r r a n t has been lost.
28 T r u ~ i s ( c c t i v nof~ the Qitntuor Coronccti Lodge.

The Unity & Friendship Lodge. constituted a t Bradford-on-Avon on

31 A1ay 1794, had a Warrant issuecl by Grand Lodge, and the t e s t (of the usual
type) has been publisliecl in Goldney's Histor? of I7re1uiinso/lry i n Triltslrlre
(p. 162).

Dorset.
No Provincial W a r r m t s have beell preserved of the Lodges in Dorset.
I t is of interest, however, to note that through the close trade collnections
between Poole and Newfoundland, Dunckerley was coliceriled in the issue of two
Warrants for t h a t colony. I n an illuminating letter to the Grand Secretary,
dated from Hampton Court Palace, April 21 1785, we read:-

" Dear Brother,

Cavil and Dissipation prevented my talking to you at the
Quarterly Colnnlunicatiori on real AIasonry. You may remember I
jockey'd Derinot out of Newfoundlaild by obtaining a Warrant for a
Lodge a t Placentia, it l ~ a sproduced another petition for a Loclge at
Harbour Grace on the Island. I rec'cl i t this nlorliing under cover
of a letter from my very worthy Deputy, Doctor Campbell of Pool.
I beg you will get i t executed (in the same ueat manner as that for
Gloucester) as soon as possible & send i t (by t h e Pool coach) to Ales
Canlpbell Esq. a t that place, as the ship t h a t is to convey it is uncler
sailing orders. Favour me with a line, when i t is sent. and I will
be accountable to you for the 5. 15. 6. which will be paid to me
whea I visit Pool this summer.
The Certificate came safe to hand for which you will also give
me Credit GS./P.
I had no opportunity whea I saw you last of enquiring if you
hearcl of the Captain concerning the letter sent to me from Bro. Webb.
for a Lodge on the Island of Dolninica. I shall be glad to have a
line froin you in return t h a t 1 may acquaint Bro. Campbell with the
success of the Petition from Newfoundland.
N a k e my sincere regard acceptable to Bro. Heseltine, serious
Bro. Berkeley &c. &c.
From your f a i t l ~ f u l& affec. Brother
The? D~uickerley.
N.B.-I have paid 6s. for postage since ye last accounts for
Letters from Bristol, Esses, Bath, Pool, Bridgwater & Dorchester.
If the Accounts of the last Quarterly ~ o n ~ m & c a t i o n are printed
before the Gt" of next nlonth do me t h e favour to leave those for the
Coulities under my care & also for Newfoundland with Bro. Berkeley
as I propose (with God's permission) to attend the Grand Conmittee
of Royal Arch Masons that day a t his house.
Williain White Esq."

W h a t actually happenecl a t Placentia, Newfoundland, is not quite clear.

Lane records a Lodge there, constituted by the Antients on X a y 2 1788.-three
years after this alleged " jockeying of Derinot out of Newfoundland " , the
Modern Lodge to which Dulickerley alludes was registered in 1784 with the
n m ~ b e r 455,-nest in order to the Apollo, which he had weaned from the
Antients a t Salisbury.
The anticipation of a Lodge in the Leeward Islands a t Dominica does
not appear to have been fulfilled. After an abortive attempt by the Antients
to establish n Lodge there in 1773, they constituted the Domi1:icn Union Lodge
on May 16 1785. The ntoderns had constituted a Lodge there on 29 Nov. 1773,
which worked until 1813, but no other is recorded as having been founded until
1823. It looks then as though nermott scored in Dominica in 1785, even though
temporarily jockeyed out of Newfoundland a year before.
 111 the important letter written by Dmlckerley from Colchester on Sep. 14
1786, given above, t h e allusion t o Dorsetsllire is : -
D. Dorsetshire. 219 : 382 : with the two n e w Lodges.
I n the enumeration of 1781 to which these figures belong No. 219 is the
present 137 Lodge of Amity, Poole, founded 1765: No. 382 The Durnovarian
Lodge meeting a t Dorchester, founded 1775; t h e Greyhound, Blandford, of
1771 had been erased in 1781, and the Weymouth Lodge, founded 1776, was
erased 1785.
The two new Lodges referred to were therefore t h e ones a t Sherborne and
Shaftesbury: the former having been warranted on Mar. 31st, and the latter
011 Nay 3rd of t h a t year.
Both Lodges are defunct, and their Warrants lost, b u t i t is almost certain
that these were issued by Dunckerley.

Of the seven Warrants issued by 1)unckerley for Lodges in Somerset four

are extant, and after his death one was issued by J o h n Smith for a Lodge at
Chard.
The W a r r a n t of t h e Royal Cumberlaud Lodge a t B a t h is not preserved,
and it is probable t h a t none was ever issued; t h e Lodge amalgamated with the
Lodge founded in 1733 and still works as No. 41 with the old Deputation as its
authority. under the name of Royal Cumberland.
I11 a long footuote in Dr. Oliver's Rezrelntions of n Spzrore (p. 145. 1855
edition) is an account of t h e amalgamation of these two Lodges, through the
zeal and activity of Bro. Dunckerley, the latter having been ' recently instituted
hy himself," and h e is said t o have " projected t h e junction to enable it to take
precedence in the Province b y t h e adoption of t h e former number."
Dunckerley had long taken an interest in the old Lodge of 1733 (then
No. 113) meeting a t t h e W h i t e Bear, Bath, whose early associations were linked
wth-indeed i t may have been continuous with,-the first Lodge in the Provinces
to be constituted (in 1724) by t h e Grand Lodge of 1717.
The first Minutes of No. 113 (beginning from Dec. 28 l732), a very full
account of which has been published by Bro. George Norman i n t h e Trnnsnctzons of
the Somerset Xasters' Lodge 3746, indicatc t h a t the Lodge had been for some time
in working order. and t h a t there was then a t least one member present who I S
known to have been a member of t h e 1724 Lodge. On N a y 18 l733 a resolution
' For many good offices. useful Instructions & unnumbered Favours the Lodge
have received from their Worthy Byother Charles de Labely through his zealous
endeavours to promote i\rasonry," unanimously passed, speaks of a longer past
than that particular N i n u t e Book shows, and goes a long way to prove his
connection with t h e Lodge long previously.
It may be noted, i n passing, t h a t the first P . G . N . for Somerset, John
Smith N.P., is referred to in t h a t capacity in the Minutes of the Lodge as
early as 1767, though t h e official Year Book gives the d a t e of his appointment
as 1770. (He was raised a t a meeting of the Lodge on 1)ec. 28 1767, but in
that connection i t is sufficient to recall t h a t the Grand Master himself need only
he a Fellow Craft.)
There is a cryptic reference to a possible " inspectioi~ ' of the Lodge by
Dunckerley on Aug. 7 1767, b u t no doubt whatever about llis election as
an Honorary Member on Dec. 15 of t h a t year, and on subsequent occasious In
the following year he attended t h e Lodge, and IS once recorded as h a v ~ n g
performed the Second Degree ceremony.
On the death of J o h n Smith, X.P. for Combhay in 1775, tlle vacancy nl
the position of P.G.AT. does not appear to have bee11 officially filled, tl1011gh the
Lodge on April 5 1776 proposed t o Grand Lodge Bros. Lisle, Tynte and Cox
:IS proper persons for t h e office, and asked to be directed , I S to the mode of
election.
 None of these was appoiiitecl, a n d i t is stated b y Bro. Peach in his
C r a f t ilIasourz, of H n f i i , t h a t t h e fifth D u k e of Beaufort held the office till
Ilunclrerley was appointed in 1784: Imt t h e Year Book gives no such i n f o ~ m a t i o n .
One of L)unckerley S first acts after his appointinent waq to visit this Lodge
a t St. J o h n ' s F e a s t : a n d b y t h e following November a definite proposal of
amalgamatioil with t h e new formed Royal Cumberland Lodge wds received by
the Naster, a n d accepted b y t h e Lodge.
The first ineeting of t h e Royal Cuniberland Lodge was held on 11th Aug.
1784, with Dunckerley llinlself as acting Master ' p u r s u a n t of a W a r r a n t of
Dispe~isation for t h a t purpose under t h e h a n d a n d seal of Thomas Dunckerley
Esq., Provincial Grand ataster for t h e Counties of Essex. Gloucester, Dorset &
Somerset, bearing d a t e t h e 7th d a y of August 1784." a n d m a n y members of
No. 113 attended either as members of t h e new Lodge or as Visitors, and Chas.
Phillott was initiated.
Oliver is i n errror in stating t h a t this was " t h e first meeting after t h e
union of t h e two Lodges."
Thonlas West (Duiickerley's Deputy for Somerset) was appointed BIaster
and he a t once set about t h e business of amalgamation. I t is significant to
note t h a t in t h e list of ' Jewels & f u r n i t u r e " t h e illcoming Lodge brought with
them to tlle old Lodge there is no nlention of heavy f u r n i t u r e , such as they
must have provided for themselves h a d they intended a long life of their own.
New Square, Level, a n d P l u m b : various Officers' Jewels. Officers' Hirdms
Inkstand, Papercase, v a r i o w Glasses, New 1784 Book of Constitutions, New
Tyler S Sword. New Bible, Freemason's Calendar a n d " One E n t e r e d Apprentice
Lodge. One Fellow C r a f t Lodge a ~ l dOne Master hlasonJs Lodge ' (presumably
Lodge Boalds or Tracing Boards)-all these might well have been provided by
Brethren intent on refitting a n old Lodge which h a d fallen into some decay.
I n a letter dated H a m p t o n Court Palace, F e b . 1 1785. Dunckerley writes
to the Grand Secretary :-
" I t gives me much pleasure to have constituted two lodges i n honour
of t h e Dukes of Gloucester & Cumberland."
This history has been detailed a t some length as it m a y give validity to
tlle opinion t h a t no W n r t v n t was issued to t h e Royal Cuinberland Lodge: it
appears t o b e not improbable t h a t Dunckerley contented himself with giving
them a temporary Dispensation to meet as a Lodge, and indeed himself
" Constituted " t h e m : b u t did not think i t necessary t o issue t h e usual W a r r a n t
in view of his intention t o amalgamate then1 with No. 113 (or No. 39 as it
then was).
It is strange t h a t if a W a r r a n t had actually been issued i t is not preserved
either i n G r a n d Lodge (to which i t should have been immediately returned.
though b u t just issued), or i n t h e Royal Cumberland Lodge, which has taken
such care of its old documents.
Grand Lodge records do not show a n y payment, for a Constitution
respecting t h i s Lodge.

The G. Sec.'s 3Iemorandum Register states t h a t t h e U n a n i m i t y Lodge.

Wells (30 M a y 1785), a n d Royal Clarence, F r o m e (2 J u n e 1790) were constituted
by Dunckerley-these Lodges were erased i n 1809 a n d 1838 respectively, and their
Warrants have n o t been preserved.
Of t h e five other Lodges constituted during t h e c e n t u r y , three a r e still
working and retain their original Provincial W a r r a n t . a n d two W a r r a n t s of t h e
erased Lodges a r e preserved i n Grand Lodge.

T h e Lodge of U n a n i m i t y & Sincerity (No. 261 T a u n t o n ) was constituted

by Dunckerley on M a y 7 1788.
The W a r r a n t is i n t h e full wording of t h e G r a n d Lodge model, the
signatures being nutographs of Tho" Dunckerley P.G.fi4.. Thomas West D . P . G . N . ,
nnd William N y l e r P.G.S. as Witness: t h e blank space f o r t h e D e p u t y ' s name left
in the body of t h e docu~iient is fillcd in ' Tho'. West Esq. of B a t h " in
1)unclierley S hnndwriting, mid the Seal of the Grand Lodge and NO. 524 ;Ire
attached.
The Warrant is in very good condition, tliougli a little faded.
The amusing mistake in engrossing occurs of using t h e word " Lodge "
instead of Master, in the impossible phrase " Deputy Provincial Grand Lodge."

No. 285 Love & Honour. Shepton Mallet (4 J u n e l'i92), is i n all essentials
a siinilar issue, except t h a t t h e P.G.S. does not sign as Witness. I t has t h e
G.L. Seal and No. 357 (which was its number a t the enumeration of 1832).

No. 291 Rural Philanthropic. IIighbridge, was issued by 1)uackerley 011

21 Jan. 1793. This Lodge first met a t Iluritspill, two or three miles out of
I-Iighbridge. The W a r r a n t is signed by Dunckerley and J o h n l h n n i n g D.P.G.N.,
with C'harles llines P . G . S . witnessing, b u t strangely enough t h e D.P.G.31. cited
ill the body of the document is Tllo'. West of Bath. This is also of the usual
G.L. n~oclel wording, bears t h e G . L . Seal and the nuniber 517. It is becoming
very faded.

The Warrant of the Lodge of Vrbanity, Wincanton. issued by Dunckerley

on 10 April 1793, has recently coine illto the possession of Grand Lodge. The
Lodge was erased in 1809, b u t the W a r r a n t has until now remained in private
hands. I t is similar in all essentials to t h e previous isuec. and is very we11
preserved.

After the death of Thoq, Dunckerley ill l796 one other Lodge was
warranted by the new P.G.M. J o h n Smith-No. 579 Tlie Lodge of Prudence &
Ilidustry, Chard. dated 25 Mar. 1799. This Lodge was erased, and the Warrant
returned to Grand Lodge in 1831 and i t is still preserved there.
I t is badly engrossed on very thin vellum. b u t i t is iu good condition
and very legible, though too crumpled for satisfactory reproduction; i t has the
appearance of having been locally produced by a very indifferent scribe,-possibly
some junior clerk.
I t bears the G.L. Seal, b u t no number, and is in t h e shortened G.L. mode1
form, ending " Given-the 25 Day of llIarch 1799," without t h e usual A.D. A.L.
formula.
Names are filled in by the engrosser in t h e body of the document. The
signatories are J o h n Smith P . G . N . . Charles Phillott D . P . G . M . . and Williani
AIayler P.G.S.
The name of the D.P.G.lT. is interesting as being t h a t of t h e initiate a t
the first meeting of the Royal Cnniberland Lodge, when Thnclterley presided as
Nilster P.T. and ThoB. West as his J . W . And on J a n . 3 1786 West w a s
al~pointedW.M. of the newly conjoined Lodge with Charles Phillott as his S.W.
Some confusion has prevailed as to the identity of J o l m Smith, the new
P.G.31. who succeeded Dunckerley in Somerset.
Sadler. in his L i j e of Z)117zch.ede?y (p. 216), says: " Dunckerley's Successor
in Somerset was J o h n Smith Esq. N.P. who had filled tlie ofice of Provincial
Grand Master for tlie County prior to Dunckerley's appointnient " ; and in an
introduction to Bro. Floyd Norris' H i s t o r y o f t h e B11rn7 P h i l n n t l ~ ~ o p iLodge.
c
Rro. TV. J. Hnghan states: " The first Pr0v.G.M. for Somerset was the R.W.
Brother John Smith, appointed in 1770, who appears t o have again held that
honourable position from 1596 on t h e decease of the second Pr0v.G.M. Tliomas
Dunckerley. "
I t is rarely t h a t these authorities on lIasonic history can be found faulty
in statements as to facts: b u t the illinutes of the Royal Cnmberland Lodge show
that the elder John Smith of Combhay I\I.P., who was P.G.M. in 1767, died in
1775: that his son J o h n was initiated and passed in t h a t Lodge on J a n . 15th
1788. and on Feb. 5th h e was " raised to t h e degree of Master Mason. and
afterwards hallotted for, & elected a member of t h e Lodge."
 H e took a conti~iuouslyactive p a r t i n t h e working of t h e Lodge and -was
R.W.N. i n 1791.
H i s P a t e n t is preserved in Grand Lodge, a n d is entered i n t h e Memorandum
Register of W a r r a n t s and Deputations :-
" P a t e n t t o J o h n S m i t h Esq. of Combhay & Major of t h e Somersetshire
Regt. of Militia to be P r 0 v . G . N . for Somersetshire, dated 22 Oct.
1796."

Sir Robt. d e Corilwall, who was appointed P . G . N . for Gloucestershire in

1753, died i n 1756, some years before t h e brusque injunction on t h e margin of
t h e Grand Lodge List, " Take no notice of h i m , " was written. It has generally
been held t h a t t h e only record of his Masonic work was t h e one attendance a t
Grand Lodge, b u t t h e l l i n u t e s of t h e Royal Cumberland Lodge a t B a t h show
hiin as a visitor there in 1739.
B u t no one succeeded hiin as P . G . l I . u n t i l Thoinas Dunckerley was
appointed i n 1784, a n d by t h a t time m a n y of t h e earlier Lodges h a d been erased:
so t h a t there were b u t five Lodges working i n Bristol, a n d none i n t h e County
when h e took office.
O n e new Lodge " a t Gloucester. a n d two i n t h e Citv of Bristol were
constituted d u r i n g t h e next four years, b u t none subsequently, a n d none of these
have survived.
T h e Royal Gloucester Lodge was constituted t o meet a t Gloucester as shown
by t h e letter of 1 F e b . 1785 from Dunckerley to t h e G r a n d Secretary, which
has already been quoted.
I n P'reemasonry i n Ilristol, p . 7, t h e A u t h o r s s t a t e : " A n l o n g t h e papers
of t h e late Bro. Richard S m i t h is a docunlent which is n o doubt a dispensation
for holding t h i s Lodge until t h e official document arrived from London." The
wording of a Provincial W a r r a n t is then described. T h e fact t h a t t h e letter of
1 Feb. 1785, quoted above, is of later d a t e t h a n t h i s " document " appears to
have prevented their realising t h a t t h e W a r r a n t h a d been dated back, according
t o t h e instructions conveyed i n t h a t letter.
Unfortunately, however, t h e docunlent is n o t t h e original Warrant, but
n contemporary, or-nearly contemporary Copy of i t . I t is wrktten on old haad-
made paper i n t h e same handwriting throughout, giving t h e names of Tliomas
Dunckerley as P.G.M. a t t h e top left corner, of J o s h u a Springer as D.P.G.M.
bottom right, a n d of J n o . Cartaret Lewis P . G . S . as Witness a t bottom left;
b u t none of these a r e signatures, all a r e i n t h e same handwriting: which.
however, bears some resemblance to t h a t of J o s h u a Springer.
T h e addition of t h e T . H . device ( t h e later modification of which has
become known as t h e " Triple T a u ") under Dunckerley's n a m e with the three
sets of t h r e e dots in t h e form of a trianele, one a t either side of i t and one below.
U

is interesting as indicating T>unckerley s iilterest i n t h e R . A . degree. it is very

unusual t o see these indications on official Craft documents: Dunckerley was
fond of using t h e m in his private correspoildence. a n d in a letter to the G. Sec.
W m . W h i t e he ends. " I greet you with t h e triple t r i n e , " :ind t h e n puts his dots.
Their significance is, 1 t h i n k , similar t o t h a t of our C r a f t " fire.'
Compare this with t h e device he gives in 1789 on t h e Royal York Warrant.
It is, of course, only a n assumption t h a t this device was used on the
original W a r r a n t , b u t as we find a similar use i n 1789 i t is a justifiable one.
T h e place of t h e seal beneath t h e P.G.AI.'s signature is indicated by an
oval drawn within a rectangle, and beneath t h a t is t h e No. 463.
There is a very interesting old water-mark of a inan surrouilded by a low
paling from t h e bottom of which hangs a bell, a n d within which is also enclosed
a sinall heraldic lion, r a m p a n t a n d brandishing a sword, t h e m a n carrying a long
staff with a h a t perched on i t , and t h e words P r o P a t r i a extending across the
space below t h e h a t . This appears t o be :I caricature of t h e Britannia a , ~ t e r -
mark, a n d m a y be original " Fool's Cap."
 The paper is somewhat dilapidated and h a s beell strongly backed in places.
I t is twice endorsed on t h e back, one r e t ~ d i n g:-
1785. Copy of W a r r a n t granted b y I h . Dnnclrerly (thro' his
1)eputy) for Royal Sussex L. Gloster "-
t h ~ son the upper p a r t of t h e original paper, a n d I t h i n k t h e earlier of t h e two
e11dorsemellts.-tlle ' . B r . D ~ m c k e r l y" looks more familiarly contemporary t h a n
the other which I S f u r t h e r down on t h e paper a n d reads:-
Copy of a W a r r a n t of Constitutiol~for Gloucester sign'd b y J. Springer
D : P : G :M. for Bristol & Gloucester Jan11ai-y 1785 ' .
ancl here t h e ' sign'd " shows t h a t this is a n old endorsement.
The wording is t h a t of n G.1,. model W : ~ r r ; l n t:-
" Given a t Hampoll C o u r t Pallace under o u r H a n d a n d Seal of I\lasonry
this 10"' D a y of JanY. . I L 5785 ;ID 1785. B y t h e Provincial Grand
Naster's Comniand. "

I n the same year Temple Lodge No. 472 was also w a r r a n t e d b y Dunckerley,
as stated in the G. Sec.'s Register, though no d a t e of Constitntion is given, b u t
' clated a t Salisbury is noted. I f this refers t o t h e declaration of issue of
the Warrant, i t unusual, for all other Dunckerley w a r r a n t s a r e " Given a t
I-Iampton Court "--but t h e W a r r a n t is lost. It was a short-lived Lodge and
was erased in 1791. Dunckerley reported to t h e G . Sec., Nov. 22 1785:-
' No. 472 a t Bristol, was forfeited b y Tho'. Jones who h a d partly paid
for t h e W a r r a n t , b u t did n o t pay t h e remainder, t h o ' h e m a d e several
-7lasoiis."

The names of t h e Officers of t h e Lodge cited in t h e G. Sec.'s Register are

C l i ~ i s .Sawyer. N a s t e r , J a s . Brown & Rich. Jones. W a r d e n s .

Bristol was created a separate Province i n 1786, b u t only one other Lodge
was constituted-The Royal Y o r k Lodge.
The W a r r a n t for t h i s Lodge was granted b y T)~ulckei~ley t o Rich. Blalre
lraster: Rev. J . Attwell Small D.D. and t h e Rev. W m . Blake (Clerk) Wardens.
011 Aug. 18 1789.
I n I ~ ' I . P ~ I I ~ ( L ~ Ol ~i t Z I/.~! r/ l \ ' f o J . p . 81, we read t h a t " t h e Lodge was most
respectable, b u t was a t last ruined b y extravagance." I t s f u r n i t u r e " which was
splendid " was seized a n d sold. R ~ c h a r dN a k e , t h e Master. went t o t h e Cape
of Good 1Iope as P r i v a t e S e c r e t a ~ yto t h e Governor of t h e Colony a n d took t h e
l17arrant with him.
H e appears t o have returned t o Bristol b y 1792, for h e was a meniber of
t h e Town Council from t h a t d a t e till h e died i n 1829, aged sixty-nine.
111 1808 all a t t e m p t was m a d e to re-open t h e Lodge u n d e r t h e Original
W a r r a n t , but this was refused b y Grand Lodge, a n d a letter f r o m W m . M7hite.
the G. Sec.. to Joshua Springer, t h e D . P . G . N . , states t h a t t h e " lasl Contribn-
tion to t h e Funds of t h e Society was i n F e b . 1793," a n d also t h a t a W a r r a n t
of Confirmation had already been issued (as t h e W a r r a n t of t h e Lodge was lost
or mislaid) authorising petitioning brethren t o meet a t I\Iinchinhnmpton, since
it appears t h e original W a r r a n t . . . was carried t o S. Africa whereas it
ought not to have been etaken from Bristol," a n d ' as t h e G r a n d &laster's
Warrant of Coilfirmation s t a n d s i n t h e place of t h e original W a r r a n t i t , of course.
supersedes i t "-continui~~g : " I have t h e honour t,o b e a c q i ~ a i n t e dwith Richard
Blake Esq. . . . a n d his t a k i n g t h e W a r r a n t to Africa was, beyond doubt.
done inadvertently, for i t could b e n o m a n n e r of use t h e r e , a n d I very much
doubt if he is a t present acquainted t h a t t h e Lodge now meets a t S t r o u d , but
which will be seen b y i t s contributions . . . a n d t o deprive t h e Brethren
there of the Lodge a n y f a u l t comnlitted b y t h e m , a f t e r t h e y h a d been
at so much trouble & expelise to o l ~ t a i n i t wonld really be a n act of great
injustice.' '
I t was i n this Royal York 1,odge t h a t D r . IIowley. Archl~ishop of
Canterbury (1858-1848). was initiated on Dec. 21 1791.
A few moilths ago our W.14. Bro. Geo. N o r m a n found i n Bath this
original V7arrant of 1789, t,oget,her wit11 inally other very interesting i\Iasonic
p a p e r s among t h e effects of a relative of Richard Blalre. about 130 years after
he had " inadvertelitly" taken i t with Ilim t o S . Africa.
T h e W a r r a n t is similar to others issned b y I)lulckcrley, b u t an exceptional
feature is t h a t after his s i g ~ i a t ~ ut eh e Provincial G r a n d Master has p u t the
device 1% . allcl t h e series of three triangular groups of dots, as i n the
Royal Gloucester m'arraiit~. T h e device is t h a t of t h e Knigllts' Templar, which
Dunckerley i n a letter dated J a n . 27 1792 esplains : ' . I t is t h e siguature of
our Order Templwn I-lierosolyma Eques.''
Dlulckerley was very zealous i n prolnoting t h e interests both of the Royal
Arch and t h e Chivalric degrees.

No Provincial W a r r a n t s were issued i n IIerefordshire before Dullckerley's

appoiiltrnent i11 1790, after which he coustitnted t h e Silurian. I<iagston (1 791).
and Royal E d w a r d , Leominster (l'i93).
Both these a r e cited i n t h e G. Sec.'s Register as having been constiti~ted
by h i m . b u t both Lodges were short-lived, a n d t h e W a r r a u t s a r e lost.

C L A S S 3. LANCASHIRE.
Active as was Duuckerley in t h e gronp of Provinces for which he accepted
responsibility, a n d undoubtedly beneficial t o t h e Noderiis Grand Lodge as was
liis i n f l ~ ~ e u c eyet
, when one coli~es to look a t t h e Provincial developments iu
Lancashire his importance somewhat pales.
G r e a t as h e was, h e cannot rightly 11e given t h e position of " father of
the present race of Provincial Grand blasters." as Sadler claims.
T h e List of Lodges in Lancashire shows m a n y remarkable features, hot11
for t h e Moderns a n d t h e Antients : i t s l ~ a r e s with Yorkshire t h e very high
proportion of Lodges founded i n t h e eighteenth century which have survived.
It is remarkable t h a t in t h e whole list, not one Lodge can be shown to
have received a IVrlrrtr~lt from Grand Lodge.
One of t h e last of t h e Grand Lodge " Deputations " was that issued i : ~
l753 to t h e Rose and Crown a t Prescot (now No. 8 6 ) : b u t i n 1739 a 1,odge hcd
heell constituted a t t h e Golden Lion. Salford, which L a n e states to have receircd
I'roviilcial authority, b u t not having been registered i n Grand Loclge iintil later.
it lost its seniority in 1111mhel.ing. I t now works u n d e r a ~ ~ t h o r i tofy a ProviuciaI
I S ' a r r a ~ ~ tof Coafirmatioii issrled by J o h n Allen i n l772 (/,;(/v iiif,,cc\.
A year after t h e Prescot Lodge. t h e Lodge a t S t . Anne's Coffee Ilouse,
l l u ~ c h e s t e r , was founded (now No. 89, Dulrinfield. Cheshire). for nhich
Ratchdale's W a r r a n t already described was issned.
There are only four Lodges out of t h e twenty-eight lmown to have been
constituted ~ u l s s e r ~ u e ~ (during
~tly t h e celitury) i n this Province, t h e character of
whose Charter of C o ~ i s t i t u t i o ~isi not knowii.-these tizcly have been Grand Lodge
W a r r a ~ l t ~ sb, u t t h e presuniptioll is e q ~ ~ a l lstrong
y t h a t they were Provincial
issues: b u t after 1770. under J O ~ Allcii's II r111e. every isslic in t h e P r o v i ~ ~ cwas
e
by him, a n d eigllteell of them survive, either as t h e a u t h o r i t y in a Lodge to-day.
or pre-erved i n t h e Grand Lodge Library.
Aft'er t h e establishment of No. 89 by Ratchdale seven years elapsed before
a i ~ o t ~ h ehIoderiis
r Lodge was constitutccl, a n d i n t h e int,erval six Lodges were
founded b y t h e Antienls-Nos. 44 and 57 still s ~ w v i v i n gb y transfer of TVarrants.
J u s t as t h e Dukinfield W a r r a n t has characteristics of i t s own, so has that
of The ITole i n t h e W a l l a t Colne (now No. 116 T h e Royal Lancashire Lodge).
founded F e b . 4 1762. This ~ v a st h c first W a r r a n t issued by J o h n Smith. who
had been appoiiitecl P.G.11. i n 1760. The wording differs from t h e G . L . model.
but it is obvious t h a t it derives from t h e P a t e n t of t h e Provincial G r a n d Master.
I t s full text is:-
To all alld every our R ~ g h t Woishipful. TVorshipful a n d Loving
Brethren. W e J o h n S ~ n i t l i of Xanchester i n t h e C o u ~ l t y of
L,ucushire, Gentleman, P r o v i n c i , ~ lG r , ~ n d?il,~sterof t h e Ancient i~ncl
I I o n o u ~ a b l eSociety of F r e e ancl Accepted Aldsons, send Greeting.
Whereas t h e R i g l ~ t Honourable & R i g h t IT-orshipful Sholto Charles
I)ouglas, L o r d A b e r d o u r , Grand Alaster of t h e Ancient a n d I I o n o n r ~ b l e
Society of F r e e a n d Accepted Illasons. H a t h b y a certain instrument
in writing ~ m d e rhis Iland a n d scal I ~ e a r i ~ ldga t e t h e 23'"day of J u n e
A.D. 1760 A.1,. 5760, Constituted a n d Appointed u s t h e said J o h n
Smith Provincial G r a n d Master for t h e C o ~ u i t yof Lancaster wit11
full power in d u e form t o make 3Iasons a n d Constitute a i d regulate
Lodges as occdsion m a y require as i n a n d b y t h e same Authoiity
relation being thereuntb h a d m a y more fully i p p e a r
And whereds application has been m a d e t o 11s b y petition under t h e
hands of several of our W o r t h y a n d beloved b r e t h r e n now residing
in Colne i n t h e said County of Lancaster, praying t h a t t h e y may have
d W a r r a n t f r o m u s to g r a n t them liberty a n d power to meet and
form themselves i n t o a r e g ~ ~ l aLodge
r a n d i n d u e form make AIasons
according t o t h e Constitution thereof, Now k n o ~ vy e t h a t we the
said J o h n S m i t h upon m a t u r e consideration of t h e i r firomises and of
t h e great t r u s t a n d confidence reposed i n t h e m do hereby i n pursuance
of t h e power a n d authority invested i n us a s a f o r e s a ~ d authorise &
empower t h e m t h e s a ~ dpetitioners t o meet a n d form themselves illto
a regular Lodge of I\Iasons a t t h e House of J o h n P e t t y known by t h e
sign of ' T h e H o l e i n t h e Wall ' i n C'olne aforesaid, on t h e fiist
Thursday i n every m o n t h . a n d do hereby a p p o i n t o u r Worshipful
and Loviug B r o t h e r J a m e s Ellis Master of t h e said Lodge. L a w r e ~ ~ c e
W h i t t a k e r Senior W a r d e n a u d J o h n T-Iargreaves J u n i o r Warden
thereof, they t h e said J a m e s Ellis. Lawrence W h i t t a l i e r , and J o h n
IIargreaves t a k i n g especial care i n their promises a n d t h a t they do
observe t h e forms a n d keep all a n d every these Rnles, orders. and
regulations contained i n t h e Book of Constitutions, except snch a.
have been 01- m a y b e repealed a t ally Quarterly Comnninicat~on or
general meeting, together also w i t h all such other rules. orders.
regulations a n d iastructions as shall from time t o time be 11y 11s
transmitted t o t h e m or b y our 1)eputy 01 ;lily of 0111. suvcessors
Provi~icial G r a n d Masters for t h e t i m e being. a11d t h a t yo11 yearly
1,ernlt ns such sum o r sums of money as you shall t h i n k proper fol
the use of t h e G r a n d C h a r i t y ancl other necessary purposes.
Give11 a t i\lanchester under 0111. lTand Sr Seal
t h e fourill d a y of P e b r n a r y .
A . D . 1762. A.T,. 5762.
No. 316. J o h n Snl1t.11.
The n ~ ~ m b eisr u ~ i u s ~ ~ a lplaced
ly ill this W a r r a n t . 11ut was not there
originally, siilce t h e L o d g e did not receive t h a t ~ n ~ n l b euiitilr t h e enumeration
in 1770.
The next Lodge t h a t J o h n S m i t h constituted was a t B u r n l e y : t h e W a r r a n t
(still extant and operative) is similar t o t h a t of t h e Colne Lodge. except t l ~ a tit
leaves out t h e " other necessary pilrpose " on which t h e s u m or sums of nloney
c o ~ ~ t r i b u t emay
d be spent as well as on ' . t l ~ eGrand Charity."
The W a r r a n t is signed a t t h e foot b y J o h n S m i t h . ancl t h e Seal of t h e
Provincial Grand Lodge of Nasons. JIanchester, is attached i n t h a t same part of
the document : b11t in this case tile s i g n a t ~ u eof WT. Brock. l'rovi~~cialSecretary,
is also added. I t is stated t o have heell " Given a t 1laild1ester luicler our I l a i ~ d
& Seal. t h e 27[" d a y of December A . D . 1762 A . L . 5762 "-though Lane gives
the Constitution d a t e as 9 Oct. 1763.

The Lodge constituted a t Warrington i n 1765 has long lost its original
V a r r a n t , b u t a n ancient Copy used to h a n g i n t h e Lodge room. and served for
many years as t h e authentic W a r r a u t , till ill 1863 a W a r r a l i t of Coufirmatiou
was issued. This old Copy is still i n possession of t h e Lodge, b u t is deposited
in a bank for safe custody.
I t s wording is again as t h a t of J o l n S m i t h ' s previous issues. but he now
styles himself i n t h e preamble as " of I-Iammersmith i n t h e Parish of Fulham
and County of lliddlesex, Gentleman " ; i t re-iatrod~lces t h e " other necessary
purposes ' ' (words which i t will b e remembered occur in t h e P . G . l l . ' S Pateut).
I t was signed b y J o h n S m i t h only, and " Give11 a t IIammersmith."
I have n o t been able to find out when t h e copy was made.

T h e W a r r a n t of t h e Lodge a t t h e Swan & Saracen's H e a d , folunded a t

lranchester i n 1766, is still a n d operative i n t h e Lodge of Integrity
No. 163.
. A g a i n exactly similar in wording to t h e ot,hers. except t h ; ~ Jt o h n Smith hcre
:tyles himself i n t h e preamble as " late of I\lalichester in t h e County of Lancaster,
imt now of London. Gentlemall " ; it is " Given a t London." is sealed as before.
:tnd signed only by J o h n Smith.-who i 11 none of t,hese W a r r m t s ;idds the initials
of his r a n k a n d title. No name or nrunber is given t o t h e Lodge.
Tllese, i t \\.ill be noticed. a r e all tr11e W a r r a n t s , authorising t h e Petitioners
to " meet a n d form themselves into a Regular Lodge." and appoiiiting the
llasters a n d Wardens by name. and t h e authority emanates from t h e person of
the P.G.31. acting on behalf of the Grand Naster-and not from t h e P . G . Lodge
or Grand L o da~ e .
I n a Copy which was made of this W a r r a n t some pears ago by a Provincial
Grand Tyler and published. there a r e several e r r o r s . t h e chief being t h a t the
G . X . is styled Sholto Charles Dowlns, T,ord Aberdeen, i n place of Sholto Charles
1)ouglas. Lord Aberdour.

J o h n Allell was appointed P.G.M. i n 1769. and continued ably conducting

t h e Arasonic affairs of t h e Province throughollt t h e rest of t h e century; he was
of Clenient's 11111 ill t h e C o u ~ ~ tofy lllddlesex," a n d spent I i d f of his time ill
Lolldoll.
The earliest W a r r a n t issued by him t h a t has been preserved is t h e Warrant
of Collfilmation granted ill 1772 to t l ~ eT d g e of F o r t i t n d e , t h e n No. 83, meeting
at The F o x . S t . A n n ' s Sq.,i\lanchester
T h e wording of this ealliest document of J o h n Allen's has many of the
characteristics coln~non to all his W a r r a n t s . -
" T o A11 and Every our Right Worshipful a n d Loving Brethren. I,
Jolln Allen of Clement's Iiln in t h e County of Middlesex, Gentleman.
Provincial Grand &Taster of t h e 1To.t Ancient a n d IIonourable Society
of Free a n d Accepted llasons i n a n d for t h e County Palatine of
Lancaster, b y v i l t u e of and under t h e patent of TTis Grace the Most
Noble H e n r y Somerset, 1)rllre of Uedufort Grand Xaster of the Said
Order &c. &c. &c Greetlng -
Whereas E d w n d Entwistle, deceased formerly Provincial Grand
X a s t e r of t h e said C o ~ m t yof Lancaster, did on t h e gth day of ,Janndry
1739, duly C o ~ i s t l t l ~ tae Lodge of F l e e a n d Accepted ;\lasons a t the
Golden Lyon i n Salford in t h e e a ~ dCounty to be held on the first
l t o n d a y i n every Month. and thereby appointed our late Brethren
Richard Goodwin. AI a s t e r Edwar d ;\lnllineaus Senior Warden m d
J o h n Alagill J u n i o r W a r d e n as i t appears b y t h e Register of the
said County Palatine. A n d whereas t h e members of t h e said Lodge
have ever since its Constitution regularly :~ssembled and conformed
 to t h e Laws of ;\l,~soliry.;lild t h e s;rine lodge h ; ~ t hbeen d11ly removed
to and for several y e a s past l ~ e l da t tlle F o x . ueal S t . A1111 S Square
ill t h e town of i\Ianchester in t l ~ esaid C o u n t y , on t h e first and thilcl
Alondays of every n l o l ~ t h . A n d whereas t h e \.\lal~.ai~tor Certificate
of Constitntioll of tlle said Lodge hat11 beell lost or mislaid.
Wherefore our R i g h t T r u s t y well-beloved B r e t h r e n Joseph Smith,
t h e present Master a n d t h e lest of t h e melnbers of t h e said Lodge
have besought m e to g r a n t t h e m m y Certificate of Constitution
which I have readily agreed t o do.
Now know ye t h a t I t h e said J o h n Allen I'rovincial G r a n d Master
aforesaid, do hereby certify t h a t t h e said Lodge forinerly held a t t h e
Golden Lyon i n Salford, a n d now a t t h e I:os i n Xanche.:ter i n t h e
said County. was legally Constituted. a n d I d o allow a n d ratify and
Confirm t h e same to be a Regular Lodge of F l e e a n d Accepted Masons.
by t h e n a m e of t h e Lodge of 'ortitude being No. 83 i n t h e list of
Lodges, to be c o n t u i r ~ e d a n d held a t t h e F o x aFolesaic1 on t h e first
and t h i r d Mondays 111 every month. till t h e time o r placc of ineeting
shall, with t h e colicurrence of m e or m y S I I C C ~ S S O be~ Saltered, our
Said Brother Joseph S m i t h being t h e present l l a s t e r . our Brothel
Beniainin W i l d Sinith Senior W a r d e n a n d o u r Urother J o h n U l ~ t o n
J u n i o r M7arden thereof, with such powers, privilege.: a n d advantages
of right beloilging t o regular established Lodges, hereby walniag and
requiring t h e m a n d t h e i r successors to take care t h a t they and t h e
rest of t h e members of t h e said Lodge do a t all times, obser"e perform
and Ireep all a n d every t h e Rules. Orders a n d Rrgulations contailled
in t h e Book of Constitutions, except such as have been or shall
hereafter be repealed a t a n y Quarterly or Geilelal Coimn~uiication,
together wit11 s u c l ~other Rules, Orders. R e g r ~ l a t i o i ~asn d Zi~structious
as shall from time t o time l ~ eb y m e o r m y 1)eputy or by my
successors Provincial G r a ~ ~Masters d for t h e time being, trdilsmittecl
to them or t h e i r successors.
A n d t h a t t h e y a n d their successors omit not once i n every year
to send t o m e or m y 1)epnty or our Successors Copy of all such Rules,
Orders a n d R e g u l a t i o i ~ s a s shall be m a d e for t h e good Goveriiniellt
of t h e said Lodge, t h e same not beiug r e p u g n a n t to t h e General L A W
s t h e said Society together with a list of t h e
and C o n s t i t u t i o ~ ~of
lnembers of tlle Lodge.
A n d s u c l ~slun or s~uinsof money as t h e y m a y t h i n k proper and
consistent with t h e circunlstailces of t h e said Lodge, towards supporting
tlle Flund of C h a r i t y & t h e G r a n d Fumd. R e c o i n m e n d ~ n g to them
t h e cultivation of t h e Royal Craft and t h e i r I i e e p i ~ ~ ign view t h e
three g r a n d principles-Brotherly Love, Rellef ; 1 1 d T r l ~ t h .
Given a t T,oiiclon under m y h a n d t h i i first d a y of ILLy
A . D . 1772. A . L . 5772.

The note of personal intimacy-largely t h r o u g h avoidance of t h e more

pompous " W e " a n d " O u r " usually adopted b y C h a r t e r g r a n t e r s -ancl of
gennine love of t h e C r a f t , is noticeable in this as i n all his s u l ~ s e q u e n tWarrants
(with the exception of t h e Lodge of H a r m o i ~ y .Ormskirlr 1786).
H e always coi~cludeswith t h e phrase about t h e t h r e e G r a n d Principles -
sometimes, and indeed i n nearly half of his W a r r a n t s . t h e word is spelt
Primipcils, as thougll t h e engrosser were vaguely thinliing of t h e Royal Arch.
A s a matter of fact. t h i s m a v be another instance of t h e a u d i t o r v error. the
ellgrosser working b y d i c t a t i o n : nor a t t h a t period did t h c different spellings
connote quite t h e distinct i n e a ~ l i n g sthey do t o - d a y : for instance, in a letter
from t,he Lodge of I-larnlony. Carlisle, t'o W m . W h i t e G.S. on A p r i l 9 1792.
about Nasons made u n d e r t h e Scottish Constitution, t h e phrase occurs ' ' if
col~sistent with t h e 1Ionozuable P l i ~ ~ c i p a lofs our Tnstitntion.' and the same
spelling o e c ~ u sin t h e letter from t h e Grand Treasurer a t York to Bro. Newbald,
previously quotecl.

The original W a r r a u t of t h e Lodge which met a t t h e V7001pack.

3 h c h e s t e r (now 191 Bury) has been lost, a ~ they
~ d work ~ulcler a T17arrant of
Col~firnlntion of 1846. The Lodge meeting a t t h e R e d Lion. B u r y , in 1'770
\\as erased i n 1789. and its W a r r a n t h a s not been preserved.

The earliest extant W a r r a n t issned to a New Lodge b y Allen was for

the Lodge meeting a t t h e P u n c h Bowl a t Leigh ( ~ i o w No. 219. Todmorden).
This. dated 24 F e b . 1774. is still in possessioi~ of t h e Lodge, b u t is faded and
indecipherable. I t is plainly eugrossecl. without embellisl~ments.
A careful transcript on p a r c h m e l ~ twas made i n 1877, a n d hangs framed
in the Lodge beside t h e original.
liro. R,. LT. 13axt)er makes t h e coniment~, after kindly inspecting this
W a r r a n t for m e , t h a t unlcss t h e clamage to t h e original h a s cccurred since 1877
i t is difficult to see how t h e scribe mallaged t o read t h e docume~lt at all.
This is probably a very good instance of t h e steadily damaging effect of ordinary
daylight on these halidwritten documents: i n forty years a very serious fading
must occur. and valuable docmnents become ruined unless protect'ed froin light.
There is one seal a t t h e top left-hand corner, a n d Allen s i p s a t the bottom
right. a f t e r t h e liue ' ' Given a t 1,oncIon &C." : b u t there is t h e unusual arrange-
~ n e n t t h a t below his signat,ure is t h e line " B y t h e D e p u t y Grand Blaster's
C o m n ~ a ~ i d . "followecl b y t h e signature of J o l ~ n Chadwick D.P.G.11. : and at
the bottom left " Witness. Alath W a l e P . G . S . "
T h e expression D e p u t y Grand ATaster, a n d even Grand Master, is some-
times met with as referring t o t h e Provincial oficials i n their own Province.
The wording of this W a r r a n t as given i n t,he t,rauscript closely follows
the usual Allen f o r m , b u t as i t is uot t h e o r i g i ~ ~ aTl . do not select i t as the tmypr.
T h e nanle-1,odgc of P~xdence-and ~ n m ~ l ~462 e r are given in the body
of t h e document.-Jolm Allen was i n close contact with Grand Lodge in Loudon
n~iclcould get t h e number without clificult~y. and a11 unusual expression is useci.
" Consistent ~ i t h t h e general Laws and Constitutious of O l u Unity."-Society
or Ancient Society a r e usually found and t,his word TJnity is probably an error
in t h e transcription.
H e uses here t h e pllrase " by virtue of these presents " as in the G.L.
niodel, b n t , correctly legal as i t appears, he evidently did not like i t , for it does
uot o c c ~ ui n a n y ot,her of his TVarrants. where he prefers t o say '' by virtue of
this m y M7arrant of Constitution " : and in this preamble h e cites himself as
" Provi~lcial Gra11c1 X ~ s t e r . . . b y virt'ue of and under t h e P a t e n t of 1 5 s
Grace t h e most uohlc I l c n r y Somerset Dnlre of Beaufort &c. &c. as Grand
-\laster of t h e said Lodge." I n 1772, when h e issued his MTarraat of Confirma-
tion to t h e Lodge of F o r t i t u d e , t h e I.)ltke of lieaufort was still G.SI., b u t at
t h e clate of this issue Lord l'etre was t h e supreme R u l e r of t h e Craft. Tt is
interesting to see t h a t J o h n Alleu, as a lawyer. c o ~ ~ s i d e r e da, t first, that he
shonld cite t h e authority from whom his Provincial Grand Alastership originated.
ancl inclicate t h a t i n virtue of t h e permanent powers t h e n com'irmed on him.
he was c o n t i n l ~ i n gt o f ~ u l c t i o ~ iw. i t h o l ~ t stating t h a t his present p o ~ ~ ederived
r .
from t h e present Grand L1aster.l
H e repents this i n 1783 i n ~ w r r a n t i n gt h e N:lriners Lodge (now 249).
Liverpool: b11t i n 1788 for t h e Lodge of Naphtali a t Salford (now 266 Ileywood)
he cites his Nastership as " under H i s Royal .Ilighiless H e n r y Frederick, Duke
of Cumberland &c. &C.," who had been Grand i\laster since 1482: using similar
wording i n all TT7arrants luitil A m i t y , Roclldale. 1791 (now 283 I-Iaslingden),
when hc adopted tlle usual expression . ' nnder t h e a u t h o r i t y of I I i s Royal
Iligliness &C.." a n d r o n t i n ~ i e d t h i s ill all his s ~ b s e c ~ ~ ~Weanr rt a n t s .
The wording of ,Jo1111 A l l e ~ t ' sW a r r a n t s diffc-,rs i n m a n y respects f~0111t h e
G.1,. model. tliough evidently ba:ecl on i t and on t h e t e x t of his owli P a t e n t .
H e introduces t h e same essential clauses, a n d elljoins upoll t h e Masters of his
new Lodges similar duties a n d ohligatio~is as a r e found elsewhere. h u t h e has
his 0 ~ ~ 1phraseology
1 which h e varies b u t little i n all t h e score of his W a r r a n t s
still extant.
J311t for some uunknown reason tlic W a r r a n t issued t o Bret~lircna t O r m k i r k
in l786 under t h e n a m e of t h e Lodge of l l a r m o n y , differs f r o m this usual type
ill being entirely of G . L . model.
This Lodge was erased i n 1838, ancl t h e \T7arralit is i n t h e Grand Lodge
Library.
I t . alid two others (Sincerity. W i g a n , 1786-1828: a n d S t . J o h n s , Lancaster,
1793-1809) are t h e only ones out of t h c nineteen U7arrants issued b y J o h n Allen
'(froin l780 onwards) which a r e n o t still o l ~ e r a t i v ei n their original Lodges to-day.
The W a r r a n t is plainly e n g ~ o s s e d o n parchmentj, a n d bears t h e Seal of
G J , . and No. 493 a t t h e t o p left-hand corner, with J o l m Allen's signature and
seal at the top r i g h t ; i t is of t,he usual Grnnd Lodge model wording t,hroughout.
with the use of " W e " a n d " our " for Allen's more familiar ' ' I " a l ~ d my."
"

I t is:
L Given at T,ondon u n d e r our I i n n d & Seal, a n d t h e Seal of i\Iasonry
this 12t" d a y of Ilecember A . L . 5786 A . D . 1786
B y t h e Provil~cial Grand l l a s t e r ' s Comaland
'Witness
J o h n Hrooine P.G.S."
A bldnk space was left for t h e nainc: of t h e Innholder of t h e Golden Lion, and
has not 1xen filled in.
I'resumably this W a r r a n t w.ls eiigl~osseda t Grnnd Lodge i n Allell S absence
in the folm u s ~ ~ a l ladopted
y t h e r e , ancl completed later b y hls signature alld seal,
the position of which a n d t h e use of t h e blue silk ribbon a r e veiy u l i i ~ s l ~ a l
fedt~ues
The type usually followed in J o h n Allen's W a r r a n t s m d y be taken from
that Issued to t h e Lodge of U n i t y No. 533 (now No. 267 i\Iacrlesficld) .-
No. 533
'I'he Seal of tlrr
T o A l l and everyone R i g h t Worshipful and Loviilg
G l a n d Lodge of B r e t h r e n . I , J o h n Allen of Clement S I n n in t h e
\Inson\. Lontion County OS 3liddlesex Provincial G r a n d Master of
t h e 3lost A n t i e n t a n d l l o n o u r a b l e Society of Free
a n d -4ccepted Xasoils in a i ~ dfor t h e C o ~ u i t yP a l a t ~ i l e
of Lancaster, u n d e r I I i s Iioyal l-lighl~ess Ileilly
Fredellclc D u k e of Ci~mlserldnd a n d Stratlleln.
E a r l of Dublin. G r a n d %Taster, send greetmg.
Know Y e T h a t upoil t h e humble Petition of o u r R i g h t Worthy
and well beloved B r e t h r e n .Tohn Ashwolth, Joel Bretldnd James
C ~ o o k et h e Yo~unger. \T7~lliam Glegory, 1':dward Goddard and Jaines
C h o k e t l ~ e E l d e r , And in cousicler~tiou of i h c G r e a t T l n s t and
Confidelice icposed i n then1 I have C o n s t i t ~ i t e d .A n d b y these P r e w n t s
c10 constitute t h e m t h e salcl B r e t h r e n into a regular Lodge of Free
ancl Accepted Xasons to b e opened a t t h e H o u s e known by t h e
Name of t h e Dog T a v e r n , i n Deansgate IIanchester i n t h e County
of Lancaster, t o b e d l s t i ~ ~ g u i s h e db y t h e N a m e of t h c Lodge of
U n i t y l x n ~ gN u m b e r 533 111 t h e List, OS TJodges. T o be there formed
ancl held 011 Thursday oil 01. after F1111 l r o o n 111 evely ~ \ l o u t hu i l t ~ l
t h e time a n d place of l l e e t i n g shall w i t h t h e Concnrrence of ;\lc
or lily Successor b e : ~ l t e ~ e dW i t h such Powers I'livlleges. and
Adrantages as of R ~ g h tl~clollg to reglllar established Lodges Ancl
 I do hereby nominate, constitute a n d appoint our said Brethren J o h n
Ashworth Master, Joel Bretland Senior W a r d e n , ;md James C'roolic
t'he Younger. J u n i o r W a r d e n , o r t h e opening of t h e said Lodge.
a n d f o r such f u r t h e r time only as shall be thought proper by the
Hrethren thereof It being m y Will and I n t e n t t h a t this appointnlent
shall not in anywise affect t'he f u t u r e Election of Officers of the said
Lodge, b u t t,hat t h e same s l d l be regulated by such Bye-Laws of
t h e said Lodge :IS shall be consistent with t h e General Ltiw
a n d Collstitutiolls of our A n t i e n t Societ,y. A n d further I will and
require you t h e said Jo1111 Ashworth. Joel Bretland and James
Crooke ancl your Successors to take special care t h a t you and the
rest of t h e members of t h e said Lodge do a t all times observe.
ailcl keep all a l ~ devery t h e Iinles. Orders a n d Regulations contained
in t h e Book of Col~stitntions. Except such as have been or hereafter
shall be repealed a t a n y quarterly or other General Comn~mlication.
Together with such other Rules. Orders, and Regulations as shall
from time to time by me or m y D e p u t y o r b y lily Successors the
Provincial Grand Master for t h e time being transmitted to you or
your Successors. A n d t h a t you a n d your Successors omit not once
i n every year or oftener as occasion m a y be to transmit to me or
m y I k p u t y or our Successors Copies of all Rules, Orders. and
Regulations as shall from time to time be m a d e b y ypur said Lodge
for tlle good Order and Goverlmlelit thereof Together with a list of
t h e members of t h e said Lodge wit,ll tjlleir respective Titles or
Additions a ~ i d t h e respective t,imes of t , l ~ e i r several Initiations or
Acl~nissions A n d t h a t you do duly r e m i t such S u m or Sums of
X o n e y a s shall from time to time accrue d u e from a n d be colitributecl
b y your said Lodge or t h e Alembers thereof to t h e F u n d of Cllarity
and t h e General Fluld of t h e said Society. A n d Lastly T will and
require you t h e said J o h n Ashworth. Joel Bretland. and Janies
Crooke as soon as convenient'ly m a y be t o send a n Account in
\Vriting of your Proceedings 11nder a n d b y order of this my Warrant
of Const,itution. Recommending to you a n d t h e rest of the Brethren
t,he Cultivation of t h e Royal C r a f t a n d your keeping in view the
three Grancl Principles of our Order. Brotherly Love. Relief and
Truth.
Given a t Lolldon uudcxr t h e Great Seal of Masonry and also
under m y I I a n d a n d Seal, t l ~ e twenty-sixth d a y of September
A . L . 5788 A . D . 1788.
J o h n Allen
Prov.Gr.1iar

T h e following characteristics will be noted :-

(l.) T h e N a m e ancl Number of t h e Lodge a r e given i n t h e body of the

doc~mient.
(2.) T h e t i m e and place of meeting a r e given (in m a n y of t h e Warrants
this was left as a blank space, a n d t h e detalls filled i n afterwarcls).
followed by t h e words ' ~ l u t i lt h e time a n d place of meeting shall
T I ilie
with t h c C O ~ I C I L ~ I of I C ~& m y successors be altered. with such
powers privileges, & advantages :IS of r i g h t belong to r e g d ~ r
established Lodges."
(3.) A list of t h e JIembers of t h e said Lodge with their respective
Titles or Additiolis dud t h e respective times of their sevelal
initiatiolis or a c l m i s ~ i o ~ ~
' s.'
(4.) Such s m l or sums of money as shall from time to time accrue clue
froiil and he colltribnted b y y o ~ usaid Lodge or t h e members
 thereof t o tlie F u n d of Charity. a n d t h e General F u n d of t h e
said Society."
(5.) " B y v i r t u e of this m y W a r r a n t of C o n s t i t ~ ~ t i o n . "
(6.) Reconimending ' . t h e three G r a n d l'rinciples."
(7.) Signed b y himself ( u s ~ ~ a l layt t h e foot of t h e d o c u n ~ e n t ) , solnetinles
also b y his D e p u t y , a n d t h e P.G.Sec. witnessing.
There are slightly varying phrases. e.g., " n o t r e p u g n a n t to " (in place of
" consistent with ") : t h e general laws &C.. is n legt~lphraseology h e affects i n his
earlier
. .~
d o c n n l e n t ~ , b u t i t would be tedious a n d lullnecessary t o specify each in
deta~l.
H e always states tllat contributions a r e for t h e General F u n d as well as
the F u n d of Charity.-this was a great bone of contention in t h e Provinces for
n l m y years -the levy on account of t h e H a l l F u n d meeting with strenuons
opposition i n all p a r t s of t l ~ eCountry ancl causing m a n y eras1ires.
As originally issued, these MTarrants do n o t a p p e a r t o have been much
embellished or decorated; just t h e variety of size a n d O . E . lettering i n places of
emphasis. and some scrolling a n d flourishes a b o u t t h e " K n o w ye," &c.
Three of t h e m . Naplltali (266 Heywood), U n i o n (268 Asllton i n Lyne),
allcl Friendship (277 Oldham) have simple rubrication with ruled lines, around
and within t h e mail1 divisions.
B u t two. A m i t y (283 Haslingden) a n d H.armony (288 Todmorden), are
tastefullv embellished a n d decorated with enlblen~atic figures. a n d in t h e latter
there is a small signature a t t h e bottom margin of t h e p a r c h m e n t : J . Welton
del. 1793 (or 2).
These decorations a r e later t h a n t h e original t e s t . probably locally done
some time after t h e W a r r a n t was issued.
I t will be noticed t h a t t h e drawings cut i n on t h e t e s t i n some places in
a way t h a t wordcl not have occurred h a d t h e clecorntions been originally intended.

During t h e period of J o h n Allen's rule ovcr t h e Province twenty-two

Lodges were W a r r a n t e d b y t h Antients.
~ ancl sixteen of t h e W a r r a n t s originally
issued to them have passed t o Lodges a t present working. This does not signify
so nluch as i t would u n d e r t h e i\locl~rns,for when a Lodge lapsed or was erased
t h e Antients habitually sold t h e W a r r a n t to some other Lodge a n d conveyed to
i t the vacant n u m b e r : b u t nine of then-Lodge of A n t i q u i t y (146 Leigh), Lodge
of Antiquity (178 W ~ g a n ) .Ancient U n i o n (203 Liverpool), I h k e of Athol (210
Deuton). Lodge of Conmlerce (2 15 IIaslingden). Ilarnlonic (216 Liverpool). Lodge
of Harmony (220 Garston). S t . J o l u l ' s (221 Rolton). Lodge of Benevolence (226
Blacltburn-have a n ~ulbrolren record from t h e timc of t h ~first issue of t h e
Warrant.
W a s Allen's serenity r ~ ~ f f l ebdy l h e success of t h e r i v a l s ?
I am afraid T liave not h a d tilne t o search i n t o t h a t . b u t t h e impression
one gets is of calm stateliness and a will t o ' live a n d let live " while looliing
well to the affairs of his own Order. 1 know of n o more satisfactory and
impressive picture i n t h e A4asonry a t t h e end of t h e eighteenth century than
this continued success t h a t crowned Allen's work. side b v side with a n almost
equal activity by t h e rival organisation. H a v e n o biographical notes been
written of this worthy I\ilasou l There a r e m a n y docluments i n Grand Lodge
from which details of his work m i g l ~ t b e gleaned. a n d h e deserves well of h ~ s
Brethren to-day.
Many Lancastrian TAodge histolies refer t o his having issued t h e T17arrant
and then they pass t o other nlatters without f u r t h e r nlentioll of him.
H i s influence 11po11 t h e Province as a whole is ~ v o r t h defining ancl
describine more fullv.
U

H i s activities i n London a r e better lrnown.

H e was a signatory of t h e Charter of Compact of G r a n d Chapter of
J u l y 22 1767. where his ]lame appears as Scribe N.
 He was a Steward a t Grand Lodge i n 1769, thereby becoiliiilg qualified
for pronlotion to office i n Grand Lodge, which he received on X a y 1 l777 by
his appointment a s J u n i o r G r m d W a r d e n , and h e was a very frecluelit attendant
a t the meetings of G r a n d Lodge, filling various chairs as a substitute from time
to time: he was present a t t h e ceremony of laying t h e foundation stone of the
new hall, as Prov.G.M. for Lancashire (t'ogether with Thomas Dunclrerley for
Hants.. Thomas P a r k e r for Surrey, Francis 3li1isliull for Susses, and Charles
Frederick for K e n t ) , a n d also a t t h e olxuing ceremony on N a y 23rd 1776. when
Thomas Sandby, " who designed tlie building," was honoured with t h e title of
" Grand Architect of t h e Society."
A t t h e n e s t meeting a f t w his a p p o i n t n ~ e u t as J ~ ~ n i oGrand
r Warden he
was in t h e Chair as Grand X a s t e r Scmor Grand W a r d e n on Feb. 4th and
occupled his o w l Chair on April 8 t h l778 while a t t h e Grand Feast on
April 29th h e was again i n t h e Senior Grand VTarden's Chair, yielding office as
Junior Grand W a r d e n a t t h e end of his year t o " Charles N a r c h of the W a r
Office ' t o whose P a t e n t we have already alluded. H i s rianie also appedrs as
a member of t h e Comnuttee of t h e School for Girls.
- 1 .(?.C'., vol. s x x v i . . p. 166 gives a few Further details of his career.
I11 addition to these h e was f o i m a n y years Treasurer of No. 4 Royal Somerset
House and Invernecs Lodge.

C L A S S 4. YORI<SHIRE.

I n no other Proviilcc is its history so reflected by t h e W a r r a n t s issned to

its Lodges as i n Yorkshire.
i% t h e sister County of Lancashire t h e fleet lmd sailed i n stately procession
over calnl seas bringing its rich freight safely to harbour. Yorkshire may, a t
the last, have secured as heavy a cargo. b u t its ships were buffetted by many
storms. a n d there was more t h a n a - u s p i c i o ~of
~ privatcering i n its trading.

Nearlv all t h e I V a r r a l ~ t si s s ~ ~ etod t h e Yorlts11il.e Lodees are much decorated

U

and illuminated. often i n gold and colo111~.\lit11 I\Iasoiiic eml~leiiisand elaborate

lettering.
W e have already quoted a lettcr fi.onl tlie Prov.G.Sec. i n 1788 to the
Grancl Sec. stating tliit " done plain lipon parchment W". not be satisfactory."
and there was evidently a s t r o l ~ g tradition in favour of t,he highly decorated
docunient .
A n d i t is interesting to see t h a t illis appears t o have arisen through t'he
personal s e i i t i ~ - ~ ~ eofi l t h e Grand Sec., Samuel S p e ~ ~ c efor r , t h e place of his birth.
I n 1738 a Lodee was founded to meet a t t h e Uull's Halifax and a
Deputation i n t h e us1111 wordiug was issued b y t h e G r a n d ifraster orc cl Caruarvon.
and signed b y J . Warcl D . G . N . . a n d in all probability i t s general appearalice
n-as 17ery similar t o t h a t of t h e B a t h a n d Exeter Ueputation of 1732.
F o r some reason a duplicate W a r r a n t was prepared a n d issued to them
iu 1765. a n d this copy was . ' xitllessed " by tlie then G r a n d Sec. Sainuel Spencer
(John Revis was G.S. a t t h e date ol t h e original issue).
Belieat11 Samuel Speucer's signature appears t h e unusual personal notice
" Born a t H a l i f a x i n Pol.kshire-I-Iis Gift." aiid engrossed i n very slnall letters
011 the extreme lower margill of t h e p a r c h n ~ e ~appears ~t " D r . I\licliael T)evon

T1.G.S. Fecit." ; t h e expert engrosser whose work a t Grancl Lodge has already
been described.
Evidently then. to pay some t ~ i b n t e to t h e Lodge i n his native town.
Samuel Spencer had personally iucmred this expeilse a ~ i dsent t h e Brethren this
hlglily decorated docunient t o keep him i n eme em bra ace.
I n 110 other way coulcl t h e W a r r a n t he called ' FIis Gift. '
This appears t o be t h e first issue in Y o ~ k s h i r cof a docmnent decorated in
this inanner with d r a w i l ~ g s of ;\4asonic enlhlems, ancl elaborate variatioil of
penmanship.
 The original I l e p ~ ~ t a t i oissued
n i n 1739 was certainly not as embellished.
and the W a r r a n t s of N o . 123 Richmond (1763) a n d 139 Sheffield (1765). issned
just previously, a r e plainly engrossed without decoration.
B u t t h e n e s t year a f t e r this illuminated W a r r a n t h a d been presentxd to
I-Ialifas. a Lodge was founded a t t h e George & Crown. Tl~alrefield(now Vnanimity
154). and t h e TTarrant. issued i n t h e G . L . form of wording, b y L o r d Blaney G . N . .
signed hy J o l m Salter 1).G . M . a n d witnessed b y Samuel Spencer G.S.
This W a r r a n t also is highly decorated : B r o . H.epwort11, the Lodgc
sec re tar,^, Irindly giving t h e descriptio~i:-" I n t h e t o p right-haiid corner of thc
Warrant are coloured drawings of t h e Square. t h e I,evel, a n d t h e Plumb rule.
each topped b y blue rosette: i n t h e I ~ o t t o mleft,-hand corner over the ~ i g n a t ~ u r o
of the T17itness is a coloured drawing of t h e V . S . L . . overlapping a Square and
a pair of Compasses, with one leg lliddea." T h e d a t e is 15 F e b . 1766. Here
also occurs t h e same engrosser a i d illuminat~or'ssignature. " B r . 3Iichael 1)evon.
Fecit." as i n t h e K e n t a n d Bristol W a r r a n t s previously described.

Tlioinas Tancred was appointed Provincial G r a n d 3Taster for Yorlrshire

about the year 1771, b u t h e does not appcnr t o have been very active a t first,
and no Provincial meeting was held for t h r e e years a f t e r his appointment, nor
hacl he appointed a n y Provincial officers in 1774.
I n - i 7 7 3 certaiil B r e t h r e n who for t h e most p a r t were destined to play
important parts i n t h e f u t u r e of Yorkshire Alasonry,--Dr. Win. Spencer.
Richard Garland. Thos. Thackray, a n d others,-petitioned G r a n d Lodge ' for
a Coastitution for forming a Lodge a t t h e George I n n Coney Streeb, in this
City (York) under t h e Stile a n d Title of t h e Apollo, a n d d o also agree to pay
any expenses t h a t m a y occur i n t h e obtaining & supporting of t h e same."
This petition was g r a n t e d . a n d t h e Loclge held i t s first meeting on Aug. 3
1773 under t h e Jlastership of W m . Spencer.
B I I t~h e W a r r a n t is i n m a n y respects singular: i t recognises t h e Provincial
Grand 3laster a n d p u r p o r t s t o be issued b y him. indeed. his signature appears a t
the top left-hand corner-Tho'. Tancred, P.G.31.-but i t is n o t signed by thc
D . P . G . N . b u t b y J a s . Heseltine, G . Secy. of t h e Grancl Loclge.
I t has t h e llsual decorations alid embellisllments with 3Iasonic emblems.
The wording is t h a t of t h e nsual G . L . W a r r a n t model, except for t h e following
peculiarities which influenced other W a r r a l t s subseql~ently issued in thc
Province :-
1. Tt states i n t h c preamble tllc n a m e of t h e l'roviucial Grand Xaster
" u n d e r t h e A u t h o r i t y of t h e G r a n d Lodge of E n g l a n d , of whicll

t h e R i g h t Hononra~ble Robert I3dvard P e t r c , L o r d Petre is a t

present G r a n d Master
( t h e spccial citation of t'he Grancl Lodge of England being of
conrse in distinction from t h e Grand Lodge of All Englaild
stationed a t York).
3. I t has t h e unusual phrase: " if there s h o ~ ~ l cnlo t happen to be a
Provincial G r a n d &iastel for t h e County of Y o r k a t any pcriod."
3. I t omits t h e usual phrase " B y t h e Pro\-incial G r a n d l l a s t e r ' s Com-
m a n d . " b u t subst itntes :
' . Esecutecl i n t h e presence of "

J a s . Ireseltine. G" Secy. of t h e G". Lodge.

The charges i n co~lnectionwith t h e Constitntiou of t h e Apollo amounted

to X i . 1 7 . 6.. and were paid t o Grand Loclge on 19 Nov. 1773 : only t \ ~ oguineas
of this was t h e G . L . C o i ~ s t i t n t i o a fee. so t l ~ a tt h e exceptional costs represented
the special charges m a d e for t h e decorated W a r r a n t .

After t h e founcling of t h e Apollo Lodge till t h e end of t h e century

thlrty-one Lodges Mere established undcr t h e 3Ioderns. ancl all b u t four of these
are known t o have been constituted b y the Provincial authorities. nor is it
certain t h a t t,hese four were not so constitutecl; tlieir l&7arrailts are lost. so t h e
evidence is m i ~ s i n g . These a r c t,he Lodge a t t h e W i l d M a n . Xiddleham. 1774
(erased 1788) : a t t h e Rochiey. Kingston on I-lnll, l 7 8 1 (1838) : S t . George's.
Beverley, 1782 (1829), ancl A l l i o n . Slriptoil. 1789 (1798).

The Apollo Lodge soon ass~unled ascendancy over other Lodges ancl
maintained i t for m a n y years.
On 16 F e b . 1774, t h e G. Sec. writ,es t h a t " Bro. W"'. Spencer ( t h e W.i\l.)
was confirmed D e p u t y Provincial Grand ATaster. J o h n Cordley S . G . W . , Richarcl
G-arlancl J . G . W . , Tho'. Swan11 Treasurer, 1\1. Becliwith Secretary" of the
Prov.G.Lodge-a Aiinute on t h a t date also stating :-
" A t this Lodge t h e Right Worshipful Sir Thomas Tancred. l'rov. Grand
Master was present, a n d recomrueuded a conimmlication to be attempted
with t h e Lodges in t h e Province, i n order to establish t h e Provi~icial
G r a n d Lodge, a n d t h e p r e s e ~ i tofficers of t h e Apollo Lodge should he
t h e Provincial Grand Oficers for t h e ensuing y e a r , a n d also permitted
t h e Lodge to make use of his n a m e for promoting t h e same."

I n 1776 a New Lodge was founded a t t h e Royal Oak. Ripon, and we note
the n e s t stage in t h e Yorkshire methods.
The W a r r a n t has been preserved i n Grand Lodge, a n d shows t h e influence
of the Apollo document.
It is issued i n t h e name of Thonlas ~ a n c l : e d . whose authority is cited ill
the preamble, b u t h e does not himself sign i t anywhere. The place of honour-
the top left-hand corner-is assumed b y W m . Spencer D . P . G . X . . and a t the
bottom r i g h t is t h e signature of George Russell, P.G.S.-and as i n t h e Apollo-
there is no witness nor title initials placecl where a witness was intended to sign.
T h e phrase ' ' if there should not happen to be &c," is also there, ancl the
end phrasing is : -
" Given a t Y o r k under our H a n d a n d Seal of Masonry this 22""ay of
J u n e A . L . 6776. A . D . 1776
B y t h e Provincial Grand nraster's Co~iiniand
Executed i n t h e presence of
George Ruusell. P . G . S . "
I n his H i s t o r y o f t111; .-l ~ ~ o l ' l7,otlgr,
o p. 8 7 , Bro. I-Taghan states :-" The
Royal Oak N o . 495 was chal.tel.ec1 22 J u n e 1776. t h e sum of S 4 . 4. 0 . being
creditecl i n t h e Apollo accounts 5 Mar. 1777. a n d also 2 2 . 2. 6 . for t h e registra-
tion of sixteen members. T h e fee forwarded to Gl.and Lodge was only two
guineas as required b y t h e r e g l ~ l a t i o ~ i sfor Constitut,ion, t h e balance 1:eiug
retained b y t,lle local oflicials. one half of which was paid to Bro. Russell the
Secretary for writing out t,he W a r r a n t . "

O n 30 A p r i l 1777, a p e t i t i o ~ lwas presented to t h e Provincial Grancl Lodge

of Yorkshire ( i . e . , t h e Apollo Lodge) desiring a Co~lstitution for a Lodge at
Loclrwood's Coffee H:onse, Y o r k . A I)ispe~lsation was granted for prelialiiiai~y
meetings to be held and a W a r r a l l t was d ~ d yissued in July 1171. for constitnting
the Union Lodge (now No. 236).
This corresponds in every respect wit11 t,he Ripon W a r r a n t of the previous
vear. T h e Provincial Grand Master's n a m e a n d allthority ai,e merel? recitecl
in the prenmble a n d h e nowhere signs t h e docl~nzeat~. W i l l i t ~ mSpencer D.l'.G.lI.
appears as signatory a t t h e top. and George Russell P . G . S . signs below: there
is no signature of a witness. The Lodge number is giveil-No. 504-ancl tl!e
xafer seal of Grand Lodge is att>ached.
The document is elaborately engrossed i n varied type a n d scvolling and
has t h e embellisllm~nts with ;\!tasollic embleuns as before seen. I t contains
the phrase " if there s11011lcl not happen t o he &C.." a n d is " Given at York.
liy the Provincial Gra~icl:\Taster's Command ancl " E s e c n t e d in t h e presence of."
"
 I'ro vincinl T T n ~ r n2s.
~l 45

Before t h e n e s t Lodge was constituted.--the S t . George's Lodge. Doncaster

(liow No. 242).-Sir W a l t e r Vavasour h a d succeeded Sir Thomas Tancred as
Provincial Grand X a s t e r .
1-10 had been initiated i n . . T h e Grand Lodge of All E n g l a n d " in 1768.
and a t a date subsequent to his acceptallce of his office as Provincial Grand
LIaster was elected as a joining menlher of t h e Apollo (24 J u n e 1779).
He does n o t a p p e a r t o have taken much active iuterest i n tlie affairs of
the Province, a n d did not a t t e n d t h e nieetings of t h e Lodge with a n y regularity.
I n the spring of 1780 Bro. Spencer wished t o resign his position as D . P . G . M . .
mid his resignation was specially considered a t a meeting s~ummonedt o be l ~ e l d
" at 4 o'clock on Tuesday t h e 23"" of M a y on very particular busiiless."-but
the P . G . X . was not himself present, a n d Bro. Spencer's resignation having been
dccepted he was " desired tjo write to S i r W. Vavasour, a n d t h a t t h e Lodgc
reconinlends Bro. R . Garland." Bro. Garlnnd's ; ~ p p o i n t m e n tW:ISduly notified
at the next meeting of t h e Lodge.
The W a r r a n t f o r t h e S t . Georgc's Lodge. S>oncaster, was dated 11 J u l y
1780: and again reproduces t h e characteristics of those issued under Sir Thomas
Tancred.
T h e preamble states t h a t i t is issued b y t h e aut,hority of t,he Provincial
Grancl ;\Taster, S i r W a l t e r Vavasour, b u t h e nowhere attaches his signatnre.
The signature a t t h e t o p left corner is t h a t of R i c h a r d Garland D . P . G . M . .
and a t the foot of t h e document t h a t of George Rnssell P . G . S . . and t>liere is
no signatnre of a witness.
It is embellished with llaeonic emblems of tlie same character as before,
and contains t h e final phrase " Executed in t h e presence of."
On December 23rd of t h e same year a similar W a r r a n t was issued to
the Alfred Lodge a t W e t h e r b y . This Lodge was erased i n 1797. and the
Warrant is preserved i n G r a n d Lodge.
The name a n d a u t h o r i t y of t h e P.G.i\l. a r e recited i n t h e preamble. b u t
he does not sign. Ricllard Garland 1 I . P . G . M . signs a t t h e t o p . where is also
the number 433, a n d t h e wafer seal of Grand Lodge. J o h n Camidge signs a t
the foot as P . G . S . , a n d t h e r e is no wit'ness cited.
The usual eniblematic decorations occur. a n d t h e phrase " if there should
not happen t o be," &c,, is used, as well as t h e line " Executed i n t h e presence of."
P a y m e n t for t h e Constitution of t,his Lodge was not credited in Grand
Lodge until 1583.
The Brethren t h e n t a k i n g t h e leading p a r t in t h e Apollo Lodge and
practically ruling t h e Province were escellent a n d enthusiastic I\laso~ls,and at,
t h a t time were Ireeping i n close touch with G l a n d L o d g e : frequently tlie presencc
of G.L. officials.-Jas. Haseltine G . S . . Rowland Berkeley G . T l eas.. and others.-
is noted a t t h e meetings of t h e L o d g e . b u t gradually these Provincial officials
hecanic more a n d more independent a u d managed t h e affairs of t h e Province
entirely then~selves. meeting t h e requirements of G r a n d Lodge b y t h e payment
of dues. b u t otherwise assuming complete a u t h o r i t y within t h e Province. Bro.
Hughan's f l i s f o r y of f h .-lplc'o T,od!je details i h e evidence of t,he ltasonic
zeal alld quality of these B r e t h r e n a t t h a t period, a n d i t is outside t h e scope of
this enquiry to deal more largely with their excellencies. B u t t h e generous
amounts of money which B r e t h r e n i n t h e varions Yorkshire towns were prepared
to pay for Masonic purposes needed scrupulously careful admi~list~rat~ion. a n d , in
time, i t was laxity i n t h i s respect t h a t led t o t>he decline i n t h e prestige and
influence, as well a s t h e prosperity of t h e Lodge. A s t i m e went on there were
larger and larger arrears d u e from t h e members : t h e P.G.i\T. hiinself i n 1587
owing over 11, a n d moneys received f o r transnlissioll t o London were often
retained for a n u n d u l y long time.-and sometimes not remitted a t all.
The Lodge appeared t o be satisfied with its Treasurer. Bro. ,Jno. Wntsou.
b u t on l 7 Sep. l 7 8 8 we read t h e M i n u t e :-
" A letter was read from Bro. W h i t e G . S . saying t h a t a complaint was
made b y t h e Alfred Lodge, t h a i they h a d paid diffeim~t slllni into
 Uro. G a r l a n d ' s hands, then I).P.G.31.. ~vhich h e hacl never remitted
to t h e Grancl Lodge. U p o n c l ~ c ~ l ~ it rhye Lodge was informed l q
Bro. R u l e t h a t t h e charge was inst. Tn consequence of which and
011 acct. of Hro. Gallaud's p l m e ~ l t uliliappy circumstances. it was
ordered t h a t t h e deficiency should be made u p out of t h e Lodge Funcl."
B u t of this there was as yet no portent, t h e Apollo Lodge was s u ~ ~ r e l n e .
and Richard Garland ruled t h e Prouince.
As with t h e 13e1levoleilt Lodge c o n s t i t ~ ~ t eat
d M i d d l e l ~ a a lill 1774, so with
t'he R o d m y : ~ tKingstoll 011 1-[l111 i n 1781. t h e o ~ l l yevidence of their haviilg been
constituted by t h e I'rovillce is t h a t of paymeuts made to t h e P.G.Treas. for their
Constitution.
There is n o evidence that separate Alinutes or A c c o ~ u l t s\\-ere kept for the
Province as distinct from t h e Lodge.

Sir W a l t e r Vavasolir c o i ~i1111ecl

t illdiUe~wlt to his d11ties as P . G . M . . a i d
in 1783 Bro. Garland proposed in opell Lodge t h a t h e should be aslrecl to
resign-allcl a letter was accordiugly sent hiin int~iniating tllat t h e presence of
the P . G . M . was absolutely necessary 011 c e r t a i ~ l3Iasonic occasions. a i d asking
him to answer , ' whether or no i t woulcl be convenient to him on these principles
to continue P . G . N . for t h e C'olulty of York."
Sir W a l t e r c o l u t e o ~ ~ s lpointed
y out t h a t he h a d realized and urged his
luifitness for t h e post when first aslted to take i t , b u t " h e is very ready to resign
i t into more proper l~alicls" : w h e ~ w ~ p o011 n 24 ,June 1784 Hro. Garland proposed
"

Richard Slater l l i l n e s Esq. to be a inemher of this Lodge. a n d t o be raised to

the Sublime degree and being a case of emergency h e was ballotted for ancl
admitted." 011 22 Sep. 1784 i t was proposed and carried " T h a t Bro. Garland
be req~lested to write R . S . l l i l n e s E s q . , desiring he would please to appoint a
day when h e would a t t e n d t h e Lodge to be iustalled illto t h e Office of P.G.11.''
I-Ie attended on 3rd Nov. ancl was duly installed a n d " was pleased t o appoint
Bro. Garland as his deputy."
I t remincls one of Bro. Charles Shirreff's conirnent on t h e like occasion in
Shropshire a couple of years later. Very few of t h e other Lodges had any
representatives a t t h e ineetings or a n y voice i n t h e appoint,inent: t h e formalities
with Grand Lodge appear t o have been secondary considerations with Bro.
Garland, a n d t h e P a t e n t of appoilltnieut did uot, arrive ~ u l t i lt h e end of t h e ycar.
This period of Provincial llist,ory bet\veen t h e jettisoning of Sir Walt'er
and adoption of t h e new fledged Nlason Slater Nilnes (March 1783 t o Nov. 1784)
was not. however. without its Provillcial events and Provincial duties: Brethren
a t Hull petitioned for t h e Collstitution of a Lodge : w h a t was t o b e d o n e ?
I t was not likely t h a t a little t h i n g like t h a t would b e ally difficnlty to
Richard Garland. Grand Lodge viodd be satisfied wit11 its dues, a wafer seal
and number were easily to be o l h i n e d : a very calmble a n d anlenahle young mall.
quite new t o Alasonry h a d just heel1 appointed as Secretary-why hesitate?
So a W a r r a n t was issued in due form. based entirely on t h e Apollo
wording, and serves t o this d a y as t h e authoritmyfor t h e i\Iinerva Lodge No. 250
13~11. '
Richard Garland signs a t t h e top left, with t h e letters P . S . , aud the
Number ancl Scal of G . L . a l e duly afiscd : then he proceeds to t h e preamble :-
To all a n d every our Right W01.shipf111, TTTorshipfnl and Loving
B r e t h r e n . W e . Richard Gdrlalld. 13sq11ire Provincial Superintendent
of t h e l\Iost Ancient and Ronourable Society of F r e e and Accepted
Xasons for t h e County a n d City of York, u n d e r t h e Authority of the
Grancl Lodge of England of which IIis Royal Ilighilcss H e n r y Frederick
I h l r e of Cumberlalld is a t present Grand Master."
IIe inclucles. with no c o m p ~ u i c t i o ~ ti h, e clivectioil : if there s h o ~ ~ lnot
d happen
to be a Provincial G r a n d Master for t h e C o r ~ n t yof Y o r k " : a n d t h e document
ends :-
 I
Given a t York under our IIancl & Seal of I\lasonry this 15'" day of
S e p t e m l ~ e rA . L . 5787 A.1). 1783.
12secuted in t h e presence of
Chris' . MTilson
Prov. G"" Secy."
The doc~uiient is cmhcllished as former ones. Uro. S. 0 . W a t s o n , t h e
prcsent Secretary of N o . 250. most c o ~ u t e o u s l ysent m e t h c following details:-
' . All t h e engrossing is i n one h a n d , t h e names of t h e founders are in
holder block letters i n blue ink.
There is a general similarity in t h e h a l i d ~ v r i t i n gof t h e whole docluncnt.
including Christ". U'ilson's s i g n a t l ~ r e .
All t h e enlbellishnients a r e in gilt. a few of t h e principal words of t h e
docnnent are also i n gilt, a n d t h e names of Coulson a n d others a r e in blue ink.
as stated, otherwise all t h e wording is i n hlacli ink."
As noted before. i t should bc realized t h a t Christ'. Wilson. who was
himself the engrosser a n d i l l u m i l ~ a t o r , h a d only been initiated i n the Apollo
Lodge a few months previously, a n d was not a t t h e t i m e t h i s W a r r a n t was issued
a Naster Nason.

I t was not long before t h e new P . G . M . a n d t h e new P . G . S . , both scarce

fledged Xasons. were called upon to lend their aid to t h e real rnler of the
Provilice i n issuing another W a r r a l i t .
The Newtonian a t Knaresborough was constituted o n 22 J a n . 1785, and
t h e W a r r a n t follows t h e wording of t h e Apollo.
I t is coloured a n d gilded, a n d embellished like t h e ;\Iincrva document
by Cliris. Wilson. T h e Lodge having been erased i n 1851, t h e M7arrailt is
preserved i n t h e G r a n d Lodge Lihrnry. b u t is too worn a n d defaced for successful
reproduction.
It bears t h e sigslature of R . S . l l i l u e s a t t h e t o p l e f t , as well as citing
his authority i n t h e preamble. T t is signed a t t h e bottom b y Richard Garland
D . P . G . N . , and h y W". Johiisoa P.G.C. a n d witnessed b y Chris". Wilson P . G . S .
The expression ' Executed in t h e presence of " is n o longer u s e d : 13ro. Garland
must have felt a little more comfortable about this isme. with t h e support of
the Provincial Grand Chaplain.

But with tlie issue t o t h e I h l r e of P o r k S Lodge No. 529. T)oncaster. on

Aug. 23 1788. a new phase i n Yolkshire practice regarding t h e c o l i s t i t ~ ~ t i sofi ~
its Lodges begius.
T have no linowlrdgc of t h e w h e ~ ~ e n b o n of
i s t h i s document a ~ i dthc Lodge
was erased in 1828, b u t 111 t h e Supplement to Delanoy S N~ctotI/ of ATo, 942%a
copy Ir glven :-

Richard Slater AIilnes E s q . , Provincial G r a n d X a s t e r for the County

of York
To t h e Worshipful Charles P l u m m e r . Richard Staveley, and Thomas
Gi~dlei- I\rembers of t h e i\rost Ancient a n d I-Tono~~rahle Society of
Free and Acccptcd l r a ~ o n sand r c ~ p c c t i v e l y M a ~ t e rAlasons.
Br c t h ~
111 consequence of a n application from you and several other respectable
Brethren. residing 111 or near t h e Town of 1)oncaster. i n the County
of t o 111c as Provincial Grand J r a s t e r for t11c said C o ~ ~ n t y
(under t h e anlllority of t h e Grand ITaster of E l ~ g l a n d )req~lesiing :I
Constltl~tion for t h e holding of a regular Lodge of t h e Order lunder
his a u t h o r i t y , a t t h e Black Boy 11111, i n Doncaster aforesaid by t h e
style or title of t h e D u k c of P o r k ' s T,odge
 I do. b y virtue of t h e power and authority conmlitted to me by t,he
l l o s t Noble a n d Worshipful Prince H e n r y Frederick. Duke of
Cmnberland, Supreme Grand Master of t h e Order, hereby authorise
and empower you, t h e said Cllarles P l u m m e r , as X a s t e r , a n d you the
said R i c h a ~ d Staveley and Thomas Girdler as V7ardens, with the
assistance of a proper n~uinberof other brethren, t o open a Lodge of
Free a n d Accepted Masons, under t h e title of tmheDuke of York's
Lodge, a t t h e Black Boy I n n i n Doncaster aforesaid. whenever you
may t h i n k proper and therein to make, pass, a n d raise i\lasons, and
do a n d transact all l\lasonic business according to t h e regular forms
of t h e Order. A n d this authority shall continue i n force until you
shall have received t h e P a t e n t of Constitution b y you applied for as
aforesaid.
Given a t Yorlr under our H a n d & Seal of X a s o n r y the 23'"
d a y of A n g u s t A . L . 5788. A . D . 1788
Richard S. U l n e s P.G.M.
Witness. J o h n Watson G.T.
Chris. Wilson G.S.
Bears t h e Seal of t h e Apollo Lodge, Yorlr."

I t ~ d bel noticed t h a t Richard Garland h a s disappeared ancl t h a t no D . P . G . N .

is mentioned.
T h e Royal Yorkshire Lodge, Keighley (or, as i t was a t first called, The
Xilnes Lodge), received a document of t h e same d a t e a n d (mzltntls mzltaizdzs)
i n identical terms a n d signatures.
This Dispensation-for i t can be called nothing more-has continued in
force in t h e Lodge (now No. 265), and no W a r r a n t has ever replaced it. A
Centenary W a r r a n t was granted t h e Lodge on 22 A u g . 1888.

The Correspondence of Chris. Wilson with t h e G d . Secy. given previously

indicates t h a t t h e Constitution of t h e Lodge a t t h e Old Globe, Scarborowh
(l788), was obtained through t h e 13.G. ~ o d g ; : t h e Lodge passed to t h e Antielyts
in 1791.

Concerning t h e Albion. S l r i p t o ~ ~I ,have no information: i t is entered in the

G. Secy.'s Register. b u t without note as to Provincial issue,-which is probably
an oversight as i t is unlikely uuder collditions obt~ainiilg in t,he Province that
any exception would have been made i n this inst;ruce.

0116 Nov. l789 t h e Lodge of l l a r m o u y , H a l i f a x . received a Dispensation

ill similar terms to t h e Royal Yorkshire a t Keighley-except t h a t i t is not
definitely issued b y t h e P.G.11. b u t by The%. Th:~ckr:ly, who n7:rs now D.P.G.M.
I t is very well engrossed on vellum b y Chris. Wilson, a n d is i n very good con-
dition. now preserved i n t h e G . L . Library. since after fifty years' service it was
superseded i n 1839 by a W a r r a n t of Confirmation, a n d surrendered to Grand
Lodge. I t is this glorificat,iou of t h e Dispensation (usually issued to aut'horise
the preliminary meetings of a Lodge before its W a r r a n t can b e prepared) into
an elaborately executed document, engrossed on parchment, wit,h some pretence
to permanency, t h a t distinguishes this Yorkshire practice from t h a t of all other
Provinces.
The function which i t was now made t o serve was quite a n irregular one:
and i t is evident t h a t this is so since no ordinary Dispe~lsationwould have to be
surrendered on issue of t h e permanent W a r r a n t i t necessarily forecasted.
The H a l i f a x Dispensation states, after tlle recitation of t h e petitioners and
ternls of their application, t h a t i t is issued b y virtue of t h e Power and authority
l'

committed to m e . . . Grand Master . . . a n d of t h e request of Richard

Slater Nilnes Esq'O. Provincial Grand Naster for t h e County aforesaid."
 I t states t h a t i t i s :
" Given a t York under our IIand and Seal of AIasonry the 6"' day of
N o v . A . D . 1789. A . L . 5789
By t h e Provincial Grand Master's Command
Tho'. Thackray. D.P.G.M.
Witness. J o h n Watson P.G.T.
Chris. Wilson P.G.S."
I t has the G.L. wafer seal attached, but no Lodgc number. There is some
variation in lettering b u t no emblematic embellisl~inei~ts.

Tile Loyal & P r u d e n t , Leeds, was constituted in l790 by the P . G . X . , but

the ch:~racterof its constituting document is not known: t h e circunlstances arising
in connection with t h e delay i n getting its Nmnber assigned have already been
detailed.

The Samaritan Lodge, constituted a t Keighley in 1792 (now No. 286

Bacup) has a document similar t o t h a t issued to No. 275 Halifax-a Dispensation
simply, citing the G.M. and P.G.11, as anthorities for its issue, signed by Thomas
Thackray and witnessed by Jonas Thompson A.i\l., P.G.C., and John Watson
P.G.T.
I t is dated J u l y 4 1792, and t h e name of Chris. Wilson does not appear.
The Rev. Jonas Thonlpson had been initiated in the Apollo Lodge on Nov. 2 1785 :
and a t this meeting Bro. W m . Spencer B1.D. (P.11.. P.D.P.G.BI.) attended the
Lodge for the last time. W e shall see, however, t h a t he continued to exercise
Provincial authority long after this date.
This Dispensation t o 286 has continued to be their sole authority, and ;L
Centenary Warrant was granted them on 4 J u l y 1892 : Fidelity, Leeds (No. 289)
received a Dispensation from the Provincial Authorities on 24 Sept. 1792, and
c@ntinuedacting under this Authority until a W a r r a n t of Confirmation was issued
by the P.G.11. Robert Pemberton Nilnes (son of Slater Milnes) in 1806: and i t
is interesting to see the signature of J o h n Watson P.G.T. still appearing.
Another of these Dispensations, issued for the W h i t e I-Iart Lodge, Hudders-
field (now 290), continued in force as the sole authority for the Lodge working
until a WarFant of Confirnlntion was received from Grand Lodge in
1822-when the Dispensation was sent t o G.L. and is there preserved. Its
wording is as for I-Iarmony, Halifax: i t is engrossed on vellum, much torn and
defaced, with a small portion of a n original seal left lmt not decipherilble. It was
issued by Tho" Thackray D.P.G.M.. and witnessed by Jonas Thonlpson A.M..
P.G.C., and John Watson P.G.T.. and dated 1 J a n . 1793. Here also the
lettering is varied, b u t there is no elaborate decoration.
The application for n W a r r a n t of Confirmation is quite lilrcly to have becn
prompted by the bad condition of the document, and not by its irregulilr c h ~ r n c t e r
considering how common the latter circumstance was in Yorkshire.
For some unexplained reason the Brethren a t B e ~ c r l c yreceived in 1793 a
full Warrant: perhaps the petitioning Brethren were given the option which they
pieferred, and a tariff of costs arranged,-as would appear from the letter to
Whitby from the Prov. G. Treasurer quoted previously.
This W a r r a n t of the Constitutional Lodge No. 294 Beverley is in all
respects after the G.L. model, has the G.L. wafer seal, the Lodge nuniber, the
p . G . 3 1 . ' ~signature a t the top, t h e U.P.G.M.'s ( T h o ~ n a sThacliray) bclow, and is
witnessed by J o h n Watson P.G.T. and Chris. Wilson P . G . S .
The Royal Brunswick No. 296 Sl~effield also is in this form with the same
signatures, except t h a t W m . Spencer 1il.D.. P . D . P . G . X . . signs in place of Thornas
Thaclrray, while the decorations and ilhuninations are in C'hris. Wilsoa's best style.
Tn 1794. howcvcr, there is a recurrence of the Dispmsatiou form: the
Lodge of Hope. Bradford. No. 302. received one dated 23 1Iarch 1794, in the
same form of words as those issued to Hucldersficld. Keighley, and Halifax.
 A seal is attached, apparently not t h e G.L. wafer, h11t a seal of red was,
very much cracked a n d not easily decipherable.
The d o c u n e n t is d e s c d m l by 13ro. Allall Wood as I ~ e i n gprobably written
on paper, m t ~ c hfolded. worn and frayed, b11t now mounted and framecl. a ~ l d
the engrossing is of poor quality a i d iuldecorated. It is not signed by the
P.G.11.. his n a m e only occi~rringin t h e body of t h e doclument, and i t states:-
Given a t York under our h a n d & seal of I\lasonry this 23'"ay of
3Iarch. A . D . 1794. A . L . 5794
13y t h e Provincial Grand Alaster's Command
W"'. Spencer. A.Tl.P.G.11.
Witness. J n o . Watson P . G . T . "
This has remained t h e sole authority for t h e working of t h e Lodge. and a
Centenary W a r r a n t was issued 011 31ay 7 1894.
111 t h e short History of t h e Lodge of I-lopc publislied for t h e Centenary
Proceedings of t h e Lodge i n 1894 this T>is~)ensatiouis described as " A W a r r a i ~ t
issued by t h e Grand J,odge of All E n g l a n d , a t t h a t time established a t York and
exercising certain of t h e powers of Grand Lodge.
This, of course, i t is 71ot. as will have been made a b u n d a n t l y clear: it is a
temporary Dispensation issued b y a n Acting D e p u t y Provincial Grand 3laster
under authority of tlle " Xoderns Grand L o d g e : a n d one of which t h e authority
"

has been indefinitely prolonged b y t h e t,ransparent device of stating in the last

paragraph of t h e docunlent t h a t " this Authority shall continue i n full force until
you shall have received t h e patent of Constitution b y you applied for," and then
taking no f u r t h e r steps t o obtain it.
It need hardly, I hope, be mentioned t h a t i n p u t t i n g t'his issue with
regard to t,hese Yorlrshire Disl~ensationst h u s plainly I a m in no way impugning
t,he validit,y or regidarity of t h e Lodges still working with t,hese most interestiiig
clocmnents. They have been cli~ly registered iu G r a n d Lodge, paid dues
continuously, been recognised a t t h e Union, and rewarded for their Century of
Masonic work b y t h e g r a n t of a Centenary W a r r a n t : b u t all t h a t does not alter
the fact that, t h e founders of their Lodges h a d h a d foisted up011 them w r y
irregular " Constitutions. "

The Philanthropic. Leeds, No. 304. was constituted 21 A u g . l794 by

Provincial Dispensation. and worked under this doc~unel~t-which, i t appears, is
not now extan-for five years, and then h a d a Provincial W a r r a n t issued 011
21 Aug. 1799. L a n e states in error i n his ; M n s o i t i c Krcortls (2nd edition. p. 23%)
that this was a G . L . W a r r a n t . It is in usual G . L . wording, signed top left by
R. S. i\lilnes P . G . N . , ancl a t t l ~ ebottom b y W m . Spencer P . D . G . M . . and
witnessed by J o h n Watson P . G . T . a,nd Chris. Wilson P . G . S . , t,he engrossing auld
enlbellishinents being all t h e usual production of Chris. M7ilson.
It has t h e Lodge number aud t h e G . L . wafer seal attached.
The document is very faded and indistinct.
T h e occasion of t h e issue of t h i s regular W a r r a n t i n place of t h e
Dispensation will be understood from t h e Minutes of 14 Nov. 1797:-
. ' An affair was brought forward respecting Bro. W m . W r i g h t accusing
u s as not being legal AI:~sons. for witch h e w : ~ sverrey sorrey for, ancl
freely forgiven b y t h e Master a n d AIembers " :
and 16 April 1799 :-
Brother Senior W a r d e n made a inove t h a t t h e Lodge should have a
W a r r a n t of Constitution, agrecd u n a n i n ~ o u s l ythat t h e Secretary shou~lcl
write t o Brother Watson to now t h e cspense of t h e same.
I t is interesting to note t h a t this W a r r a n t was actually issued after the
passing of t h e A c t of 39 Geo. 111.. cap 7 9 . b u t of course t h e two months' grace
had not quite espired.
 The Alfred Lodge, Leeds (No. 306) h a d a still briefer l)isl~ensation,but
has not t h e original clocumeiit now i n i t s possessiou : t h e r e is a copy of i t i n t h e
original N i n u t e Book.
The Lodge now works with a W a r r a n t , b u t I have no inforniation as t o
the date or origin of its issue escept t h a t i n t h e Treasurer's Book there is a n
entry dated 18 A p r i l 1796 t h a t 2 5 . 15. 6 was paid for Constitutiou &c,, and
Lane gives t h e Constitutioli d a t e as 27 A p r i l 1795. which is tliat of this document.
The Copy of t h e L)ispensation reads :-
To Brothers W''. Ilodgson. J o h n Simpson, Geo. Irelancl. Xatthew
Vicars a n d Jo1111 Keaipldy. I\Ieaibeis of t h e Most Ancient and Honour-
able Society of F r e e & Accepted 1\Iasons
Brethren
You a r e hereby authorised t o assemble as a regular Lodge of Free and
Accepted Nasons u n d e r t h e Title or 1)enominatioii of t h c Alfred Lodge
a t a private Room ill t h e Borough of Leeds a n d to make, pass and
raise lllasoiis as occasion inay require a n d also t o d o every other act
as a regular Lodge u n t i l a W a r r a n t of Constitution shall be iiidde out.
Given a t Y o r k under our I I a n d & Seal of 3Iasonry
This 2Tt" d a y of A p r i l A . D . 1795. A . L . 5795
B y t h e Proviiicial G r a n d Master S Command
\Vn'. Spencer P . D . P . G . N .
Witness. J o h n W a t s o n P . G . T .
The Loyal I'lalifax Lodge was constituted a t t h e R i n g of Bells. rpper
Kirkgate. Halifax, 011 28 J a n . 1796, a n d continued working i n I-Ialifas till it
lapsed about 1806 : t h r e e years later i t was revived. without f u r t h e r authorit,y,
and became t h e Lodge of P r i n c e Fredericlr a t Hept~onst,:rll. ~ n o v i i i gto I-Iebdeii
Bridge in 1822, where i t still works with t h e iiu~ilber307.
All this tjime i t h : ~ s worlred under t h e a n t h o r i t , ~of t,he Disoensation
iisued by W ~ l l i a mS p e i ~ c e rsign111g. as we have seen lie signed m a n y documents.
as Past Deputy P . G . B I . . therc never has been ally coiifiri~iiugIVarralit, and tllc
lirethren have never applied for one.
Bro. Baxter, who specially iiispected this d o c m n e ~ i t for me. states t h a t it
is 011 paper, and is so beautifully written t h a t i t is h a r d t o believe tliat it is not
printed from a p l a t e ; t h e seal is slightly cracked a n d n o t a t a11 clear.
I t s wording is. m u t n t i s nzuta~,dis,identical with t h a t of t h e Alfred Lodgr.
allcl it is signed b y Speiicer a n d witnessed b y Watson.

No. 308 13&wood was originally founded as t h e P r i n c e George a t Haworth,

and from 13 Feb. l796 t o 2 Dec. 1818 worlred with a siniilar Dispensation. issned
as the others entirely b y t h e veteran P.I).l'.G.bl.. a n d witiiessed b y t h e P.G.T..
hut a t the later d a t c , t h e y obtained a W a r r a n t of C o ~ ~ f ~ m a t isigned
on by the
Duke of Sussex, a n d were graiitcd I: Centenary W c r r r a n t 011 Dec. 1 2 1895. The
I>ispe~isationwas retained b y t h e Lodge when t h e Confirming W a r r a n t was issued.
Of t h e Ebenezer. Pateley Bridge 1796-1822 : Allinan S , A l m o n b ~ r y(1799-
1832) and Mariner's. Selby (1799-1822). t h e only evidence is t h a t they are cited
in the G.Sec.'s Register as having been constituted b y t h e P . G . L . of York.

The letter respecting t h e C o ~ l s t i t ~ l t i oofn t h e Lion. W h i t b y . written by the

P.G.T. J o h n Watson t o Bro. G. Newbnll t h e Secy. of t h e B r i t a n n i a Lodge has
already been given.
The Lodge decided t o incur t h e espense of a W a r r a n t . a n d i t was issned
by the P.G.11. a n d d a t e d 14 J a n . 1797.
I t is not signed b y 3lilnes. b u t has t h e seal of G . L . a n d number.
The wording entircly follows t h e G . L . model.
The signatures a r e t h e usual ones of W i n . Spencer P . D . P . G . N . with
Watson and Wilson a s witiiecses.
The engrossing a n d decorations a r e b y Cliristopher Wilson.
 The W a r r a n t s issned by t h e Grand Lodge of A l l E n g l a n d do not come
within t h e category of Provinci;rl W ; i r r m t s , since t h a t body was act,ing by
indepencleiit authority, :\lid recognized 110 olsligations t o t h e ot,her governing
bodies.

C L A S S 5. CI-IESHIRE.
Although i t is regarding this Province t h a t t l t~e r m~ Provincial Grand
Master is first used.-for Col. Francis Colunibine is cited as such 111 1725 in the
List of Regular Constituted Lodges." i n G . L . records.-yet i t is not without
advantage t h a t i t should b e t h e last i n our survey, - for t h e essential differences in
its W a r k n t s can now be better appreciated.
Provincial Masters continued t o be elected allnually b y t h e Chester Lodges
(though i n l 7 2 7 C a p t . H u g h W a r b u r t o n was also c~ppoiiitecl'by G.L.) until 1756,
after which t h e appointinent was made b y t h e Grand ;\laster alone.
T h e interest'ing " Book of t h e Provincial Grand Master " now in the
Bodleian L i b r a r y gives no clue as t a its d a t e : i t m a y have been prepared a t
any time before 1750; its injunction t h a t t h e " Arnies of all t h e Provincial
Grancl hlasters " a r e t o b e " painted, Q u a r t w ' d with t h e Mason's Arms." may
lend strength to t h e contention t h a t this book (prepared for t h e lia~liesof the
Provincial Grand Officers, b u t never used) dates back t o t h e time of t h e Herald
Randle I-Iolme 111.-but t h a t is a t best a mere coi~jecture.
There is nowhere a n y evidence of a n early issue of Warralits.

T h e Certificate of Coilstitution of t h e Lodge meetiilg a t t h e Star in

Watergate Street, Chester, in 1766, is still presers7ed, a n d reads:-
W e whose names a r e heieuuto subscribed did meet a t t h e house of our
brother Daniel Coleclough a t t h e S t a r i n t h e W a t e r g a t e Street and
did t h e n a n d t h e r e Constitute a new a n d regular Lodge i n full form
a n d thereof did appoint our Brother J o h n Griffith Master, our Brother
Charles K e r n e y Senior W a r d e n a u d our Brother Charles Haswell,
Junior Warden.
(Signed) J o h n Page P.G.M.
E d w a r d Orme D.P.G.M.
Will"'. Blackett S.P.G.W.
Charles Townsend 13.G.SY. R . Wllbrahanl J .P.G.;\I.
This may h a v e been t h e usual certificate t o Grand Lodge a f t e r t h e oEcial action
taken i n response t o a Deputation. and is no indication of a Provincial Warrant.
The earliest indication of Constitutioli-i.e.. Warranting-by t h e Provincial
G . X . occurs with t h e beginning of tlie G.Sec.'s Register, which cites all t,he
Lodges after 1786 (except Independent Congletoli 1789, a n d a Lodge in tlie
Cheshire I\lilit,ia 1794) as having becu const,ituted b y Sir R. Salusbury Cot,ton, the
P.G.M.
B u t evidently t h e hold of t h e hroderns Grand Lodge upon the Province
was not .strong.
The D . P . G . N . Pattison Ellames. writing t o t h e G.S. on Sep. 7 l786 about
non-payments b y Lodges, says: " I believe i t will be prudent i n you to wake up
the aflair a t a n y r a t e ; for 1 have 11111ch reason t o fear t h a t otherwise there will
be a defection of n71 t h e C h c s h i ~ eLodges."
Ancl Bro. J o h n l i r a d y l'.J.G.W., " i\laster of t h e Provincial Loclge a t the
Feathers i n Chester." writes t,o t,he G.Sec. on Dec. 25 1786 011 t h e same subject.
and says: " Yon m a y rest asswed t h a t in this Lodge you a r e t ~ c a t i n g~vit11
Gentlemen, & t h e main support of l\lasoiiry i n t h c County Palatine. and as the
thread of Nasonry is very finely spun we must ]lot st,rain too h a r d . "
The relation between t h e n ~ l c r sof t h e Province a n d t h e Lodges of the
Antieuts is shown b y t h e following letter written b y Sir R . S . Cottoll in 1786.
I t h a s kindly been supplied to m e by l?ro. 11. Iielly, of t h e Combermere
Loclge of No. 295: and he states t h a t h e recently discovered t h e original
 Provincial W u w a ~ ~ t s . 53'

I ~ l i n ~ ~Hook
t e of t h e Lodge N o . 47 (Knights of I I a l t a ) meeting a t hlacclcsficld
from 1764 to 1794 i n which t h e hlinute appears:-
' ' J u n e 12 1786.-Received a letter from R . S. Cotton of which t h e following
is a copy : -
The Officers of t h e G r a n d Lodge a t Chester have desired me to request
t h e attendance of you, t h e W a r d e n s & B r e t h r e n of your Lodge \\it11
your a p r o n s jewels & niedals a t 10 o'cloclr on a l o n d a y morning tlir
26"' d a y of t h i s m o n t h , a t t h e Exclialigc i n Chester t o go i n processio~l
t o St. J o h n s Church there.
A s we hear you act under t h e Irish Constit~itioiiwe will cJilsure your
admissioii t h a t d a y among t h e Bretllren a t Chester b y granting you
our dispensation. which we hope will induce you to sul~niitto hold
your Lodge i n f u t u r e uncler our Provincial jurisdiction as we ~houlcl
be very h a p p y t o Constitute you in ample f o r m .
I am Brother
Yours affectionately.
R . S. cottoll. P . G . L \ ~ .
Combermere Abbey. J u n e 6 1786.
To t h e Master of a Lodge of Freemasons a t t h e New Angel Blacclesfield.
To t h e Care of M r . Samuel Lankford. Treasurer.
.,
Thc allusio~ito " a n I r i s h C o n s t i t i ~ t i o n" with reference t o t h e Antients is notalde.
I am f u r t h e r indebted t o Bro. ICelly for iuformation of another valuable
find. H e recently discovered a Copy of t h e 1784 Book of Constitntions " hidden
away in a drawer b y itself." There were solile sixtee11 o r eighteen blank pages
bound at t h e end of t h e printed book on nlost of which some written matter had
becn eutered by B r o t h e r Timothy Jones, who died a b o u t 1830.
Of this worthy brother. 13ro. ICelly says : " M7e h a v e his portrait i l l oils
hanging over t h e entrance door to t h e Lodge wit11 sword i n h a n d as Tyler; he
filled every office i n his time a n d must have been a n enthusiastic Nason. Whilst
Secretary his I'linutes a r e very interesting to read. a n d h e seems to have been a
stickler for etiquette a n d strict conformity t o t h e Book of Constitutions."
O n one of these pages was a Copy of t h e W a r r a n t for fomlding t h e
13cneficent Lodge No. 545 i n i\l:~cclesfieldi n t h e year 1789.
Bro. Kelly adds : " I an1 afraid t h e original is n o t i n esistence as tllc
1'.G. Lodge docmnents were. I believe, b u r n t m a n y years ago i n a disastrous fire."
Copy of t h e W a r r a n t of t h e Beneficent Loclge
545 i\lacclesfield. G r a n t e d 19 J ~ m e1789.
I n t h e n a m e of t h e >lost H i g h God t o MT\Toin be Glory & IIonour
Sir Robcrt Salusbury Cotton, 13aro11et
P r o v ~ n c i a lG r a n d N a s t e r of t h e A n t i e n t a n d I-Tono~ir,zhle Society of
Free a n d accepted Masons i n Chesl~ire,t o all t h e Urethren v i h e r e ~ e r
dispersed t h r o u g h o u t t h e uorld-Sendet11 Greeting.
Know Y e t h a t b y ancl w ~ t ht h e advice & counsel of o u r G~aliclOfficers
we do C'oii sf / t i l t e a n d ?'orilk certain of o u r b r e , ~ t h r cinto~ ~ n Reg111.u
Lodge of F r e e & Acccptecl Ilasons, b y t h e n a m e of The Beneficent
Lodge a n d hereby impower thcni t o meet from time t o time a t the
New Angel i n t h e Town of 3lacclesfield i n t h e Connty of Chester,
or elsewhere, t o niake & raise Xasons a n d t o do all other Acts \\hich
may lawfully be done 11y Nasons i n Lodge assembled, and we do
appoint Jolin Legh Esquire Master of t h e said Lodge for one whole
year next ensuing t h e d a t e n a m e d , strictly charging tlir Lodge afole-
named t o appoint his Succcssors, t h e Masters of t h e said Lodge
accoidi~igt o t h e L a w s of Masonry. A n d whereas a t a meeting held
under our Dispensation foc t h e Election of Officers for t h e ensuing gear
N a t h a n Jackson gentleman. & Charles R o e e s q u i r ~have been elected
W a r d e n s of t h e said Lodge. Salnuel L a n k f o r d Esquire Treasnrer and
 J o h n Bertles gel~tleinanSecretary we do approve t h e Election of the
said Brethren a n d l ~ e l c b yconfirnl them i u their ofice.
Given under our hand and seal of filasonry t h e nineteenth day of J u n e
i n t h e Y e a r of I\lasonry Five thousand seven H u n d r e d & Eighty nine.

Endorsed on t h e back appears : -

Officers present-l'. l a n e s 1 . G : J o h n Bucliley D . G . W . ,
J. Ready J . G . W . . Thomas Crane G.O., J o h n Lardell G.S. &
E d . Thelwal G.C.
Note. Inspected, T . Jones b y ~ v l ~ o m
this W a r r a n t is returned.
1 August 1822 Y e a r of Nasoury, 5826 to t h e Provilicial Grand Lodge,
Chester.

Strangely enough, a few weeks afterwards I received from Bro. E . \V.

Rowsell. of Colwyn Bay, another Copy of this same W a r r a n t also made by Bro.
Timothy Jones, of which a reproduction is given. It h a s come t o light quite
independently of t h e other. Uro. Rowsell states: It was brought to me by a
lnan with whom we do a little l ~ s i n r s s\v110 says t h a t h e found i t among various
papers belonging to his father, lately deceased. I understand his father was a
J l a n s Nason who, n o doubt, migrated from Cheshire."
This Copy has been written b y Timothy Jones on a n indenture parchment:
certain of t h e words (which come out least distinctly i n t h e photograph) he has
vmtten in a pale red inlr. and he has afixed a seal bearing a crown surrounded
by the n o r d 3lacclesfield boldly printed.
Below t h e Copy of t h e W a r r a n t appcars in tlie same handwriting the
following notes : -
a N . B . T h e members of t h e above Lodge (with t h e esceptioli of B r o :
Tims. Jones) were suspended b y a Decree of t h e Provincial Grand
Lodge (by a n d with t h e consent and approbation of t h e Grand Lodge
of England) bearing d a t e t h e 15i1' d a y of September A . D . 1820 And
i n tlie year of ;\laso~uy 5824-for disobedience of orders and acting
contumaciously, contrary to t h c Constitutions of lllasonry for which
they were suspe~ided.

A n d t h e following i\lembers (only) were Restored on the

recoinmendation of 13ro. TimY. Jones b y a Decree of Restoration
bearing d a t e t h e 14"' d a y of J u l y 1821 under t h e h a n d and
of t h e R t . W o r s h i l ~ f u l Edward Venables Townshend
D.P.G.31. in t h e Yedr of i\lasonry 5825-
Charles Graves
Enos Cope
AIaster (not legally Installed).
S.W.
i !r u t out

Robt. S m i t h J.W.
E d w a r d Johnson S. I).
J o h n Frost J.1).
Isaac Lowe I.G.
P e t e r Swindells
Tho'. Pennington P.lllaster.
Not admitted-
K'''. Eolton and Chas. Bradbocli not i n c l ~ t d e d i n t h e order of
Reetoration."
011 t h e hack of t h e docwme~lt there has been written t h e l i a ~ n e sof the
Officers presen-(presumably a t t h e C o n s t i t ~ ~ t i oofn t h e Lodge)-with their ranks
exactly as in Dro. Kelly's copy, followed by t h e note:-
 The W a r r a n t , a Copy of whicll is exhtbited on t h e other side hereof
was R c t ~ ~ r n etod Chester b y 1310. T1111Y. J o n e s l't A u g u s t 1822 and
in t h e year of l\lasonry 5826. TiniY. Joncs."
Comparison of t h e wording of this copy i n t h e photograph with t h a t given
from Bro. Kelly S book shows only a difference of spelling t h e n a m e Lankfold
and Langford, a n d t h e use of t h e word nanied " instead of " hereof."
Although t h e Lodge of t h e A n t i e n t s to who111 S i r R . S. Cotton had
addressed his kindly a n d persuasive letter three years before continued payments
to t h e ~ rGrand Lodge u n t i l 1794, a n d t h e n r e t u l n e d t h e i r W a r r a n t which was
issued to a New Lodge a t IJinckley where i t still nieets as t h e K n i g h t s of Malta
Lodge i t is evident t h a t a considerable sectioii of t h e Lodge yielded to his
blandishments, for t h e r e is a note in t h e A n t i e n t s G . L . 3 l i n n t e Book:-
' Feb. 1791, received information from Illacclesfield t h a t i n l790 No. 47
took a ' 3Todern ' Constitution " ;
dnd this new W a r r a n t shows t h a t their Treasurer Samuel L a n k f o r d was among
the captured ones, while t h e names of J o h n L e g h , Charles R o e a n d J o h n Birtles
whicll appear i n this W a r r a n t a r e all included i n t h e r\Iembership Roll of No. 47
Antients
The unusual wording of this W a r r a n t will n o t h a v e escaped notice:
except that i t definitely constitutes Brethren into a regular Lodge and appoints
Officers, it has little i n conlnlon with t h e Grand Lodge niodel with which me are
so familiar, nor does it appear t o derive greatly from t h e l3.G.M.'s P a t e n t .

111 view of t h e Provincial issues which follow i t will b e of interest to look

a t a W a r r a n t issued b y t h e Antients.
This is t h e wording of t h e W a r r a n t of t h e Lodge first held a t Z\fott,rain
in Longdendale, now No. 104 Stockport :-
Kelly G r a n d Master
No. 139. L. Dernlott for W"'.Osborn J. Gibson
W"'. niclrey S . G . W . D.G.N. J.G.W.
T o All whonl i t m a y Concern
We. t h e G r a n d Lodge of t h e most Ancient & I-Ionourable Fraternity
of Free a n d Accepted Xasons (according t o t h e old Constitutions
granted b y H i s Royal JIighness Prince E d w i n a t Y o r k , Anno Donlini
nine h u n d r e d twenty a n d six and t h e Y e a r of 3Tasonry F o u r thousand
nine h u n d r e d t w e n t y and six) i n ample form assembled, viz. Tlie
Right Worshipful alld R i g h t H o ~ l o n r a b l eTho'. Erslrine E a r l of Kelly,
Lord Viscount Fcnt,on, Raron of Dittznween. i n G r e a t Brit,ain. Grand
l r a s t e r of Illasolls ; t h e W o r s h i p f ~ ~M
l r . William Osborn. Jleputy
Grand I f a s t e r : t h e Worsllipful Mr. Willianl Dickey Senior Grand
Warden : a n d t h e Worshipful Janies Gibson 1~:sq'". Jmliof Grand
W a r d e n (with t h e approbation a n d consent of t h e W a r r a n t e d Lodges
held within t h e Cities a n d S u b ~ l r b sof London a n d Westminster) do
hereby authorise a n d empower our t,rusty a n d well beloved Brethren,
viz. Captain 17aniel W h i t t l e . one of o u r X a s t e r I\lasons. i\Ir. J o h ~ l
T u r n e r his Senior W a r d e n , a n d M r . Thonias St,ead his J u n i o r Warden.
to form a n d hold a Lodge of F r e e a n d Accepted Masolls aforesaid. a t
t h e sign of t h e S t a r in t h e Town of i\Iot8tramLongdendale, and County
of Chester upon t h e first Thursday i n every K a l l e n d a r m o n t h , and
on all seasonable & lawful o c c a s i o ~ ~ sa; n d i n tlle said Lodge (wl1e11
duly congregated) t o a d m i t a n d m a k e F r e e &~rasons,according t o the
most aucient a n d honourable custonl ill t h e R o y a l C r a f t in all ages
and Nations throughout t h e known world.
A n d we do hereby f u r t h e r authorise a n d empower our said
trusty and well beloved I k e t h r e n nlessrs. Daniel ll'hittle, John
 T u r n e r , a n d Tllonias Stead (with t h e consent of t h e illembers of their
Lodge) to nominate chuse and install their successors to whom they
shall deliver this W a r r a u t . and invest t h e m with their Powers and
I h g n i t ~ e sas Frcemasolls &c. A n d such successois shall i n like inanner
l ~ o n l ~ n a t echnse a n d install their successors & c . &c. &c. Such
installatioil t o be upon (or near) every S t . J o h n ' s D a y during t h e
continuance of this Lodge for ever.
Providing t h e ahove named B r e t h r e n , a i d all their Successors
always pay due respect to this R i g h t Worshipful Graud Lodge,
atherwise this W a r r a n t to he of no force nor virtue.
Given under our EIancls a n d t h e Seal of Our Grancl Lodge in
London this twenty first d a y of October, i n t h e year of Our Lord,
One thousand seven hundred slxty a n d five a n d i n t h e year of
3Iasonry Five thousand <even hundred sixty a n d five
Sg" L a u . Dermott
G r a n d Secretary.
Note. This W a r r a n t is Registered
i n t h e Grailcl Lodge Book. Vol. 3Id. L e t t e r C.

Except for t h e Copy of t h e W a r r a n t t o t h e Beneficeilt Lodge, we have no

record of t h e earller W a r r a n t s issued by Sir R . S. Cotton. who had shown his
brotherly kiildness towards t h e Brethren of t h e r ~ v a lG r a n d Lodge by enticing
them u n d e r his own banner.
B u t t h e W a r r a n t s of 287. 293 m d 295 a r e preserved. a n d these s h o ~
that i t was t h e A n t i e n t s form of words t h a t inost influenced him i n t h e issues
he made.
No. 287 LTnanimity, S t o c l r p o ~ t , received its W a r r a n t i n t h e following
t e r m s i t was then i l ~ u n b e r e d509 011 t h e r e g ~ s t e r of t h e B1oderns:-

To All ~110111i t m a y Concern

W e t h e Provincial Grand Lodge of t,he most Ancient a n d Honourable
F r a t e r n i t y of F r e e and Accepted Masons i n t h e C o ~ u l t yof Chester
i n ample form assenlblecl. The Wol.shipfu1 Sir R o l ~ e r t Salusburp
Cotton. Baronet. Provincial Grand Master i n and for t h e said County
of Chester do hereby a ~ t ~ h o r i aucl
s e impower our trllsty a n d well beloved
Brethren P e t e r Sidebothain, being our Master AIason, Alesalidra
Parkinson his Senior W a r d e n . and P a t r i c k i\IcDonald his Junior
W a r d e n t o form a n d hold a. Lodge of free a n d accepted AIasons at
t h e sign of t h e Anchor in Stoc1q)ort or elsewhere i n Stockport in the
County of Chester on t h e first Wednesday of each full moon every
Atonth ancl 011 all seasonable timcs ancl lawful occasiolls b y the name
aucl style of t h e Lodge of 17nal1imity a n d i n t h e said Lodge when
d u l y congregated to admit & l~lalreFreemasons according to the Nost
Ancient & I-Iol~ourable Customs of t h e Royal Craft i n all ages ancl
t~atioils t h r o ~ ~ g h o ntth e liuown world, a i ~ d we do hereby further
a l ~ t h o r i s e a n d empower o11r said trusted & well beloved Brethren
P e t e r Sydehottom, A l e s a u d r a Parkinson ancl Patrick il3[cDoaalcl to
nominate, cliuse, and install their successcrs t o xv11om they shall
deliver this W a r r a n t alid i~lvestthem with t,heir powers and dignities
as Freemasons, ancl such persons shall i n like m a n n e r nominate. chuse
alld install their successors. such Illstallation t o be up011 or near
every S t . J o h n ' s D a y during t h e contiin~anceof t h e Lodge for ever:
provided t h e aforesaid Brethren and all their successors always pay
d u e respect to t,his R i g h t Worshipfnl Provincial Grand Lodge
otherwise this W a r r a n t to be of no force or value.
Given under t h e h a n d of t h e 1 ) e p t y Provincial Grand Master.
a n d t h e Seal of our Provincial Grand Lodge i n Chester t h e 12t" day
of J u l y in t h e Y e a r of O u r Lord one thousand seven hmldred a i d
 ninety two, a n d t h e Y e a r of X a s o n r y five thousand seven hundred
and ninetv two.

This W a r r a n t , 'it will be seen, emanates froin t h e ~ ' T O V Z ~ K L ( L I Lodge. not

as the usual X o d e r n s t y p e froin t h e G.11. himself as t h e f o u n t a i n of honour a n d
authority. A n d this is i n keeping with t h e traditions of t h i s Province. All
Lodges to be constituted h a d t o journey to Chester a n d meet t h e Provincial
Lodge there, paying their own expeilscs, a n d a good deal towards t h e Provillcial
Lodge expeuses as well.

The next Lodge Constituted was t h e I<ing's F r i e n d s a t Nantwicll (now

293). and its terms a r e practically t h e s a m e b u t i t leaves out all reference to
the P . G . N . . a n d is issued as from t h e P . G . Lodge over t h e signature of t h e
L).P.G.AI. alone.
On the back of t h e W a r r a n t t h e following signatures occur:-
' Provincial Officers present.-Tho'. Cowley P . G . S . J o h n W i l b r a h a ~ n
P.J.W. P a g e Godfrey P . G . 0 (i.e., P . G . O r a t o r ) . Gco. French
P.G.Secy."

A W a r r a n t was also issued t o a new Lodge a t Macclesfield t h e same year.

and bears date J u n e 24 l 7 9 3 : this is now No. 295 T h e Combermere Lodge of
Union.
Evidently t h e W a r r a n t h a d not been actually prepared b y t h a t date. but
was dated back, as we have seen was so commonly done elsewhere, for there is
a letter to t h e G.S. i n t h e G . L . L i b r a r y which reads:-
" Chester. 28 J u n e 1793.
Sir . . . I shall b e glad you will let m e know t h e nunlber of
t h e New Lodge, a n d a Copy of MTarrant as so011 as you can, likewise
of a Certificate, a n d t o know what fce 1 m n s t Charge upon a
Dispelisation a n d Constit~ition . . .
Geo. F r e n c h P.G.S."
K h e t h e r a n y dissatisfaction h a d been expressed w i t h t h e wording of
former W a r r a n t s is n o t disclosed. b u t we inay be s u r e t h a t G r a n d Lodge did
not supply t h e Copy for t h e W a r r a n t t h a t was actually issued, f o r again i t is
of the same Antients' model : differing only t h a t t h e n a m e of t h e 13.G.RI. does
not occur in t h e preamble, which says: " W e , t h e R i g h t Worshipful Provincial
Grand Lodge . . . i n ample form assembled. 110 hereby &c,. ' and t h a t i t
is stated to be " Given u n d e r t h e lTand of t h e D e p u t y P . G . M . and Seal of
our P . G . Lodge i n Chester," b u t is signed b y R. S. Cotton P.G.hS.

The W a r r a n t issued t o t h e now extinct Lodge a t t h e Crown Inn. Nantmich.

in 1794 has not survived : t h e iaformation t h a t i t was a P r o v i ~ l c i a lissue being
the c11t1.y to t h a t effect i n t h e G.Sec.'s Register.

Considerable interest m u s t always centre round t h e W a r r a n t of No. 320.

for it was t h e last t o be issued before t h e Act of 39 Geo. 111.. c. 79, put a stop
to New Warrants.
I t is of some importance t o o u r general stltdy t o trace a few details in
the history of t h e founding a n d warranting of t h a t Lodge, for i t llelps us to
realise how co~npletelythis eighteenth c e ~ ~ t u or yr g a ~ ~ i s a t i ohna d become overlooked
and forgotten even i n q u i t e recent years b y responsible officials i n Grand Lodge.
I am indebted t o t h e m u c h respected veteran P.BI. of t h e Lodge, Wor. Bro.
John Wagstaffe, for much of t h e following history.
58 T m ~ z s t c c t i o ~of~ s t h e Qtrict uor Coroifatz L o d g e .

The Dispensation granted on 22 Sep. 1798 b y Charles EIainilton has

already been referred to.
E x t a n t IAlinutes show tllat a meeting was helcl on Sep. 29, when seven
Brethren were ' reported," i . e . , nominated as Candidates. The next day all
item is recorded : -

" To expenses a t t h e Installation of t h e Officers a t t h e

opening of t h e Dispensation ... ... 1. 19. 7."

Oct. 24 1798. S i s of t h e above initiated (including J a m e s Kershaw who

became Secretary on J a n . 1 1799) a n d four others nominated. and so the Lodge
continued i n active work till oil Sep. 1 l799 t h e following letter (which is
quoted i n full by L a n e i n t h e Preface to his 2nd edition of AIl(~9011i~
I?CCOI'~S)
was received :-
" Chester. 1 Sept. 1799.
Sir ancl 13ro.,
1 a m directed by t h e D.P.G.11. t o acquaint you t h a t he and
t h e other oflicers of t h e P . G . L . will be ready on F r i d a y t h e 6t" inst.
to Constitute your Lodge, for which purpose h e requests t h e attelldance
of your officers a t t h e Feathers I n n a t 12 o'clock on t h a t day.
T h e reason of his wishing this to be done so soon is that your
Lodge m a y be registered i n due time according t o t h e late Act of
P a r l i a m e n t , a n d t h e I l t " inst. is t h e last d a y allowed for t h a t purpose.
T o prevent delay or confusion I have sent n messenger on
purpose, b y whom I shall be obliged for your answer.
T h e D.P.G.11. will hold a special Lodge on F r i d a y a t which
no o t h w h~miizess t l ~ a u t h e c o n s t i t ~ ~ t i n gof your Lodge will be
transactcd.
I a m , Sir
Your very obedient Servant & Brother
C. D . H e n c l l n ~ a n P.G.S.
T o M r . J a m e s Kersham
Secretary to t h e Lodge of Freemasons. 11Iottram. Xanchester."

A X i n u t e of t h e Provincial Grand Loclge of Cheshire, datecl Sep. 6 1199.

reads : -

" The Dcp.Prov.G.31. lleld a sl)ecial P r o v . G . Lodge and Constituted

t h e T>odge of Loyalty a t t h e Feathers 1Iote1, Chester. The New
Lodge paid for t hc e n t e r t a i ~ ~ n i e n"t .

And t h e Loyalty Lodge account of Sep. 7 1799 reads :-

To Cash paid for W a r r a n t ... ... ... 5. 5. 0

. . . . . . The Provl. Grand Sec. & Tyler ... 1 . 11. 6
. . ., ..
A i\lessenger from Chester ... 12. G
.. % , . . Provii~cial Grand Lodge bill for
entertainnlent ... ... 9. 18. 6
To Espeuses of Six Officers going t o Chester
t o have t h e Loclge Constituted ... 10. 8. 7

A total expense of 27. 16. 1-110 small sum in those day. perhaps equivale~lt
t o about 100 to-day.
T h e \Variant achicvecl a t such cost is still preserved ill the Lodge.
I t is written on p a r c h i n e ~ ~ pasted
t, upon boards, glazed ancl framed in a very
old fashioned b u t somewhat c o ~ ~ ~ n lstyle:-
on
 To all a n d every Worshipful & Loving Brethren.
W e , Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton Baronet Grand

1'
Seal of
P.(i.L.
Of l Nast'er of t h e lllost Ancient a n d E o n o u r a b l e Society
of F r e e a n d Accepted P\lasons. i n t h e County of
Chester send greetings.
Know ye t h a t we, of t h e great t r u s t a n d confidence rcposed i n our
t r u s t y a n d well beloved Brother J o h n Postlethwaite of ;\Tottram in
t h e County of Chcster, d o hereby C o n s t i t ~ ~ ta~ned appoint him t h e
said J o h n Postlethwnite I l a s t e r of t h e Lodge of Loyalty No. 585
i n t h e said C o u n t y of Chester with full Power a n d A u t h o r i t y , in due
fornl, t o inalre Alasons a n d also to do a ~ t dexecute all and every sncll
other Acts a n d Tltings appertaining t o t h e said office as usually have
been a n d ought t o be done a n d Executed b y other Masters of regular
Lodges, a n d t h a t h e promote on all occasions whatever may be for
t h e honour a n d advantage of X a s o n r y a n d t h e benefit of the Grand
Charity.
Given a t Chester under our h a n d a n d seal of Masonry this
t e n t h d a y of O'ctober A . L . 5799. A . D . l 7 9 9
B y t h e G r a u d Nasters Conimand.
Sg". Chas. D.P.G.M.
Sg! F. W. l?. S m i t h P . S . G . W .
Witness
Sg" C . l ) . I l e ~ l c h m a l l P.G.S.
This could only have been givcn after d u e reference t o G r a n d Lodge since
it cites in t h e body of t h e W a r r a n t t h e n u m b e r of t h e Lodge i n t h e G.L.
Rcxgister No. 585, and moreover t,he e n t r y has been d u l y m a d e i n t h e G. Sec.'s
Register.
I t appears. however. t h a t i t was not lmtil t l ~ efollowing April t h a t t h e
necessity for registration with t h e Clcrk of t h e Peace was complied with.
X i n u t e . 1800. A p r i l 9 t h :-
S. d .
To Cash paid Joseph Bond for three journeys to
Stockport on Lodge Business (Registratioll
of Menlbers under t h e New A c t ) ... 6. 0
,, Cash paid. Clerk's F e e for making affidavit t o
t h e Register .. . .. . . .. ... 2. 0
,. Cash p a i d for Postage of t h e Register to Chester l . 0'
and the Lodge t h e n continued a long a n d h o n o l ~ r a h l ecareer of full Nasonic life
till on J a n . 5 1898 a petitioil was m a d e for a Centenary W a r r a n t . only to find
most unexpected obstacles a t Graltd Lodge. where i t was stated t h a t the
authorities could not trace issue of a n y W a r r a n t . t,hough t h e y admitted having
received fees for 100 years.
Rather t h a n b e baulked of their rights t h e B r e t h r e n pet'itioned for a
Warrant of Confirmation. t h o l ~ g ht h e W a r r a n t of Oct. 10 1799 h a d been taken
to G.L. for inspection, t h e n l i n u t e 1.eading that) :-
" After Illspection b y G r a n d Lodge Oficers of t h e Lodge's W a r r a n t i t
was deemed advisable. i n order to remove a n y possible doubts.
informalities or irregnlarit,ics, with respect t o t h e Lodge W a r r a n t (it
having been g r a n t e d b y t h e Provincial Grand I l a s t e r ) t h a t this course
should be adopted. "
The W a r r a n t of Confirmation, dated 23rd J u n e 1898. was d11ly received,
solenlilly stating i n its recital :-
" A n d whereas t h e B r e t h r e n c o n ~ p ~ i s i ntgh e said Lodge have by their
Memorial represented t o us t h a t their said W a r r a n t h a s heell lost
and cannot be f o u n d , "
and cost the Lodge two guineas.
 The Centenary W a r r a n t quickly followed, d a t e d 1 Sep. 1598. for which
a further five guineas were paid.
I t must be rare for a Lodge to have been so unfortunate as to esperience
such mulcting a t both ends of its century of Xasonic work.

Could a n y t h i n g better illustrate t h e contention made a t t h e opening of

this study of Provincial W a r r a n t s t h a t their significance ancl authority had with
the lapse of time been forgoltcn, and m a n y of t h e details connected with t h e
inlportant Provincial organisatio~lof t h e Btoderas passed qnite out of mind l

5. CONCLUSION
Not only t h e importance b u t t h e surprising independence of t h e I'rovincial
organisatioll of t h e Moderns during t h e latter half of t h e eighteenth century will
be realized from t h e detailed survey we have given t o its W a r r a n t s and other
forms of " Constitution."
B u t t h e final i ~ n p r e s s i o ~is,
i t h a t however useful this organisation may at
first have been, and however successful in maintaining t h e supremacy of the
AIoderm Grancl Lodge against t h e il~crcasiug competitioll of t h e Anticnts, yet
t,l~erewere within i t very dangerous elements making for disintegration. the
effects of which were increasingly apparent i n certain p a r t s of t h e countl.y, and
became still more pronounced iu t h e early years of t h e new century before t h e
Union happily p u t a n end t o t h e system, a n d secured a firmer central control.
T h e N o d e r n s G r a n d Lodgc had increasing t r o n l ~ l e s witllin and without,
and its chief concern with outlying Lodges was t h a t clues a n d returns should be
regulally made, t o mainlain its cellirdl charities a n d ielievc its crushing burden
of debt.
A s from this clistalice of time we a r c able t o take a broad view of the
circumstances, we can better : ~ p p r e c i t ~ thow e essenti;rlly necessary t h e Vnion W I S .
if the G r a n d Lodge of t h e Noderns was t o s u w i v e a n d maintain t h e supremacy
of English Freemasonry throughout t h e world.
A f t e r t h e Union t h e troubles of t h e Cr11ft were h y 110 means over: wtrs.
and social a n d economic crises, retarded its growth ; co&licts still arose within
its ranks-not always wisely quelled, allcl calliug for judicious and sympathetic
nlaliagenlent .
N o t least among t h e troubles tlie Craft has had t o survive was the flood
of verbose speculation poured out b y s l ~ hmen as T h . Oliver-well n~eaniiig
but pernicious il; it,s amazing credulity-which, while appearing to :rdvoc:ite
Freemasonry t o thoughtful and right#-miiided m e n , teuded t o alienate those \r.it,h
any pretensions t o sound learning.
So we feel t h a t i t was not until t h e middle of t h e iiincteenth ceatlirv
that t h e organisation became strongly weldecl, capable of controlling effectively
t h e affairs of t h e Order throughout t h e whole British E m p i r e .
Some of t h e dificulties ancl t h e dangers a n d t h e problems to be solved
have bee11 apparent i n our eighteenth century survey. a n d we can even see how
the very conflicts a n d misundersta~icli~lgs o f t h e time were slowly a n d unconscio~isly
making for a fuller realisation of Masonic t r u t h s .
O u r difficulties a n d dangers and prol~leins are to-day of different kii~cls.
but none t h e less real.
The whole of o u r concern in this study has been with t h e externals-the
scaffolding-of our C r a f t : i t is t h e unquellchal~lespirit t h a t lives through it all.
that,, reaching t o a wider ailcl fuller expi~essio~iof itself i n h u m a n affairs, slowly
moulds t h e o;ganism to its needs: and- we humbly t r u s t t h a t . whatever daugers
may lie ahead. T . G . A . O . T . U . will ever continue t o shape our crude. rough
hewing.

It must be obvious t h a t a compilation such a s t h i s could not have l~een

made without m a n y willing co-operators, and I m u s t not omit to thank the
numerous Brethren who have been so generous with their help.
 Especially am I grateful t o t h e secretaries of Lodges who have so readily
responded to m y requests for i n f o r m a t i o ~ i .
The life of a Lodge Secretary is not a n easy one, a n d , a m i d t h e multitude
of duties pertaining t o -present activities, it is 1yo small tiling t o have fired a t
him a point blank charge of questions iibout ;l11 old document, which i t is t r ~ ~ e
his Lodge may treasure, b u t no one really has much occasion t o look a t or t,hink .
about: i t adds a new terror t o his life i f he is t o be asked inunmerable questions
about such things.
hlany investigators i n t h e past have complained of t h e difficulty i n getting
replies from Lodge Secretaries; nly h a p p y experieuce h a s been t o have t h e most
generous response to m y enquiries, a n d offers of more help if wanted : and 1
cannot suficiently express m y t h a n k s .
To Bro. E a x t e r f o r especial help i n inspecting a n d giving m e transcripts
of Lancashire W a r r a n t s : Bros. Stokes, F l a t h e r , a n d Bain i n Yorkshire : Bros.
Vagstaffe and Kelly i n Cheshire; t o Bro. Tucliett for generous use of his
library: to Bro. Gordon a n d t h e Staff a t G r a n d Lodge L i b r w y , and our
former Secretary, Bro. Songhurst'. I tender m i n y t h a n k s for m u c h :~ssistnnce::IS
well ;is to those who have kindly given permission for reproductions of documents.

If I may b e permitted one word of advice, I would earnestly w g e all

concerned to guard these old documeuts against f u r t h e r damage.
Most are now being protected by nlounting a n d f r a m i n g . b u t very few
are protected from direct sunlight, a n d i n a few years b u t little will be left to
be seen: perhaps i t is well t h a t a paper about t h e m h a s n o t been left too long
unwritten.

A hearty rote of thanks n-as unanimously passed t o llto. 1'. 31. Carter for his
interesting paper. on the proposition of Bro. H. Poole. ~erondecl by lira. W. W.
Core--Crnmp; comments being offered by or on behalf of Iltos. Gilbert \V. Dagnes.
Iror Grantham. A . E. Richmoiid, G. Trel-elxan Lee, J . 0. 3lanto11, n ~ ~Geo. d V'.
Rnllamore. The 3Iaster also referred to the great liindness of I3to. F. C. Stoate in
putting his Lanteni a t the disposal of the Lodge.

Bro. IVOR
GRANTHAM
w ~ - es
i t :-

I n the course of his exhaustive treatment of t h e subiect of Provincial

Warrants, rendered all t h e more fascinating in i t s c o m m ~ u ~ i c a t i otno t h e Lodge
by the use of t h e magic l a n t e r n . B r o . Carter h a s called attention t o t h e printed
W a r r a n t (dated AIarch 'ith, 1801), which coustitl~ted t h e So11th Saxon Lodge
of Lewes the Provincial G r a n d TJodge For t h e Province of Sussex, a ~ t doffers t h e
suggestion t h a t t h e issue of sucll W a r r a l ~ t swithout t h e cognizance or approval
of Grand Lodge may b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e ambition of certain nleinbers of the
Lodge concerned who m a y have taken advantage of t h e personal relationsliip
emsting between t h e G r a n d Master a n d their respective Provincial Rulers. T h a t
this was so in t h e case of t h e promotion of t h e S o u t h Saxon Lodge is highly
probable, in view of t h e fact t h a t t h e Provincial G r a n d N a s t e r of t h e period
was Treasurer to t h e P r i n c e of Wales, t h e t h e n G r a n d Alaster; while i t is of
interest to note t h a t i t was William L e c (a printer) Proviiicial G r a n d Secretary,
and " Right Worshipful Master " of t h e South Saxon Lodge, who-by virtue
of the W a r r a n t which i n all likelihood h e hlnlself printed-became "Acting
Grand Master " for t h e Province of Susses. N o t only did William Lee retain
this position d u r i n g t h e currency of t h e W a r r a n t , b u t his p r e f e n n r n t t o such
an exalted r a n k enabled h i m t o continue i n occnpdtion of t h e chair of his Lodge
for a period of twenty-four consecutive years1 Of t h e nilletccu ' G r a n d Oficers '
named in t h e W a r r a n t (amongst them a " Provincial G r a n d P o r t r a i t P a i n t e r ")
no less than seventeen were members of t h e S o u t h S a s o n Lodge.
 Although t h e W a r r a n t is dated N a r c h 7t11, 1801, t h e Lodge was already
exercising t,he functions of a Provincial G r a n d Loclge i n t h e summer of the
preceding year, as is clear from t h e contents of a cosnnlunication addressed to
the Grand Secretary on September I l t h , 1800, i n t h e course of which the
Master of a local Lodge gives expression to t h e feelings aroused i n other Lodges
by t h e preferment of t h e Lewes Lodge. I11 t h e absence of all sninutes for this
Lodge-11'7 leaves have been deliberately c u t froin t h e first Alinute Book-it
may never be possible t o determine how or when t h e South Saxon Lodge first
came to be appointed t h e Proviucial author it,^. Bro. Carter mentions the
fact t h a t t h e seal attached t o this W a r r a n t bears every appearance of having
been nla~iufactured for t h e occasion. I n t h e light of these facts, may i t not
yell be t h a t this prititecl W a r r a n t (complete with seal) was prepared for t h e
signature of t h e Provincial Grand Master b y t h e persoil to whose int,erest it
would b e t o possess some seinblance of written authority-an individual whose
integrity was subsequerttly called inlo clnestion, if a n y reliance can be placed
upon contemporary correspondence, of which a q u a n t i t y is preserved at
Freemasons' H a l l ? This suggestion is advarsced as a possible solution to the
problem present,ed b y this printed Warrant-a curious document without
duplicate i n t h e written records of t h e Craft.
A s t h e W a r r a n t itself, as printed i n A.Q.C., xli.. 72, contaiiis a few
errors of transcription, I attach a fresh transcript,. It will b e noted that the
conclusion speaks i n terms of t h e Seal of t h e Loclge. T h e n a m e of the Brother
who presented t h e Seal was not Belcombe, as given on p. 7 3 , b u t Balcombe
Langridge.
TO A L L a n d Every to who81n these Presents shall come a n d m a y concern.
K N O W Y E t h a t I . S A M U E L I-ITTLSE. Esq. L I E U T E N A N T
G E N E R A L of H i s Alajesty's Forces. T R E A S U R E R t o t h e P R I N C E O F
W A L E S , COlLONEL of t h e 1Y" R,egt. of Foot a n d P R O V I N C I A L GRAN1)
AIASTER of F R E E a n d A C C E P T E D M A S O N S for t h e COUNTY of
S U S S E X , D O , 11y V i r t u e of nly said Office, a n d u n d e r immediate Saslctio~~
and A u t h o r i t y of I I I S R O Y A L HIGT-INESS GEOR,GE AUGUSTUS
F R E D E R I C K P R I . N C E of W A L E S &c, &c. &c. G R A N D I\IASTER of
E N G L A N D , first h a d ancl obtained, especially for t h i s Purpose, hereby
nominate coustitute a n d Appoint t h e S O U T H S A X O N L O D G E held a t
L E W E S , TI-IE P R O V I N C I A L G R A N D L O D G E of t h e COUNTY of
S U S S E X , , t o consist of t h e G R A N D O F F I C E R S h e r e u s d e r named, and Twelve
G R A N D STEWARDS, (subject nevertheless t o such new Elections as occasion
may from Time to Time require) with full Power t o make NASONS.
Constitut,e R E G U L A R L O D G E S , and to f r a m e a n d enforce such Bye Laws
and Regulations as m a y be deemed necessary for t h e good Government of the
I N S T I T U T I O N , also t o d o a n d execute all and every such ot8her Act or Acts,
Thing or Things, a s appertain to t h e Duties of a Regularly Constituted
PROVINCIAL GRAND LODGE.
(citat'ion of 19 Grand Officers)
Given under m y H a n d and Seal of t h e L O D G E a t London, this Seventh
Day of Afarch A L 5801 A 1) 1801
S . Hulse P . G . N .

Bro. GEO. W. BULLAMORE

writes:-
It is interesting t o note t h a t Bro. Carter distinguishes between the
spread of t h e Aloderns' organization and t h e spread of Freemasonry. The
Moderns of t h e original Grand Lodge were something less t h a n the Fellows
and therefore h a d no Freemasonry to spread. T h e copies of t h e Old Charges
and t h e occasional mention of Lodges not included i n lists compiled by the
Aroderns renders it probable t h a t thp old t ~ a d i t i o n s of t h e Guild Fellowship
were t r a ~ ~ s m i t t e cinl t h e ordinary way u n t i l i n process of time t h e various units
of the Fellowship were absorbed b y t h e more efficient organizat~ion of t h e
hlodcrns. Bury was oue of t h e few exceptions where t h e provincial holders of
a Nodern warrant practised N o d e r n M a s o ~ ~ r yt h. e higher (or Freemason) degrees
being usually worked ~ m d e rcover of t h e Modern W a r r a n t . I f t h e F r e e m a s o ~ ~ s
of higher degrees were t h e last t o ahanclon their secrecy allcl accept a constitut,ion
we have a s i ~ n p l e explanation of t h e alleged n ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ fofa cdegrees. t~~re

Dr0. J . 0. ~\IANTOS
11,~ife.S:-
Uro. 1'. AI. C a r t e ~ , ' spaper is likely to he of n111ch local value in t h e
Provinces, and for t h i s reason I suggest t h a t where there a r e items which may
possibly lead to error, detailed particulars should b e inserted t o save niisinter-
pretation, or a suggestive not,e m i g h t b e inserted.
Under Group b . t h e P a t e n t datecl 26 M a r . . 1789, of T . U . Parkyns'
apl'oint,ment as Prov. G d . Master of t h e three Counties, grouped t,ogetl~er,is
quotecl. The clatc 25 M a r . . 1789, might be taken a s t h e d a t e his masLership
con~niencedin euclt of t h e Provinces namecl. T therefore s u b m i t t h e following:-
Lricestersh ire.-X7m. Kelly. F . S . A . , Prov. G d . Master, Lejcestershire and
Rutland. 3rd J a n u a r y , 1870, t o 28th J u l y , 1873,l i n h i s H i s t o r y of t h e Provincial
Grand Lodge of t h a t combinecl Province, says 5-''Sir Tlios. Fowkes dying on
" the 7th November. 1786, tlie office of P.G.11. became vacant a n d so remained
" for two years, when i t was conferred upon Tllomas Boot'hby P a ~ k y n s , Esq..
" A1.P. for Leicester, who was also P.G.i\r. for t h e Counties of l l e r b y and
" N o t t i ~ ~ g h a mand . . . continued t o hold t h e office of P . G . J I . for this
" Count'y until his decease i n t h e year 1800."
His Mastership of t h e Province of Derbyshire coimnenced i n 1789 and of
Nottinghamshire i n 1783."
Presumably t h e " two years " interregnum i n t h e position of P . G . M . of
Leicestershire after t h e d e a t h of Sir Thos. Fowkes o n 7t'h November, 1786,
covered a period to 25th M a r c h , 1789, t h e d a t e of t h e P a t e n t f o r T . U. Parkyns'
Mastership of t l ~ et h r e e Counties, a n d t h e l a t t e r d a t e m a y h e accepted as t h e
date of his al)pointment for Leicestershire." A s h e was t h e n P . G . M . of Derby-
shire. this 1at)ter a p p o i l ~ t m e n t ,statecl t o he in 1789, would only b e a few weeks
prior to 25th Alarch, 1789. H i s AIastership of Notts. is st,ated t o have c o n -
menced i n 1783.
lYotf~i,il/bnnis1,ire.-In t h e Trnizsnc.tioits of t h e Nott8s. Installed Jlasters'
1,odge. No. 3596," there is a transcript of a Provincial W a r r a n t , No. 595, issued
11y Admiral Sir J o l ~ nBorlase W a r r e n . K . B . , P r o v . G . Riast'er of Nott's., dated
16 November, 1802. for t h e constitution of a Lodge " u n d e r t h e Title and
Denon~inationof t h e \t7ARR,EN I,OT)GE, a t t8he AIilton's H e a d I n n in N ~ t t ~ i n g -
ham." (Erased March 5 t h , 1828.)

1 l ' d g ~ 9'2. 2 p. 23. "ce Masonic \-ear Book.

' Yot 1793 as p l ~ b l ~ s h e d . Vol. 2 (1913). pp. 51-53.
 GILD OF MASONS AT LINCOLN.

BP BRO. W. J. lTrILLI=lMS.

N t h e late Canon Ti7estlake's book I'(rrisl~ Gilds of ;I/etli;rl~(r/

l S ' t ~ y l ( ~ t z 1!)I9,
d, is a n Appendix being a n Analysis of The Gild
Certificates of 1389 which a r e preserved i n t h e Public Record
Office. Anlong these Nos. 134 t o 160 relate t o Gilds in Lincoln.
Several of these were C r a f t Gilds, viz., No. 150. Archers: 151,
B a r b e r s ; 152, Cordwainers: 153. Fullers : 154. lLlaso~is: 155.
Mercers: 156, Ninstrels a n d Actors: 157, Tilers (including
C r a f t ordinances) : 158, Sailors : 159, Tailors (including Craft
statutes): 160. Weavers (including Craft statutes). It would seen1 t h a t so far
as t h e Provinces a r e concerned such s series of C r a f t Gilds was unique a t that
time.
A transcript of t h e original Certificate as t o t h e iUasons' Gild follows t h ~ s
note. It will be seen t h a t t h e iUasons a r e described i n t h e heading as Czweti-
tciiSioilr?n a n d t h a t t h e d a t e alleged for t h e formation or organisation of the Gild
is 1313. There is a strong probability t h a t t h i s d a t e is correct, as from the
other r e t u r n s from Lincoln i t would appear t h a t t h e dates ascribed to the G ~ l d s
there are given i n a way which indicates t h a t care was taken i n alleging them,
and furthermore t h e Gilds would act as m u t u a l checks on each other and so
prevent unjustifiable allegations of antiquity.
A few words a r e left blank in t h e transcript as they could not be
deciphered with certainty. T h e abbreviations i n t h e original have been extended.
1 wrote t o Canon Srawlev. t h c Chancellor of Lincoln Cathedral. askine
whether h e was aware of t h e ~ i l dor of anything specially relating to it. H;
kindly replied t h a t h e had no i n f o ~ m a t i o n i n t h e m a t t e r , b u t suggested t h a t
there might possibly be some reference t o i t i n old Wills proved a t Lincoln.
Thls possTble clue must, however for t h e present remain so far-as I am concerned.
L~nclorl appears t o have been specially favoured i n t h e matter of G~lds.
TJnder t h e word " G ~ i l l d ' t h e n'rio lilnr/Iis?~Lhctzo1mr7/ refers t o a Charter dated
1189 b y H e n r y 11. ( ~ e c o r d e dill Rynler S 1~'ordcrcr [1816], 1 40) by which all
liberties customs a n d laws which t h e City had 111 t h e t m e s of Edward Willlam
and H e n r y . kmgs of England and t h e ~ r g ~ l d merchant (pldtciiz siinm
n /io?t/itzih~csr~ruifntiis et d r d i i s ? u r r c n f o r i b u s c o m ~ t n t u s ) were
t / i e r c n f o r ~ ~ r ?tle
confirlned a n d continued.
I n t h e printed Charter Rolls. vol. 3. p. 7 (29 E d w a r d I . ) . 25 February,
1301, is t h e record of all inspection and confirmation of certain Charters
~ u c l u d i n gone b y Tfeuriczts r e r .IngIorzr?n et rl'1r.z. ; \ l o r ~ i t r ~ ~ z i z o re~t ~ .Iputtanoru?iz
i~t
c t co?7tec A ~ z t l e r / n i ~ o r ~which r ~ n prcserved t h e rights of t h e gilds against outsiders.
Reverting t o t h e d a t e a t t h e beginning of t h e Certificate (1313) i t is to be
observed t h a t d u r i n g t h e fo~irteeilthcentury considerable work was i n progress a t
Lincoln Cathedral. T h e followiug extracts from Allen's H i s t o r y of t h e C o u n t y
of LzncoIu, vol. 1. p. 159 (British l1useurn 2063c) mill illustrate this. Allen
quotes from .-l rchmoIo,qicc, vol. 9 , where is a con~municationfrom BIr. Rradley to
Governor Pownal : -
1306. The Dean a n d C h a ~ t e rcontrxctecl with liichard cle Ston mason to
attend t o and cniploy other masons under him for the neTv ~ o r l ia t which
time the new nclclitional east end as well as the upper parts of the great
tower ancl transepts were done. H e contracted to c10 the plain vork by
measure ancl the fne ca1-vccl work and images by the day.
 fii7t7 of Jftrsoiix trf Liirrolic. 65
1313. The 1)ean allcl C h a p t e r carried t h e C'losc still f n r t l ~ ~l':n.st\varcl
r so
ns t o c111;1rgct h e C a n o ~ ~ sI~ouse.;
' nnd m c t ~ t i o ~t h~es C'll;r~rcellet~y: i ~ i dother
11ou~es:it t l ~ cend of tlio m i ~ i s i c r?-artl.
1321. 111 t h i s year t h e lren- n-ork was not finished I'or I3ishop U~~rghn.;ts
finding t h a t those who Jvcre entrustet1 t o collect t h e money giren by
vo1nntat.y e o ~ ~ t r i b i i t i oancl
i ~ legacies t o t h e C h u ~ d ic l e t a i ~ ~ etdh e salne niid
Jvere b;rclr\varcl ill t h e i r payments p~~blislrecl;l11 e s c o n ~ l n l ~ ~ l i c n t i agnillst
on
:l11 ofl'c11t1c1.sill t h i s F a y which te~rdecl i l l retnrcliatio~tcln fnbricae.

T h e n e s t i t e m 111 t h e e s t r a c t I S d a t e d 1380.
X c o ~ i c l u d i n gn o t e s t a t e s t h a t t h i s w o r k i s of t h e r e g u l a r o r d e r of G o t h i c
h ~ c h ~ t e c t u raes I h d v e s u p p o s e d ~t t o b e finally e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e F r e e m a s o n s .
Th(8 lest of t h e C h u r c h IS 111 p a l t o p u s r o n i a n u m a n d p a r t l y of t h e style of t h e
' filst c s s ~ y sof t h c G o t h ~ c . "

CERTIFICATE OF THE GILD OF IrASONS AT LINCOLN

transcribed from
C h a n c e r y X i s c r l l a n e a . U d l e . 41. N o . 154.
(All a b b r e v i a t i o ~ i sh a r e been e s p a n d e d . )
('ivit:\s L i ~ ~ c o l n i e
t'er.tilic,:lcio Grnct~manni s i r e J l a g i i t r i ci1i11.s1 gildc i'und:rte ill l i o ~ ~ o rtlolnini c ~iostri
-TIlci1l <:il~ristiF ' 1x;rte N a r i e ~ - i r g i ~ c% ~ i so m i ~ i u l n sa1tctor11nl videlicet pe1. com1ntincm
assellsul1l o r d i ~ i a c i o ~ ~ eC%l nc o ~ ~ s i l i Cu O~ Ii I~~ I I ~ I cI iI ~~ i~i e n t a r i o r i l l ir~i r t i l t e p r o c l a ~ i ~ a c i o i ~ per
is
brelie t l o m i ~ ~lieeis i inde facte sequitur ill llec I-erhn.
1 1 1 f ~ ~ Pelitecosten t o Anno Domini l I T C C o Terciodecimo T'rouisluil 8 s t n t v t u m
( . O l l l l l l l i l ~ C l l l assensunl CV c o i i l ~ ~ l ~ r o~~~~i se i l i ~ istills
l ~ i i i'raterllitatis qilocl olnnes f r a t r w et
zrlrorey- . . . c o l ~ r c n i e n t a d r e r t ~ ~loclnn ~u illis , a s s i g ~ ~ ; l t ~snbl m ljeiln r n i ~ ~lihrcr s
('eI.1' rlli c,:ttldeln giltle filerit acta C% ssr~~t~elrt ibi sl1:11i1c : r t r t l ~ ~ l ; C ~V~ i l. . . cottia~ictitli
:I(! crc.ltwi:rnl o r t l i t ~ a t r ~ l <F n i l ~ i s o l e ~ r i ! ~ ~ t ilrotlol~iiic~c
it~~ CV tlcl~otc, ~jreclic4i:1n1 c~;r~ltlelan~
ad t:rlctti loc.11111t1eLe11t offerre q11o !,~,etlic.tac.irntlcl;r . . . o n ~ ~ l i l . ) itlirbrls ~s festiilis
pet a111111111 a r d e l ~ i t t.11111 teliipus f ~ ~ e r i tI t e m proriht~nl est W ~ I I I I ~ ~ I I COI~IIIIIIIICIII I I ~
:lswllsiinl ,frnternit;ltis c111oc1h n b e b i ~ n ts u a m loqncla~nm : l t ~ ~ t i ~ t a li el l ~ C u ' r a s t i ~ t u ~Pna s c l ~ e
iine tlil:~clone. It:r videlicet quod ad i l l l ~ mclirnl c,unl utilitnte e i u s d e u ~giltlc S honorr
pos~itltCV vidcrint q r ~ n l i t emelins ~ CV c o ~ n m o d i ~orclillare~s prouitlere C V i ~ rsllis ~legociis
cxpctli~~r E t si c o n t i l ~ p n tqnod a l i q l ~ i sdt, frntei.~tit:ltc~:rtl preclictam loqlleln~iicit;ltils
fue~,itS n o l ~compnre;lt r r i t i l l iniseric~ortli;,~ l n i i ~(limitlie s lihre r e r c sillr ~,elaxac,ioi~c
0 1 ) 1 ~ ; 1 1 1 i i l 1 1 1siii d e f e c t ~ ~nisi s r ; ~ c i o ~ ~ n l ~ i l i o l .c:ci~snui
c~m 11:1l1c;lt ! ~ r o se v x c ~ ~ t s a c ~ i oqi1:11.c~ ~~is
\-ot~itxlion poinit Itcl11 si nliq1li.s vel :~liqiia ~ ' I , : I ~ I .\.cl I I I Is~o r n r u ~ ~;rcli t t ~ ~ ~ snrtct;~n~
anl
~ t , lI?om;rm 1-el at1 s ; r ~ r r t ~ ~,Tncobl1111 rn rolit !,ercgril~;lt.e CV t r a n s e a t mnve rrliirlcss ftxtres
8 sorores co~iuerlientilli cF illiim re1 illarl~t l t ~ c e n telm Ilonorc nil e z i t n l i ~rille F ' qnilihet CV
cli~c'libeteoru~nl6 e:trnm tlabit illi vnllm obolluni nisi q i ~ i sv1.1qrle c ~ ~ r i a l i ueis clxre volllerit
lttll~lsi aliquis iii peregritlacione v l t r : ~I I I : I ~ (t ,r a t ~ s e a tv t ~jreclic~tnniest in wtlditu Tern
slio c.1111tl.nillilln re1 illtrtu c o n n e n i e l ~ t olntres frnircs CV sorores :id ~jt,rt:rs C'iritatis $V
tlrtc~r~~it illl1111 re1 illan1 a d ~ n a t r i w m ewlrsianl c,nm gn~lclir, CV lionore Itcm si quls
fr:ttrtttn re1 s o r o r ~ ~ l lni i o r i : ~ t i ~inF~,a r rillam o r n ~ ~ eStxtres s CV ssororcs r o n n e ~ j i e n t :rd
c o r l ) ~ ~t.11111 s qnni,l~or cewis S- ibi :rl.tlcb~!~~t n pritlc.~l)io sernicii qnoilsque corpns
S I I I I ~ : I ~ I I I Si111ilitc.r cll~ocl onilles f ~ x t r e s&- ,soroles e o ~ n m i l n i t es~i ~ t ti ~ r C'~.:rstinunl :ril
o l ~ l s c i o ~G ~ rca~i c! ~ e~n i ; r ~rl e~r~os clebet or-i'er1.e viiu~iid e i i n t . i ~ ~ clc t i ~ catallis tlomns CV qililibrt
d n o r i ~ ~ r('11stot1111n l obolllnl & qnilihet n l i o r ~ i ~ ifi r a t , r i ~ ~ CV n soror11111 tl:il)i,t oboli~~liacl
c ~ ~ n e t ~ t l ipanein ~nl CV eelogantl~~mpr11peri1111spro :Inlmn clefut~cti llCt S I aliqnis I I O I I
declerit predictnin obolum a i l t e q ~ i n m col.l)us s c p e l l i a t ~ ~dnbit ~. Tnuni dclt:r~~innisive
~.el;~s;lc.iol~eE t si rleteniat illum dci~:rr.ii~m vltra tridrtuln d a b i t clilnidi;r~nlibram Pert..
Itc.111h i aliquis f r a t e r ye1 sor?r 111orint111 extr:i ('ivitatclii $ de 111ortc. eius e e ~ t i l m
h : ~ l ~ c , n ~rumorc~n rt fict 1)ro nillnia eius sic,r~t ~ n o r i u u s ( w e t i n t e r eos i l l propria s u : ~
r o l ~ i Iieni si q ~ ~ li ' rs ; i t ~ rvel s o ~ , oin~ nuntliniq \-cl i'11ro proptcl. :rliqnotl d c l i c t ~ u l ~
1,t.ctc.r f ~ ~ r t n rR:n l ~ o i i ~ i t ~ i t l ifnerit ~ ~ t i i w t e n t n i iiiantlabit Fr:rtribw snis V ' s t a h u n t sce11111
i l l vorrsilio A nusilio s i c ~ ~ Frxtrilji~s
t s t ~ i sf : ~ c e r rclebent l t e m p r o r i s ~ i i n c.st CV statntunr
!)PI. co~ninnnc colisilii~m f r a t e r t i i t a t i s r t q,ui electns f n e r i t ad G ~ . : l i c e n ~ a n u ~etn
negalierit tlnhit du:rs 1ibr:r.s r e r c s i t ~ e r e l a x a c ~ o n e K t qni ncl C~~stoclcrn ye1 clwailurn
ctlectuv fnerit C% n e g a i ~ e r i td a b i t vlrnnl l i h ~ ~ a icere ii CV s1l:lni ~ ~ c n n n( l? ) p ~ mmisericordi:i
tlebat solui infra tritlnum snh pena dttplicacionis Item o ~ d i n a t i ~ens t~ quotl si aliqnis
frater re1 soror clicte f r a t e r n i t n t i s li:tbe:~ttie c:lt':lllis do11111sclebct po11el.e catalla domus
supest. sraliarium i ~ ~ f tc>rtium tx (lie111post loql~elaul~ i ~ : ~ t i ~ t , i ~ l silb a l e ipcnn
ll tl~r:r~~ii~i~libr~~~l~t~i
wro s i ~ l crlteriori t l i l:rcione I t e m ~ I . Ois11111T . ? h i & o r d i l ~ t a t ~ i ~qrlod il d i e quo ofrer1111t
S I I : I I ~c,;iiitlela~i~ qnot sr111t Srntres S- i o r o l ~ sill Sratcr~tit:rtc t o t pailpews ~ ) n s c c u tpt.o
:inlore dei de b o l ~ opane & ceruisia C% d e rito ferculo rnrnis rcl piscis c w ~ ndies calwis
1 ,Sic : presumably for ' cuiusdam.'
vel !ji.cis : ~ c l ~ ~ e u e ~ .Item i t . !)ro~.isluilS stat11tl1111 est quad i aliquis 1-el aliclu;l f r a t n ~ m
vel sorolvin alic,~ii ii1:rledicat vcl liiig;rrc\ 11ves111n;rtdum ncl snlacium sovietati. i r )
11 . , . . C , I I O ~ tl:rhit predic%c) gilclc vll;liil libralil cere sin? :rliq~ia ~.elasacioilc 1teli1
!)I,OVISIIIU c t st:~tuturn est qrtotl si aliq~iis v?I : ~ l i q u : ~fri1t~91.a11t S O I W ~ y~wlic~t:riri
i'r;rterliitate~nintrare voluerit qnocl ~ ~ r e t l i c tgilde e qnatnor solitlns vel 1-1111111 q ~ ~ i i ~ ~ t e ~ . i ~ i ~ ~
tlc ineliore ortleici tlabit ad tves anni tei~nii~los r t quntuor clen:lrios I-idelicet Y I I ~ I I I
de~~:rriuni dccat~o g:-lde 6 v1111111deliariutii cl~rien C'? duos Cle~tarios ad cii'os ltc.111
~ ) ~ ~ ~ r iA?s usit ia ~ t u t ~ ~ i iest l ~ I I I I L I si aliquis 1-el aliqiia bol~a preclicte gilde i l l inailr1
l~ilI)ue~.it ~t ell integre fi'delitc.1 reddiderit poit solncionenl bo~iorninl si cleuei:e~,it i l l
!~:ru!jertate q ~ ~ t r cper l tres allnos tie catallis gilcle habebit octocleciiu clenarios v~c!elic,lt
~ I I I I I I I I sex
per s i i ~ g u l ~ i m ~ tlet~nriosset1 c11111acl n~eliorcnistatnnl p e ~ ~ n c ~ i e])rctIit~tr~~ii rit
:~rgc~ituin sihi c l i ~ t ~ ~c:~tallisiii giltlc iter11111pca~wlvet Iteiil prorislllil c t s t ; ~ t u t ~est ~n~
I H ~ Vcerte cor~sili~iin fratertlit:iiis q1111(1 si r?liil~iisvt'l aliq11:r f ~ . : ~ t r ure1 ~ u 501~11~11111 i l l
articulo 11101tisp~ctlicte gilcle t l ~ i o i solicloi vei valorc.111 t l u o r l i ~solidot.111n ~~ legauerii i l l
q~iolibet anno si d ~ f n n c t ~fuevit ~s : ~ dtliem oljitr~s sui v11:rni missam pi'o a n i ~ n :SV:I ~
seliiper habebit [et S ! ] qu:rt~ior solitlos leg;~uerit ye1 ralorenl quatnor solidor~uil ill
quolibet anno tluas lillssas habebit c t si d i ~ n i d i i ~111n1~:liil ~il re1 r a l o ~ ~ i dimidic
ii inarw
legnuerit [ i l l qr~olibet] :rnllo tres .~riissasselnper liabehit. Item provisum ck stat11tn11i
est per certe co~~silinnl Eratc~.~!itatisqllod oli111eb celnentarii istills gilde a s - e ~ ~ s e r u ~ ~ t
q11oc1 qnilibet c e n ~ e l ~ t a r i l cl111 ~ s :lvc.epit p t . e ~ ~ t i c . i ~dabit~ m quadragi~itn de~~avios;id
c~iiiendacione~u canticle ck s,i t,olliiligilt q11ot1si aliqr~is~ioluei.itdare dnl,lical)it 11retIic~t:iiii
pccl~~iin~il.I-toi~iprovis~~rn cst S- s t i l t l ~ t l ~est
~ n quod omlles frntres istins giltle q11r1c1
omlies paca~~el,ilit vl~ninq l ~ : ~ t l r : ~ ~ill lt e\-II:I
~ n sc!)titi~a~~a per ~ ~ I I I I I S
I I ~si aliquis ~lci'ecerit
et ~ ~ e e a u e r ei tt noluit l,:ware t l ~ ~ : ~ l i c . a test u ~ na termino fil~e. 1)e terris c'? telieniriitis
at1 gilclanl plwlictaiil mortilic;itis rcl lion ~llortificatisnil habent c'? catalla nliqna in
~il;rliibusi:jsor~inl fratl.uiir ct sornrnlii ad rsnln clicte gilde ilon esistunt nisi ad pretlic.t:rs
devocio~ies s n s t i ~ ~ e ~ ~C'? d acc111u11ia s non faciu~tt 11isi tainen pro dilectacione i ~ ~ eos t e ~
sec!liiilis ( ? ) s~isti~~e~iclil..

TRANSLATION.
[ I n t h e following translation t'he verbiage of t h e original, i n which every clause
is introduced b y a long forniula, has not been preserved. T h e brothers and
sisters a r e always specified, a n d l r r ( r ~ i t ls 1 1 ~is written each time. So also every
fine is s t a t e d t o b e ' . witlloi~t a n y reiilissio~l." T h e Gracemail a s t h e principa1
officer of a, gild is a word appareiltly peculiar t o Lincoln a n d its ~ i e i g h b o ~ ~ r h o o d .
I t suggests a Teutonic derivation, sc. Grossmaiin.]
City of Lincoln.
T h e certificate of t h e Graceman or Master of a certain gild fouilded i l l
honour of o u r L o r d , a n d t h e B.V.I\I., a n d of all saints by t h e coninio~l assent.
direction a n d advice omf t h e c b c ~ n i r ~ ~ f t r r by
i i , virtue of a proclamation by t h e letter
of our lord t h e K i n g . as follows:
0 11 t h e Feast of Pentecost. A . D . 1313, i t was enacted b y t h e coiillnoil
conseiit of t h i s frat,emity t h a t all brcthers a n d sisters should meet a t t h e specified
place allotted t o t h e m u n d e r t h e penalty of one p o ~ m dof w a x , where tlie caudle
of t h e gild should be set u p , aiid should t h e r e t a k e up t h e i r candle and [proceed]
i n a body t o t h e appointed church. there offer t h e said candle w i t h all solein~iity
and devotion ill t h e place where i t is [ t o be set u p ] aiid t h e r e i t is t o be lit oil
every feast d a y t,hroughout t h e year i n perpetuity.
T h e y shall have their ~noruiligspeecli011 t h e morrow of E a s t e r without any
postponement. so t h a t 011 t h a t d a y tliey m a y t h e b e t t e r a n d more conveiiiently
be able t o see t o all t h e affairs of t h e gild a n d t r a n s a c t i t s b u ~ i n e s s to its
advantage a n d honour. A n d if i t should chance t h a t a n y of t h e fraternity be
s u ~ m n o n e d t o t h e said monlii~gspeech a n d d o n o t a p p e a r he shall be penalised
half a pound of wax on accoulit of his disregard of his d u t y unless he have a
reasonable cause of excuse.
I f a n y b r o t h e r or sister wibhes to go oil pilgrimage t o t h e H o l y Land or
t o Rome o r t o S t . J a m e s [of Compostella] a n d goes over sea. t h e n all t h e brethren
shall assemble a n d conduct him or h e r with all honour t o t h e outgoing of the city.
and each shall give one halfpenny, unless t h e y desire t o give more generously.
A n d when a n y such pilgrim shall r e t u r n f r o m over seas, all shall go to meet him.
t o t h e city gates a n d shall conduct him t o t h e m o t h e r church with joy and honour.
W h e n a n y member dies within t h e city all shall assemble with f o ~ ucauclles
there where t h e body is. a n d shal1,light thcin a t t h e principal mass where the
body i s i n t e r r e d . Siniiliarly when all a r e gathered together on t h e n e s t moniirig
1 Cf. Tonln~inSmith. Is'~tgli.shC:iltls, 111). 177. 180. 182.
the Graceman shall pay one penny from t h e goods of t h e gildhouse. and each of
the two wardens one halfpenny, a n d each of t h e o t h e ~brothers and sisters one
llalfpenny, t o provide bread to be given to t h e poor for t h e good of t h e soul of
the decea-ed. A n d should anyone not pay t h e said halfpenny before t h e funeral
hc shall give a penny. A n d s h o d d he \ritl~l~olcl t h e penny for more t h a n thrce
clays he shall give half a p o l u ~ dof w a s . Should a n y bvother or sister die outside
the city, and certain i i ~ f o r m a t i o n is received of t h e cleat,h, they shall talte
measures for his soul's benefit a s though he had died ill tlie city, in his own
i~arishchurch.
Should a n y brother or sister i n t h c tow11 or m a r k c t be in custody for ally
fault. saving theft, or m u r d e r . he shall send ~ v o r dt o t h e brethren a n d they sllall
come to his aid a n d assist him as brethren should do.
Whoever is elect'ed Gracemall a n d refuses to talte t h c ofice shall ?,ay "
two
pounds of wax, ailcl whoever h e i ~ ~elected g warden or deacon refuses the o f h e
shall give one p o u ~ ~ c ailcl l , t h e penalty shall be paid w i t h i ~ lthree days mlder 11ai11
oF being doubled.
I f any nlember shall have a n y of t h e property of t h e gild in his possc:~ ~' ~ 1 0 1 1 .
he shall return such property t o t h e gild chest ' withill three days from the
morningspeech 111lder a penalty of two pounds of wax.
On the clay on which t h e gild offers its candlc they shall for t h e lore of
God. feed as m a n y poor persons as there a r e brothers a n d sisters i n t h e gild.
with good bread a n d m e a d , a n d a clis11 of meat or fish a c c o r d i ~ ~as g meat or fish
is proc~urable oil t h a t d a y .
If any brother or sister curse another or hastily coinnlences litigation vhile
the gild are still endeavouring to compose t h e quarrel ' lie sllall give to the gild
a pound of wax.
Every brother or sister 011 entering t h e gild shall p a y four shilliilgs or
one quarter of hest barley a t t h e three terms of t h e year, a n d f o u r pence. namely.
one to the deacon, one to t h e clerk ancl two to t h e ale.
If any hrother or sister have had i n their h a n d s goods of t h e gild ancl
shall have f a i t h f d l y r e t u r n e d them int'act. after settling t h e account of their
dealings.:' should such a n one fall i n t o poverty he shall have f r o m t h e gild funds
for t h e e years 18 pence, i~al-nelys i s pence each year b11t when h e comes a g a i l ~
into better circiunstances h e shall rel1ay.l
Should a n y brother or sister on his or her death-bed bequeathe to t h e gild
two shillings or goods t o t h a t value, a n d dies, t h e r e shall be 011 t h e day of his
death one mass said a ~ n l u a l l yi n perpetuity, ancl for four shillings or goods to
t l ~ a tvalue, two masses, a n d for half a m a r k three.
A11 c c . i i i c , ~ i t ( i r ; i of t l ~ i sgild shall agree t h a t a n y c c ~ i t r e ~ ~ f r c t . i c who
t,s takes an
apprentice shall give 40 pence to t h e maintaining of t h e candle, and if he 1)e
unwilling to give, t h e a m o u n t shall be doubled.
All brethren shall p a y one f a r t h i n g a u ~ e kt h r o u g h o n t tlie year. and
should any one fail or refuse, t h e n a t t h e end of t h e t e r m t h e a m o ~ u l tis to be
doubled.
Of lands a n d tenements. whetlier under license of m o r t i n a i l ~ or not. t h e
gild possesses n o n e : goods i n tllc h a n d s of tlie members thenlselves for t h e use of
the gild, do not exist, save what is for t h e maintenance of t h e devotiolis specified:
and they have no general meetings save such as a r e l~elclfor t l ~ e i rsocial purposes
among themselves.,'

1 Lit. put it n:~on the tre;~silry,v f . l'oullnin Smith. 011. c i f . . p. 174. pnra. L'.
2 C:onjectulxl : \vortls missing.
V Ijnt t11is seems to be the sense.
4 It is interesting t o compare this \ v i i l ~ lhe i)rorisiol~i l l the Giltl of St. I%e~ledic.t.
a ti.a~~sl;\tion of the text of \vhic.h is girt111 11y T o l ~ l l ~ l iSmith,
l~ a t 11. 17" The rnlc
there is that, ~vllen a n y bmther 0 1 siiter f';llls into par-e1.t~. there shall be atlrancecl to
hiin, out of the goods of the gild, i l l the first year sispe11c.e. ill thc sero~itlsixpence.
; I I I ~ i l l the third iis:)eilc.e. If IIC can 1.e1.1:ty let l l i ~ n ; if 11ot let 11im Iieey them :l\ ;I
f ~ , e egift. Tonllnin Smith's note O I I this is that sispe~lcen !/(.rci. is sinlply absurd. aud
that there mnst be some copyist's error. He suggests six shillings. T3ut here it is
again. :rnd v r i t t e ~not ~ in figures I ~ u t i ~ iwords.
6 0 1 1 e ~vor[lu~icerta
ill.
 FRIDAY, MARCH,

L ~ t t e r s of :rl~nlogy for i ~ o ~ ~ - : ~ i t ~ ~ i txvere

l ; ~ ~ l ~c ~~ cp!o r i e 1d' ~ n l n l3ims. S i r A l l ' ~ ~ ~ t l
I ? ~ ~ l j l j i P.G,JV,.
~~s. l ' r e ~ , l 3 , C + , l ' , ,P . 1 1 , : 11. 1-1. I%;tsicr. l'..i.(i. l).(?.. P . 1 1 . : E d . Co11c1e1..
L.11.. P . 3 1 . : llex-. II. Poole. P.l'1..6.('11.. TYc~stmorl:~tlclCC C-C'lumherlancl, TT.11.: l ? c ~ .
IT. IT-. C'ox-ey-C~w~np%
P..\I. : Jo11t1 Stokes. l'.G.I). . P r . A . G . 1 1 . . \Test Yorks.. F..\[.:
A . C'ecil P o ~ v e l l . P.G.11.. P.11. : Gilbert TT7. 1)ayncs. .J.TIv. : George X n l m a n . P.G.D..
1',3l.: ,J, T. Thni-11, P . G . I ) . . l'.Jl.: ;III(I ,l, l-Iernti l . e p p e r . l'.G.l)., Jt,ela~lcl,P.11.
 IN MEMORIAM

I t is with very great regret t h a t I have to 1,eport to t h e Lodge ancl

Correspolidence Circle tile d e a t h of Bro. J . W a l t e r lIo!111s, \vhich took place 011
I\loiiday last, F e l ~ r u a r y2 5 t h . a t 11 p.111. Bro. H o b b s was born 011 S4tll J u n e .
1860, and by profe:sio~l was a Solicitor's BIanagil~g Clerk, beiiig a t one tiilie
Presidelit of t h e Solicitors' AIanaging Clerks' Association. I3e was initiated ill
the Piccadilly Lodge No. 2550 011 F e b r l ~ a r y2nd. 1905, a ~ exalted ~ d in the J m i i o r
Eligiiiecrs' Chapter No. 2913. R e was a F o l ~ u d e r a n d first Master of the S t .
Mary Ualham Lodge No. 3661, and a l?ounder. of t h e C h a p t e r No. 3661 as well.
H e joined our C . C . in hiarch, 1907, within eighteel1 nloilths of his 11eing
initiated. I n t h e C r a f t h e received London Raiik. beiiig one of t h e first to
hold that lionour, a n d llad t h e r a n k of P . A . G . I ) . C . conferred on hiin ill Grand
Lodge in 1927. being appointed I'.G.St.B. i11 t h e G r a n d C h a p t e r in the same
year. H e was also a P . G . Deacoil (1924) ill t h e l i a r k Degree and in the
Societas Rosicruciana Recorder General: for m a n y years h e was Secretary of
the I\letropolitan College. H e was a melnber of t h e 18'. mid a Life Governor
of the three ;\Iasonic Charities.
H e was a very tale~itecl inan with 11nusual inllsical gifts, a n d was greatly
interested in archreological subjects. I n p a r t i c ~ ~ l ahre m a d e a special study of
prehistoric ancl megalitl~ic renlains as to w h i c l ~ he held views and develo1)ed
theories of co~isiderahleinterest i l l his various l e c t ~ u e son these subjects. He
wr;ts very so011 attracted to hlasonic research, a n d i n t h i s his linowledge of
architecture, i n p a r t i c l ~ l a r of Westmi~ister Abbey. t o wllich h e had devoted
inally years of s t u d y , stood him in good stead. Tn 1020 h e helped to fouild
the .lI/r,soiiic l t c . c o r t / , aiid was on its staff to t h e last ill t h e capacit,y of Advisory
Editor. I n connection with t h a t journal be wrote a small work on L o d , ~ er r i i ~ l
;l f f e r / ) i i i l i ~ r , S l ! ~ ~ ~ h ~ i iwhich /!j. was later replaced b y a illore esteilded worli on
d/ttnoiiic. , ~ l ~ r r r l i , / i t r h ~ i i i a ! /s, also a v a l u a l ~ l e little halidbook o n f l / t ~ s o i l i c R i f u t r l :

and it is generally uiiderstoocl t h a t two of t h e other publications in t h e Record

Library '. X , c s t j i i i r ~ B i i q ,/;,.c. I l * i / l i ~ ; i t a n d J7ocrr T , o t / ! / / ~ TI7oi.1;.. altllol~gh published
anonymously, owe a good deal to him. H e also a t various times wrote papers
in the A l l r ~ s o i i i cI.t c . c . r ~ i ~ of / , which I may mention T h e 7 , i l : r i ~ t r l ;I r t n t r i i t / S c i e i i c , r . :

and T h e d rf of f l i p i ' i ~ r f f s t ~ ~ t i ~Fio. r our own T i , t ~ ~ i s r r iro. fi i s h e wrote papers 011

.l I / , /i~i.sIt . l f i i l r i / r I j t j o L . . 1 7 ~ 5 ' 2 - / 7 . 0 7: 7 ' 1 1 ~.-li i t i q ~ ~ i f of
! / P i , r ~ a i ~ t ~ r . ~ ta~ ipaper
~ r ! / , which

produced a discussion of esceptional interest: --li ~ f I i o i i , ~. C/ t r , ~ / ~ iG. , ' e / i t 7 r , i i t r i i . wl~ich

~ y ~ r . e s c n t e dinally years of inquiry, aiid fillally T I i c ' / ' i ~ t i i ~ c l ~ i i id, /qt r s o i ~ s t o i t l
' t i / l i ~ / r t i /1 i s Before this paper was i n t h e press h e was already so
m i o u s l y ill t h a t he was lulable to reply to t h e m a n y cominents made oil i t ;
it was full of i~iterestiilg a n d valuable material.
To the very last he liept u p his keel1 interest, not only in XIasonry
geilerally. but especially ill our Lodge a i d its \ ~ o r l i . H e leaves a widow and
son. to 1vhom our sympathy goes o u t in t,heir grest 10:s.
 A MASONIC PILGRIMAGE THROUGH LONDON.

PART I.

ONDON stands p ~ ~ c i i ~ i n ei n t its attractions for those wlio

contemplate a i\Iasonic pilgrimage.
I t is t r u e t h a t t h e first t h r e e Grand Lodges are stated
to have been held a t t h e foot of M o u n t Horel) i n t h e Wilder-
ness of Sinai in t h e time of Moses: i n t h e bosom of Mount
Alorial~ in t h e time of K i n g Soloinoli, a n d a t Jerusalein in
t h e time of Zerubbabel. The tabernacle i n t h e Wilderness.-
t h e Temple in t h e City of J e r ~ ~ s a l e i n - t h e restoration of that
Te11lple.-all these have attractions for t h e miiid a n d h e a r t of t h e Pilgrim, and
hare furnished materials for our fancy, ancl food for our t h o u g h t s : b u t . from
the I\Iasoiiic point of view, they had to await their c ~ ~ l m i n a t i o ann d exposition
until ill t h e City of Lolldoll and its precincts, their promise and potentiality
came to be realized in a manner not achieved elsewhere. Onr itinerary will
include matters pertaining as well to t l ~ eO P E R A T I V E as t o t h e S P E C U L A T I V E
aspect.
W e speak of London i n its larger sense as inclltding t h e Coulity of Loiido~i.
L e t u s begin our pilgrimage a t t h e

There \re sllall find t h e Ancient and t h e Modern worlds meeting.

great p a r t of t h e Aluseun~is on t h e site where until about 1845. stood
Xontagu House. which was built i11 niajestic style b y R a l p h t h e F i r s t Duke of
3Ioiitagu. Above its main frontage stood in prominence F o u r statues representing
the Four Cardinal V i r t ~ ~ which es are so forcibly spoken of in one of our Charges.
Nontagu House descended to his son J o h n . t h e Second D u k e of Xontagn. who
was Grand i\laster 24th J m i e 1721, tmo24th J~uiie 1722. H e died on 5th J u n e
1749. a t Whitehall. w i t , h o ~ male~t issue.
The G o v e r ~ m ~ e acquired
~it i\lontagu 1:Tonse a n d grounds. a i ~ di n 1754 the
British l h i s e u m collectioils were storecl there until. after illany years, the building
11ecame overcro~vded.
L e t u s inspect a few only of t h e chief items of Masonic interest there
treasured u p .
F i r s t in t h e Egyptian gallery on t h e E n t r a n c e floor. i n a room at the far
end. n-e shall see a beautiful rnonunient i n t h e form of a false door (dated t l ~ e
equivalent of B.C. 3650) in honour of a n official holding a positiori much like
that of t h e Architect to Grand Lodge, who was born ill t h e reign of the Builder
of the Third P y r a m i d a t Gizeh. I-Iis most i m p o r t a n t office was t h a t of " Chief
Snperiiite~ldent of all t h e works in t h e Royal Palace a n d Temples." and so
diligent. was he ill his work tliat i t is stated " he m a d e t h e h e a r t of his lord glad
every day." T h e monument, which is 11 feet 9 inches high ancl 13 feet 6 inches
wide, represeilts t h e deceased, seated on his chair of state and holding his staff
of office. with two inscriptio~is. one being . ' The Chief Superiiitendellt of Works
I'tah-Shepses." There are numerous tliiiigs sculptured on t h e Ilemorial. The
portrait is on t h e top left halid corner.
 Here als3 may be seeu (in adclit~on to pieccs of t h c R e a l d dud IIcdd
c o ~ ~ e l ~ofn gt h e Great S p h i n s ) portlolls of two of t h e Scven n'onders of the
World nhich a r e masterpieces of t h e A r t of our opelative ancestors:

(1) Some of t h e casing ?tones of t h e Gl,eat P y r a m i d ,

(2) and in t h e Ilau-olemii Room very s ~ t b s t a n t i a lp a r t s of t h e Ailemold
a t Halicarnassns erected lsy his widow t o AIausolus K i n g of Caria,
who died U.C. 353.
Some account of these two wonders is given in D r . Anderson's ('oii.stitr~lioti.s
pu11li:llecl in 1738. a t pages 6 alld 25.
The department of M a n ~ ~ s c r i p tnse s t claims our attention. W e may be
permitted to see t h e oldest purely Masonic 3lanuscript i n tlie w o ~ , l d ,viz.. the
Regius IIanuscript, a poem in archaic English t h e reference to wliich is:-
" 315. R I B . R E G . l 7 A . "
Thc approximate d a t e of t h e writing is 1390 A.1). T h e fact t h a t sllch a
Manuscript was i n esistence was unknown until i t was discovered b y Mr. J. 0 .
llalliwell. F . R . S . . who published a printed copy of i t i n t h e year 1840 in a
book entitled " T h e early History of Freemasonry in Ellgland."
I n this poem a r e set f o r t h a short Iiistory of t h e C r a f t a n d espositions of
the S e w n Sciences together with fifteen Articles a n d fifteen Points, the Legend
of the Quatuor C o r o l ~ a t i . a n d several otller m a t t e r s of 3lasonic intcrcst.
The Cooke Manuscript n e s t claims our attention. I t is quaintly bound
in a wooden binding a n d is t h e earliest of all t h e Old Charges. The writing
is beal~tifully executed i n Gothic letters. T h e reference is " Additional U S .
23.198." I t is written on 69 pages of vellum 4$ inches high a n d 34 inches widc.
The approsimate d a t e of t h e writing is t h e first half of t h e fifteenth
centul,y. I t was p u r c l ~ a s e d for t h e Jluseum on 14th October 1859.
This has been proved t o be t h c same M a ~ l u s c r i p t as t h a t produced a t a
meeting of Grand Lodge a t Stationers' H a l l on 24th J u n e 1721. hly authority
for this statement is t o b e found in a note by Brother G. W .S p e t h i n . I .(>.C'. iv.,
pp. 171-2, of which as I have been asked t o give evidence in snpport of my
as.ertion, i t is well I should give a transcript of t h e m a i n portion, especially as
vol. iv. is not easily accessible to all readers of this paper.
" The Stukeley-Payne-Cooke M S . : I l r . Stnkeley records i n h i s diary under

date 24th J u n e 1721, t h a t a t t h e meeting of t h e Freemasons on t h a t day in

Stationers' EIall. Uro. P a y n e . Grand Master exhibited a manuscript of t h e
Constitutions ' a b o u t 500 years old.' T h e R c v . 'CV. C. L u k i s , editor of t h e
Diary for the Surtees Society, states in a footnote t h a t Stukeley had copied the
first and last pages into a book of drawings i n t h e present possession of t h e
R e v . IT. F. S t . J o h n . A n s i o l ~ s ,if possible, t o identify t h i s MS. I conmunicated
with Bro. Lultis, wllo informed m e t h a t h e h a d m a d e a copy of Stnkeley's copy
for Ero. Whytehead of Y o r k . Rro. Whytehead a t once lent m e t h i s copy of a
copy, and as i t appears t h a t each copyist h a s taken pains t o m a k e a f ~ t c s i ) t / i lof~
his original. the very first glance showed m e t h a t P a y n e ' s ;\IS. was none othcr
than the viell-known M a t t h e w Coolre 3 l S . now i n t h e 13ritish I\Iusemnl . . .
At the foot of t h e copy, Bro. Lukis lias imitated a footnote of Bro. S t u k d e y ' s
as follows : -
T h e first a n d last page i n Velum 1 1 s .
being Constitutions of tlie Freema-
sons exhibited a t tlie P e a r l y Meeting
of t h e same. a t Stationers H a l l oil
S t . John's d a y l721 b y iVr. P a y n t h e n
G r a n d X a s t e r , 24 J u n e
W . Stukeley. ' '
This little l ~ o o kwas t o all intents a n d purposes lost sight of 11nti1 Brother
Xlatthew Cooke re-cliscovered i t in t h e ;\luse~mla n d edited a reproduction which
was puhlishecl in 1861 b y 3 l r . R . Spencer. Hence i t is called t h e Cooke 1 1 s .
 I t has Eeeil produced in ftrc'.v;//ii/r ill vol. ii. of tlie Antiquariaii Reprillis
p~~l~lisliecl
by ( J u a t ~ ~ oCoroilati
r Lodge, and is p c r l ~ a p st h e iiiost iiiterestilig of all
the Old C'hci.ges, being t h e ii~,stdocumeiii in which t h e term " speculative is "

zpplied to a Alason. T h a t 3lason was described as t h e youngest soli of King

Athelstan.
There is only time for a brief glance a t one other precious AIanuscript.
namely. the Lansdowne Version of t h e Old Charges. T h e d a t e ascribed to it 11y
esperts is about l600 A.1). Tt is writtell oil one side oiily of four large slieets
of stout paper,
It coiiclncles t h u s :-
" These be all t h e Cllarges ancl Covenants t h a t ought to be had read
a t t h e making of a Xasoii or I\lasons. T h e Allnighty God who have
you and m e in his keeping. Anieil."
T h e I3riti.h N n s e ~ ~ uhas n also four o t l ~ e rMSS. of t h e Old Charges. viz.:
1Iarleian i\l S . No. 1942, attributed t o second lialf of t h e seventeeiith century :
FIarleian 31s. N o . 2054 fo. 22 (associated wit,11 Chester a n d second lialf of
seveliteentl~ c e n t u r y ) : Sloane I l S . No. 3848 (associated with Warrington ailcl
ctated 1646): Sloalie N S . No. 3323 (date 1659).
The Reading Room 11est attracts oilr attention. H e r e t h e I\lascnic
Student inay see m a n y luliquc copies 110th ill MS. a n d ill p r i n t of Volnines of
The Sacred L a w , t h e Great Light of Frecniasonry.
The Coverdale Bible issued ill 1535 is interesting because in 11. Chron. ii..
I S . and I T . Chron. i v . . 16, t h e nanie of one of t,he H i r a m s who helped when
Solo~nonwas b ~ ~ i l d "i i itgh e T e n i ~ ~ l eis. given in a form different from that now
J'

in t h e Authorisecl and subseqnent Versions. A siniilar renderiiig also appears

in Martin L u t h e r ' s trallslation p~thlislied 1534 a n d i n t h e modern Gerinan
versioiis of t h e same.
111 t h e Geuevaii v e r s i o ~ i .of o11r I+>~iglishBible which preceded t h e
A~ithorised Version (200 editioiis being" 1111blished between 1560 and 1616). and
L

Tvas for m a n y years tlie Bible of t h e common people. appear various words used
1 1 0 ~with a. special llasonic reference. and a glossary of words gives their
interpretation. r . y . . . - I ~ ; P I ! I P J L /I)(>XOI! was t h e iiaine Derniott gave to the version
of the C o n s t i t ~ ~ t i o i iprepared
s by hini for t h e so-called Aiitient Xasons. Tlie
glossary gives t h e word , ' A11iina11" as nieaning , ' a brother of t h e right hand."
Ailcl t h e word IZezon as meanillg " Secretary." P u t t i n g these togethcr. Derniott
arrived a t t,he meaning . ' Faithful Brother Secretary."
There is also a word whic11 is t r a ~ i s l a t e din t h e glossary as ineaniiig tlie
sniiting of t h e builder." although experts say i t is a inistaken trailslation.
Furtlier particulars can be s ~ ~ p p l i eto d 13rethreii 011 application. or they can find
them by using a Concordance.
I t looks very m u c h , thorcforc, as though t h e compilers of our cerci~lonies
were u e o ~ ~ lwho
L L
e used t h e Coverdale Bible (and editio~ls derived from it) and
tlie aforesaid Genevaii version with its glossary.
I n order t h a t there may be some method i n onr l-eregriuation. I now
propose t o visit certain Churches, and first

The Chulch of S t . Mary JJambeth, is n prominent and picturesque object

oil t h e Surrev side of t h e Thanies next to L a n i l ~ e t hPalace. I t s ancient souare
tover has been preserved. although t h e nlaiil body of t h e building has been re-
constructed.
Elias Ashmole was interred here. A n l ~ r e ytraiiscribed t h e inscription on
his tomb. a n d i t is recorded on Auhrey's authority i n A . Q . ( ' . xi.. 161, and also
i t iL~u i~u ~b r~t l l . J1O1ldOtl 1826. I now quote
in T . Allell's 1listor!/ utid A l ~ ~ f ; y u of
from Allen : -
A t t h e entrance iiito t h e Vestry is a large blue slab. t h e
i~iscriptioiinearly obliterated.
 H i c jacet inclytus i l k e t erudit~issimus E L I A S A S I Z \ I O L E
%,icl~fielcliensisA r m i g e r . I n t e r alia i n repulcia m u n e r a , tributi in
cervisias contra rotulator. fecialis aut,ein Windsoriensis t'itnlo ])er
annos plurinlos dignatns q u i , post comlubia (duo) i n uxorem duxit
tertiam. Elizahetham Gulielnli .Dugdale. inilitis garteri principalis
regis armorurn, filiam : nlortenl obiit 18 N a i j 1692 a n n o zetatis 7 6 :
sed d u r a n t e l l u s e o Ashnloliano Oxon. n l u q u a m morit~n-us.
N e a r t h i s tomb was formerly placed a n atcllievenlent quarterly
s(thIe a n d o r : t h e first q u a r t e r charged with a fleur-de-lis of t,he
second: t h e coat of Aslunmle inlpaled with tllat of Dugdale trr!joiif
a cross m o l i ~ l e(/ltle.s a n d a tort,eaux.
M o t t o : Ex uilo omnia.
Crest : O n a n l o u i ~ tverdaut. l l e r c u r y preparing to fly, between
two ndlred boys ( t h e celestial sign Gemini) sitting at his feet proper.
The statement i n a book dated 1826 t h a t t h e inscription was nearly
obliterated suggested t h e desirability of consicleri~~g whet,her anything ought to
be done to perpet,uate so i n t e r e s h l g a memorial. Accordi~lgly i n Oct,ober 1923
1 visited the Church a n d enquired for t h e t o m b , which was found under a
carpet': immediately i n f r o n t of t h e steps leading up t o t h e H o l y Table i n a
side chapel on t h e S o u t h side of t h e Church. B u t instead of a n " inscriptiol~
nearly obliterated." t h e blue stone slab (which measures a b o u t 6 feet bv 3 feet)
bears on its surface a clear a n d sharply cllt inscription i n t h e words above
recorded. F u r t h e r m o r e , although t h e o r l g i ~ l a latchieveinent (or h a t c l l n l e ~ ~ said
t)
to be near the tomb h a s disappeared, t h e A r m s appear incised a t t h e top of tlie
!.tone above t h e inscription.
I n the Churchyard is a n A l t a r Tomb i n a prominent position. I t is a
I\teniorial to J o h n Traclescant who died i n 1638, t o J o h n Tradescant his son who
died 25th April 1662, a n d t o J o h n Tradescant t h e grandson who died 11th
September 1678. T h e t o p slab records their deaths a n d t h e n follow fourteen
h i s of verse referring t o t h e fact t l ~ a t Tradescant t h e first a n d second were
" Gardiners" t o t h e K i n g a n d t h a t Tradescant tlie :on h a d a collection of
c~~riosities. Then i t is stated :-
T h e T o m b originally erected on this spot i n t h e year 1662 by
Hester relict of J o h n Tradescant t h e younger being i n a state of decay
was repaired h y snbscriptio~li n t h e year 1773.
A f t e r t h e lapse of nearly two centuries since i t s erection i t was
entirely repaired b y subscription i n t h e year 1853.
li'he two long sides of t h e T o ~ n ba r e decorated b y carvings i n relief of broken
columns. a pyramid. crocodile. sea-shells a n d other m a t t e r s of antiquity ancl
curiosity. The two ends of t,he Tomb have carvings: (1) T h e Tradescant A r m s :
(2) A T-Tydra and a n emblem of mortality.
I t is well known t h a t Ashmole obtained from Tradescant the collection
of curios above referred t o . which afterwards with additions formed t h e origindl
collection of t h e Ashmolean Nuseunl. Ashmole did not obtain possession of
the collection w t h o u t l ~ t i g a t ~ obetween
l~ himself a n d Tradescant's widow.
As the Tradescant &m13 h a d been restored i t seemed a fair inference that
the parties who restored t h a t tomb would have been ~ n t e r e s t e d i n t h e other.
Investigatio~i justified t h e surmise. T ~ I I Z ell
S I Ia Il'/afori/ triicl i i t / q i r ~ i i ~ os f
I u i t ~ h r t l (1858).
~ shows w h a t happened:-
page 156. N e a r this tomb [of Ashniole] was formerly placecl an
atchievenlent. T h e following inscription was re-cut i n 1853.
page 143. T h e monuments were shifted, on t h e Church being rebuilt.
from t h e position which they originally occupied. M a n y of t,lle more
ancient inscriptio~lsrecorded b y A u b r e y having long since been t,aken
away or dest,royed.
page 164 gives -an account of t h e restoraiion of t h e Tradescant Tomb.
The names of t h e Committee are given as Rev. C. B. Daltou (Rector of
Lambeth). Sir Charles G. Young (Garter). Sir William J . K.1-I.. Philip
Bury Duncan, Esq.. Keeper of t h e Ashmolean ,1Iusetunl. O x f o r d : and two others.
Through their exertions T r a d e ~ c a u t , tomb
~' after a lapse of nearly two centuries
has been entirely restored a c c o r d i ~ ~to g t h e original form a n d design and erected
over the grave i n t h e Churchyard. raised on a granite plinth.
Opposite page 164 are illustratiolis of the T r a d e w a n t Tomb as i n 1662
and as restored i n 1851.
Lcrmlietlz C(l1111.ch J/i.sfor!j by Illasters states a t page 32 t h a t in J u l y 1850
the Churchwardens applied to M r . l'hilip Hardmricli for plans for a thorough
restoration of t h e Church. Care was taken to preserve t h e outline of the
original foundation. Demolition llegau on 6t,h J a n u a r y 1851, and the work
v-as completed F e b r u a r y 2nd 1852. " The fine old tower remained without
alteration."
I t is sufficient to state t h a t Ashmole was made a Nason in t h e provinces,
aamely. a t W a r r i n g t o n on 16th October 1646. a n d recorded t h e fact i n his Diary.
as well as his attendance a t i\lasons' A a l l ou 10th nlarch 1682 pursuant to a
s ~ ~ i m n o n s . T h e entries have proved to be of t h e utmost importance in relation
to t h e History of Speculative Freemasonry. I do not know whether attention
has hitherto been drawn to t h e fact t h a t Elias Ashmole. Esquire. was (in or
about 1690) t h e Comptroller of t h e Escise Ofice i n Broad Street i n the City
of London a t a " Sallary " of 21.240 per annun1 for llinlself and clerks arid
t h a t it would o ~ i l yhave been a very short walk for him t o proceed from that
officc to Masons' H a l l . (See Tho. TIe L a u n e ' s l J i r r c , / i t s t a f e o f L o i l d o i l . Editiou
published 1690. page 339.)
Another very interesting lvrasonic AIenlorial is to be see11 i n tlle Porch at
Lambeth Church. I t is on t h e right ? S you enter a n d a t a height and in a
gloom which makes t h e reading of t h e inscription diffic~llt. The monument is
of dark marble a n d was formerly i n t h e J A g h Chapel. The inscription runs:-
H e r e lyeth 4 foot distant from tllis wall t h e body of IT'i77inm ,Clttlic~x
G e t z t . a m a n adorned with t,he gifts of Grace A r t and Nature.
B y Grace he was religious and charitable B y a r t h e was in nfasonry
esciuisite 1-10 by God's appointment changed his mortal life of misery
for a glorious immortalit,y on t h e 5 t l ~Octobe,r 1625.
H i s sorrowful and grateful wife lllistress A n n Suthes as the loyal
testimonie of her love to her deceased husband caused this monument
t o be erected for a n exemplary t,oken of his worthiness and her
affection. H e was Master 3lasoa of W i n d ~ o rCastle A Citizen and
Goldslnith of Lolldon and a n Assistant of t h e said Worshipful
Company. 1% left 3 sons towardly a n d hopeful to b e each of them
t h e imitators of their F a t h e r ' s virtues.
J o h n . J a m e s , Alatthew
A n d lierein t h e reader may see expressed t h e goodness of t h e decea-ed
liusband and t h e f a i t , h f ~ ~ l n e sofs t h e surviving wife.
H e now siugs praises among t h e heavenly host
To God tlie F a t h e r Son a n d Holy Ghost.
His A r m s a r e t h u s recorded in Hattoil's .I7r!0 T7irci o f Loiitloii 1708, p. 384 :-
A r m s : Sable on a Bend Iset,ween 2 Cotti-es a r g e n t , 3 X a r t l e t s
Gnles : Impaled with H a i ~ yof 8 O r a n d Sable, 3 Escutcheons
Ermin.
Considerable iliterest att#aches to this inscription which seems to have
escaped t h e notice of formcr Masonic writers :-

(l) T h e fact t h a t he was Master i\lason of Windsor Castle:

(2) T h a t he although a Mason was a member of t h e Court of Assistants
of tlle Goldsnliths' Company.
Probably there is no other instance in this country of such a con~bination.
S wrote to t h e Clerk of t h e Goldsmiths' Company for inforinatioii as to Willianl
Suthes and his solis. b u t h e replied on 4 t h J a n u a r y 1927 t h a t t h e records for t h e
i~eriodare not indescd a n d h e cannot trace either of thelil: hilt t h a t Willialn
Suthes cannot have t a k e n a prominent p a r t i n t h e Colnpany's affairs. The Will
of William Suthes was proved i n t,he I'verogative Court of Canter,bury i n 1625,
his designation being , . Citizen allcl Goldsmith of London Lambeth S u r r e y "
(Register 107 Clarke). T h e following particidars of t h e Will will probably
intcrcst t h e greater ~ i l u n b e rof readers. I obtained t h e m f ~ o n lSomerset SIo11se.
The Will was made b u t two days before h e concluded his earthly pilgrimage, and
is a somewhat lengt,hy document.
I t begins t h u s : -
I11 t h e n a m e of God. A m e n , t h e 3rd d a y of October Anno 1)omini
1625 aiid i n t h e first year of t h e reign of o u r Soveraylie Lord Charles
by t h e Grace of God K n g e of E n g l a n d Scotland and Ireland
Defender of t h e F a i t h &c. T William Snthes Citizen and Goldsmith
of London being of good and ~ ~ e r f e cmemory t l a u d a n d praise be unto
Almighty God d o m a k e ordain a n d dispose t h i s m y present testament
and last Will i n m a u n e r and form following t,hat is t o say First and
principally I conmlend lily soul u n t o Almighty God m y Maker and
Saviour who b o u g h t ine with his precious blot1 t r i ~ s t i u gand faithfully
believing t h r o u g h t h e merit of his most precious passion all lny sills
be cleanly forgiven A n d m y body t,o bc ls~iriecli n t h e Parish Clli~rch
whe1.e I shall f o r t u n e t o depart this life without a n y mourning apparel
to be given a t m y funeral eit'ller to m y wife children or friends in
regard t o t h e dangers of t,his contagious time.
The Testator tllen proceeded to dispose .of his personal chattels a n d refer.: to the
c ~ i s t o ~ nofs t h e City of London applicable thereto. T h e principal beneficiaries
were his loving wife A i m e S u t h e s and his three sons J o h n , J a m e s , and llatt,hew.
H e ntent,ioils a n d disposes of land i n Hackney, Hollowell. IIoggersdon in
the Parish of S t . L e o n a r d , Shoreditch, a n d at. Good Green a n d Rrownd Greene,
in the Paris11 of Totenham H i g h Crosse. ?Ie also d e a l t with Copyholds a t
Kenlliagt,oa, a Lease of houses near EIorsleydowne, a n d p a r t of t h e Rlanor of
'ffaushall, and a t S p u r r Alley in t h e Parish of S t . I l a r i i i l i n t h e Fields.
He refers to t h e custom of t h e City of Loltdon as t o guardianship and
directed that when of fit age for appentice or other :ervices his sons were to be
bouiid forth and placed.
gave a small s11m to t h e poor a n d made some disposition in favour of
t h e family of one who h a d been his debtor. H e appointed Anthoney Gibson,
Henry Barnes and Robert Gott of t h e P a r i s h of W a t e r L a m b e t h to be his
Executors and left them f o u r polunds a piece t o b u y t h e m rings. A n d he
entreated his good friends M r . George Starkey of Windsor G e n t . Willianl Gold
of Lambeth and Thomas Styles of Westininster I . ' I . P ~ . ~ I I ~ W t oO Ibe
I Overseers of his
\Till and gave them 401- each to b u y them rings.
The Executors renounced P r o b a t e of t h e V i l l a n d it Tvas proved by A n n
Suthes the Widow on 25th October 1626 i n t h e Prerogative C o u r t of Canterbury.
As to t h e operat,ive career of Willianl Suthes. T lmow of no work of
reference which alludes t o i t . Search made a t t h e Record Office has revealed
the following : -
By letters p a t e n t d a t e d lot11 October in t h e 3rd year of K i n g Jaines 1st
(1605) t h e K i n g grauted to William Snthis t h e ofice of malicr of balls of stone
a l ~ diron for brass a n d iron ordnance i n t h e Tower of T,onclon. This may have
been our William Suthes.
There may also b e seen a t t h e Record Office t h e enrolled copy of the
letters patent conferring 11pon William Suthis (for so his n a m e is thelx~in spelt)
the office of Master N a s o n to t h e K i n g " for all o u r Buildings a n d Reparations
within our honor a n d Castle of Windsor." Tt is dated 2nd ;\Tay (1610) in the
8th year of tile reign of K i n g Jaincs I . The referei~ceto t h e Roll is No. 11 of
part 12 for t h a t year. The g r a n t is for life. The wages 12 pencc per day
payable qualterly on t h e four 11s11a1 feast days namely t h e Feast of the Nativity
of St. J o h n t h e J3aptist &c.
The for111 is similar to t,he g r a n t to Joshua Narshall a copy of which is
incl~tdedin this paper. I t followed ancient precedents.
Before l e a v i ~ ~I,aii~heth
g Chllrch inspection should be made of a n l a r b l ~
grave font for baptism b y immersion. Tllis was given as a i~lemorialof the late
B h p . Renson. There is a Greek inscription on t h e railing and on one side of
the font grave is inscrihecl :-
L
G r a n t 0 Lord t h a t t h r o l ~ g ht h e grave and g a t e of death. we may pass
to our joyf111 r e s ~ ~ r r e c t i o l l . Amc.11. "
These words are take11 from t h e Collect for Eastcr Eve anti may cause us
to think of more t h a n one passing and raising.

Crossilig t h e Thames from Lambeth we come t o this venerable Sane. I t

is impossible in this essay to do more t h a u touch 11pon a few points. Xany
historiaus have wrltten volumes on t h e theme. which has by no means been
eshausted.
From t h e nlaso~lic standpoint. Bro. J . W a l t e r I-Iobhs has made an
important contributio~i b y articles in t h e first vo111me of t h e .l/rc.sotti~- l I ~ c . o ~ ~ l .
P r o l ~ a b l yt h e most attractive v o l u i ~ ~011
c t h e suhjkct is t h a t issued in 1924 by tlie
Royal Commission on I-Iistorical Illonumeiits which contains 220 sheets of plates
some coiltailling as inally as ten i l l ~ l s t r a t i o ~ i s . This deals wit11 t h e period 1111 to
1714.
The names of t h e wl~oleline of men who piesided over t h c h~ulclingfrom
i given a t page G ancl must on 110 acco11nt be omitted here. W e
its ~ n c e p t l o ~are
may cldlm them as our Opeidtlve ancestol S. They were :-
l l a s t e r Ileliry. t h e masou. pe1.11aps 111ore exactly " of R e y ~ i s . ' 'who. says
Professor Lethaby. " must be consiclered as t h e architect of the
building i l l a11 its parts." Prom 1245 t o about 1253.
J o h n of Gloucester 1254.
Robert of Ueverley 1261.
These tllire \ \ w e t h c d ~ l ~ c t o rofs t h e building under IIellry 111.
F o r t h e rebnildiiig of t h e N a v r : -
I l e n r y Yevele. from 1388 (at least).
William of Colchester. from 1400.
tJohil Thirslr. from 1420. IIe was respolisible for t h e chantry of Henry V
J o h n S m i t h , from 1452.
,John of Reading. from 1460.
Robert Stowell, from 1471, followed by
Thomas Redman ill 1505, allcl
I I e n r y Redman in 151 6.
F o r H e n r y V I I . ' s chapel tlle records a r e not yet forthcoming. Rohert
Vertue. Robert J e n i n s ancl J o h n Lebons a r e named as t h e ICing's t111,ee llaster-
Masons of this d a t e .
A n ecclesiastic Willialn Bolton, Prior of S t . Bartholome\vJs. Snlitl~field,is
styled 3Iaster of t h e Works i l l t h e K i n g ' s IVill. but he may have been concerned
merely with t h e finance of t h e worlrs. The Royal C'ommission awaited further
light.
 The last resting-place of t,his 131.otIier is marked b y a modern inscriptioll
011 a floor-slab i n t h e E a s t aisle of t h e South Transept. Cauon Westlake wrote
to me tllat he . . could find n o trace of a n y 11101iui11ent or iiiscriptjon ever having
existed. b u t t h e period of firoray's death is one of t h e worst documented in
Abhey history. ' '
Sir Robert Moray died on 4th J u l y 1673. J I e was interred in t h e Abbey
on 6t,h J u l y 1673 by colillnand ancl a t t h e expense of Charles IT. The Abbey
Register styles him Sir Rolllert illurray. $re was one of t h e f o w d e r s of t h e
Royal Society. H e is t h e first person concerning whose initiation oil English
soil a definite Alinute renlaiiis on record. T h e Aliliutc, as quoted in Rro.
Xurray Lyon's 7Tistui.y o / tlie 1 , o t I y e o f 13di1ibr11y71.. r u n s t h u s : -
' A t Neucastell t h e 20 d a y off M a y 1641 The qwhilk d a y anc sclten
iloniber off A'lester a n d otherc bing lafule conwllled. doeth admit 31'
thle R i g h t Ilonerahell 1 J r Robert Novay Geaerall qudrter If' to
the Alniie off Seollall a n d t h e ~ a n ibllig ap1ovcn b e t h e hell Nester
olE t h e Alcsolle off t h e Log off E d e u b l o t l ~ quherto t h e y heawe set to
ther handes or markes. A . Ramilloil. R . Moray. Jolme LIylln.
,Tames IIanillton."
The writer of t h e A l i n l ~ t ehad his own free views as t o orthography. The
. ,ceremony appears t o have bee11 on tlle lines of w h a t our B r o t h e r H e r o n Lepper
calls ail ambulatory Lodge. It was a n admission of a Scot o n English soil by
Scottish Freemasons.
I n a book published i n 1753. entitled . I i r I l i s t o r I ' c ~ / ~L)csrt,ililioir
l of I17rst-
t ~ i i ~ ~ s t.-le h1,ry.
r t h e following s t a t e m e ~ i tis made :-
Not f a r from 1)avenant lies Sir Robert filurray. a g r e a t Mathematician
and one of t h e foltnders of t h e Royal Society, of which he was t h e
first Presidelit, aiid while Ile lived was t h e very Sol11 of t h a t I3ody.
H e was a great Admirer of tlie li'osy ('rctsicciis a n d well versed in
Chemistry. a n d Esperiulental Philosophy. i n great F a v o u r with K i ~ i g
Charles I I . , t o wlloni h e was Secretary for Scotlalld and a Privy
C o ~ ~ n s e l l o r . H e died s ~ i d d e n l y J d y 4. 1673. in t h e Garden a t
Whitehall, a n d was biu.ieci a t t h e K i n g ' s Espence.

A t page 168 of t h e book just mentiolled. reference is t h u s inade to a

3Tomument to J o h n Woodward. A1.D.. which stands in t h e N o r t h Aisle of t ' l ~ e
Nave :-
This is a most b e a ~ ~ t i fM~o~~ln u n e ~ ai tn d t h e figures most admirably
finished. T h e head of t h e decea~ecl in profile is very masterly, and
t h e L a d y t h a t holds i t . inimitable. T h e iiiscrigtion is a kind of
Panegyric ~ i p o i it h e great 11a1.t~and learuing of t h e cleccased which
entitled him to tlle great disti~~ct,ioli he lwxived.
D r . J o h n TT'oodmdrd was p l o l ~ a h l y a Freemason as t h e llaine Jo111i Woodward
appears in t h e 1725 I ~ s tof Blemhers of Ill? TJodge a t t h c C1ovw behillcl t h e
Exchange
A bloglaphy of D r . J o h n Woodwa~cl a p p a l s In t h e 1) AT./,'. vol. 62,
p g e 423.

There 1s a m o n ~ n l e n tt o t h ~ sFleemclson (who tllpd in 1754) iu t h e South

Aicle of t h e Nave H e was not interred 111 t h e Abbey
IIe was appointed D e p u t y G l a n d 1 J d ~ t c ron 24th J n n e 1724 by tllc 1)tlltc
of Richmond, and was a Member of t h e I3cdfoid [Teacl Covelit Galden Lodge
(1725 List) ailcl of t h e 3laicls H e a d Lodge a t Norwich (1725 List). H e is the
subject of ail article i n t h e lJ.Al*./I.

Nicllolas Stone (1586-1647), of u.holn more shall he said hereafter. m . 5 ~

King's JIaster Alason and s c ~ ~ l p t oofr t h e following Jlouuments i n t h e Abbey.
The references a r e to t h e report of t h e Royal Commission on 1Ii:torical
Mol~uineuts: -

.Sir I ~ ' i c . i i [ ~ r rCil,.rp.

~l 1623 ( p . 5013).
I n South Transept. A black and
~ v h i t e marble tablet n i t h col~soles. swags. corllice, broltell pediment and
atchievement of arms.
Air f o I 1626 (p. 48a). A n alabaster ancl f l e e stone wall
~ ~ t E . wall of East Alsle of Nave T ~ a n s e p t .
n i o ~ ~ u m eagainst
I.'r[~ciir;s ITo11r.s. 1622 (p. 42h).
I11 S t . Eclnluncl's a n d Thonias C;:apel.
A Freestone peclestal supporting a $eated alabaster figure in Roms11
Armour.
This is an altar
<Sir G r ~ i r y oT7illic.rs. 1605 (p. 41h). plates 72, 27 a n d 196.
tomb of Sir George and his second wife. T h e tomb a n d effigies are of
white marble. ( I n S t . Nicholas' Chapel.)
D ~ c c l l e g( ' n r l e t o i i , 1631-2 (p. 361s).
111 S t . P a u l ' s Chapel a combined altar
tonib a n d wall m o n u n ~ e n tof black and white alarble with recliiliiig effigy.
O n South wall of East Aisle*
BtJ/~loi?tJ'S ~ v ~ s et hre poet, 1598 (p. 51a).
S . Transept. A white marble n1onumeilt partly of t h e seventeenth ceiitwy
a n d by Nicllolas Stone, restored 1778.
D r . I.s/c/rc i ' t r s ( ~ r / r ' , o i i 1614
, (1). 50"). A wall monuinent of blaclr ailcl
white marble a n d serpentine erected 1634. On West xvall of S. Transept.
L i ' o i i e l ('r,liific.ltl? first Ear! of Aliddlesex. 1645. a n d his second wife. A
large a l t a r tomb of tolicl~and white marble, ' . possibly by Nicholas Stone."
with effigies (p. 4413 and plate 197).
Brother Jarnes Gibbs (1682-1754, and of who111 more hereafter) designed
the following N o u u m e n t s i11 t h e Abbey :-

D r . ./oh/l I.'ic.ii~ti, 1728. I\Ion~uneut S . Aisle of Nave

Ben JO~ZEOII. 1637. &tonunl~ent(erected 1728) S . Transept. E. Aisle.
The I; n ~ o i c i ~ /PIIonunleut.
J~ 1723. I n Sonth Aisle of the Nave.

Cir .7ohii C i t i i t i i , 1718. I\Soinmlellt ill S . Aisle of Nave.

The a u t l ~ o r i t yfor attributing these to Gihbs is t h e Il..T.N. T h e moinume~ltsare.
short,ly describecl ill t h e aforesaid report (List of hIonuillents and Floor Slabs
after 1714).
Roubiliac (L80uis F~~aricisco),born 1695 a t Lyons, died 1762. (In
Q . C . A . S:, 185, called M r . Louis Francisco Rowtilliac. a n d a i \ l e m l ) ~ rof the
White Bear in K i n g ' s Street. Golden Square). I n Dean Stanley's T17r.ntuiiiistpr
AhT:e,i/, a t page 252. SEC.. Roubiliac is named as t h e sculptor of the followilig
I\Ion~unenis. (I take t h e description From the list in t h e Conlali~sion'sreport) :-
 Al*igl~f;,~~/rr7r. .7r~sc1171 (r'cc.~coi~j~ce.
1752. L a d y Elizabeth. his wife 1731.
J l o n u n i e ~ i t : N. Tratlsept. 12. Aisle (St-. 1\Iichael's Chapel). This is
probably t h e most clraniatic funeral m o n u m e ~ l t knowli. T h e e n ~ h l e m sof
mortality a r e very promit~eiitif not gliastly.
G'eo~y(>I ~ ' r c . ~ l e r i cIZ111/(7el.
i~ 1769. l r o n u m e n t a n d floor-slab. S . Transept.
Deal1 Stanley. a t p . 252. quotes Goldsnlith t l i l ~ :s-
I fiud 111 Westminster A b l ~ yseve~,alnew iiioliume~lts eiectcd to
t h e menioiy of s e v e ~ a lp e a t Inell. T h e names of t h e p e a t men
I al~solutelyforget b u t I well reinenlher t h a t R o u b ~ l i a cwas the
s t a t u a r y v110 carved thcni . . . Alas1 a l a s ! ciird I , s ~ ~ c h
nioiiunieiits as these confer hollow not 011 t h e great mell, b11t
on l ~ t t l eR o u b i l ~ d c .'

J n a room i11 t h e t r i f o r i ~ m ia t Westniinstcr A b l ~ e ym a y b e sceii t h e clay nioclels

of the nionuments b y Roubiliac t o t h e memory of J o h n t h e Second Duke of
lLIontagu (tlic first Noble G r a n d l l a s t e r of Freemasons) a n d his Duchess. The
monuments themselves a r e i n t h e Church a t W a ~ . k t o n ,n e a r K e t t e r i n g .
Other works of Houbiliac may be seen a t t h e 13ritish ~ I ~ i s e u mespecially
(in the entrance H a l l ) a large statue of Shakespeare, p r e ~ e n t e db y t h e celebrated
navid Gariiclr.
Roubiliac's bust of himself is now in t h e National P o r t r a i t Gdllery.
Trafalgar Square. H e was interred in t h e C'l~l~rcllyard of S t . J l a r t i n in the
Fields.

T l ~ i sC ' h ~ ~ r cish i n close proximity t o Westminster A b b e y . Tn its C h ~ ~ r c h -

yard was interred t h e body of George Paylie t h e 211d G r a n d Master, p~-oclaimed
as sl~chon 24th J u n e l718 arid again i n 1720. I n t h e same year he compiled
the General Regulatlons embodied, with some alterations, i n t h e l 7 2 3 Edition of
the r ' ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~H if s ~n a~mte ~appears ~ , ~ ~a t ~ page
. 74 as one of t h e sigliatories to
the approval of t h a t edition. H e was a very active member of t h e Craft for
many years afterwards. H e died on 23rd F e b r u a r y 1757. a t his house in
New Palace Y a r d , a n d t h e d a t e of his internient was 28th F e b r u a r y 1757.
Probably there was a memorial of some kind erected t o his meniory in
the Churchyard. b u t t h e ground was levelled a b o u t fifty years ago and n o
record of any inscriptio~i h a s been traced. I l i s Will was proved in London
on 9th March 1757 b y his Widow. a n d m a y he seen a t t h e P r o b a t e Registry.
H e was Secretary to t h e T a s Office. and appears to have left a substantial fortune.
Ire was a member of t h e L c d g e which met a t t h e I I o r n , Westminster.

By making a slight digression we can visit this Church. I t was built

from the designs of Sir Christopher W r e n and consecrated in 1684. The spire,
however was not added u n t l l t h e latter p a r t of t h e eighteenth century. so
prohal~ly 1Tre11 was not responsible for its design.
The reredos was executed b y Grinling Gibbons a n d includes i n high relief
a carving of a Pelican ill her piety.
The most definite itcni of i\lasoi~ic interest i n t h e Church is a large
m o ~ i ~ m ~ eto
n t t h e hrenlory of P e t e r Gilkes (1765-1833). who is honoured by
historians of t h e E n i u l a t i o ~Lodge
~ of Improvement as beillg one of t h e foremost
espoimlts of llasonic ritual after t h e Union i n 1813 of t h e two Grand Lodges.
 A photograph of t h e menlorlal IS ill Bro. Sddler's 1 1 / s t o r , 1 / of ~ / I P h ' ~ t i i t / a -
of I m p r o z e m e 7 t t .
~ I O I L 7,oifye The moiiluneut itself IS on t h e west side of one
of the Pillais in t h e South Aisle.
The inscriptioi~is : -
SACRE11
TO TIT13 i\lEI\IORY O F
B R O T l l E R P E T E R W I L L I A A I G I L K E S P.M.
A Z E A L O U S ACTTV13 AN11 l ) l B T I N G I T I S I I E I ) FREEAIASON
W H O DIZPART13T) T I l I S L I F E 1 ) E C E X E E R l l T I l 1833
I N T H E 69TII Y E A R O F H I S A G E
T H I S ,710NUAlENT W A S E R E C T E D 13Y S E V E R A L O F TFTE
B R E T H R E N O F TLIE AIASONlC' O R I I E R T O COI\II\IEMORATE
T H E I R I-IIGII ESTTMATIOPJ O F T I I E C H A R A C T E R AN11
TALENTS 017 TITElR IIEPARTED F R I E N D
1834.
The lnam featuie of t h c n l o u n ~ n e n t ic: a charimng group of a 'CVoman
( C h a r ~ t y ) a t t e ~ l d i n g three y o ~ i ~ l clrildl,en
g luldel t h e All-Seeing Eye. The
Square and Compasses and t h e interlaced Triangles appear on t h e Peclestal.
The celebratecl D r . A r b u t h n o t t . wliose name is recoided in Grand Lodge
-7Iinutes in t h e 1725 List as a Jlember of t h e Lodge a t t h e Bedford Head.
Coveat Garden (see Q . ( ' . - [ . s , p . 27), was also interred i n S t . James S . H e
died in 1735 a t Hanlpstead.

These three Churches may 11e g ~ , o l ~ p etogether

d for three reasons: First.
they are in or colitiguons to t h e S t r a n d . Secondly. they each have a steeple.
Thirdly, they each display the worlr of one Architect, namely. Brother James
Gil~hs. H e was t h e sole Architect of t h e first two C h ~ l r c h e s ,bllt was responsii~le
only for t h e steeple of S t . C l e m e ~ ~ t ' s .This last named C1111rch is mainly the
work of VTren. who cased in t h e old work of t h e Tower on which the steeple
Ily Gibbs is erected. The first two Clr~irchesdepart from t h e 11sual rule ill that
they have no tower rising from t h e grolulcl on wliicll t h e steeples are supported.
T h e only evidence a t preseui lrnown to t h e writer as to Gibhs being a free
and a n accepted 3ilason is t h e statement of Anderson a t page 121 of the 1738
IZclition of f ' O l i . ~ t i f l ! t ~ ~: l-
iS

" S t . M a r t i n ' s in Campis was a t t h e c h n ~ , g eof t h e Parishioliers built

strong and regular. Ancl i t being a Royal Parish Church. King
George I . sent his Lord Almoue~.a ~ l dSurveyor-General. attended by
Brother Gib ( t h e Arcllitect of tllat grand Pile) with many Frce
Afasons, ill a solelm~Procession fro111 t h e Palace to level t h e Footstone
of t h e South E a s t Corner b y giving it 3 Great Knocks with a nrallet
in t h e K i n g ' s Name. allcl laying 11po11 i t a Purse of 100 Gl~ineas:
when t h e Trumpets sounded, all join'cl i n joyful Acclainations and the
Craft,:men went to tlie 'l'avc~~x to drink To t h e ICilig ancl the Craft,.''
Andcrson gives a c o l ~ yof thc L a t , i ~ l ~ l s c ~ , i p t i w o ~h li c l ~was crlt ill the Stone
and Lead p u t upon i t . I u t l ~ e l723 ~ ~ ' o i i . f t i r t che~ t states that a sheet of
lead was put upon i t . I t is probable t h e Foundation stone is b ~ u e a t hthe groulicl.
Hro. I\lcl\daster in his / / i s f o r ! / of . S t . . I / / r r t ; ~ r s i t ? t h i , I q ' i c , / t l s says so, but adds
t h a t another stone was laid allow gromlcl by a member of t h e Grand Lodge.
.I/isf1s Il-rc~li./,~ 26t,h l l a y l721 rwords t h a t ill t h a t moirth the Society
.7o1/1./1(1/
/
of Free-AIasons laid with a great deal of C'eremony t h e first stone above Ground
a t the saine corner 12 feet al~ovethe other.
I conld not see a n y Foundation Stone with inscri1)tion when I looked for i t .
 Tlie 1723 C o ~ ~ ~I I t~ ,iOf I I \ translate the Inscrlptlon on the f i ~ s tl 7 o ~ ~ ~ ~ d d t i o l l
Stolic thus : -
SACRED TO GOD
llTS AIOST E X C E L L E N T i\lA.JESTY K I N G GEORGE
BY I I I S P R O X Y
T I I E R I G H T REVERENT) F A T H E R I K C I l l l l S T
RIClIART) LORTj BISIIOl' O F S A L I S B U R Y
H I S AtAJESTY S C I I I E F A L N O N E R
A S S I S T E D ( A T H I S 31AJESTY S COBIBIANl))
B Y S I R TROBIAS I I E W E T KNIGEIT
O F Ills 31AJESTY S R O Y A L I$UTJdl)INGS
PRlNClPAL SVRVEYOR
T H E F I R S T STONE O F T H I S C I I U R C H
LATD
T I I I S 19TH O F AIARCII A N N O DOI\IINT 1721
ANT) T I I E EIGT~TI-I YEAR OF rm REIGN.
Neither 111 the Latin nor m the E n g l ~ s hdoes the naine of the Architect
o c c ~ u ,and Andelsoil does not mention hi111 111 the 1723 Edltloii, though it is not
alnays safe to argue froin the sileiice of Audeison. Thc flont of the Portico
11as the Royal A ~ l i l s and beneath is the ~ l i s c r ~ p t l o(1
~ i copy from A4cAIastei's
IJictorg, p. 78) :-
l I> S a r ~ a i nB d e m S . N a r t m i Parochiani estrui fec
A . I). AIDCCXXVI.
Jacobo Gibbs. Architect .'
Tlie Church Accounts show that Gibbs was paid 2632.4.6 f o ~his work.
1IcNastei says T h e is a fine bust of h ~ n iby Rysbrach ill the Church.
and a good poitrait by Ilogarth 111 the Vestry I I a l l . '
Both Gib or Gibbs and Anderson came fioiil BIarischnl College. Abeldeei~,
where Gibbs entered two years after Anderson namely, in 1696, and their
periods were. Gibbs (1682-1754). Andersoil (1680-1739) Gibbs took the degree
of 11 A . R e is ~ ~ a i n eas d a Subscribe1 to Aildelson S book on li'o~/rrI G'riic~cdoc/ic\
(see il (>.C'. xxsvi., 95).
I t wo111d be interestmg t o know whether Gibbs was made a X a s o i ~ in
Scotland or in London later on and snbsequent to the 1730 List in Graiid Lodge
l l i i i ~ ~ tBook
e I I e was liviiig when the 1738 Cot~stI t 11 f i o ~ uc \\me published with
h ~ snmle as Hiotl~cr Gib. Refeleiicc has already been niadc to nionumcilts 111
Westi~ni~sterAbbey designed by Glbbs. R e was responsible for alnch other
noik but his fame maiilly rests upon St. Maltin S and S t . M a ~ yle Strand.
He was mteried a t hls own iequest ~n the old Pails11 Church in lligh Street,
l\laiylehone w1nc.h was ~ c b u i l t111 1743. A wall tablet is there t o his memory
O I I the North M all helow the Gallery.
The inscr~ptionis -
TNDERNEAT1-I L I E TTIE R E M A I N S O F
J A h l E S GIRRS ESQ.
TTIIOSE S K I L L I N ARCIIITI3CTURE A P P E A R S RY H I S
P R I N T E D W O R K S A S W E L L AS TTTE B U I L D I N G S 1)IRECTED
BY I m r AMONG OTHER LEGACYS AND CHARITYS I-IE
L E F T O N E HUNDRET) P O U N D S TOJVARIjS ENLARGING
T l I l S C l I U R C [I
H E D I E D AUGUST 5th 1754 A G E D 71.
Thr i i i t e ~ ~ oofi the foimer old chapel dt BIa~ylebo~ic 1s f d ~ t h f ~ ~dep~cted
lly
in Brother Hogai t h ' s Rake'.: Progress, w h e ~ cthe 1Ia1I iage Ceicinoiiy of thr
Rake 1s s h o ~ i n111 plogress.
nrother Jaines Figg the celehated prize-fighter, was also b ~ ~ r i eill d the
Old C h ~ ~ l c h y a ladt Narylebolie i11 1734. (See 111s naine in ($.P =I . X . 26 and
his biogiaplly in /lX . B , ~117).m m . )
 T h e n dealing viit,ll Westminster Abbey, reference was made to the
hIoliunleiits t h e r e constructed b y this Master I\Cason.
H i s own iUonurilent was i n t h e old Church of S t . I l a r t i n in the Fields.
which was demolished to nialie way for Gibbs's l~uilcling.
The following inscription is also ( w ~ t hothcrs relating to t h e Stone Family)
~ e c o l d e d111 4 . Q . ( . xxvi. pp. 302-3 b u t I a m copying t h e recorcl now as glven
in H a t t o n s A P I P l7ie1o o f L O I I ~ O(1708),
IL page 351, a t t h e time t h e BIonmiieiit
was e s t a n t : -
" A very neat Xonuinent a t t h e W. end of t h e Church by the Door.
adorned m t h his H e a d finely carved between several tools fol sculpture
w o ~ kancl a Square, d pair of Compasses &c. each pendant f ~ o i i i a
Chaplet, a n d finely done in Basso Relievo: t h l s Inscription .-
T O T H E L A S T I N G I I E B I O R Y O F N I C H O L A S S T O N E ESQ.
M A S T E R M A S O N T O 1-11sM A J E S T Y . I N H I S LIFETIAIE
ESTEEMED F O R H I S KNOWLEDGE I N SCULPTYRE
ANI) ARCIIITECTURE W H I C H H I S W O R K S I N XANY
P A R T S 110 T E S T I F Y : A N D TI-I0 M A D E F O R OTHERS
'Cf7TLL P R O V E B I O N U l I E N T S O F H I S F A K E .
H E D E P A R T E D TI-11s L I F E O N T H E 24th O F A U G r S T
1647 A G E D 61 A N D L Y E T H B U R I E D N E A R T H E
PULPIT I N THIS CIIURCH.
a n d r o u ~ i d t h e Effigies these words.-
N I C H O L A S S T O N E S C U L P T A N D A R C H I T E C T &c.
L a t e r on wheu we come t,o S t . P a u l ' s Cathedral we m a y see the remains
of the tomb of t h e celebrated D r . Donne. who was Dean of S t . Paul's in 1621.
This tomb was executed by Nicholas Stone. H e also executed, under t'he super-
vision of t h e ce'lebrated Archit,e,ct Inigo Jones, t h e E a ~ i q u e t i n gH a l l in 1T7hitehall
outside of which Charles I . was beheaded, a n d also t h e old W a t e r Gate in t h e
Embankment Gardens a t t h e foot of Bucliinghanl Street, S t r a n d . I l e was
appointed Master Mason t o Jalnes I . in 1619 a n d to Charles I . on 21st April
1626. A copy of t h e latter g r a n t is given in full i n Rynzer's F e d e m , vol. sviii.,
p. 675. I t appoints him Master i\Iason a n d Architect for all our buildings and
reparations within our honour and Cast,le of Windsor " i n succession to TTTilliani
Suthes deceased. I l i s wages were fixed a t " 12 pence of lawful money of
Eligla~idb y t h e d a y payable quarterly out of t h e Treasury. T h e enrolled copy
"

a t t,he R.ecord Office is t h u s referred to :-Part 2 C a r . i . p a r t 12 n m ~ b e r13.

H e also received another and more general appointment i n 1632. (8 Car I.
pars prima No. 5 . )
H i s Will dated 30th J a n u a r y 1640 is on record a t t h e Probate Registry.
Somerset Ilouse (Reference 31 Essex). It begins t h u s : -
' I Nicholas Stone of t h e Parish of S t . Martyil in t h e Feildes in t h e
County of l l i d d x Esquire M r . h1ason ilnto his Arajesty knowing the
uncertainty of m y life finding m y body disposed to be sickly but my
nle~iioryperfect thdnlis be to God for t h e same do for t h e settling that
worldly estate which i t 11ath pleased God to endow m e witli ordain this
m y last W111 and Testament . . . I conlnlit m y soul into the hands
of Almighty God hoping b y t h e inerits death a n d passion of 111y Lold
a n d Saviour Jesus Christ to be accompted anlongst t h e number of the
elect Saints u n t o whom shall be pronounced a t t h e Great day of
Judgnlent t h a t glorious saying, Come ye blessed of m y Father inherit
t h e Kingdonl prepared for you from t h e beginning of t h e world Ancl
I conlnlit m y body to t h e earth from whence i t came to be buried ill
s ~ ~ cdecent
li nlanner as i t shall please l I a r y m y most dear wife one of
m y Executors hereinafter and herein named t o t h i n k fit a n d appoint."
 The beneficiaries ~ m d e rhis K i l l were (in effect) his wife. and his soils
Henry Stone, Nicholas S t o n e , a n d J o h n Stone. H e gave t h e m All m y 11001i~.
"

manuscripts, d r a u g h t s , designs, illstruments a n d other things thereunto beloilgiug

wl~ichnow remain i n m y s t u d y i n m y now dwelling-house t o be equally divided
ainollgst them. "
The Will shows t h a t h e owlled several leasehold a n d freehold propei,ties
in or near L o n g Acre i n t h e Parish of S t . M a r t i n i n t h e Fields.
BIasonic > t u d e n t s will renlember t h e statement b y Anderson t h a t our
ancestors i n their scrupulous care of C r a f t secrets b u r n t a number of old
illanuscripts. among t h e m being a Y a n u s c r i p t writ b y N r . Nicholas Stoue the
Warden of Inigo Jones. (See C'o~istitcc tioiis 1738. p . 1 11 .) Brother Conder.
t,he Historian of t h e Nasolis' Colnpany, tells us t h a t M r . Nicholas Stone was
Master of t h e Company i n 1633 a n d again i n 1634, a i d t h a t h e was also ail
Accepted 3Iason. (See -4 .Q.(. ix.. 38.)

I a m not aware of a n y Xasonic association of t h i s Church other t h a n its

erection accordillg t o t h e deslgns of Bro. J a m e s Gihbs. I t was one of the fifty
New Cllurches ordered t o be erected h y S t a t u t e of Queen S n n e . They wele all
to have Steeples.
Bro. Nathdliiel Blackelby, t h e first Treasurer of t h e G r a n d Lodge. was
the Treasurer for these Churches a n d also for t h e new Westminster Bridge (now
superseded) erected according t o t h e designs of Bro. Labelye i n t h e first hdlf of
the Eighteenth Century.

A s already stated, t h e old work of this Tower was cased i n by the now
existing Stonework u n d e r t h e direction of Sir Christopher W r e n . The Steeple
was designed by Bro. Gibbs.
There is a definite fact of Xasonic interest here ill t h a t here was
interred

the Author of " T h e E n t e r ' d Prentice's Song." t h e original version of which

appears in the 1723 E d i t i o n of t h e C'oiistitr~tioizs.
I-Ie was a N e m b e r of t h e Lodge now called T h e Lodge of Friendship No. 6 .
which was founded i n 1721. H e was also Master of Lodge V. i n t h e List at
p. 74 of those C o n s f i t u t i o n s .
l H e died on December 30tll 1'722. and was buried a t S t . Clement 1)anes
Church. A t t h e F u n e r a l t h e P a l l was supported by six Freemasolls
belonging t o D r u r y L a n e playhouse : t h e other members of t h a t
particular Lodge of which h e was a W a r d e n . w i t h a vast n u m l ~ e rof
other Accepted ,Ilasons, followed two and t w o : both t h e Pall-bearers
and others were i n their W h i t e Aprons."
(Bro. J . T . T h o r p quoted this from R e a d S TT'eekl!/ Joirriinl of J a n u a r y 5th 1723.)
The Rev. Bickford Penningtou, t h e Rector of St. Clement Danes (who
is a Freemason), states o n exquiry t h a t there is n o t . and1 so f a r as lle Ic~iows
never has been. a n y memorial or nlonunlental inscription i n c o ~ l n e c t i o ~with
l the
interment.

Retracing our steps we can visit tliis Church which was originally designed
by lnigo Jones.
 The Portico with its nlassive 1)oric co111u11is(reproduced) has always been
admired lsy couil~etent critics. Tl~ciRegisters of t h e C h ~ ~ r c lliave l been printed
and show t h a t nlaliy elnine~lt,~ ~ I . S O(some I ~ S of whom were doubtless Freemasons)
have been buried there. b u t our first reference should be t o t h e fact t h a t Antholly
Sayer. the F i r s t Grand X a s t e r of t h e 1717 Grand Lodge, was there interred.
The date of t h e funeral was 5 t h Jaliuary 1742.
I n .I . ( t ) . f ' . xxx.. 173 (1917) i t was stated t h a t G r a n d Lodge had decided
to place a Tablet i n t h e Churcil recording t l ~ em a t t e r . I went to t h e Church
in 1925 to inspect t h e Tablet. h ~ itt was not there. Pel.liaps i t may be clonc
before this note is published. 1 have melitioned t h e m a t t e r to some eminent
officers of G r a n d Lodge.
Grinling Gibbons (1648-1720), t h e famous carver i n wood whose handiwork
can be seen i n S t . P a u l ' s Cathedral and S t . James's. Piccadilly, was also laid to
rest here. According t o t h e l738 Edition of t h e C'oilstitr~tioiis h e was one of
two Grand W a r d e n s i n 1666 under Sir Christopher W r e n as I)eputy to Earl of
Rivers as G.i\l. 1 do n o t ask tllat nlv readers s i ~ a l laccent this attriblltiou as
final. It seems t h a t i n some quarters there is a disposition t o refrain from
accepting some few of t h e statements made b y D r . Anderson i n t h e historical
and other p a r t s of t h e 1738 C'oustitictioi~s. Unfortunately, we have no account
from D r . Anderson of t h e principles (or w a n t of them) on which he distributed
Grand Lodge honours during t h e period prior to 1717.
Janles (or Jacques) Parmentier is named in t h e 1723 a n d 1725 Lists priuted
in ( j . C f . A . X . (pp. 8 < 25. 42. 43). H e was born in F r a n c e in 1658, and died
ill England i n 1730, and was buried a t S t . P a u l ' s . Covent Garden. having been
employed as a decorative painter. (See f ) . X . f l . , s u b . I I ~ M.)

This building. which is on tlie West of Savoy Street. St>raud,has sulfered

much from F i r e a n d from t h e hands of t h e Restorer. It marks t h e place of
interment of our Third Grand X a s t e r , t h e Rev. J o h n Theophilus Desaguliers.
L L . D . . F . R . S . , elected 24th Jluie 1719, who died on 29th F e b r u a r y 1743-4. a t
the Uedford Coffee House. Covent Garden. 1Ie was buried on 6 t h March 1743-4,
in the Royal Chapel of t h e Savoy (it is not styled Royal a n y longer), but the
exact position of t h e grave is i l n l m o ~ m .
I n t h e Clu~rchyarcl a t i,he South E a s t corner is a toinbstone showing
within a Triangle t h e All Seeilrg Eye, a Cross a n d tlie Square. Compasses and
Level. The inscription is:-" Sacred to t h e ;\lemory of I l r o t b e r Jtrmes iS~iiiflr
' , late of Lancaster Place. Slugeon, who died 1)ecemlser 15th 1835 in the 37th
. year of his Age. "

This very interesting I h d d i u g is of interest for u s if only because so

many writers have alleged t h a t there is a close connection between Freenlasonry
and K n i g h t Teiaplary. The Order of Templars. who were a t first called the
" Poor of t h e Holy City." and t l ~ e i i Poor Soldiers of t h e Templc of Solomon."
"

was instituted ill 1118 or 1119 A.1). for t'ho protection of pilgrims t o t h e IIoly
Sepulcl~re. W h e n t h e rl rticles of 7 T i ~ i o t iof t h e G m n d Lodges in 1813 defined
the degrees of which p u r e Ancient i\lasonry consists, i t was provided t,hat s ~ ~ c l i
Articles were not intended to prevent a n y Lodge or Chapter from holdi~ig a
meeting in a n y of t h e degrees of t h e Orders of Chivalry. according to the
C o ~ ~ s t i t u t i o ncfs t h e said Orders. This proviso refers (among other Orders) to
the llasoliic Order of K n i g h t Teinplars. I n t h e Round of t h e Church we see
the effigies of several K n i g l ~ t sin a prone position, some of them having their
lcgs or feet c r o ~ s c d .
111 a stained glass window situate in t h e R o u n d p a r t of t h e Clinrch and
on tlie N o r t h section thereof a r e some medallions in glass. One of these is .aid
to 11e copied from a n old sedl found oil t h e site a n d p o ~ t l a y s Joshlla ln the
The hTarshall Monument in t h e Chnrch of St. T h n s t a n , Fleet Sircrt
I ? r y ~ r o / / / ~ c r / l/,,I/ t h r / I P T ~ ~ I I ' S . Y ; O I Io f T l . J / . , S ~ ( I ~ ; I I I I OjFf>e.
~ T ~
1 l 3 ~ i 0 7 i / t / / ~?/J?)!/T;!/?I f ~lf/Oll~/.~'.
attitude of holding u p his hands when supplicating t h a t t h e light nlight be
continued. I t is alleged to be of 3Iasonic significance, b u t I see no just ground
for that coilclusion. The glass was made in the nineteenth century, but it copies
the old seal.

S T . 7)CA17Sll'.4n' IA17T7fI.J TL7EST.

The present Church building in Fleet Street, which probably incorporates
some parts of the former structure, was erected after 1829, and consecrated in
1833. The former Church was in existence in 1421, and just escaped the
Great Fire of 1666. It is illustrated in Besant's S u r v e y of t h e Cifl/ o f L o / z d o t ~
at p. 368. MTillianl Tyildale the Reformer, who died in 1536, was blinister
there.
The old Church was beautified and repaired in 1701 and has certain
AIasonic associations which ought to be perpetuated in our memories. I an1
indebted to a book published in 1829 by Rev. J . F. I ~ e n h a m ,B.A., entitled
" Views exhibiting the Exterior and Interior and Principal Monuments of the
very Ancient and Remarkable Church of S t . Dunstan in t h e West in tlie City
of London to which is added a n historical account of t h e Church." (The B.11.
press mark is 557* g 17.)
The old Church had what is usually called " a Glory.'' consisting of the
sacred name of Jehovah in Hebrew characters surrounded by rays emanating
from it. The letters and irradiations were formed by inlaid pieces of the finest
oak and box.
Below t h a t was a n enlblein frequently seen in ancient churches.
It consisted of a pelican surrounded in its nest b y its young ones for whose
sustenance it is in the act of perforating its bosom with its beak. Our
author states t h a t antiquarians are not exactly agreed as t o the origin and
signification of this mysterious symbol, and then proceeds to give soinc explana-
tion o f it.
A t page 27 of t h e same book the following inscription is recorded. I t
was on R. Monument then i n tkie South Gallery a t the East E n d . The 3Ioaument
itself is depicted later in the book and is a good specimen of a mural memorial.
The main inscription is enclosed by two pillnrs with Corinthian capitals. A
Coat of Arms surmounts the whole. I give the inscription (but not line for
line) as in Denham's book, and preserve the spelling. The Monument itself is
still extant in the Church, b u t the interior is very gloon~ywhen no service is on.
and consequently t h e Monument is as a rule difficult to see in detail. I t is on
the nearest wall of the first recess on the left after the Church is entered f1.0111
Fleet Street.
A full description of t h e old Church and its hIonuments is alto given in
Hatton's ,4 i17ew S ~ r r v e ? y of Lourlon, published in 1708 (vol. i.. p. 230). It
also records the inscriptions on the &!arshall Monument (except that to
Katharine, who survived until 1716), and gives the following heraldic description
of the Coat of Arms:-
" Sable 2 Bars A r g e n t : A Canton E r m i n . impaled with Argent on a
Fess ingrayled Gules between 3 Falcons Sable, as many Bezants, each
charged with a Lion's head erased of the third."
I n ye middle Ile of this Church near ye Chancel1 are interred ye
Bodiies of E D W A R D M A R S H A L L Esq. formerly 3Iaster I\Iason of
England togeather with A N N E his wife by whonl he had 9 Soils and
5 Daughters whereof J O S H U A (the eldest) only survived hill1 hee
was loyal1 t o his King useful1 in his Parish, Charitable to ye Poore
whilst hee was living and left several Menlorialls of i t a t his Deatll
& Departed this life ye 10 of December 1675
Aged 77 yeares
Neer him lyeth ye body of his Son J O S H C A LIARSHALL Esq. late
Master Mason to K i n g Charles ye 2nd hee walked in the steps of
 his F a t h e r a n d succeeded not oilly in his office h u t vertues whereas
his f a t h e r i n his life tyme did give 10 per annuin issuing out of a
house i n fetter lane during t h e termc of ye lease for ye dayly reading
of Divine morning servic' in this Church h e hat11 PerpetuaT'%t for
ever he was twice 3Iaster of his Companie a n d bequeathed u n t o them
above C C t o ye end t h a t b y tlum 10 p . a n n , should bee for ever
distributed to their poor widowes a n d hee gave Several other
Charitable bequests
I n whose N e m o r y this I\lonemt. is erected b y C A T H E R I N E his wife
o u t of y' tender affection She bore to her husband she was t h e only
daughter of J O H N G E O R G E Cittizen of L O N D O N who , h a d issue
b y him 5 Children viz J o s h u a George A n n e E d w a r d & J o h n . Anne
& Edwarcl yett suviving ye other 3 a r e buried b y h i m hee died
April1 16 Aged 49 years 1678.

where also lies t h e Body

of K A T I l A R I N E X I A R S H A L L
Widdow who Survived him 38
years a n d departed this life S e p t .
t h e 15th 1716. Aged 66 years.

The Wills of E d w a r d Marshall. Joshua i\Iarshall a n d K a t l ~ e r i n eNarshall

were duly proved a n d m a y probably be 5een a t t h e P r o b a t e Registry, Somerset
House. Brother Conder, however, states t h a t J o s h u a ' s Will could not be found
a t Doctors Commons.
J o s h ~ ~Xaa r s h a l l , i n addition t o being &Taster 1Iason to Charles 11.. was
twice 3laster of t h e Masons' Company. I n his Will h e says t h a t h e is a Member
of the Company of Ilasolls of I~ondo11,and gives t h e m 200 for t h e benefit of
poor widows.
Eclward Xarshall a n d J o s h u a Marshall are both subjects of short nlenloirs
in the D~ctzotlur!/ of -1-rttio11nlfi~ogi-nph:/. Edviard was admitted t o t h e Freedom
of the Masons' Company i n 1626 and t o t h e Livery i n 1631-2. H e carried on
busina:s as a Stone-cutter 111 F e t t e r L a n e . a n d was much employed as a
Tomb-maker.
J o s h u a Marshall executed t h e pedestal designed b y Grinling Gibbons for
the Statue still a t Charing Cross, of Charles I.. a n d was also employed in the
budding of t h e Temple (off Fleet Street) before 1670. H e was one of the t~i-o
original Xasons (Thomas Strong was t h e other) who began foundations at the
East of S t . P a u l ' s Cathedral. (See Xnsotzic> Record ii.. 617.)
I t also appears from Brother Conder's book T h r H o l e C r o f t a n d FeIloit)~lilp
o f . l f a ~ o ? z t~h a t t h e Xarshalls were contractors for t h e building of Tenlple Bar
and t h e 3Ionunlent on Fish Street H111. F u r t h e r information a s t o t h e I\larshalls
is given i n Brother Conder's book, b u t I t h i n k h e does not make a n y mention
of their I\lemorial i n t h e Church. Edward Marshal1 was admitted t o t h e freedonl
of t h e Nasons' Company i n 1626, and became Master i n 1650. (Conder
erroneously gives E d w a r d BIarshall's age a t death as 97 instead of 77). Joshua
I\larshall was elected to t h c Court of Assistants of t h e Jrasons' Company in
1665 and filled t h e 3Iaster's Chair twice. one of t h e years being 1670.
Xost of m y readers will remember t h e account of a service held a t St.
Dunstau's i n t h e West on 27th December 1777. when R e v . &I. H. Eccles, the
Chaplain to t h e Lodge of Antiquity, preached a n anniversary sermon. Certain
members of t h e Lodge of A n t i q u i t y attended t h a t service a n d clothed theinselves
as 1Iasons i n t h e ,Vestry. A f t e r t h e service they walked back t o the Lodge
Room. then situate a t t h e Mitre Tavern just across t h e street. without doffing
their 3Iasonic clothing. A s a result of t h e dissension arising from this not very
reprehensible act, t h e Lodge of Antiquity became divided a n d under t h e guidance
of Ero. Wlllianl Preston the new ' Grand Lodge South of the Trent " was
formed. The breach was not repalred until 1789. (For further particulars see
Gould's History, vol. i i . , p. 424 c f sey.)
Brother J o h n Gordon, named in Q . ( .-l.X . , 24, and D . S . B . ( s u b . noml,
was buried a t S t . Dunstan's i n the West in 1739.

5 . HA KTHOLOJlETT THE GREd T . S-VITHFIELD.

This Church should not be omitted from our peranlbulation. I t is one
of the finest specimens extant in England of old Norman work. The beautiful
tomb of Rahere is on t h e North side of the Sanctuary in the Church. H e died
in 1143 and is still above ground beneath 311 effigy and tomb of tabernacle work
of about the year 1410. H i s epitaph i s : " Here lieth Rahere, the first Canon
and first Prior of this Church." H e was the founder of the Church and of
St. Bartholonlew S Hospital, which is adjacent. Lodge No. 2546 is named
" Rahere ' after hnn.

The Baptistry a t S t . Bartholomew's contains the font used when Hogarth

the Painter myas christened. I t IS one of the three pre-Reformation fonts in
Londo11.
Hogarth was a Freemason, and acted as Steward for t h e Festival in 1735.
He also engraved some pictures bearing upon Alasonic subjects, 0 1 which nothing
nlore need now be said.
The Lady Chapel a t S t . Bartholomew's has seen many vicissitudes. A t
one time i t was converted into a dwelling-house and fell into the hands of
Samuel Palmer, the printer and letter founder, who employed here, in the year
1725. Benjamin Franklin, the great American philosopher and politician. H e
was also a Freemason, and when he went to America he printed and published
in 1734 the first American edition of the ('oizafitrrfio~ca: " B y special order for
the use of the brethren in North Anlerica 1734."

This magnificent Church n e s t claims our attention, Before dealing with

the subject gel&ally, t h e following two items are mentioned as relating to the
period before the Great Fire of 1666 :-
( l ) A nlonument to J o h n Doilne (1573-1631). H e was Dean of St.
Paul's for -onle years before his death. The monument is in white marble and
is said to be the only uninjured monument from Old S t . Paul's. I t is in the
North Aisle, close to Dean BIillnan S monument. The sculptor was the Master
Xason Nicholas Stone, t o whose several references have already been made.
Dr. Uonne is represented as in his ~ h r o u d . The Er/cay. B r i t ? . (11th Editiou)
ssys that he stood for his statue before a fire in his study a t the Deanery with
hls ~vinding sheet wrapped and tied round him, his eyes shut, and his feet
resting on a funeral u r n .

(2) On either side of Dean I\lilinan's nlonunlent are fragments of stone

said to have belonged to the Temple at Jernsalein. Whether they were part of
Solonlo~i's, or Zerubbabel's, or Herod's Temple does not appear, but if they
formed part of either they are certainly of definite nlasonic interest.

SIR C'IIRISTOPHER TT7RE,V (1632-1723).

His body is in the Crypt under the Choir.
The Cathedral itself is his Xonument, as witness the celebrated epitaph :-
" LECTOR, S 1 l I O N U N E N T U I \ I REQUIRIS-CIRCUAISPICE. "
The conmle~norativeinscription on a black marble slab is in these words :-
 HERE LIETH
S I R CRRISTOPI-IER W R E N
The Builder of this Cathedral
Church of S t . P a u l &c.
who dyed
I n the year of our Lord
AIDCCXXIII.
and of his age X C I .
(As in Milman's A n n n l s of S t . P a u l ' s C'nthedrctl, p. 474.)
Wren was knighted in the year 1674, and was Surveyor of the RoyaI
works for fifty years. Certain infanlous persons were responsible for his
dismissal from that office a few years before his death.
Dr. Anderson in the 1738 C o i i s f i t l ~ t ~ o t zmakes
s specific statements as to
the offices of Grand Xaster and Deputy Grand Master being held by MTren, and
he even names the Wardens who were acsociated with him. If D r . Anderson had
not given such details, but had only made the bare statement t h a t Wren was
a Freemason, his allegation might have passed unchallenged. D r . Anderson s
statements were not made in the 1723 Edition, which came out in the year when
Wren died, b u t were deferred until the 1738 Edition. It is true t h a t the 1738
Edition came out in the lifetime of Christopher Wren, the son of Sir Christopher.
and that this son was a Member of what is now the Lodge of Antiquity No. 2 ,
and, so far as appears, never contradicted Anderson's statement: but suspicion
will always attach to the allegations of Anderson owing to the precise but
mconfirmed statements made by him as to the title of the Office in the Craft held
by Sir Christopher. There are now two sets of opinion between which the
reader must decide. B u t since my first draft of this paper I have discovered
certain entries in the printed Calendar of Treasury Papers (1556-1696) in the
British Museum Reading Room, Case 2080 (b), which are a t least interesting a d
relevant.
A question had arise in 1689 as to the M-orkmanship of certain walls at
Haillpton Court. A wall had fallen, and there was a n official enquiry. This
is an extract from a illinutei dated 30 Decr. 1689 :-" Sir Christopher thinks that
( i . e . , a suggestion as to procedure) may not be so well and t h a t he will go and
examine upon oath a d that their Lordships shall have affidavits of able men
not interested : bricklayers, carpenters and nz/ico~rstliut 7ictve l e f t off t h e i r a p r o m
and are without suspicion of being influenced." (The italics are mine.)
13 J a n . 1689-90. Nr. Oliver says none of y' masons Mr. Tahnan
brought understand as good work as this. N r . Talman says that Pierce,
Thonlpson and another (in his certificates) are three masons t h a t Sir Christopher
employs. ' '

The Grave of Lord Nelson is in the Crypt of S t . Paul's and his

IKonument is in the North Aisle.
Direct evidence that Nelson was a Freemason has not vet been adduced.
There is, however, considerable secoildary evidence, and (rightly or wrongly) the
collclusion appears to have been reached in several quarters t h a t he can properly
be claimed as a Brother Nason. I think that my readers who feel interested
will prefer to consider the evidence (such as i t is) for themselves and form their
own coaclusion.
The subject is dealt with in ,-I .Q.C'.. vol. s i i . . 109. Reference is there
made to the H I P ~ O T of
I / I ' l t ~ e ~ n t t s o t i riii~ -lTot-fo7i. by R . W . 131-0. Hamon le
Strange. who concluded as follows :-
" There is not enough in the above facts to enable us to affirm positively
that Nelson was a Freemason but the presumption points strongly
towards t h a t conclusion."
Subsequently to t h a t U i ~ t o r ya Banner was discovered belonging to the Union
Lodge, York. No. 331, now the York Lodge No. 236.
The Banner reads as follows :-
I N MEBIORY O F
H O R A T I O VISCOUNT N E L S O N
W H O F E L L I N T H E MOMENT O F
VICTORY
OFF
CAPE TRAFALGAR
October 21st 1805
[T7.,S'.L,with ,S. tl. C'. J f o o n CC. S e v e n S f n r s ]
W E R E J O I C E W I T H O U R COUNTRY
B U T N O C R N FOR OCR B R O T H E R .

A Minute of the Lodge dated December 16th 1805 states:-

Bro. W. Master proposed that a public Processioil should take place
on the Interment of our Departed Bro. and Hero Lord Nelson.
Secd. by B r . P.N. Thirded by the S . W A R D E N .

I t is surmised t h a t the Banner, which is preserved and exhibited in the

Lodge, was made for t h a t Procession.
I n T h e ilferlnls of B r ~ t i s h If'reelizctrorzry is a n illustration of a
Medal showing on one side a Portrait of Nelson surrounded by the words
" Gallant Nelson died Octr. 21 off Cape Trafalgar ' ; and on the other side the
words " Nelsonic Crimson Oakes conlmenced J a n . 19. 1808. ' ' surrounding several
emblems sometimes associated with Masonry. I do not know why those enlbleins
should be placed in conjunction with Nelson's name unless the medallist thought
he had reason to believe t h a t the Hero was a i\Iason. The Nelson of the Nile
Lodge No. 264 meets a t Batley and was founded in 1801. while Nelson was
living. (See L n i ~ e , p. 218.)

THE DUKE OF TT'ELLZLl7GTOA- (1769-1852).

The finest Monument in S t . Paul's is t h a t by Alfred Stevens to the Duke
of Wellington. The I\Ionument is in the Nave. The Duke was interred in the
Crypt. H e was made a AIason on the 7th of December l790 in Lodge 494.
which met at Trim, in Ireland. His actual signature, ' A . Wesley " (before
he changed his surname to Wellesley), is still preserved in t h e Bye-laws of that
Lodge. (For further information see ,l.($.('. xv.. 108. The signature is re-
produced opposite p. 116.) The Duke repeatedly expressed t o Lord Combermere,
P . G . N . of Cheshire and his old comrade, his regret t h a t his military duties
had prevented him from taking the active part in Freemasonry t h a t his feelings
dictated.

LORD KZTC'HESEI?, F . U .
The beautiful Cenotaph to Lord Kitchener is also to be seen in the
North Aisle of the Cathedral.

The founder of the Prestonian Lecture was buried in S t . Paul's Church-

yard. or, as i t was reported in the G ~ i ~ f l e m ( ~;IJtcgo;ine,
n's " under St. Paul's
Cathedral." The date of his death was 1st April 1818, and a full and very
interesting account of his Funeral appeared in the G'er~tlenzrcn's ~lfcign:ii~efor
April 1818. p. 372.
 I wrote asking whether there was a n y Memorial t o Preston, and Dean
Inge replied t h a t there is none. Singularly enough, t h e Burial Register omits
any record of what nlust have been a n event which on its d a y created 110 small .
~ t i r . The Burial Reglster of S t . P a u l ' s has been reprinted by the Harleian
Society (Regcsters, vol. 26, published 1898), and ~t only records two interine~lts
in 1818, and one of these two was of one Alexander Alurray on 17th January
1818, from Dean Street, F e t t e r L a n e , where Preston resicled,
(The Registers do not record t h e internlent of W r e n , and t h e printed
Copy starts off with a reference to interments which m y predecessor " had
omitted to enter.)

P A R T 11.

The City of Londoil being t'he h e a d q ~ n r t ~ e rofs t h e 3lasons' Company, we

c night expect t o find i n t h a t City some ancient ;\lemorial to a Freemason.
T h e t o m b of Willianl Kirwin who died i n 1594 is still preserved in the
ancient Church of S t . Helen, Bishopsgate, which h ~ i sbeen called t'he Westminster
Abbey of t h e City.
Vol. i x . . P a r t I . , of t h e rS'~!rvey of Loiitlorc, published b y t h e London
County Council, cont'ains two photographs of i t . It is a small a l t a r tomb with
panelled sides bearing incised figures of children? two shields, and a lozenge of
Arms. A plain wrought iron railing surrounds i t . It was repaired and
rest'ored i n 1868.
Bro. W. H . Rylands was t h e A u t h o r of a n informative art'icle on the
subject which was entitled " A n Old r\lnson's Tomb," a n d illustrated, and
appeared i n t h e Xasotric ~llngazinefor September 1881. It is also recorded in
Hat,ton's A7ew Triew of L o i z d o ~(1708).
~ p. 278.
I<irwin's own A r m s appear i n nddit*ion t o t h e A r m s (as granted i n the
12th year of E d w a r d I V . , 1472-3) of t h e Masons' Company. R I t~h e Motto
" God is our Guide." O n t h e South side of t'he Tomb is t h e following
inscription : -
I-IERE L Y E T H T H E B O D I E O F W I L L I A N K I R W I N O F T H I S
CITTIE O F LONDON F R E E N A S O N W H O E D E P A R T E D THIS
L Y F E T H E 2 6 T H D A Y O F D E C E M B E R A N D O 1594.
and on t h e N o r t h side : -
A E D I B U S A T T A L I O I S LONDINITCTnI Q v I D E C O R A V I : NE
DUCE
SVRGEBANT ALIIS REGALIA TECTA :
EXIGUAN TRIBUUNT HANC MIHI FATA
DOMV: AIE D U C E C O N P I C I T U R
O S S I B C S V R N A AIEIS
which Gould t h u s translates :-
" T h e Fntes have nfforded this narrow house t o me. who have adorned
London with noble buildings. B y m e royal palaces mere built for
others. B y m e this tomb is erected for m y bones."
(Gonld, vol. ii.. 155 nnd FIntton both read Attnlicis instead of A t t a Liois.
There seems t o have been a n error when t h e Tomb v a s restored.)
 The tomb :ilso co~nnlernor;ites t h e cle,ith of ITillii~m i r i s i f ,incl
cluld, ,incl on t h e lT7est end of t h e frieze of t h e I\Iou~mient,Ire these words :-
CHHISTYS N I H I VlTA
AIORS M I H I L T C l I V J l .
111the same Church is t h e Alt,lr Tomb of Sir Jltlius C ~ s t i r . It hiis on t h e ton
n very striking represent:~tion of ;L parchmeut deed with set11 ; ~ n d other
T h e sculptor was Nicholas Stone.
.eml~ellisl~me~~ts.

Brother Conder i n his History of t h e Masons' C O I I I ~ : I I ~noticed Y ,L

3Ienlorial in t h e Church of S t . Olave. H a r t S t r e e t , be;rring this inscription:-
H E R E LYETH THE ROIIY OF V~II,LIAI\I SAIITH CITIZEN
A N D F R E E A I A S O N O F 1,ONTjON W 1 1 0 L I V E D T O T I I E AGX
O F 66 Y E A R S AND 1 ) E P A R T E I j T H I S L I F E T H E 25TII DAY
O F J A N U A R Y 1646.
The toinbst~one hears t h e A r m s of t'he AJ;~solls' Compnny ~ v i t ~t,he h plah
chevron. l T i l l i ; ~ n lS m i t h was I\/L:ister of t h a t C o m p ~ n yi n 1640.
The inscription h;id ;rlso heell noted b y M r . 1Vy;ltt Pnpwort.h, F . R . I . B . A . ,
in -1 .().(l..i v . , 247. T h a t is one of t h e few articles i n .-1 .(,).C'. written by one
not initiated.
S t . Olave. H a r t S t r e e t . is also celebrated a s being t h e C h ~ v c l l which
l'epys the di;irist ;ittellded ancl where he wils ultimately int,eri-ed.

The niinle of t h e R e v . , T ; I ~ I ( T Anderson. 1 ) . D . , nntst ;ilw;lys be pro~ninent

in 3lnsonic ITistory.
ITe c1me on ; I pi1gri1n;ige t'o London from Aberdeen, where he \ws born
some time before 19t)h J a n u a r y 1679. on which d a t e his birptism is registercd
(.-L.().('., xxxvi.. 90).
H e was largely responsil~le for t h e writing a n d p ~ t b l i c n t i o n of the First
two Editions of t h e I ' o i ~ s t ; t t ~ t i o idilted
~s 1723 iind 1738. T h e y were recognised
as being his own property.
The IIistoric;~lportiolls of those two Edit'ions a r e r e g u d e d :IS being both
indispensable :rnd unre1i:rble. H e distributed t h e liono~trsof Griind ITast'ership
from the begi~lningof time with :I flowi~lgpen a n d no 11igg;irdly spirit.
I will not bllrclell m y readers with ail account of t h e criticisms to which
his writil~gs have been subjected. A s pilgrims we h ; \ v e n o time for such
disputable m:rtters.
H e was ;I Presbyterian 3linister ;it t h e Church i n Sw:lllow Street.
Piccadilly. wllere he h a d bee11 preceded by t h e f a t h e r of D r . I)esaguliers, who
had minist,erecl t o n F r e n c h C o n e r e ~ i ~ t i o n .
'2

The Chlwch b ~ u l d i n g was used for religious purposes u n t i l fxirly recent

years. hut it has now been demolished.
D r . Anderson died on t h e 28t,h 11;1y 1739, a t E x e t e r C o n r t . Str;rnd. STe
was interred i n Runhill Fields Burial g r o u ~ ~i nd t h e City R o n d . b u t no lrnown
trace remains of a n y gr:lvestolle or menlorial inscription.
The Registers of t h a t Burial ground ;Ire non. deposited ; ~ tth e Grner:rl
Register Office. Sonlerset I-Iousc. T h c following is :I copy of t'he e n t r y recording
his interment there :-
June Revcl. l l r . Jeilms an cl er sol^ from
Ye 3 t h e Str;incl i n a grave 00-13-6
l739
 The following interesting account of t h e f ~ u i e r : ~proceedings
l is taken from
A . Q . C . . vol. xsiii.. 25, i n :UI article b y 1i.W. Bro. Robbins, P . B . G . B . . who
quotes froni l'lie /)nil!/ I ' d of Silturd:~yJ u n e 2nd (The dntes seem inconsistent-
Perhxps the d a t e i n t h e Hegister is t h e d;lte when t h e fee was entered u p as
received) :-
" Last N i g h t , was i n t e r r ' d in Bunhill-Fields t h e Corpse of D r . Anderson,
n Dissenting Teacher. i n a very remark;ible deep Grave. H i s Pal1
w,is supported by five Ilissenting Teachers, : ~ n d t h e Rev. Dr.
Desaguliers: I t was follow'd by about a Dozen of Free-i\Insons.
who encircled t h e G r a v e : and : ~ f t e rD r . E a r l e h a d har:~ngued on t h e
Vncert.linty of LiSe &c. without one W o r d of t h e Deceased, the
B r e t h r e n , i n a most solemn dismal Posture, lifted u p their Hands.
s i g h ' d , allcl struck their Aprons three times i n I-Ionour to t h e
Dece:~sed."
This p:~r:lgr:lph was precisely repeated i n t h e same d a y ' s issue of T J l e Lorzrlo'ia
Eveizi?zg P o s t .
Bunhill Fields was t h e Burial place used nlainly for Nonconfornlists and
a great n~uniberof Worthies a r e there interred. among t h e m being J o h n Bullyan
the renowned A u t h o r of t h e Z'ilyri?i~'s Z ' i o g ~ e x s . one of whose minor works is
entitled Soloinoiz's T e m p l e S p i r i t ~ r d i s e d .
J o h n Newman (f,).C'..4.. X., 13, 29 a n d /).lT.U.). who died i n 1741, was
also buried a t Bunhill Fields.

ST. l LOlTDOA' UA'ZUGE.

/ZESZZ17 17ETTE7,B.
I n D r . Anclerson's own History i s s ~ ~ e;is
d 1):rl.t of t h e 1738 C o i z . s f i f ~ r f i o r ~ s
reference is m:rde t o 5 " alasters of W01.k." Of these t h e 4th is ill t h e time of
E d w r d 111. (who died 21st J u n e 1377).
' , 4. H e n r y Yevele (called a t first, i n t h e old Records t h e King's Free
" l l a s o n ) built for t h e K i n g t h e London Charter-house. King's-Hall
" C ; m b r i d g e , Queenborough C;ist,le, :md rebuilt S t . Stephen's Chnpel.
" now [ i . e . . i n 17381 t h e lIouse of C o n ~ ~ n o ni ns Purlinment. "

I n rl.Q.C1.. vol. xxi., 179. is :I note by t h e Rcv. liichard Peek (rector of St.
;\laglius-the-llnrtyr. London Bridge) giving a n extract from n lecture given by
him when conducting parties round t h n t Church.
" I n t h e Chapel of t h e Holy Virgiu i n t h e Old C h u r c h , was buried I-Ienry
Yevele, described by Stow in 1663 :IS Free-mason t o E d w a r d 111.. Richnrd 11.
and H e n r y TV. This Yevele (or Ze~icley) assisted t o erect t h e Tomb of
Iiic11:lrd 11. i n Westminster Abbey. and constructed t h e 3Ionument to A a n e
of Bohemia t,he Queen, 1395 to 1397, and about t h e same time was employed
to prepare pl:ms for r:lising t h e wi~lls of Westminster I-I:111. B e founded ;L
Chauntry i n t h e Chapel of S t . i \ l ; ~ r yi n this Church a n d died i n 1400 A.D."
" Beyond this point (s:lid t h e Rector) I hnve discovered nothing so far.
Should there have been a n y tomb with inscription t o this Yevele i t would no
doubt hnve perished in t h e G r e ; ~ tF i r e of 1666, with t h e old S t . N a g n u s ' Church.
Our registers do not go 11:lclr t,o 1400 A.D."
I n t h e L o i z d o ~ (C.
~ dfitltllesc~n.ArcJirnoloyic.ct7 Trcrii.sctcfioizs. vol. ii., pages
259-266, is a very interesting article by J o h n Gough Nichols. F . S . A . , 011 the
said H e n r y de Yeveley. giving m a n y interesting p a r t i c ~ ~ l a rofs his life and work
and a long abstract of his Will dated 25th N a y . I . H e w y IV. enrolled in t h e
Court of H u s t i n g a t Gui1dh:tll b y J o h n Clifford mason a n d l r a r t i n Sealan clerk
two of his executors. B y this JT7ill he left his body t o be buried i n the Chapel
of S t . X a r y within t h e Church of S t . i\l:lgnus where his t o m b wi'ns then already
built.
Frontispiece to the 1756 Edition of Bunyan's , C o / o ? ~ t o ~ Il'e?~cplr
~'s
1 1 r f i 1 The couplet is adapted from tile song, " Come
Follow, Follow m e , " in d h17uw1 h'e-oir, 1 7 5 6 .
 When Stowe wrote. he siiid " his monument remaineth. ' but he does not
describe i t further nor give t h e epitaph, of which no copy appears to be extant.
The existing Church of S t . Magnus is one of which Wren w:~s the
Architect, so though we callnot see the Tomb prepared by Yevele for himself,
we can journey to t h e burial place and a t the same time admire one of Sir
Christopher S most prominent works st:mding cs i t does near the City end of
London Bridge.
There is also a n Article by Bro. Woilnacott, entitled " Henry Yvele, the
King's Xaster 1Iason. ' i n -4.(?.C'., xxi., 244 to 253.
The Patent Rolls preserved in the Record Office include severd documents
in which reference is made t o the activities of H e n r y de Yevele. A few instances
are now given (including a few other contemporaneous entries) :lt page 94 of the
printed Patent Rolls for Edward I I I . , 1367-1370. H e m y Yevele is named as
the Keeper of London Bridge and the works thereof.
77th ;I~igtist2369. (43 Edward I I I . , p. 2, m . 26.)
Grant to H e n r y de Yevele t h a t whereas by letters patent dated 25 J u n e
in the 34th year of t h e K i n g appointed him during pleasure to be disposer of
the worlrs of masonry i n t h e Palace of Westminster :und t h e Tower of Lolldo11
with 12d a day by t h e hands of William de Lambhithe t h e n surveyor of the said
works. H e shall take the 12d a d:ty for life to wit during the worlrs by the
hands of the Clerk of such works and when the works cease a t the Exchequer,
as well as a Winter Robe yearly a t the G r e ~ i tWardrobe of t h e suit of the Esquire
of the Household or such sum in t h e snid Wnrdrobe for the Robe as one of the
Esquires takes for one.
(Vacated and surrendered bec,iuse Richard 11. on 2211d October in his
13th year granted t o him t h e LIanors of T m ~ w o r t hand Vannes, CO.Kent).
1st U n r e l b 1370. (44 Edward I I I . , p. 1. m . 24)

Appointment of Naster Henry Yevele to take 60 hewers of stone in

London and the Counties of lliddlesex Essex Kent and Surrey and bring them
to Orewell or elsewhere as t h e King shall order so t h a t they be there by 1st May
next at latest ready to set out from therice a t the K i a g ' s wages whither he shall
appoint and arrest and comnlit to prison until further order all contrariants.
The like of Master de William de Wynford t o tztke 50 hewers of stone
in the Counties of Somerset Dorset Oxford Berlrs SouthnmpCon Bedford and
Buckinghain and bring them t o Orewell as above.
10th J u l y 1.377.
Appointment of H e n r y de Yevele to take phistercrs (cementarios)
wherever found except i n t h e fee of t h e Church and p u t them on the IGng's
works at the ptiluce of Westminster and the Tower with power t o imprison the
disobedient.
1J70te.-The word " Cementarios " is usually and probably more
accuriitely translated " Nnsons. ' ' l
The llasons who were press ganged under this order may have had some
difficulty in regarding themselves ns F r e e AIasons. On 11th May 1381
protection for one year was granted for Wi1li:lm T,ondeaeys mason working with
the Abp. of Canterbury on the new City walls of Canterbury.
7 t h V n r c h 1.378.
Inspeximus and confirmation in favour of H e n r y de Yevele director of
the " Plasterers " works in the Palace of Westminster and the Tower
(dispositorem operncionum nostucerum c r r f e ~ i t r c . - , i i e i ~ f ~ ~ r tangenciml)
~ro, in the
late reign whom t h e K i n g has retnined of letters patent dated 27th Anq.
Edward 111. being a grant to him for life of 12d d d y . By t h e Great Council.
Vacl~tedby Surrender and cancelled because the King granted to him the 11:lnors
of Tremworth and Vannes CO. Kent 22 October 13. Richd. 11.
7 t h JIay 1378.
Appointnlent of lllnster Willlam Wyndford and Naster Henry Yevele to
choose and take and set on work nt the King's charge its many stoiiemasons and
other workmen :IS shall be necess,uy for the works ordered a t Southampton
excepting the fee of the Church.
1.jth JIa?.ch 1J8Z.
Appointment of i\laster Henry Yevele to take 30 I\I:lsons without the fee
of the Church in the City and suburbs of London and the Counties of Kent
Essex and Middlesex and deliver them to William Lakenhethe sergeant at nrms
for service in Brittany with the King's Uncle Thomas E a r l of Buckingham.

This P a t e n t mentions Master Henry Yevele Stonemason as supervisor r e

the Bridge a t Rochester.
[There are 5 others of this kind dated in 1383 and another in 1384.1
22nd Peb~uarg 2.984.
Ratification of the Estate of Henry Yevele Mason in 2 shops i n the Parisk
of St. U a r t i n Oteswich London and 41- rent issuing from tenements therein let
to John Totenham carpenter sometimes the possession of Martin Excestre which
he lately acquired in fee simple but fears he shall lose by the false representntiol~
of rivals t h a t the premises have escheated to the Crown.
I n consideration of his great services to the King.
(By signet letter.)
9th Decem Be? 1586.
100 per annum was granted to be expended on the Wnlls of Canterbury
by survey of (among others) I\l:ister Henry Yevele.
T e m p s Bichard 11.
29 J u n e 1386. Henry de Yvele, i'lason, was one of the Referees to
enquire what sums had been received from the Ferry between liochester and
Strode (The P a t e n t was vacated and nothing was done under it).
P2nd October 1389.
Grant for life as from Alichae1m;is last to Henry de Yevele the last King's
Alaster !\lrisou (dispositorem operaciollenl cementari tangencium) of the >hnors
of Treinworth and Vannes CO.Kent to the value of 17 a year . . . upon
surrender by t1.e said Henry of (1) letters patent dated 25th January 34
Edward 111. granting to him inter alia 12d. a day and ( 2 ) The King's
Confirmntiw thereof dated 7th lll:irch-Rich. 11. Henceforth he is to have
during life 251- surplus of the said 12d ;L day from the Clerk of the King s
works in the Palace of Westminster and the Tower of London so long as those
works last and from the Exchequer when they cease and a winter robe every
ye3r at Xm:is from the G r e t ~ tW n d r o b e of the suit of esquires or an equivalent
sum. If the manours pass out of the King S hand the provision of the former
grants revive.
[Xofc.-l/- a d,ly would be 3651- per annum. 17 per annum
would be only 3401- per nnnum, the difference being the
above surplus of 251-.]
.?rd ilfm-ch 1590.
...
(13 Rich. I I . , p. ill., menlb. 21).
Appointment for 7 years of Nnster I-Ienry Yevele and AIaster William
Wynford master masons and Master H u g h Herlond master carpenter of the
King's works throughout England to cause the walls turrets gates and bridges
of \\'inchester C;lstle :ind t h e houses within t h e Castle which have not fallen to.
be repaired for which t h e K i n g h : ~ si~ssigned 40 1n:lrlrs a ye;ir for t h a t period
to be ptiid by t h e Bailiff's of Winchester from their f a r m b y nssignrnent :111cl
advice of t h e s:lid 1l.enl.y Wi1li:rm a n d I-Iugh ancl b y t h e control of t h e Constable
of the Castle. B y privy seal.
1 2 t h J u t t e 13!110. A docunleiit relclting t o expenditure o n repairing n
doi~geon within t h e C ; ~ s t l ea t C a n t e r b u r y by t h e advice of lllaster H e n r y Yevele
&c.
%lt/~ 1
' llyll.9t 13.00.
Exemption for life, i n consideri~tion of his being t h e K i n g ' s PIIason a n d
Surveyor of M70rks within t h e P ; ~ l ; ~ cofe Westminster Tower of London and
Ctlstle of Canterbury a n d of his g r e ; ~ tage of H e n r y Yevele from being p u t 011
assizes juries . . . or other minister of t h e K i n g against his Will.

Henry Yevele was appointed one of it Conlnlissioll ;IS t o w:ills a n d ditches.

7 t h S e p t e m b e r 23.92.
License for alieiuition i n m o r t m ; ~ i n b y Willinin Bys a n d H e n r y Yevele
citizens of London of five shops i n parish of S t . l l l : ~ g n u sa n d S t . Swithin, also:-
License for alienation i n frim1c:~linoin b y I l e n r y Yevele &c, citizens of
London.
Alienation t o prior a n d convent of t h e Sa1ut';ltion of t h e Alother of God
of the Carthusian Order, London.

Ilenry Yevelee, nxison, mentioned as grantee of M a n o r of Langton.

13fh ilinrch 1393. (16 It. 11.. p. iii.. 111. 25).
Appointment of J o h n AIayhew a n d J o h n ltusse t h e K i n g ' s workers of
marble colunlils i n t h e C h u r c h of S t . P e t e r Westminster t o t a k e personally and
by deputies i n Dorset a t reasonable wages t h e necessary masons workmen and
servants of t h a t a r t a n d ships wains a n d carts for carriage f o r t h e snid work.
The name T e w r l e is clearly ;I pl:~ce nume i ~ n dwas t h e contemporaneons
mode of spelling 17couil.

The AIoriument o n F i s h Street H i l l comineinorating t h e Great Fire of

1666 w:is des~gnedby Sir Christopher W r e n a n d t h e large llelief carving on t h e
Western side of t h e die was c ; ~ r v e db y Gabriel Cibber. T h e stolieworlr of t h e
Mon~unentw ; ~ scontracted for b y S3dw;lrd PIIarshall a n d J o s h u a Ai;~rsh;rll(llS:ister
l \ l : ~ s o ~to~ sChnrles I I . ) , of whom more is said elsewhere i n t h i s paper.
D r . Anderson says (1738 ( ~ ' ~ ~ ~ s f i f i p. ~ t i106)
o ~ ~ tsh,a t Gxbriel Cibber was
appointed one of W r e n ' s G r a n d Wardens.
(Anderson's account of t h e Monument is a t p;lge 134 of t h e l738 Edition).
This mollument, which has 345 steps. was begun i n 1671 a n d finished i n
1677.
I n H ~ t t o n s,l ,Tew T'ir~c*of L o ~ i d o n ,published 1708 (pages 54. 55 and 56).
is :I full description of t h e Aronument a n d of t h e Relief Carving b y Cibber
which is an allegoricial representntion of t h e rebuilding of London. There :Ire
eleven principal Figures, b u t I only quote i n p a r t .
" 6. A n o t h e r of t h e snid 3 women is Ichnographia with Rule and
" Compasses i n one H a n d ( t h e I n s t r u n ~ e n t swhereby P l a n s and designs
" are deline'lted i n d u e Proportion) a n d ;a Scrol p a r t l y unrolled i n t h e
' other H a n d whereon s11ch designs a r e t o be d r a w n a n d near this a
" Bee-hive, t h e lrnown enlblem of I n d u s t r y . "
" 8. Providence with his winged H a n d containing a n Eye."
 I inspected this carving i n September 1925 : ~ n di t is very well preserved.
The Uee-11il.e is proinineilt. I t was a vrry favourite enlblenl on old Tracing
Boards. I n Noorthoucli's edition of the ( 'oiistit i t f iciiis he subst,itutes
" Architecture "for " Iclinogr:~phi;i as t h e n ; m e of t h e said \Yoman.
"

I n t h e British N u s e ~ u i i( K . 2 4 16h) is :I large engraving. size 174 X 21ins.

(undated, b u t probably published soon : ~ f t e r t h e -Ilonument was completed)
shewing a representation of t h e carved worli on t h e West side of t h e P e d e s t d
of the B l o n ~ ~ m e n t ~ Sold
. by J o h n Bowles.
This sho\vs t h e Beehivc (which is cxplaiiled ; I S representing I ~ l d u s t r y j
very distinctly and i t also shows a i\Iason's Square (which WIS by H:ltton cdled
the Rule) and Compasses i n one of t h e hands of " Architecture." (The
engraving is reversed : t h a t is, it depict's t h e carving as i t woulcl be seen in a.
mirror. I t was reproduced in ;l .(,l.( '., s s x v i i i . , 145.)

This l i v e r y C o m p ; ~ u yof t h e City of London h a d its EIull. which was

rebuilt soon after t h e Great F i r e of 1666. i n t h e thoroughfare now called i\Iasons'
Avenue. u n t i l 1865, when they sold i t . I t has now no H a l l of its own.
The C o m p i ~ n yor its progenitor was i n existence before 1377. I n the
Letter Books kept a t t h e Guilclhdl for t h e 50th year of E d w : ~ r d111. (1376-7)
the " Fre-iVI:~sons" a r e mentioned as on t h e list of U s t e r i e s who sent
representatives t o t h e Court of C o ~ n m o n Co~iilcil for t h a t year. I think that
is t h e earliest lrnown occurrence of t h e word Free-TvIason. T h a t particular entry
was however struck through and t h e o r i g i ~ ~ ashows l a n a t t e m p t t o erase it. 1 t
was reproduced i n =I . ( ) . C . , x l i . , 136. T h e original g r a n t of A r m s (as still used
by the Company) is now i n t h e British ;\iluse~un (Arld'l &IS. 19, 135). The
g r a n t is dated 12th Edward I V . (;.c,. 1472). T h e same arms (with slight
alteration) a r e incorporated i l l those of The U ~ ~ i t e cGrand l Lodge of England,
but they were used for maliy years by t h e Graud Lodge formed i n 1717.
The import;~nce of this Company i n t h e History of British Freemasonry
is great. I t s history him been written by Bro. E d w a r d Conder i n a volunle
entitled T h r Hole C'rclfte ccietl l~'elloel'.shil~ of S / ~ I ~ W I I . SH. e comes t o t h e conclusion
that even before R e f o r m : ~ t i otimes ~~ t h e Conlplny h a d a n ' Acception ' consisting
of members of t h e Company who were ' speculative ' :IS distinguished from
' operative ' 1\Ii1sons. E1i:rs A s h n l d e records i n his Diary t h a t on 10th 3I:lrch
1682, h e received a summons to :rppe:lr a t :I Lodge t o be held t h e next day t ~ t
;\Iasonsl H a l l , London. H e attended accordingly when c~hocct V O O I L (that is,
~ r h e n t h e s ~ u lwas a t its meridian in England) Sir William Wilson. I h i g h t .
Capt. Rich. Eorthwick, M r . Will. Woodman, I l r . W m . Grey. M r . S a d .
Taylour a n d M r . Willipun Wise were admitted into t h e Fellowsl~ip of t h e Free
;\I;~sons. Ashmole was t h e Senior Fellow t h e n present, having been ;~dinitted
35 years before. " W e :l11 dyiled a t t h e 1I:llf Moon Taverne i n Cheapside at
:l Noble dinner prepaired a t t h e charge of t h e New-accepted Freemasons."
M a n y celebrated names of Operative : ~ n dSpeculative Freenlnsons appe:r
ill t h e Records of t h e BInsons' Company. Unfortunately their oldest records
were either ~ 1 s taway as t,hines " of no worth, or stolen. so t h a t t h e eirrliest
document now held by t h e C o ~ n p m yis ,111 account book dated 1620.
I n 1620 (page 146) I S ail entry 11ot1ngt h e lecelpt from S I X peisons nanied.
of money p i ~ i das their gr,rtuities a t t h e n ,~ccept:rncei n t o t h e Livery. And in
1631 this item occurs :-
', P a i d i n goeing abroad and a t t :r meeting a t t t h e H a l l about the
" AInsons thah were t o be accepted."
Some p a r t s of t h e old Building re-elected after t h e 1666 F i r e m:ly still h p
seen in M;~sons'Avenue, Colenian Street. I n t,he Crace Collection i n the T3ri.tish
;\~Inseum,l'rint Room Portfolio No. xxxvii., Sheet 31. No. 92. is ;I w;~t,erc o l o ~ ~ r
dr:r~vingof t h e entrance t o i\lasons' Hill1 which. ; I S f n r :IS I k n o ~ has ~ , not been
reproduced, The F r ; ~ t e r n i t yof i\l;~sons,1,onclon. was in existence in 1388. for
~t I S referred to in t h e W i l l of William Hancock d a t e d 1 2 t h F e b r u a r y 1388,
as founded a t S t . Thomns d e Acres (The 3Iercers' I-Iall is on t h e site now).

.I/EET/-VG I'Ld CES.

The f o u r Lodges named as joining with other old Mnsons i n forming t h e
Grand Lodge of E n g l a n d m e t a t T h e Goose a n d Gridiron A l e house i n S t . l'aul's
Churchyard, The Crown Alehouse i n P : ~ ~ k e rLsa n e . T h e A p p l e Tree Tavern i n
Charles Street, Covent G a r d e n a n d T h e Kunlmer a n d Grapes Tavern i n Channel
How, Westminster. None of these four houses r e m a i n : b u t we c;in visit t h e
sites of the first three.
The Goose & Gridiron remnined i n existence u n t i l 1894, when i t was
pulled down and now forms p a r t of t h e warehouse of Messrs. Eitchcoclr Willianls
C Co. in London House Y a r d , S t . P a u l ' s Churchyard. T h e g r e a t interest i t
has for us is t h a t t h e first G r a n d 11:lster A n t h o n y Snyer was elected in 1717
and there t h e G r a n d Lodge m e t on S t . J o h n t,he B i ~ p t i s t ' sD a y (24th J u n e ) in
t h e years 1717. 1718, 1719 a n d 1720. Also on S t . J o h n t h e Evangelist's Day
1720 and Ladydily 1721. T h e T,odge which m e t t h e r e is now represented by
t'he Lodge Antiquity N o . 2 which meets a t Freemasons' H a l l .
The Apple Tree Tavern was i n Charles S t r e e t , Covent Garden. Charles
Street is now i n t h e n o r t h e r n section of Wellington S t r e e t , S t r a n d , between
Russell Street a t t h e N o r t h a n d Tavist,ock Street a n d Y o r k S t r e e t a t t h e South.
1 h n y enquiries have been m a d e b y m e with n view t o identifying the exact
site, but it was not u n t i l December 1928 t h a t success was a t t a i n e d . It was t h e
first house from York S t r e e t a t t h e S o u t h end a n d o n t h e E a s t side of Charles
Street. I t was here t h a t t h e first meeting was held a,t which it was decided
i n 1716 to form a G r a n d Lodge. T h e Lodge which m e t t h e r e removed t>o t h e
Queen's H e a d , I h a v e s A c r e i n 1723 or earlier. It h a d t h e h o n o u r of supplying
its llember A n t h o n y Sayer as t h e first G r a n d Master a n d is now t h e Fortitude
and Old Cumberland Lodge. No. 12, which meets a t Princes H a l l , Piccadilly.
The evidence as t o identification of t h e site of t h e A p p l e Tree T a v e r n is contained
in an Appendix t o t h i s paper.
The Lodge a t t h e Crown, Parlrers L a n e , did n o t s t a y t h e r e for more
than a few years. It appears i l l - t h e E n g r : ~ v e d L i s t of Lodges for 1736 :IS
meeting a t t h e Bull : ~ n d Gate, H o l b o r n , b u t was struck OR t h e roll a t t h e
renumbering i n 1740. P a r k e r ' s L a n e is now known as P a r k e r Street and runs
from Drury Lane t o Kingsway a t t h e r e a r of t h e N o r t h side of Great Qneen
Street. The Crown, which was o n t h e N o r t h side towards t h e Ensterly end
remained in existence u n t i l 1920, when i t w:is demolished. It was near to t h e
preselt Freemasons' I-In11 (See note by W . J . S . , A . Q . C . . xxxiii., p . 184).
Channel Row. W e s t m i n s t e r , was p a r t l y demolished i n order t,o nlnke room
for Westminster Bridge. T h e Lodge held i n 1717 a t t.he R u m m e r & Grnpes
afterwards met a t t h e H o r n a t Westminst'er. T h e H o r n a t Westminster
was situate in New P a l a c e Y a r d , West.minster. George P a y n c died in New
Palace Yard. New Palace Y a r d still exists, b u t it- is very different from t,he
Yard of t,hat name i n which t,he H o r n Tavern was situate.
I t was a Lodge of which t h e Members moved i n a higher circle of Society
than any of t h e other t h r e e Lodges a n d is now represented b y T h e Royal Somerset
I'Iouse and Inverness Lodge No. 4 which meets a t Freemasons' H a l l i n Great
Queen Street.
I n its early days G r a n d Lodge was peripatetic i n i t s natu.re. Until
Ladyday 1721 t h e Assemblies were held a t t h e Goose & Gridiron A l e House and
t'he largest room there was b u t of small dimensions. O n t h a t d a t e G r a n d Master
Payne " observing t h e n u m b e r of Lodges t o encrease a n d t h a t t h e General
Assembly required more room proposed t,he n e x t Assembly a n d F e a s t t o b e held
a t Stationers H a l l L u d g a t e S t r e e t which was agreed to." T h e following places
were accordingly resorted t o b y G r a n d Lodge and we c a n , as Masonic Pilgrims,
accompany these old 14asons t o t h e i r various meeting places in t h e City a n d i n
Westminster.
 The meeting of 24th J u n e 1721 was as arranged held a t Stationers' Hnll.
but before t h e Brethren held their Fenst int t h a t Hnll t h e y had met a t t h e King'.
Arms Tavern i n t h e inorning, irnd having recognised their choice of Bro. hIont:ngu.
they made some new Brothers p:~rticularly t h e Noble P h i l i p Lord St:lnhope
(afterwards t h e celebrated E ; ~ r lof Chesterfield) and from thence marched to the
Hall in proper clothing and due F o r m (Andersou 1738. p . 112).
From Andersou's C ' o r r s t ; t ~ c l i o i i rof l738 a n d t h e Grnnd Lodge filinute Book
it a11pe:rs th;lt t h e following other resorts were patronised b y t h e then Grand
Lodge, nnniely : -
The F o u n t a i n i n t h e S t r a n d .
T h e W h i t e Lion, Cornhill.
Aierch:~nt Taylors H~111.
The Crown ~ ; r v e r i ibehind t h e Iioy:~l Exchange.
T h e Bell Tavern i n Westminster.
The 1)evil T : ~ v c r nwithill Temple E x .
T h e hlercers' Hnll in C h e t ~ p s i d e .
T h e Queen S Hend i n Grext Queen Street.
T h e Three T u n s in S w i t l ~ i n ' sAlley near t h e Royal Exchange.
T h e Rose i n Xary-la-Bonne.
T h e Half-Moon i n Chenpside.
T h e Castle i n D r u r v Lane.
Fishmongers' H a l l .
T h e places named include all those which were used up to t h e end of 1738.
A s f a r as I a m aware none of those old Taverns remain. Perhaps the
only exanlple of t h e sites of such Tnverns being used as such still is t h a t of the
Rose of Normandy in H i g h Street. ,1Inrylebone. G r a n d Lodge met there on
14th X a y 1731, a n d 011 reference to (>.1'..-1.. X . , ;it page 204, i t will be seen
t h a t t h e r e was a very distj~iguished :rttend:~llceof Titled Brethren. The Rose
was until 1731 t h e l l e a d q u i ~ r t e r sof t h e Lodge now known as Old K i n g ' s Arms
Lodge. No. 28. There W M a celebrt~tedBowling Green attached to t h e House
and 1xob:tbly this was ;m attr;rction to t h e private Lodge a n d afforded scope for
entertailling t h e G r a n d Lodge. T h e present " Rose of Normandy " occupies
a larger site t h a n t h e old building d i d , b u t i t incorporates t h e old site (No. 33
High S t r e e t , &larylebone). The reference to N o r m : ~ n d y was added a t a later
date apparently as :I compliment to t h e French Coloily who had a Chapel near
by. T h e old Tavern is i1lustr:rted i n Clinch's d/nrglebo'/ce R. Sf. IJcziicm.s
(London 1890). pages 43 & 44.
T h e Halls of t,he F o u r City Conipanies a r e still i n existence. although the.
present Fishniongers' Hall is quite n new Building. It only dates from 1832.
T h e former Fishmongers' H a l l wits pntronised for Nasonic Grand Lodge
purposes on 15th A p r i l 1736. 28th April 1737 a n d 27th A p r i l 1738.
T h e Stationers' H a l l still rem:~ins a n d I t h i n k i t can be safely snid thnt
it is, of existing places, t h e one which can shorn a record of sheltering our Brethren
of t h e 1717 G r a n d Lodge a t :11i earlier d a t e th:nn a n y other. Aleetings are
recorded as being held there on S t . J o h n t h e Baptist's D a y (24th J u n e ) in the
years 1721, when J o h n . D u k e of Montngu, was installed ns (2.11.; in 1722, when
the D u k e of W h a r t o n was proclaimed ns G . N . a n d on 27th December 1728. when
Lord Kingston was proclaimed as G . N .
T h e Mercers' I-Iall in Chenpside and Ironmonger L a n e was frequently used
for t h e Installation or Procl:~mntion of Grnnd Mnsters. T h e following dates are
instances:-27th F e b r u a r y 172617. 27th December 1'727, 27th December 1728,
27th March 1731. 7 t h J u n e 1733, 30th March 1734. a n d 17th April 1735.
i\lercersJ H a l l was rebuilt after t h e Great F i r e a n d I have h a d t h e privilege of
being s h o ~ v nover i t a n d seeing t h e plnce where our ancient Brethren met. On
this sit'e t h e F r a t e r n i t y of I\'Tnsons, London, had their foundation a t the Hospital
of St. Thomas de Acres i n or before 1388.
T h e Merchant Taylors' H a l l , No. 30 Threadneedle Street. was also the
scene of G r a n d Lodge assemblies on 24t,h J u n e 1723. 24tjh J u n e 1724. 27th
L)ecember 1725, 29th J t ~ i n ~ t r r1730
y a n d 19th A p r i l 1732. T h e Ha11 has been
considertibly tiltered since t,hat d t ~ t e . This is t h e only one of t h e f o ~ l rCity 'Ii~lls
which preserves a n y reference to t h e event. The sunl of 2.7. 10. 0 appears in
its accounts on n few occasions ;IS h t ~ v i n gbee11 paid for t h e hire of t h e H a l l by
the Freemasons.
S T . , J O ~ I I V ' S , ('LJi/?T<Ei\-TI'ELL.
One of t h e most ancient buildings i n London is t h a t of t h e Crypt under
thc Cllurch of S t . J o h n , Clerkenwell, which forms p a r t of t h e ancient Priory
of St. J o h n of Jerusnlem, This C r y p t dates b t ~ c kt o a b o u t 1140 :ind 1180 A . D .
Here are held t h e Assemblies of t h e K n i g h t s of S t . J o h n of J e r u s i ~ l e m ,of which
our Grtind N a s t e r , 11. t h e Ilulre of C o n n ; i l ~ g h tis head.
Near by is t h e T u d o r G;itehouse of t'he s i m e old P r i o r y built in 1504 A . D .
This latter edifice h a s seen various uses. I t is now held b y t h e above-named
Order and contains t h e i r l r u s e u m & Library. T h e G e i l t l e i t t a i i ' s 1IJtrgaritie wils
published here for m a n y years. T h e U n i t e d Traders' Lodge so named i n 1768.
but constituted 24th December 1723. m e t from l 7 4 3 ,to l 7 5 1 :it S t . J o h n ' s Gate.
The Lodge was erased i n F e b r u a r y 1800.
I u t,he Gateway premises is an early seventeenth c e n t u r y stone firepli~ce
brought from t h e B a p t i s t ' s H e n d I n n a n d inserted here i n 1895. I t is a choice
piece of work. O u r interest i n i t ( a p a r t from t h e Operative aspect) lies i n t h e
fact t'hat the Members of t h e T,odge of Justice which m e t a t t h e Baptist's Rend
in 1801 had t h e advantage of t h e cheery glow enlanat>ingf r o m t h i s old fire-place.
The Jerusalem Tavern or Old Jerusalem Tavern also formed part of S t .
John's Gat,e until t,he whole structure was t a k e n over b y t h e Order of S t . J o h n .
The following Lodges m e t t h e r e :-
The Strong M a n ~ b d now ~ e No. 45, from 1870 t o 1884.
The Jerusalem Lodge now No. 171, from l 7 7 1 t o 1786.
The Lodge of U n i t e d S t r e n g t h now No. 228, from 1857 t o 1877.
The U r b a n Lodge No. 1196, from 1867 t o 1879.
The Crusaders' Lodge No. 1677, from 1877 to 1879.

Among t h e records of t h e past there a r e few documents more illuminating

in some respects t h a n t h e Wills of our departed B r e t h r e n . There is a person,d
touch about them.
The P r o b a t e Registry is t h e depository of t h e greater p a r t of t h e Wills
made in this C o u n t r y f o r some hundreds of years back. It will be seen from
this paper t h a t extracts have been obtained thence from t h e Wills of two of the
King's llnster Masons n a n e l y Williani Suthes a n d Nicholas Stone.
I have also seen a n d handled there t h e volunlinous Will a n d Codicils of our
first Noble Grand Master J o h n t h e 2nd D u k e of Montngu a n d also t h e brief TV111
of t h e celebrated Laurence D e r m o t t . I I e r e : ~ l s om a y be seen t h e W i l l of William
Preston bequeathing t h e F u n d for t h e Prestoninn Lecture, as well as innumerable
other testamentary documents recording t h e wishes of d e p a r t e d Brethren as to
their w o ~ l d l y goods. Lists of ancient Wills of Nasons a n d Freemasons going
back as far as 1388 have appeared or will appear i n A . Q . C .

Here m a y be seen t h e sign of t h e Goose a n d Gridiron as i t existed in

1894 when t h e old Tavern i n London House Y a r d by St. P a u l ' s Cathedral was
demolished. T h e Records of t h e City of London a r e a m i n e of wealth for the
study of t h e old Guilds a n d Companies, b u t t h e document of t h e greatest interest
here is perhaps L e t t e r Book H fo 47 (referred t o i n Gould 11. 145) which, as
before mentionccl. contains t h e list of t h e nristerics which mentions t h e ' 17re
masons ' and ' Masons.'
 The W111 of H e n r y Yevele t h c King's i\l;ister lSason is also recorded on
the Hustislg Rolls. The same Will a n d Codicil :ire also registered a t Somerset
House.

There ss m u c h of old ll,isonic interest t o Freemasons i n this building

whsch extends from Chancery L a n e to F e t t e r L a n e . W h e t h e r a student will
arise who has t h e necessary time and ability for coping with t h e investigation
remains to be seen. I a m able, however, t o encourage a n y such potential
student by recording a few saniples, t h e results of some visits there. Some of
such results a r e embodied i n t h e foimer p a r t of this paper relating to H e n r y
Yevele.
W h e n enquiring into matters concerning E d w a r d a n d J o s h u a Alarshall
the pomt arose whether :iny documeslt existed recording their appointment as
Master Masons t o t h e K i n g . Kingly g r a n t s of office a r e still frequently
recorded. Search was made asid one result is t h a t t h e P a t e n t Rolls for the
25th year of Charles 11. (which is equivalent t o t h e year 1673) were found to
contain t h e enrolled record of two p t e n t s , one appointing J o s h u a iUnrshal1 to
the ofice of 3laster Mason imd Architect for Windsor Castle, a n d t h e other
appointing him ~ L S K i n g ' s Master nlason for London a n d generally. The
Vsndsor Castle g r a n t 1s i n English a n d dated 2nd October (1673), a n d t h e other
grant 29th November (1673) is i n L a t i n . They a r e both i n t h e same roll,
slamely t h e Second p a r t of t h e P a t e n t Rolls for A n n o vicesimo quinto of the
reign of Charles 11.
The following is a n approximate copy of t h e Windsor Castle g r a n t :-
' Charles t h e Second by t h e G r x e of God t o all to whom these presents
shall come Greeting. Know ye t h a t we of our special grace certain
knowledge and mere motion and for divers other good causes and
consider,~tions us hereunto nloving have given a n d granted and by
these presents for our heirs and successors do give and grant unto
Josuah i\larsh:~llmason t h e ofice xiid place of our Master Illason and
Architect of all our building a n d reparations within our honor and
Castle of Windsor which stiid office a n d place J o h n Stone deceased
l a t e held a n d enjoyed and him t h e said J o s u a h i\larshall our s d
I\I:~ster l l a s o n a n d Architect for all our said Building and
Reparations within our said honor a n d Castle of Windsor aforesaid
we do make ordain constitute and appoint b y these presents To
have hold execute and enjoy t h e said ofice a n d place of our Naster
Mason a n d Architect for :ill our Building a n d reparations within our
honor a n d Castle of Windsor aforesaid t o t h e said Josuah Narshall
or b y himself or b y his suficient deputy a n d deputies during our
pleasure A n d f u r t h e r of our more ample grace certain knowledge
a n d mere nlotion we have givess a n d granted and b y these presents
for us our heirs and successors W e do give a n d g r a n t unto the said
J o s u a h Narshnll for t h e executing of t h e said office a n d place the
wages 2nd F e e of twelve pence of lawful money of England by the
d a y i n as large a n d ample nlanner as William Suthis Nicholas Stone
or t h e said J o h n Stone late deceased or a n y other person or persons
heretofore having executed a n d enjoyed t h e said office and place hath
h a d or ought to have had and esljoyed t h e same T o have and yearly
t o receive t h e said wages a n d fee of twelve pence b y t h e day to the
said J o s u a h 14arshall a n d his assiglss from t h e d a y of t h e death of
t h e said J o h n Stone d u r i n g our pleasure o u t of t h e revenue of us
our heirs a n d successors and a t t h e receipt of t h e Exchequer of us
o u r heirs a n d successors b y t h e hnud of t h e t r u s t y Com~nissioners of
o u r t r u s t y Chancellor &c of t h e Exchequer of us our heirs and
successors for t h e time being a t t h e four usual feasts or terms of the
 year t h a t is to sny the feast of S t . hIichael the Arch:~ngel the Birth
of our Lord God the Aniiunciatioii of the Blessed Virgin m d the
Nativity of S t . J o h n Baptist by even and equal portions together
with all other profits and comnlodities and allowances to the same
office and place d u e incident or in any wise pertaining in as large : ~ n d
amvle a manner as the said William Suthis Nicholas Stone or the
said J o h n Stone or m y other person or persons heretofore having
executed and enjoyed the said ofice h:lth had or ought to have h ; ~ d
held and enjoyed the same as though express nlention of it In
witnesses et witness the King a t Westminster t h e second day of
October."
(The grant was given under the Privy Seal).
[n'ofe.-The spelling has been modernised. A11 office copy could be
obtained for about 1. 10. 0.1

The patent dated 29th November (1673) is No. 16 in the said Patent
Roll. I t 1s in form much the same as the other g r a n t , but is in the debased
Latin used for legal docun~entsa t t h a t time. ( I t is open to any Brother to
obtain an office copy of i t a t 21s per 72 words). It recites a former grant to
Edward hlarshall Cementar of the office of C e ~ n e n t asive
~ AIaster Alason on 25th
J u n e year of our reign duodecinlo (enrolled in t h a t year p a r t 17. No. 45) and
then appoints Joshua Narshall Cementar sive blaster illason opum. Joshu:~
Ilarshall appears t o be styled " Arnliger de hospitio." EIis predecessors nanlecl
are - Cure, William Cure. Ednlund Young, Humfrid Lovell, Nicholas Stone
and the said Edward JIarshall. The name indicated b y t h e blank is Cornelius
Cure].
The appointment extended ;IS well to the Tower of London as to all and
singular our honors castles &c.

The Record Office also illcludes the Patents granted to D r . Christopher

Wren as Surveyor in t h e Tower of London and a11 other his hlajesty's houses.
One was by Charles 11. on 29th March in the 21st year of his reign (1670) and
by Janles 11. on 27th J a n u a r y in the first year of E s reign (1685) to Sir
Christopher W r e n : also a patent to t h e Nasons' Company dated 9th February
in 2nd year of James 11. renewing their Charter upon surrender of the old one.
I have notes of many other Masonic entries in the P a t e n t Rolls and other records
in the said office, but they are too numerous and important t o be dealt with in
the incidental manner which alone is available in this paper.

Although this Cemetery is just outside the boundary of the County of

London it seems right t o refer to the Tomb of H.R.13. t h e Duke of Sussex the
First Grand Master of our present United Grand Lodge. H e died on 21st
April 1843 and had been Grand Mtaster ever since 1813.
The Craft has always been served majestically by its Royal -IIasters and
the unifying power of Royalty rightly exercised has seldom received a better
exemplification t h a n in t h e bringing about of the Union of the two great r i v , ~ l
Grand Lodges of the Moderns and the Ancients in the year 1813, so happily
accomplished under the active superiiltendence of the Duke of Sussex and his
Royal Brother the Duke of Kent.
The following is an extract from Croft's Guide t o Kensal Green Cemefer!~
(1881), pages 25 and 26 :-
 ' . Above all our curiosit,y is aroused by ;l t,omb t h e vast proportions and
m;~ssive simplicity of which couvcy :in indescribable impression of
silent grandeur. I I benrs t'his inscription :-
' 111I.lemory of
H i s Royal Highness Augustus
Fredericlr Duke of Sussex K . G .
sixt,ll son of EI.i\I. George 111.
Born 27th J : ~ n n ; i r y 1773. Died 21st A p r i l 1843.'
I A m o n g t h e remarlii~ble funerals which have t;iken place i n thie
Cemetery t h a t of H i s Royal Highness on t h e 4 t h of ISny 1843 is
cert:iinly t h e most conspicuous. O n t h a t d a y for t h e first time in
t h e niinnls of history a distinguished member of t h e Royal Fnnlily
was laid by his own desire i n t h e burial place of t h e people. Grefit
p~iLlicexcitement was 11:1turally caused b y t h e fact of a Royal Duke
preferring tjhe more humble b u t no less beautiful resting place
offered b y Kensal Green t o n gorgeous t o m b a t V i n d s o r or
Westminster. "

L;[ URBSCB S T B R S E .
I n t h e old burial ground belonging t,o t h e P a r i s h of S t . George. I-ianover
S q ~ i l r e .situate i n Bk~yswnter, about 200 yards West of t h e Edgware Road. is
a Nemorial t o t h e celebrated Lnnrence Sterne. t,he a u t h o r of Tristram Shandy.
The bexutiful Chapel of t h e Asceilsion, with its m:irvellous p n i n t i ~ l g sby Frederic
Shields. occupies n consider;ible p r t of t h e f r o n t : ~ g e . A t t h e reilr of the
building is :I h r g e b u r i d ground. The he;ldsione is about halfway down the
Western side of t h e ground. : ~ n dis quite easy t o find.
The inscription runs t,hus :-
" Alas Poor Yorick
Ncar to this place
lyes t h e body of
T h e Ilcv. L,iurence Sterne A . X .
Dyed September 13th. 1768
aged 55 yeilrs
A h 1 lVIolliter oss:~quiesc;mt.
If ,L sound head warm h e n t a n d bre,\st lium:~ne
Vnsulhed worth ,111d soul w ~ l h o u tn s t a m
If ment,il powers could ever justly claim
The well won t r t b u t e of i m ~ n o r t : ~flm i e
S T E R N E was T H E MAN who xwth gigantic stride
Mow'd down h ~ x u r i ~ i nfolhes
t f a r and wide,
Yet what though keenest lrnowledge of mankind
Unse,d d to hlrn t h e spllngs t h , ~ tmove t h e mind.
W h a t did it boot h ~ m R , l d ~ c u ld , A b u s d ,
B y fools insulted, and by prudes accused
I n his mild reader vlew t h y f u t u r e f n t e .
Like him despise whnt 'twere n sin t o h a t e .

T h ~ sinonurneat;\l stone n:is erected t o t h e melnory of

deceased by two B R O T H E R I I A S O N S for althou-
g h H e d ~ dnot live to be a N e m b e r of their S O C I E T Y
yet all his incomparnble Performances evidently prove
him t o have :~ctedby R u l e and Square. t h e y rejoice in
this opportunity of perpetuating his high and irreproa-
chnble Character t o , I fter-ages. "
Thus t h a t inscription ends. I n f r o n t of i t is another a n d more decorative
n ~ e n ~ o r i astone
l inscribed " I n Memory of The R e v d . Laurence Sterne i\S.A.
Rector of Coxs~vould, Yorkshire, Born November 24, 1713. Died March 18,
1768 with a note t h a t t h e he;idstone was cleaned ;rnd restored in 1893 by t>he
"

owler of t h e " Sterne " property.

The discrepancy 111 t h e d e a t h d a t e will be observed. T h e t r u e date
appears to have been 1 8 t h March 1768. The record interests u s as honouring
the h u m m i t y of t h e two u l i n m ~ e c i Masolis. They were h u m m also in their
inaccur;lcy. The original tombstone was noted b y Bro. W . H. Xylands in
=I.Q.C'.. vol. ii. T h e more recent stone was not t h e n existing.

This Nuseum is on t,he N o r t h side of Lincoln's I n n Fields imd although

the original intention of t h e F o u n d e r t h a t i t should be regarded as :I.
well-furnished private house is still deferred t o , t,he Museum is open to inspection
during the greater p a r t of each week. Sir J o h n So;rne was ;I Freemason irnd
was zippointed G r t ~ n d S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of Worlrs of t h e rnited Fr:rternity of
Free and Accepted ~\I:ISOIIS of E n g l a n d . Some of his Masonic Testimoninls or
Votes of Th:inks a r e i n t h e X u s e u m .
H e was Professor of Architecture i n t h e Royirl Academy and Architact
of the I h n k of Englilnd : ~ n dw r s born i n 1753, died a t 1 3 Lincoln's I n n Fields
011 20. J a n y . 1837 : a n d was interred in Old S t . P n n c r a s Churchyard where n
massive monument t o t,he memory of himself, his wife a n d son wirs erected and
is still e x t m t .
The 1Tuse11m contains much of :rrchitectural interest'. T h e following
items should be observed :-
(l) The large monolithic A1:rb:rster Silrcoph~igus of Seti I. who ~ ; I S
K i n g of E g y p t a b o u t 1370 B . C . with numerous hieroglyphic and
other inscriptions within a n d without. It is therefore about
3300 years old. T h e length is 9 feet 4 ins. a n d t h e great'est
width 3 feet 8 ins. Substant~iirlfr:rginents of t h e cover are idso
in the Nuseum. I t was brought from E g y p t b y t h e famous
13gyptologist iind explorer Belzoni, ~ v h o wirs ir Frcem:ison iind
m a n o f Dmetit st;iture. H e w r s 7 feet 10 ins. i n height.
" Re
h ~ been
d known t o c,xrry 9 men on his b'rck a t one time. lle
was m a d e ;L K n i g h t Templirr i n 1828 a t Norwich. (See E'.Jf.
. l / o p ~ ~ /1861,
r , Novr. 16. a t p g c 388).
(2) A splendid collection of P;rintings b y B r o t h e r I l o g a r t h . These
alone will well r e p ~ i y t h e visitor. T h e y i n c l ~ l d e F o u r striking
l3lectioa pictures ; ~ n dt h c series of eight pictrlres entitled " The
Rake's Progress. "
(3) Nicholas S t o n e ' s ;recount book. (This h;rs been printed and
published b y t h e W A L P O L E Society with Notes).

(4) A diary kept b y Jirmes Gibbs d u r i n g his trirvels o n t h e Continent.

(5) A small bronze bust of t h e Rev. W m . D o d d , D . D . . who \ w s executed

for F o r g e r y i n 1777. R e had been a Freem:rson :rnd Grand
Chaplain.

(6) Threc busts of I n i g o J o n e s (one is i n cast leird) : a n :rutogrnph of his

signature. : ~ n dhis medallion portrait carved upon ivory.
(7) The ;rutogr:iph sign:lture of Sir C. W r e n , a n d his Busl. ' Also :I
Silver Calendar W a t c h formerly belonging t o Sir Christopher
:rnd said t o have been given t o him b y Queen Aline. I t was
m,ide b y 1,:ingley Bradley (born 1670). who m a d e S t . P a d S
Cathedral Clock. which did good service from 1708 t o 1892.

(8) Certain drawings &c. of a l l a s o n i c Hiill designed b y Soane (1826-8)

for Freen1:rsons' T-Tnll, h11t now demolished.
 I t behoves t h a t we should visit this famous building in the course of our
pilgrimage. It was erected in the eighteenth ceiltury and dedicated in 1777.
A copy of the Iiiscriptio~lon the Foundation stone is appended.
Inscription on Foundation Stone as translated E u r o p e a n J l a g a ; i t ~ e
(Vol. 59, J a n . - J u n e 1811, a t p. 330). (The original Latin is also there given):
I n the 15th year of the reign of George the IIIrd.on the first day of
May in the year of Alan's ltedemption 1775. This First Stone of
AIason's Hall was laid by the Right Hon. Robert Edward Lord
P E T R E Baron of Writtle. Grand Master of the Afasons of England
accompanied by the Worshipful Rowland Holt Esq. Deputy Grand
Master, the Worshipful J o h n Hatch and Henry Dagge, Grand
Wardens, with the whole Fraternity of Free-AIasons; a t which time
the name of Alasonry was highly honoured throughout Europe being
protected and encouraged by the particular favour and regard of
Kings and men of high rank and the AIasons Lodge in England was
by the whole brotherhood throughout t h e world made to preside over
Masonry
From Heaven i t descended
Know thyself
Thomas Sandby Esq., Professor of Architecture and A . R . A :
Architect.

The Architect was Brother Thomas Sandby, upon whom the title of Grand
Architect was conferred. I t is perhaps the oldest Nasonic Hall in the world
and has been used continuously for Masonic purposes ever since i t was first
opened.
It is obvious t h a t every brother must be left to his own reflections in
contemplating n place where so many important 3lasonic transactions have taken
place. It was here t h a t on S t . J o h n ' s Day, 27th December 1813, the filial
meetings celebrating the Union of the two rival Grand Lodges were held. Here
(save in special cases) the Quarterly conlinunications of Grand Lodge are held.
I t is to be hoped t h a t a meeting place linked with the history of the Craft for
so many years will be preserved notwithstanding the need which has arisen for a
larger meeting place.
On t h e ground floor we must visit the Museum and Library. I t is packed
full of i\Iasonic Treasures. I name but twelve items as representative.
(1) The Alinute Books of the Grand Lodge instituted in 1717. They
begin in the year 1723. The first meeting recorded was held on
24th J u n e 1723. The Duke of Norfolk, when Grand Master in
1730, presented the second existing &$inute Book of the Grand
Lodge, and i t is a handsome well-preserved volume labelled
" The Grand Lodge Book." The first Minute is of the meeting
on 27th nlarch 1731.
(2) The Minute Books of the Grand Lodge of the Antients fornled in
1751. The first entry is dated 5 t h Februnry 1752.
(3) A conlplete set of the various editions of the C o ~ i s t i t u t i o n s of the
1717 Grand Lodge.
(4) The like of the AJlinaa,~Re.ron adopted by the Lodge of the Antients.
(5) A collection (nearly conlplete) of the Engraved Lists of Lodges which
were issued from the year 1723 onwards until the growth of the
Craft necessitated the issue of a Year Book.
(6) The original executed Articles of Union between the two Grand
Lodges dated November 25th 1813 and signed and sealed 1st
December 1813.
 ( 7 ) A h r g e collection of Alusonic clothing, principally aprons, ill great
variety, including t h e Alasonic clothing worn by King
E d w a r d V I I . when as P r i n c e of Wales he was Grand b1:lster.
(8) A most inlportant collectioll of U i s o n i c certificates. These include
t h e collection formed by Bro. Crowe towards t h e purchase price
of which G r a n d Lodge contributed 1.000.
(9) A fine collection of hlasonic Jewels.
(10) T h e Sword of S t a t e presented t o G r a n d Lodge i n 1730 by t h e Duke
of Norfolk. T h e blade was fornlerly t h e Sword of Gust:~vus
Adolphus, K i n g of Sweden, who fell on t h e field of battle at
L u t z e n i n November 1632.
(11) Several original BIS. rolls of t h e old Charges o r Constitutions of t h e
C r a f t i n i t s Operative period, including t h e G r a n d Lodge BIS.
No. 1, d a t e d 1583, which is one of t h e earliest dated copies of
t h e Old Charges. There is also a " G r a n d Lodge 1 1 s . No. 2."
(12) A very old Mason's maul. I t m a y be 3.000 o r more years old and
is said t o have been t a k e n out of one of t h e rock tombs i n Egypt
as t h o u g h left there by mistake or when t h e works in progress
were hurriedly closed down.
( I may be permitted t o a d d t h a t our B r o t h e r W . Wonnacott, t h e late
lamented Librarian of G r a n d Lodge, revised this section of m y paper shortly
before his death).

Conclusion.
i\Iy indebtedness t o those who have travelled t h e g r o u n d before me is
evident, b u t m y g r a t i t u d e t o t h e m nll is hereby expressed. I have purposely
omitted a n y reference t o t h e contents of t h e Bluseuln a n d L i b r a r y of t h e Quatuor
Coronati Lodge No. 2076. A n y incidental description of its contents would be
inadequate to t h e importance of t h e subject.

[ A p p e n d i x as t o A p p l e Tree Tavern.]

(Hatton's) 1 n p l c v i e ~ cof London (1708). p. 16, states : " Charles Str. a very
broad ancl pleasant str. near Covent Garden between Russell Street N.W. ant1 the
end of York Street S. Ely. Length 90 yards ancl from Cllaying + N.E. 550 yards."
The Street is shown and ~ranlecl in various maps published in the eighteenth
century, including Rocyue's engraved by our 13ro. J . Pine.
Charles Street was in the P8arish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden. The Rate
Books for l716 and onwards (with a few gaps) are preserved a t the C i t - Hall of
Westminster. Severnl oE these hare been inspected by mc.
The l516 entries for the East side of Charles Street (p. 29) are:-
Mr. Robt. 3Tarkcluar . . . . . . . . . 2.6
Mrs. ffrances Wigg . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0
Mr. Brewer . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0
N r . Geo. Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6
Mr. Abra de Mombray . . . . . . . . . 6.G
Mr. Sam Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0
Mr. J n o Olansey . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6
Mr. Swift . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0
(It is unnecessary to copy the entries a5 to the K e s t side. They run f ~ o mNorth t o
South, as the last entry ends a t Tav~stock Street.)
The names 111 t h e Rate Books are kept in the same order during the nhole
period coveled by my enquiry. For instance the name of 3Ir. Rob'. MaClure is the
first on t h e E a s t side in t h e I t a t e l5oolr for t h e year beginning 25 llarcli 1714. and
tlie o t l ~ e r names (allo\ving for c h a ~ ~ g eofs occnpancy) r u n on in like orcler.
Tn 1720 t h e first name is altered t o l l r . Thom. Taylor. a n d t h e 1:lst is Mr.
John Swift.
'L'lion1. T i ~ y l o r ' s name continnes 11nti1 17%.
111 1727-8 Jnnies l)ugl;is talws t l ~ c place of Thom. Taylor. J a m e s 1)ougIas
continued u n t i l a t least 1748.
I t is clear froin tlie R a t e Ilc~olc for (C.!/.) 1715 t h a t t h e house South of J o h n
S ~ i f t ' sn.as t h e n tlie P m . s o ~ ~ ; ~tgl oei ~ s cof S t . 1lai.y Le S t r a n d .
The I<el-. F. I-iawo~lrtHillersclon. J I . A . . h a s liillclly ~ r r i t t e nt o me t h a t t h e said
Parsonage House is now r e p ~ w e n t e t lby No. 40 TT'ellington S t r e e t . which is to\rards
the Sort11 encl of t h e s t r e e t .
J t is therefore evident t h a t tlic h o i ~ s eocmpictl by J l a C l i ~ r e .Taylor a n d 1)ollglas
I\-ai a t t h e other. i.e.. t h e S o u t h e l ~ dof t h c Kast side of Charles Street.
The proof t h a t s i ~ c hhouse v n s t h e Apple Tree T a ~ - e r ~isi furnished by records
of Taverns a l ~ d Blelro~~sesl~reservetl i ~ r ill? Archi-\-es a t tlie llidtllcses Guildhall,
oppusite TYestminster Abbey.
e s 1748-32. u ~ ~ d cclate
111t h e I L e t , u r ~ ~ofs licensed h o ~ ~ s for r 20 Sept. 1713. mention
i.3 ~ n ; ~ t lof
e Jaiiles 1)oligl;is a t t h e Al)ple 'I'we. Charles S t r e e t (folio 1 1 / 4 ) . ancl, under
date 8 Octr. 1751. similar mention is made (folio 301'7). These entries h a r e been
persoilally inspected by me.
l'erllaps t h e re~iiol-a1of t h e Jlodye fro111 t h a t T a r e r n is accounted for by the
change of occupancy, a s l l a C l a r e . v110 was there it1 1716. h a d given place t o Taylor
in 1720.
I t s e c ~ n e d desirable t o p r i n t t h i s e r i d e ~ ~ c eas. on-ing t o t h e records not being
hitherto fortlicomiiig. i t hacl been i l ~ o u y l i t 11y somc tlixt i t Ivas 11ot unlikely t h a t
Bro. J a m e s Anderson had been a n inaccurate recorder.

d cordial r o t e of t h a n k s was unanimously p:lssecl t o 131.0. Willia~iis on the

proposition of Bro. Gordon P. G . I-[ills, seconclcd by Bra. H . C. d e Lafontaine;
co~nments being offered by or on brlinlf of Bros. E. CToncler. G. V. Daynes. G. W.
Hilllamore. E. M-. l l a r s o n , C. 17. Sylies? and G . Elkington.

I h a v e m u c h p l e a s u r e i n p r o p o s i n g a v o t e of t h a n k s t o B r o . \ T i l l i a ~ n s for
his v a l u a b l e a n d i n t e r e s t i n g p a p e r . It will c o m e a s a s u r p r i s e t o m a n y t o
r e a l i w t h e n u m b e r of facts associated w i t h t h e h i s t o r y of t h e C r a f t which a r e
crlcountered i n a w a l k t , h r o u g h L o n d o n , facts w h i c h f r e s h discoveries m a y a d d
to a n y d a y .
S u c h a discovery h a s recent,ly been m a d e a t t h e B a n k of E l ~ g l a n d , a n d
a 11111 a c c o u n t of i t will b e f o u n d a t .-1.CJ.C'. x l i . , 160.
C o n g r a t u l a t i o n s a r e d u e t o U r o . W i l l i a r i ~ s f o r t h e success of his careful
i n v e s t i g a t i o ~ i s , w h i c h h a v e established t h e s i t e of t h e A p p l e T r e e T a v e r n a t t h e
Nolthern corner where Y o r k Street r m s Eastward f r o m t h e present Wellington
S t r e e t o n i t s E a s t side. H i t h e r t o ille d i f i c n l t y of i d e n t i f y i n g t h i s tavern
e n g g e ~ t e d a d o u b t a b o u t t h e a c c u r a c y of D r . A n d e r s o n ' s r e c o r d t h a t t h e
preliniinary m e e t i n g of t h e old L o d g e s t,ook place a t t h e t a v e r n i n 1716, a n d t h e
Doctor h a s b e e n t r i u m p h a l ~ t l yv i n d i c a t e d on t,his p a r t i c l d a r p o i n t .
T h e ' . Nelsonic Crinison Oalrcs " m e d a l i s a c o m p a r a t i v e l y r a r e specimen
a l t h o u g h n o t so r a r e a s h a s been f r e q u e n t l y st,ated. E x a m p l e s a r e t o b e f o u n d
a t t h e G . L . , Q . C . . a n d W a r w i c k P r c v i i i c i a l l l u s e u m s , e t c . , a n d i n private
1x~ssession. D e s p i t e t h e associatioil of devices of a l\lasonic c h a r a c t e r w i t h t h e
p a r t r a i t . t h e r e i s n o evidence so f a r t h a t L o r d N e l s o n w a s a N a s o n . I hare
heen told t h a t t h i s m e d a l r e f e r s t o a E e n e f i t S o c i e t y f o r m e r l y a c t i v e i n t h e
n e i g h b o u r h o o d cf B i r m i ~ ~ g h a m .
 Bro. Williams refers to one of J o l m Bunya11's lesser k n o w ~ lworks of which
the full title is :- , ~ ' o / ~ ) ~ l OTleiu' i~p l r ,?'pirit i r n / i ~d , or G'osprl-li{//~tfetch t o u t of
ticcl T c m p l e (rt . I P I Y I S O ~ C ~1688.
I~I. I t is curious t h a t t h i s t i t l e may owe its
i q g e s t i o n to a n earlier work, D r . Samucl Lee's O r b i s J/irr~c~cclir,~i or t h e Te71iplc
J o m o ~ r t L r' ~ t - 1659. l This work by D r . Lee was
largely borrowed m a n y years later by Cllrist,opher Kelly for his book Solo7,tol~'s
Tei~cple Spiritcirrli~rcl, published 1111der Xasonic patronage a t I h b l i n in 1803.
The noble n ~ o l l ~ u i l e ni tn black a n d yellow marble t o Sir J u l i u s Casar at,
St. Helen's. Bishopsgate, of which Nicholas Stone was t h e sculptor. gives a
quaint example of how t h e procedure of t>hc law might b e spiritualized somewhat
as a speculative Mason is wout t o t r e a t t h e worlring tools of t h e Craft. R,ev.
I ) r . Cox in his d t , ~ r r r l s of S t . Helen's describes t h i s nlonunient and translates
the Latin inscriptions a s follows :-
I n t h e S o u t h t r a n s e p t , is t h e singular altar-tomb of Sir Jnlius Casdr
Adelmare, who, f e e h g t h e ruling passion strong i n d e a t h , moulded
his epitaph i n t h e f o r m of a deed to which h e affixed his broad seal.
\vhich is ' railed. ' and also its enrolment i n a court-superior however
t o t h a t 111 which h e used t o preside.
The following is t h e inscription :-
To all f a i t h f u l Christian People t o whom this writing may come.
Know ye, t h a t I J U L I U S A D E L A I A R E alias CBSAR Kl~ight,
Doctor of L a w s J u d g e of t h e Supreme Court of A d m i r a l t y of Queen
Ehzabeth, One of t h e Masters of Requests t o K i n g J a m e s , and of l ~ i s
Privy Council, Chancellor of t h e Escheclue~ a n d Master of t h e Rolls.
by thls m y a c t and deed. confirm. with m y full consent t l u t by the
Divine aid. I will willingly pay t h e d e b t of N a t u r e as soon as it may
please God. I n witness whereof I have fixed m y h a n d and seal
F e b . 27, 1634. J V L . CBSAR.
H e paid t h i s d e b t , being a t t h e h i e of his d e a t h . of t h e Privy Council
of K i n g Charles, also Master of t h e Rolls: t r u l y pious. particularly
learned, a refuge t o t h e poor, abounding in lovc nlost dear to his
country, his children. and his friends.
He died A p r i l 18. 1636. i n t h e 79th year of his age. It is enrolled
in H e a v e n .
H i s Widow. L a d y A n n C m a r . has erected t h i s mollument to his
nienlory a n d here rests with h i m .
There is a reference in t h e paper. arising from t h e Saycophagus of
Seti. I . at the Soane I\Iuseum, t o Bro. Belzoni. Tn J o h n R r i t t o n ' s Auto-
biography he writes : -
A diqtiaguished conteciporaly of t h e d r a m a t i c corps a t the Wells
abont this t l m e was a g e n t l e m m who s u b s e q ~ ~ e n t lattained
y distinctioil
in t h e annals of adventure a n d archaology. This was Signor Glovanni
Battesta Belzoni, with whom I became acquainted in 1803. R e
then appeared u n d e r t h e cognomen of T h e Pntcrgotl nu Ctrrny~oou and
displayed muscular powers of strength which generally astonished the
public. B y t h e books i n t h e Alien Office h e is registered as 6 feet
6 inches.
S think this m u s t be a nearer approach t o fact t h a n t h e 5 f t . 10ins. Bro.
William quotes. I t zeems t h a t Belzoni had invellted some i n g e n i o ~ ~hydraulic
s
machines by t h e exhibition of which h e hoped to m a k e ~on1e~ i l o n e yin England.
hut this project failed. a n d h e mlderto'ok his exhibitions of strength. which
started as street performances. I I i s earliest stage appearances were a t Sadler's
Wells. A leading feat of t h e " Patagonian Sanlpson " was t h e fixing of an
iron frame weighing 129 pounds t o his body, on t h e steps of which elcven men
108 Tra/~xuc.tiot~.s
of fhlc Qlcaf~corC'orot~cifiLodge.

were supported in pyramidal form, the uppermost reaching the border of the
proscetii~un. Carrying the weight, he walked freely about the stage. This
exhibition, which on one occasion resulted in the whole company being
precipitated-happily unscathed-into a tank of water beneath when the stage
gave way, was repeated a t Astley's Bartliolomew F a i r , Dublin, etc., with
satisfactory results t o the performer, and having saved some money " he sailed
to Egypt tn explore its pyramids, catacombs, and other antiquities."
The original idea in going to Egypt seems to have been the hope that his
friend and patron of old, Mr. Henry Salt, thc British Consul, who had introduced
him to Astley's Theatre, might help him to put before the authorities a scheme
of hydraulic engineering which he had devised to raise the waters of the Nile.
Accordiligly, the traveller left England in 1812, but after his arrival in Egypt
this scheme fell through, and then it was t h a t he started an exploration a t
Thebes. Karnac. Edfu. Phela and the Pyramids, etc., sites well known to-day,
but a t which in 1815 to 1819 there was ~ i o ~ i e ework r t o be done. His achieve-
ments were recorded in his publications on his return t o England, which also
resulted in the despatch to London of a large collection of antiquities. Some
were sold, and others exhibited by himself a t the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, and
later on by his widow in Leicester Square. The British Museum and Sir John
Soane were among the purchasers, the latter paying 22,000 for the sarcophagus
arid having to take down the walls in order to get i t into his museum. Mr.
Salt put rather a different complexion on the transactions, claiming that he had
employed and paid Belzoni to undertake the exp10,rations and to dispose of the
antiquities, which he claimed a s his property, and this naturally led to consider-
able trouble between the parties. Finally the explolrer, seeking a fresh field for
his activities, set out t o reach Timbuctoo, but was taken ill and died on his
journey, a t Gato, a village in Benin, on 3rd December. 1823, aged 45. The
widow, who was a n Englishwoman, published some descriptions of Egyptian
antiquities, drawing parallels with Freemasonry; she was left in very poor
circumstances, which were a t length somewhat a,lleviated by a pension granted her
by Queen Victoria in 1850.
There is a long article in the Preemmons' Magazine and dfasonic illirror,
March 9th, 1861, p . 186, giving a full account of the presentation by Mrs. Sarah
Belzoui t o the G.O. of the Netherlands in 1844-45 of a copy of her husband's
work: -4 ATarrative of the Operations and Becent Discoveries w i t h i n the Pyramids,
Tem,ples, T o m b s and E z c a z ~ n t i o t x in Eggypt, preceded by a n essay written by
Mrs. Belzoni herself, which dealt with the initiation into Freemasonry of Pharoah
Osirei (sic), as demonstrated by the inscriptions. The proceedings of the Grand
Orielit give a very full abstract of the essay.
Appropriately these co~mments may close with yet another reference to
Egypt, to remind our Brethren that now we have two ancient Egyptian IIauls
in the Grand Lodge IUuseum, one brought twenty-five years ago from Luxor and
the latest, a few months since from Sakkara: both may be dated back as in
use 4.000 years ago.

Bro. GILBERTW . DAYNES

writes:-
I t has been a real pleasure to read Bro. Williams' paper for he has not
only conducted us into very many buildings of considerable interest, but has also
given us a mass of information as to what may be found attractive when within
those buildings. I n particular I would congratulate Bro. Williams upon having
brought together so many items of Masonic interest. Although, to make the
paper complete, much general Masonic information had of necessity to be given,
yet there are many facts quoted which are, I think, new t o Masonic students,
particularly some of those relating to our Operative ancestors, William Suthes
and Henry Yevele.
Bro. Willian~srefers to the Glossary in the Genevan version of the Holy
Bible, but i t may be pointed out t h a t there were in the eighteenth century
other books in which t h e interpretations of Biblical words are given. In
Cruden's C'oncordun.ce of t h e B i b l e , the first edition of which was published in
1735, the word " Ahiman " is given as " A brother prepared, or brother of the
right hand," and t h e word " Rezon " is given as ' ' lean, or small, or secret, or
prince. "
Bro. Williams devotes a substantial amount of space to Westininst'er
Abbey. Might I suggest t h a t t,here are two further works t h a t ought to be
consulted by Maso'ns with reference to the Abbey 1 One is T V e s t m i n s t ~ r.-1Chey
and the K i n g ' s C r a f t s m e n (1906) and the other is W e s t m i n s t e r Abbe?/ 122e-
era.mined (1925). Both works are by Mr. W . R . Lethaby, who has made such
an exhaustive study of his subject. I n the latter book there are two interesting
,chapters upon King H e n r y V I I . ' s Chapel.
Sir R.obert Moray will always be of peculiar interest t o Freemasons.
Although initiated a t Newcastle in 1641, Sir Robert Moray visited his Mother
Lodge oln the 27th J u l y , 1647, on the occasion when " W i l l i a n ~Maxwell doctor
off Fisik Ordinare t o his Majstie hines was made a i\lason. There is in Bro.
"

Lyon's book an error as t o the death and burial of Sir R,obert Moray, for he
says: " H e died in J u n e 1573, and was buried in the Canongate Churchyard."
That this is an error seems clear after reading the evidence brought forward by
Bro. Williams.
The question of whether James Gibbs was a Speculative Mason, or Free-
mason, under the Grand Lodge of England, is a n interesting one. Has Bro.
Williams been able t o examine any of the printed works, which are referred to
in t,he inscriptio'n on the Wall T a b l e t ? It might be t h a t they would afford some
indication, and enable the query t o be solved.
Bro. Williams refers to Lo'rd Nelson and his connection with the Craft.
I t may be worth noting t h a t there is, or was, a t the llasonic Hall. Reading,
Berkshire, a framed print with the representation of the banner referred to by
Bro. Williams: also t h a t the're are in the Grand Lodge Library and Museum
two specimens of the silver medal known as the " Nelsonic Crimson Oalres Medal."
I n addition t o the Lord Nelson of the Nile Lodge founded in 1801, there
was, in the following year, a Lodge warranted a t Caldwell N a n o r , Montreal,
Canada, under the name of " Nelson Lodge."
It may be of interest also t o point o'ut t h a t upon t h e visit of Lord Nelson
to Great Yarmouth on 2nd March, 1801, he became a member of the Society of
Gregorians. I11 I'erlustrtctiot~ of 1~rcr11soict h we are told :-
Nelson also addressed a Letter from Yarmouth Roads t o 3Ir. Pillans,
Grand-Master of the Ancient Order of Gregorians a t Norwich. with
thanks for his election into that Society.
A t the close of his references to Henry Yevele, Bro. Williams assumes
that Yevele was of Yeovil. M r . W . R,. Lethaby, in his W e s t m i n s t ~ rA b b e y
Ile-examined, a t page 152, offers anomther alternative. I-Ie says, wit,h refereuce
to the property left by Yevele a t Alvythele and elsewhere in Essex, as follows:-
"Another point t h a t arises in interprctiilg the Will is: Did not
Alvythele, Essex (now Aveley, near Purfleet). give Yevele his name?
I n the index of the P a t e n t Rolls, i t is ecluat'ed with Yeovil. I n the
D . X . B . , Yeaveley in Derbyshire is suggested, and i t is said that there
was also a manor of Yevele in Surrey ( 1 ) B u t may not the Essex
place, where t h e Master had pro,perty, and his own name have both
been pronounced Yaverley ? "

Bro. STTilliams gives the names of the resorts patronized by the Grand
Lodge of England in the early days of its existence. Amongst them is The
Queen's ITead in Great Queen Street. Grand Lodge apparently met there for
the first time on 26th November. 1728, and it is. I think, of some sentimental
interest to note t h a t Great Queen Street has been associat'ed with the govern-
ment of the Craft for over 200 years. Another resort was The Devil Tavern
within Tenlple B a r . This tavern must have had a very c o ~ ~ ~ m o d i oroom. us for
at the meeting of Grand Lodge held there on 31st J a n n a r y . 1739. I calculate
the number present t o have been 295.
The Appendix given by Uro. Willianls concer~ling t h e Apple Tree Tavern
contains t h e evidence relating to ' J o h n Swift ' t o which Bro. Williams referred
in his P a p e r upon " Alexander l'ope and Freemasonry." There is, I think, a
greater probability t h a t this ,John Swift was t h e member of t h e Lodge a t The
Goat a t t h e foot of t h e I-laymarket. t h a n t h a t t h e member was the famous
Doctor a n d Dean.
These few random comnlcnts are offered, n o t b y way of criticism. but
rather t o enable m e to express m y delight w t h t h e P a p e r and indicate how
such a paper as Bro. Williams has given us induces one t o browse amongst one's
Masonic literature. I hardly know which to admire t h e m o r e : t h e pleasing
manner i n which t h e diverse materials have been grouped together and welded
into a whole, or t h e industry displayed i n unearthing from oblivion so many
items of value t o t h e Masonic S t u d e n t . All of t h e facts quoted are useful. and
one never knows when some isolatcd fact may fall into its proper place and make
sometlnng clear which before was uncertain or obscure.

Bro. GEO. ELKINGTON

u ~ m ' t e s:-

I t does not appear clear whether William Suthes, described as ( l ) Master

Xason of Windsor Castle and (2'1 a Member of t h e Court of Assistants of the
\ ,

Goldsmitlls Company, was a member of t h e Masons' Company.

If he were n o t , there would be nothing unusual i n t h a t h e belonged to a
Guild not connected with his actual t r a d e 01- business.
Admission by patrimony produced m a n y such cases, for sons did not
always follow their fathers' business. I n others, citizens followed more than one
trade or changed their line of business.
If William Suthes were a member of t h e Masons' Company his case seems
remdrkable, because as f a r back as 1416, i n consequence of a (then) new
ordmance t h a t no one should belong to more t h a n one F r a t e r n i t y , a certain
Alderman Richard &Ierlaw had to elcct as between t h e two trades of Ironmongery
and Fishmongery (having taken u p t h e hvery of both crafts)-and chose to be d
Fishmonger.
W i t h reference t o t h e very interesting statements (in P a r t 11.) as to
1Ienry Yevele a n d his several appointment t o take lLIasons a n d t o p u t them on
the King's works. &C., which Uro. Williains describes as press-ganging, i t seems
difficult t o believe t h a t even in those times skilled workmen h a d n o individual
liberty osf choice as to their work. E v e n if impressed, however, these craftsmen
were probably known t o , and selected by, t,heir head, a n d i t m a y perhaps be that
t#hey were formed into travelling and moveable operative lodges. It has been
often claimed t h a t operative lodges were concerned i n t h e erecting of cathedrals
and other pltblic buildings, a n d t h e examples quoted m a y furnish a little more
presumptive evidence in support of t h a t view.
Tlie parent code of bye-1aw.s for t h e Masons' was apparently granted in
1356 and shows t h a t t h e workmen then were divided into two classes. " I-Iewers "
and " Light Nasons or Setters." I t would seem t h a t t h e latter were the
Cementarios " as suggested by Bro. Williams.
Supplementing t h e references t o t h e Masons' Company i t may be noted
t h a t in t h e returns or T,ettr.r 1looh of 1376 t h e Masons a r e said to be entitled
to four representatives and t h e Freemasons t o two, a s if t h e y were independent
Societies. A s a f u r t h e r instance of t h e use of t h e t e r m " Free Mason " in
relation t,o operative m a s o i ~ r yi l l t h c " Bo~oki n Aletre of t h e Rich Nerchaiit Man
called Dives l'ragmaticus." 1563. wherein all t h e trades of London are enumerated..
the A u t h o r . Thomas Newbery. refers to t h e Craft as " f r ~ eniasous."
Jho. C. F. SYKESsaid : -
I welconle Bro. Williams' paper as a c o l l t r i h ~ ~ t i o ntowards t h e greater
story-yet to be written-of t h e association of London a n d Freemasonry. Some
years ago Bro. Simpson dealt with one phase of t h e subject i n his papers on t h e
Old Iriiis which h a d been t h e meeting places of Lodges. T h e present paper deals
almost entirely with a n o t h e r phase, and equally with its predecessors is full of
nlterest.
W h a t a n engrossing story a 3lasonic burvey of 1,ondon would produce !
Where so much material was available i t would be ungenerous to cavil a t
omissions. for t h e difficulty which Bro. Williarns had was probably not what to
include, b u t w h a t t o omit. One or two points which strike me. however, may
not be without interest t o readers of t h e paper.
lnigo Jones. W r e n ' s great predecessor. was buried i n t h e church of S t .
Benet, P a u l ' s W h a r f . He was interred close to t h e Communion Table where his
father and mother also lie. H e left 100 t o be used t o erect a nlenlorial
" in meinorie of mee, t o be made of white nlarbele m d :ct u? iil the
church aforesaid. "
The menlorial subsequently erected b y his pupil a n d heir. J o h n Webb. was
destroyed with t h e church i n t h e G r e a t F i r e of 1666. Lieut.-Col. Inigo Jones.
a descendant of t h e g r e a t architect, calmed t h e original iascription to be again
recorded on a tablet i n t h e present church :-
IGNATTVS J O N E S A R M .
A R C H I T E C T V S R E G . nIAG. B R I T . C E L E I 3 E R R I l I V S
T-TIC J A C E T
A V L . ALU. REG. X D I F Z C A V I T
TEMPLYlI D. PAVLI RESTAVRAVIT:
N A T V S 11). J V L I I . M . D L X X I 1 .
OBITT X I . C A L . J V N I I . i \ t . D C L I
V I X I T A N N . L X X I X . I ) " . X X X . ITS

V X O R I S P A T R V O AI\IANTISSII\IO
PR,XCk2PTORI S V O nTERITISSII1IO
F I B R E S E T DISCTPVLVS
P O S V I T i\TCERENS J O I I A N . W E R B
On the original monument. t h e porticoes of S t . P a u l ' s , Covent Garden.
and of S t . P a u l ' s Cathedral were carved. Inigo J o n e s was born in Smithfield
aud his baptism is recorded in t h e register of t h e P a r i s h of S t . Rartholomew t h e
Less : -
" E11ig.o Jones t h e :onrie of Enigo Jones was christened t h e X I X . day
of J u l y 1573."
Ero. Willianls clearly indicates t h e i m p o r t a n t works carried out by that
great medmval craftsman. H e n r y Yevele.
Only a short distance t o t h e E a s t of S t . J l a g n u s is St. Dunstan in t h e
East. There is i n e ~ i s t e n c ea deed c o n c e r n i ~ ~tgh e church which stood on this
site before t h e G r e a t F i r e . This shows t h a t i n 1381 N i c l ~ o l a sTyperton a mason
contracted to carry o u t works a t t h e rhnrcli after t h e design of Master IIeury
Ivelegh.
The dcccl r u n s as follows :-
Enclentre Nichole
Typertone del Esg1i.e
Seynt 1)onstoii en
Tonstrete en Lonnclres.
3lons. .To1111 cle Cobeliiim S'.de Cobeham dune
Ccste endentrc fnrte pel.e~it~,e
pmte c t Nicholo Typerton, masoun dnutrc pnrte tesmoigne que le clit Nichole pe~,fer~,n
la foundelllent de Southele de Seint Dunstoi~een 'I'onstrete cle lonndres du longueur
dil esgl~se bon e t soffisnunt oue le fouiideme~it d u i ~ eporehe solo~n la devyse mOstre
Henry Irelegll e t taunt tle iounderneni cle~boteras et ouc d u i ~ enntertable bon et
suffisaunt de durre pere solo111 la devgse le dit mestre Henry et avera pour fouer le d ~ t
foundement e t trover piere c r q e Iyme et snbloun et tablen~eutcnriage et toutes chose?
que apertent a1 dit orerayne v i ~ i t zet tyncje inarcs come 11 ferra soun overayne cgnqe
lnarcs a1 comensenicnt les quens le dit Nichole ad receus del avaunt c11t Nons' Johan
e t ensy de tenlps ell tenips cyiiqc III~LI,CS:
taiiq~leles clits s s v . mares soyount perpaies.
Et la dit orerayne serra perfourmy bien et suffisaunte~nentperentre la fesaunce dg-cestes
e t lo moys prochein apres la feste tie Pasq~le solom devyse laranndit mestre Henry
a qnele chose bien et loialment perfon~mer laraunclit Nichole se oblige per cestes
presentes. E n te~noignancede quele chose les parties snisdits ount entrechangeable-
meut mys lour seals a ycestes. Donc a loni~dreslareille cle None1 anno regni Regis
Ricnrtli secundi post conquestu~nquinto.
The E a s t window of Battersca Parish Church was designed and erected by
Ivelegh. W h e n t h e church was rebuilt and enlarged, t h e old window was taken
down, stone b y stone, a n d re-erected i n t h e present church.
Brother Williams' contention t h a t Yevclc=Yeovil, receives confirmation
from t h e name of t h e place as given i n t h e Doomsday record, where i t is spelt.
Givele, Ivle.
T h e old church of t h e Hospital of S t . K a t h e r i n e b y t h e Tower afEorded a n
example of a seventeenth century speculative Freemason. There was buried in
1683 Robert Beadles. described as a Freemason, one of H i s Majesty's Gunners
a t the Tower.
Battersea Churchwardens' Accounts for 1657 show a seventeenth century
operative Freemason :-
" P d . t o Thos. Goodridge freemason for malring t h e stepps a t t h e Church
both for stone and worltnlanship 16s. 7d."

Bro. W. J . WILLIAMS
writes, i n reply :-
The pleasure I h a d in preparing a n d presenting m y paper is enhanced by
t h e very cordial reception given t o it b y m y Brethren. I a m hopeful t h a t when
i t comes before our Correspondence Circle in t h e printed Tm?~saclionsthey will
find i n i t much to interest t h e m , a n d t o incite t h e m , especially our Brethren in
t h e Provinces a n d i n other lands, to collect and comnlunicate t o their Fellows
similar information as t o t h e Masonic monuments, records a n d bric-a-brac in
thcir own localities. B y such means we may speedily hope t o achieve a com-
prehensive AIasonic survey which will afford materials for f u t u r e histories of the
Craft.
There is no need to assume t h a t nothing remains t o be done i n this way.
On t h e contrary, within t h e last year or so, i t h a s been left t o t h e Brethren in
London t o disinter most important documents relating t o t h e C r a f t a t Exeter,
at Oxford, and a t Lincoln.
Such matters would long since have been brought to light if the local
Brethren had taken a greater and a continuous interest i n their own IIasonic
history.
Aly sincere t h a n k s are here accorded to all t h e B r e t l ~ r e nand especially to
those who have added lustre to tlie subject b y their own lucubrations.
A s to Bro. Gordon I-Iills' observations. I t is gratifying t o any writer to
find t h a t he h a s found a subject which h a s aroused interest a n d elicited additional
items and particulars.
A s t o whether Lord Nelson was a hIason, i t should b e renlenlbcred that
t h e existencc of t h e " Nelsonic Crimson Oalres " medal is not t h e only fact which
indicates an answer t o t h e question.
 111 m y paper 1 ollly s1111plied materials for co~isideration. a i d I still, as
then, leave t h e m a t t e r for tlie E r e t h e n t o form their own concl~~siolls.
If the B r e t h r w a r e prompted t'o visit S t . I-Ielell's. Bishopsgate, they will
110 i~~terestecl
t o see a '\\'all Tablet n e a r t h e pulpit.
At the head of i t is t h e Volmne of t h e Sacred L a w irradiated. Then
comes this inscriptiotl :-
This Tablet was erected b y
A F e w Masonic Friends t o t h e N e m o r y of
T h e R e v . J o h n E d n l ~ u l d C o s D.D.
of All Souls College. Osforcl. who for
24 years was Vicar ancl subsequently
for 14 years Vicar-in-Charge of t h i s
P a r i s h a n d for 10 years G r a n d Chaplain
of t h e Freemasons of E n g l a n d
Horn October 9t'h 1812
Died 08ctoher 27th 1890

Blo. Gordon Hills makes reference t o a work of t h i s departed Brother.

As to Brother Belzoiii. T h e referelice made b y m e t o t h e 1:reenmson's
!lJn!/fr:ii~e was 011 tlie a u t h o r i t y of a note there quoted over t h e signature of
W. Sadler K.T. l g O , n h o s t a t e s : H e a n d I Rere b o t h m a d e K n i g h t s Templar
in 1838 in t h e E n c a ~ n l m e ~a~t t Norwich t h e well known S i r K n i g h t ' Daddy
Coke afterwards E a r l of Leicester being Prov.G.11. N o one who once saw
Belzoni could forget h i m , h e stood 7 feet 10 ins. i n height.'
Having regard t o t h e record i n t h e Alien Office t h a t Belzoni was registered
as 6 feet 6 inches in height a n d t h a t t h e Dicttr,nccr,/ o f -1-cctionctl B~ogrccpJly gives
it as 6 feet 7 ins., I fear t h e n a t ~ u a ldesire of Bro. W. Sadler t o emphasize the
fact of the unusual s t a t u r e of Belzoni h a s led t o a n addition of 15 inches. There
ieenls hardly room t o suppose t h a t Belzoni achicved so lnuch f u r t h e r height after
the Registered m e a s ~ ~ r e m e n t .
I n t h e British -IIuseum L i b r a r y is a Book of coloured sketches b y Belzoni
illustrdting numerous articles a n d i n E g y p t i a n Tombs. This book was
given by Belzoni t o t h e D u k e of Susses, b u t afterwards came i n t o t h e market
and was bought f o r t h e X n s e u m .
A Royal A r c h Jewel believed to have been worn b y Belzoni is i n t h e
n t h e C h a p t e r of S t . Jdincs N O . 2.
p o s ~ c ~ s i oof
The aclditional facts, s ~ ~ g g e s t i o n sa ,n d queries contained i11 Bro. Daynes's
contribution form f u r t h e r evidence of t h e value of t h e welcome given by t h e
Lodge to t h e comments of t h e Brethren. I refrain froin dealing with t h e various
points raised lest I should u n d u l y exceed t h e space limit.
Bro. Elkiilgton's notes a r e also Iielpful.
A s regards t h e impresslnent of Masons, i t is t o b e remembered t h a t , ill
consequence of t h e ravages of t h e Black D e a t h in 1348-1349. t h e r e was a great
scarcity of workmen a n d a tendency always i n h e r e n t i n t h e h u m a n race, to
increase their demands f o r remuneration c o n ~ e c ~ n e on ~ l t t h e lack of competition.
The crux of t h e m a t t e r m a y well be t h a t t h e STasoils so conmandeered were
' to work at t h e K i n g s Wages. '
I venttue to suggest t h a t B l o . Elkingtou h a s mis-read t h e entry dated
1376 in the City of London L e t t e r Book H. It does n o t say t l m t t h e 3Iasons
were entitled t o four representatives and t h e Ereeniasons t o two. A photograph
of the elltry is i n . I .Q.(?. s l i . . 136. I t shows t h a t t h e same two incn who had
a t first been entered as Fremasons " were included u n d e r t h e subsequent
l~eadiug' l\hsons.' making a t o t a l of four 3Iasons a n d ~ h o w i n gt h e y were all of
one mlsterie, and not members of independent Societies.
The contribution of Bro. Sykes is very welcome a n d a d d s valuable infornla-
tloll lvhich for t h e most p a r t h a s n o t yet been enshrined i n t l ~ e s eTrccl~sirctiou~.
Concenling m y correction as to t h e age a t d e a t h of E d w a r d 11arshall. i t is
b11t fair to s t a t e t h a t o u r B r o t l ~ e r Conder was incorrectly inforlned b y t h e
J ) f I ~ p . T h e J I o n u m e n t i n S t . Dunstan's. Fleet
114 Trunsrtctions of t h e Q u a t u o r C o r o n a t i L o d g e .

Street clearly shows t h e age as 7 7 . and t h e inscription is correctly given i n

IIatton S i l - e ~ r ! T i e v of Loiicc'ot~.
A photograph of t h e Xarsllall 1 f o n m 1 e a t ~ l l u s t r a t e sm y p a p e r but I fear
the inscription canslot be very clearly reproduced. The photograph is the copy-
right of 11.11. Stationery Ofice and is reproduced by their permission. I t was
take11 on behalf of t h e Royal Commission on Historical i\Ionumeats (England).
The distortion is i n t h e original photograpli and was practically unavoidable.
1 venture to round off these obserrdtions b y referring t o a masterpiece of
operative X a s o n r y lillli~illg t h e Craft with t h e very alicient Xaster BIasons of
Egypt.
I refer to Cleopatra S Neeclle now ereciecl on t h e Thames Emhankmeiit.
011 this t h e eyes of lloses who has been styled " t h e General Ilastar i\lasoli '
must m a n y times have rested. It dates back t o 1450 B.C.. ancl IS t h e largest
quarried stone i n England. The largest of t h e Stonehenge blocks weighs allout
18 tons. This weighs 186 tons. The Ol~eliskitself is i n some measxlre allegorim1
and bears incised illustratioi~sof symbols.
 REVIEWS.

THE TRANSACTIONS O F T H E LODGE O F R E S E A R C H No. 200 I.C.

F O R T H E Y E A R 1923.
(Dublin, 1929.)

S a Founder and P . n l , of the Lodge of Research I . C . , I should

feel some d~ffidencein reviewing its Tmmctctions for the year
1923, which have just been published, did I not feel strongly
t h a t the volulne in question calls for careful examination and
discussion, and t h a t perhaps I may be fitted t o approach this
task with nlore sympathy a i d ~mderstandingt h a n many others;
and these reflections only have induced me to undertake it.
The Trnnsactlons make a portly book of 475 pages, 360
of which are filled by Brother Philip Crossl6's Historical Sketch of St. Brendan's
Nasoi~ic Lodge No. 163. Rirr, K i n g ' s County." The other papers printed
comprise : " Freemasonry in the Midland Co~mties Province. " by V.W. Bro.
John A I . Lewis ( W . N . of t h e Lodge in 1923), which is supplenlented by a
valuable list of Lodges; ' The old records of the Longford Jlasonic Lodge
(1743-1835)," by W. Bro. Walter Sargaison . and " Springett P e n n ' s connexion
with the Grand Lodge of Munster, 1726-30.' by W. Bro. Bernard Springett.
who is of the same family as the famous i\Junster and London Freemason. I n
Appendices (whlch we also owe to Bro. Cro~slB)are given a conlplete reprint of
the fitinutes of tho Grand Lodge of I\Iunster (and First Lodge of Ireland, the
present No. One Cork) 1726-49. and also an identification of the nlenlbers of
the London Lodge " The Ship behind the Royal Exchailge " ~ v h owere registered
with the Grand Lodge of England in 1723. Brother Cross16 shows that nearly
all these Freenlasons were Irishmen. many of them with landed estates in Ireland.
and this notable piece of research work not only suggests why a Grand Lodge
of Ireland came t o be established c l r c c ~ 1723, b n t also is additional and convincing
proof that the English and Irish Masonic cerenlonies must have been identical
a t this date-of course, this has been generally accepted as a fact by Nasonic
scholars of late years, b u t i t has remained for 13rother Cross16 to put the matter
beyond all reasonable shadow of doubt: so I should like t o congratulate him on
a striking addition to our knowledge t h a t , I venture t o say, no living 1Iason but
hilnself could have furnished.
IIaving conlnlended all t h e aforementioned papers t o t h e serious attention
of IViIasonic students, I shall now proceed to deal with t h e ' History of Lodge
163." with its interpolated chapter. " The Irish Rite," which is an amplified
version of an address delivered by the author to the Xanchester Association for
Masonic Research i n the year 1927.
Lodge 163 was warranted for Birr (otherwise known as Parsonstown) in
1747, and is still current after having passed through some hard times. The
Minute Books exanlined r u n fiom 1775 to 1872, and the history of the Lodge
falls into three epochs, 1775-97. 1800-27, and 1836-67. with periods of dormancy
between each.
Let me say a t once t h a t these Minutes are full of matters as interesting
as noteworthy: but I shall not attempt t o skim off the cream in any way, for
every serious student mill do well to acquire the book. L e t me, however, give
a whet, here among other surprises you will find an instance of a Lodge t h a t
116 Trccmstctions of t h e Qucctuor C o r o n n t i L o d g e .

practically constituted another by giving the new body a copy of its Warrant
(just as happened in the case of No. 74 I.C. in 1759 a t Albany N.Y.)
you will covet the book too for its fascinating illustrations, including one of a
magnificent fireplace, dated 1635, which represents the rebuilding of the Temple,
the masons with sword in one hand and trowel in the other: a n d , finally, i t
contains a list, as complete as care can make it, of every member of and visitor t o
No. 163 since 1747, compiled and printed a t the author's own expense. For
these and many other features in the book we shall have t o give our Brother
Cross16 very hearty thanks.
I n my opinion then, as a record of Yasonic days t , l ~ a thave passed away
for ever this history is highly praiseworthy; b u t i t is equally my opinion that
as an att.enlpt t o prove the preconceived theory with which Brother Cross16 sets
out on his pilgrimage we must regard i t as a deplorable failure.
The more deplorable because loose reasoning and jumping a t conclusions
and positive statement in lieu of proof have too often been accepted (even since
1886) as gospel by those credulous Brethren who believe anything they see in
print: and if this book suffers from these defects, as i t seems t o me to suffer, it
may sooner serve t o spread error among the uninstructed t h a n promote discussion
among the erudite of our Order; though I have no doubt the latter was the
author's true object in putting i t forth.
The theory on which the book is based appears to be as follows: the
Irish Royal Arch degree (with the J. Legend) originally included the degrees
that are now known in Ireland as the Knight of the Sword, Knight of the East,
and Knight of the East and West, which degrees approximate in Legend, etc.,
to the one known t o us in England as the Red Cross of Babylon, and figure in
one old French ritual of the Ancient and Accepted Rite i n Q.C. Library as the
15th and 16th of t h a t system.
If Brother Crossl6's theory is correct, its implication is to confer added
dignity on the recently formed (1923) Grand Council which now governs these
degrees ( K t . of the E a s t , etc.) in Ireland. They used t o be conferred as side
degrees in some of the Irish Preceptories, notably Sharavogue Preceptory, Birr,
and North Down Preceptory, in which latter I personally received then1 over
twenty years ago. It appears that the Grand Council also confers nowadays the
degrees of Babylonian Pass, Jordan Pass, and Royal Order or Prussian Blue. for
which, if I have followed him correctly, Brother Cross16 would claim an antiquity
coeval with t h a t of the other Red Cross d em~ r e e s .as he terms all those comrsrised
in this group. It is obvious. therefore, t h a t a further inlplication attends the
acceptance of the theory, and t h a t is this: the Irish Royal Arch in its palmy
days must have been a very lengthy ceremony, t o w i t : the existing Irish Royal
Arch degree and all i t contains in passing the veils and exemplification of the
J. Legend, plus t h e Z . Legend as divided now into three degrees in Ireland.
further plus the three other degrees mentioned above. of which I personally have
no knowledge, for there was no knowledge of them existing in Irish Xasonry in
all the degrees I took there u p to and including t h a t of Prince Nason: so they
presumably have been revived since 1914.
(This will be a convenient place to give the warning t h a t the J. Legend
was not, in my opinion, in undisputed possession of the Royal Arch field in
Ireland. Some of the R . A . seals illustrated in this book are sufficient proof t o
the contrary, were any needed, which is not the case.)
Having adopted his theory for better or worse, Brother Cross16 sets out to
attempt to prove i t by citing a multitude of documents, which, however interesting
and valuable in themselves, and they usually are so. bear better testimony to the
wideness of his reading than to his success in either stating a case clearly or in
drawing an obvious conclusion. Mien evidences clash with theory. as they are
continually doing throughout, we are offered another theory t o explain away the
staggering inconsistency: and thus the airy fabric rises. improbability piled upon
improbability, and cemented with ever-ready assertion in lieu of proof or logic.

1 Vide A . Q . C . r.. 242.

 We are told first of all that the three degrees mentioned by Fennel1 (1730))
viz. (1) E . A . , (2) F . C . . and (3) 3 I . N . . are not what we understand by the names
now: that (1) included our present E . A . and F . C . ; ( 2 ) our present N.iU.: (3)
our present Installed Master's degree. Royal Arch (Irish J . Legend) and the
group of Red Cross degrees (for which see above). W e are further told t h a t a t
an indefinite period, b u t circa 1750, a conversioil to what Brother Cross16 calls
"Royal Archism" took place i11 the Irish metropolis, since when pure
uuadulterated Irish Freemasonry has only been foulid sporadically preserved in
isolated illstances in remote country Lodges. I fear onr Brother has left this
very peculiar term of his own invention lying about too carelessly and that some
will trip over i t . After reading his definition of it a t page 144. ', that blessed
word Xesopotamia " itself has more comfort, for me a t all events. Yet, since I
may be dense or unfair, I hasten to copy his words i n full :-
" ' Royal Archisin ' is a phrase of my o~viicoining. I t falls into the
same category with 'Ritualism,' defined inter crlicc: 'excessive
observance of f orins in divine worship ' . "
But, if I have followed our Brother correctly. " Royal Archism " was rather an
excessive lack of observance of forms, such a lack t h a t its expoileilts failed to
obseive or preserve integral forms of the Irish Royal Arch degree, the existing
Red Cross degrees. Thus t h e theory leads to a point where we must either fall
into the jaws of a paradox or remain bogged in the slough of an inadequate
definition.
Here I had better state my o ~ r i ipersoi1al opinion. which was elaborated
in a paper for the Lodge of ReLearch as long ago as 1915: t h a t our original
English and Irish E . A . (the forms being similar in t h e period 1723-30) did
comprise our existing E . A . ancl F . C . : a i d t h a t our existing N . N . degree vTas
originally known as the F . C . I t is quite unnecessary to quote the names of
famous lllasonic scholars who have held or still hold similar views. So far then,
Brother Cross16 a i d I see eye to eye: and I will go even farther, and declare
that to the best of m y knowledge and belief a n essential p a r t of our existing
Royal Arch degree (common t o both the English and Irish varieties) was known
to the Dublil~ Masons of 1725 : but 1 am unable to go with hiin in asserting
that the original &I.AI, degree coiltailled the clamjamphrie of ritual that he
claims for it, or t h a t the transposition of names took place as late in the
eighteenth century as he thinks.
I had imagined t h a t one salient fact was beyond dispute between Brother
Cross16 and myself, yet apparently we have t o join issue on i t now: the evidence
of Laurence Dermott, if his evidence is worth anything, shows t h a t the degree of
Installed Master was firinly established in the Irish metropolis by the year 1745.
and was then looked upon as an essential preliminary to t h e Royal Arch degree,
which was known by this latter name, and ??of by t h a t of Master 1la:on. If
Dernlott was speaking the t r u t h , and I hold t h a t he usually did about matters
that came within his own knowledge, then his word, supported as i t is by the
words of conteinporary worthies, sweeps away a good inany of Brother Crossl6's
arguments. It will be enough here to remind Brethren t h a t we have the
testinlolly of the Installing Officer himself t h a t Derinott was installed as W.11.
in Dublin in the year 1746, and his own testiinony t h a t h e was exalted R . A . in
the same year. On these and on other grounds (which will be patent to everyone
as soon as Brother Songhurst has completed his labours on t h e AIiinltes of the
Grand Lodge of England) I cannot accept the theory t h a t t h e Royal Arch degree
was part and parcel of the Irish Installed Master's degree i n 1746 or later.
Passing from the theory to the details of its construction. it has been
extremely difficult to single out the main pillars on which our Brother bases his
beliefs, because in looking for them you have to t u r n over page after page full
of matter quite irrelevant t o the main issue, though full of interest always. and
often of value. I trust I am not doing the author any illjustice in giving the
following as the main points in his creed :-
118 Trcir~.sncfiotisof thle Qirtrtrtor C o r o n u t ~Lodge.

A. The occurrence of a ' Deputy X a s t e r " as a n officer i n any Irish

Lodge shows t h a t t h e Lodge was a t t h a t period working t h e old n1.X. degree,
viz., Illstalled X a s t e r + Royal Arch ( J . Legend) + R e d Cross degrees (Knight of
the East, etc.). T h e appearauce of a sword and trowel i n a Lodge floor-cloth is
also a sign bearing t h e same esoteric significance.
B. W h e n t h e words Royal Arch occur i n a n y old I r i s h connexion, they
do not mean what we mean b y Royal A r c h , b u t sonlething quite different. Thus
the Eanlous reference to t h e Royal Arch carried i n procession a t Youghal in
December, 1743. ' cannot be read t o mean a degree hearing t h a t na&e v7as
conferred a t Youghal i n 1743." Similarly, Dassigny's equally famous reference
(1744) " does not suggest t h a t t h e Royal Arch nlasons of York were anything
more t h a n AI.& u n d e r another name." About Dassigny S f u r t h e r statement:
' it is a n organised body of nlen who htrve ptrsced the clincr " (my italics) our
Brother says: ' This is a n early reference t o t h e expression passed the chair,'
used here i n a collocluial sense; because 110 available evidence justifies t h e asser-
tion t h a t a separate degree, under t h a t specific name. was conferred i n Ireland
before circa 1790."
L e t m e here refer Brother Cross16 to t h e e n t r y i n Kilwinning Lodge
(Dublin) 3Iinutes of 1st J a n u a r y , 1781 ( I reconstrnct t h e date, for t h e entry is
torn) when a Lodge of emergency opened with Brother Wogall i n t h e Chair and
proceeded t o instal our (Wors11)ipful Bror Alley i n d u e for111 with ( )
honours.' A t t h e previous meeting on S t . J o h n ' s D a y i n W i n t e r . 1780,
Brother TVogan h a d been installed as proxy for Bro. Lewis Alley Master Elect,
who had not attended-if no esoteric ceremony was attached, why repeat the
performance ?
C. The practice upheld b y Laurence Dernlott i n England of conferring
the Royal A r c h upon only Installed lllasters is not t o b e t a k e n a s indicating the
Irish practice i n 1746. when he received t h e clegree i n Dublin i n Lodge 26.
D . It cannot be too strongly insisted t h a t t h e Installed Master as a
separate degree did not come into vogue i n I r e l a n d till circa 1790.
( F r o m which i t follows, as n a t u r a l corrollaries, though Brother Cross16 does
not pursue his argllnlent so f a r , (1) t h a t t h e A n t i e n t s i n E n g l a n d were unjustified
in claiming Installation a s one of t h e landmarks from which t h e Moderns had
retroceded : a n d (2) t h a t t h e Lodges of Promulgation a n d Reconciliation were
both bamboozlecl into adopting this feature as a n essential of old British working.)
E. T h a t Chetwo.de Crawley and snbsequent scholars have been quite
wrong i n accepting i n t h e ordinary sense of t h e words t h a t Irish Grand Lodge
X i n u t e of 1786 which r u n s : -
"'Resolv'cl t h a t i t is highly improper for a Master i\lasonJs Lodge as
such t o enter upon their Books a n y transactions relative to t h e Royal
Arch. ' '
Since t h e Master 1\Iason's degree a t this date contailled t h e Royal Arch, the
xords must bear some other nleaning t h a n t h a t of prohibiting t h e record of
Arch transactions i n C r a f t N i u u t e Rooks.
What that other meaning m a y be. Brother Cross16 does not make clear.
F. The original name of t h e K n i g h t of t h e E a s t a n d W e s t degree was
. . The Royal Order. "
W i t h none of t h e foregoing statements do I find myself able to agree:
because they are either co~ltraclictedby positive evidence long known to AIasonic
scholars or ~ulsupportecl b y a n y frcsh evidence produced b y Brother Cross16 in
this book.
H a v i n g formulated his theory, however. which h e hacl every right to do,
ancl stated i t v i t h a courage for which I have every admiration, he proceeds to
apply i t to t h e earliest X i n u t e s (1775-97) of Lodge 163 i n a way t h a t I consider
can neither be justified nor admired .in a serious historian. My readers will
kindly not take my o p i ~ l i oas~ being worth a straw in this case, but go to the
book itself, read the original Minutes of Loclge 163, and form their own judgment
of their meaning. They will fincl typical Irish country Lodge records, set down
hy rather unlettered secretaries (no disgrace that, b u t the fact must be taken
mto the balance), who occasiollally vary their phraseology for no real reason, as
I veuture to say happens to this very day. The plain ordinary English sense of
these hlinutes, which inentioil our three Craft degrees, with a n occasional reference
to the Royal Arch, is explained away by Brother Cross16 to mean something quite
different from what plain English usually means. Where the impossibility
becomes too glaring, as when the Royal Arch is mentioned b y name (though i t
had been dinned into us previously t h a t the Birr Freemasons knew i t as the
JIaster Mason S degree), then a harmless Brother who had visited the Kilwinning
Lodge in Dublin is made t h e villain of the piece and accused of attempting to
pervert the Xasons of Birr to " Royal Archism." Often, moreover, for no
apparent cause, the more inlprobable signification of a n entry is adopted
peremptorily, e.g., when a certain Minute of Lodge 794 Newbliss mentions the
conferring of the degree of the Knight of the Red Cross, Brother Cross16 decides
that this was not the degree colmnonly known by t h a t name in Ireland, but the
Red Cross of Constantine-goodness knows why.
And all this torturing of language and straining of imagination to
demonstrate a fact t h a t he has not succeeded in demonstrating (but rather the
reverse), that the Red Cross degrees have been known in Birr from the time
of the eighteenth century.
I hold no brief against the honour and dignity of the Red Cross degrees,
which were urobablv not nluch later in c o m i na ~t o Ireland t h a n the Rose Croix
(Prince Mason) in 1782, and were certainly in vogue there long prior to many
other Masonic degrees now held in the highest estimation: b u t in fixing their
real anticpity in t h a t country we shall do better to rely on such documents as
the one Brother Cross16 has reproduced in fucsimile a t page 256, which refers to
the degree by name in 1790. The contrary nlethod of twisting words to thatch
a non-weatherproof theory, while apt t o make the uninitiated smile, cannot but
mike the judicious grieve.
The earliest reference t o the Red Cross degrees in a n Irish Lodge which
I can find in my index was given me by Brother Cross16 himself some years ago.
I n the Freenlason of 1871, page 71, will be found notes of denlits granted by
No. 536 I.C. in the 30th Foot to Isaac Reed a t Long Island. N.Y. On the
20th July, 1783, he was made a Royal Arch Super-excellent IIason. On the
25th Augnst, 1783, he was dubbed a Knight of the Red. Cross. Thus they were
two separate degrees a t this date. I cannot believe t h a t they ever were one
united degree.
Yet, having expressed my disagree~nentwith mauy of t h e assumptions and
coilclusions contained in this book, i t v.ould be unjust and unbrotherly to lay i t
aside without a heart-felt conn~limentto the author for all t h e work that has
gone into its making. for all the time t h a t has been spent i n collecting the many
striking docnnlents i t comprises. Those of us who Iraow Brother Cross16 know
with what unselfish energy he has laboured for the good of the Irish Craft in
general and of the Lodge of Research i n particular: we aclruowledge that his
was the first idea of worthily celebrating our Bicentenary by producing a book
which will connect his l ~ a i n efor ever with t h a t of t h e Grand Lodge itself; we
are indebted, aud none more so t h a n myself, to his zeal for which no trouble
is too p e a t and 110 compilation too lengthy when information is wanted from
any of the documents under his care-and when we can truthfully bestow such
praise on a Brother, surely we may pardon the excessive enthusiasm for a theory
that has carried him much farther t h a n v e are prepared to go in his company.
I will personally vouch t h a t his theories, unstable as they seem to me. are
presented in all sincerity for our Brother is incapable of acting in any other
w a y and if I have tried to dissipate this insubstantial pageant with a few
 120 Trctnscrctions of thle Q u n t u o ~C'oro/zati L o d g e .

vigorous blasts of coinillon sense, i t is donel without t h e least desire to give pain
to one ~ ~ h o Ii na m proud to call friend as well as Brother.
iHarcli. 1930. JOHN HERON LEPPER.

FR,EENASONRY I N T H E T H I R T E E N COLONIES.

To m i t e t h a t one has enjoyed a book is m u c h t o write t h a t one has

admired i t is m o r e : b u t t o write t h a t it h a s brought one added knowledge and
wisdom is surely t h e greatest praise of all : a n d t h e present reriewer can in all
sincerity t h a n k our Brother J . E u g o Tatsch, t h e well-kllown American Ktasonic
scholar, for having given him all these sensations with his latest work.
Freemasonry i n t h e Thirteen Colonies."
Technically. to t h e eye of either editor or historian, t h e plan of the book
together with i t s execution is well-nigh perfect. I n t h space ~ of 245 pages of
good print v e a r e given all t h e main features of t h e history of the tliirteeu
oldest American 3Iasonic Constitutioils 1111 t o t h e times of establishment of
independent Grand Lodges i n each: nor has one of t h e more notable details in
the story of a n y of t h e m been omitted ; while for t h e reader i n search of more
iuinutie a n excellent bibliography appeiided to every chapter v i l l set his feet
on t h e right paths. The snccinct yet complete narrative is presented with
scholarly precision ancl critical broad-miiidedness. Brother Tatsch is neither an
iconoclast nor a fidei o'efeueor where olcl Ainerican nlasonic traditions are con-
cerned : soine he dismisses as improl~able,others as coining from untrustworthy
sources, b u t with yet others h a s indicated ways a n d means by which requisite
proof might be yet obtainable.
These a r e some of t h e reasons why I admire t h i s book.
TTT1len a n d where Freemasonry began i n what is now t h e lTnited States
Brother Tatsch does not offer a dogniatic opinion, a n d in all probability we
shall never know definitelv. because i t seems mlcloubted t h a t our Craft took its
course westward long before definite adl~erenceto one of t h e Mother Coilstitutioiis
in the British Isles h a d become t h e shibboleth of regularity. W h a t can be inore
certain t h a n t h a t where a few Freemasoas were gathered together i n New England
they should form themselves into a Lodge according to incient custoin? -T~'ho
are we t o d u b these non-repular. m
or even clandestine ineetines? I t is es~ential
D

t h a t we should cast off our present-day conceptions of JIasonic j ~ ~ r i s p r u d e n c eif,

n7e are going t o look up011 t h e colonial Freenlasonry of tn-o centuries ago with
any clearness of vision or judgment.
There is yet another point t h a t we sliould bear i n m i n d when estimating
the probable or possible antiquity of some of t h e old Ainerican Lodges. The
W a r r a n t as we know i t to-day did ~ i o texist in t h e G r a n d Lodge of England till ,
t h e sixth decade of t h e eighteenth century. Therefore all English Lodges
r e ~ u l a r l vconstituted. either a t home or i n t h e colonies, before this date would
0

come into 'being b y virtue of a " Deputation," a n a u t h o r i t y to some person or

persol~s t o instal a new 1\Iasonic body under t h e aegis of t h e Grand Lodge in
London. This docuinent might or might not be preserved b y t h e new Lodge:
in the vast majority of case; i t was not preserved, a n d i t s actual preservation
was unnecessary as a certificate of regularity. There is. therefore, more of
certainty t h a n conjectnre i n suggesting t h a t a great m a n y early American Lodges
found theinselves without a n y written evidence of regularity t h a t they could
produce, when asked t o account for their antiquity ancl good stailding later in
t h e eighteenth century. when a W a r r a n t of some sort h a d become a hall-mark
in the Craft. So, to iny inind, there is more t h a n a little to be s ~ i dbefore
 Reviews. 121

rejecting such early traditional dates as attach t o some of t h e old American

Lodges, for example, to the Lodge a t Norfolk in Virginia.
The Provincial Grand Masters in America were appointed in a haphazard
way; I have no doubt many of them executed their functions in a way just as
haphazard: i t speaks well for the reverence paid to the Craft in America that
we possess as many evidences of their activities there as we do.
The most casual reading of this book will show what a hard task American
Masonic historians have had. A minute study has been essential not only of
manifestations of Freemasollry in their own States, but also of the course of
events in the three Home Constitutions of England, Ireland, and Scotland, to
mention but the three most important. W h a t wonder then if some of the older
school of historians must now be considered unreliable, as one of them certainly
must in anything connected with the phenomenon of Antient I\Iasonry in
England. After all, Masonic history, like to Freemasonry itself, is a progressive
science. Every honest piece of work adds to our poteutial knowledge. We
cannot know everything, b u t we all have the desire to l e a r n : and I do believe
that there is not one of us b u t must learn more about his ou7n particular corner
of research by making his general reading as wide as opportunity gives him scope.
None of us can afford to remain completely ignorant of the origins of those
stupendous Masonic Constitutions across the Atlantic.
An ounce of example is worth a pound of precept. While this book was
lying on my desk waiting for review. I received a letter from a fine ,Ilasonic
scholar, saying: " I want t o learn something about American Nasonry, what
books shall I read ? " I have replied : " liead ' Freemasonry in the Thirteen
Colonies ' by J. Hugo Tatsch. H e has done for America what Vibert and
Dayiles have done for England."
March. 1930. JOHX HEROS LEPPER.

TTI'O BVLI'BBED T E A BS OF F R E E ~ l I A S O i Y R T : A HISTORT O F T I i E

RBITA:VfTlC LODGE N o . 33.

London : George K e m i n g & Son.

[Cloth, 10s. 6d., Library Edition, 25s.I
" This Book is not a n ordinary Lodge History " is the publishers' official
description: and when we learn t h a t the Records of t h e Lodge are missing for
the first one hundred and three years of its existence. we can sympathize with
the brother who found himself called unon to write a Historv of Two Huudred
years with such scanty material, even though we may differ from him in regard
to the utllity-and indeed t h e accuracy-of some of t h e information with which
he has expanded the Volume.
No doubt i t was wise, when endeavouring to piece together the fragments
of fact which go to make u p the History, to create a n ' atmosphere,' but as it
seems to me this ' atmosphere ' so far as Alasonry is concerned, and that is really
all that matters, is based nlainly upon Anderson, without a n attempt to consult
any of the critical commentaries which have appeared on t h a t brother's work.
I n some respects our Author has even out-distanced Anderson, for while the
latter only claims t h a t Adam was the first Mason or Geometrician, we read here
that :
Masonry actually began before man existed on this planet,
commencing i t is believed in the love dances of birds, whose revolu-
tions danced the grass into a circular nest. This nest became their
home, and its architecture was long afterwards imitated by the men
who made their first dwellings in the trees.
I am sorry that I cannot see the point of this joke. but i t enables me to
understand the force of the publishers' description of the book.
Anderson S work was a private venture, and received but a grudging
approval by Grand Lodge. There is no reason to believe t h a t he had any part
in the proceedings of 1716-17, and hc himself states t h a t the General Regulations
were first conlpiled by George Pdyne ln 1'720. F~wthermoreme need not now
repeat the tale-I think i t was started by Oliver-that nesaguliers and Anderson
had any share i n the conlpilation of the Ritual, nor assume that an early
Eighteenth Century Ritnal could bear more than a superficial resemblance to one
of the early Twentieth Century.
The statements t h a t Inigo Jones patronized the Lodges and Wren neglected
them, are pure Anderson, without any evidence whatever to support them. Our
Author admits that there is a doubt about their initiation, and yet he says that
they were " the two great leaders of specnlative masonry." The claim that
" me find several lodges of speculative nlasons working in England in the reign
of Queen A n n e " is not in Anderson. It would have been useful if we had
been furnished with particulars of these Lodges-if indeed they ever existed.
Other statements made by our Author are equally difficult to follow.
For example, he says, " there is plenty of evidence t h a t this Company [the
Xasons' Company of London] practised speculative masonry, as well as operative,
after the Civil War," and he puts forward the hypothesis t h a t a t some later
perlod not clearly defined b u t apparently early in the Eighteenth Century,
speculative nlasonry was so old t h a t i t was decaying." My own suggestion is
that he might well re-consider his definition of the word ' speculation '. I t may
be quite true that in the present day speculation can be defined as " the mental
process of contelnplating anything and viewing i t in its different aspects and
relations to other objects " but this definition would not hold good when
associated with " m e d i ~ v a lorganizations." The oldest known use of the word
in connection with t h e 1\Iason S Craft is in the Coob e US. (written c. 1420, but
from a much earlier original), and there i t is quite clear t h a t i t meant theor:/ as
opposed to practice, in other words, rleqiga as against a c t ~ ~ aconstrzrction.
l We
must not assume t h a t in m e d i ~ v a l times speculation meant philosophy.
' Atmosphere of this kind is apt to degenerate into Fog.
We are told that as conlpared with me11 of other trades " the masons alone
had liberty of movement, and so were called Freemasons to distinguish them
from the tied nlasons of the monasteries." I f , as seems t o be implied. this
means that the ' liberty of nlovenlent " was granted by Statute or Charter, the
statement needs some corroboration. although we know t h a t Nasons did travel,
especially when engaged on the King's work. And the periods during which
Nasons were styled Freenlasons would perhaps upset the theory as t o the meaning
of the prefix F r e e .
I cannot even guess the authority for the statements about the Antients
and the Xoderns. Their differences were on matters of Ritnal. and had nothing
whatever to do with politics or religion. The i\Ioderns admitted t h a t they had
departed from the Landmarks, and not until they reverted to the original form
was a Union possible. The theories about William Smith and his Pocket
C ompuzio~z are quite untenable.
The actual History of the Lodge contains many points of great interest,
though confusion has been caused by treating various inlportant periods of the
Lodge's existence out of their chronological order, the earliest I-Iistory from 1730
being dealt with after t h a t of about 1773 and onwards. I t will be useful to take
these in their proper sequence.
The Lodge was certainly formed in 1730, and our Author assumes that a
Charter or W a r r a n t was issued, and signed on 17th J u l y of t h a t year, by the
Duke of Norfolk. Gralld Naster. VC'e may acquit a later Secretary of the charge
(made by the Author) of losing a document t h a t never existed, for Warrants Rere
uuknown in this country for many years after 1730. There may perhaps have
been a Deputation to constitute. but the actual Constitution and Registration
vere considered quite sufficient to make a Lodge regular.
 Reviews. 123

The Lodge first Inet a t t h e Rainbow Coffee House, York Buildings, in the
Strand, and mention might have been made of a small but interesting incident
in coilnection with t h a t House. I n the Alinutes of Grand Lodge ( Q . C . A . X.,
128. 137) for 28th August. 1730, we find t h a t a conlplaint was lodged against
N r . Lily, the Landlord, " with having made i t his business to ridicule Alasonry
~ublickly notwithstanding he lately received the honour of having a Lodge
constitutecl a t his house and he being a 31ason. ' A t the next meeting the
parties attendecl in response to a snlnnlons and " after a full hearing on both
sldes and witnesses " i t was found t h a t " the Accuser and Accused had both
evidenced their Affection and Zeal for ,llasoury " and they were directed to salute
each other " which was done accordingly." The Lodge continued to meet a t
the Rainbow for nine years.
The Lodge is fortunate i n being included (with over eighty names) in the
List of Lodges and their nlenlbers " as they were returned i n the year 1730.
The Rt. 1 3 0 n ~ ' ~Thonlas
. Lord Love11 being then Grand Xaster." This descrip-
tlon nlakes i t clear t h a t the List was coinmellced in N a r c h , 1730-1, although for
convenience i t is called the " 31s. List of 1730." It is very uncertain when the
last entries were made i n the List, b u t i t was certainly i n use down to September,
1732. It is unsafe t o assume t h a t the Lodge a t t h e Rainbow started with
sixty-two members. The List furnishes prdctically all t h a t is known of the
Lodge during what t h e Author calls its ' Huguenot period," because some of the
nlenlbers had French names. I am inclined to think t h a t t h e List could well
have borne a closer scrutiny, as some of the lnenlbers are certainly recognizable,
and one-Henry Price-has long since been identified as t h e brother appointed
III 1733 as Provincial Grand Master for New England. It may be merely a co-
incidence that in a later list of nlenlbers we find a George Harrison, a brother
of that name having been appointed Provincial Grand Master for New York by
Lord Carysfort.
I n l739 the Lodge nioved to the Gun (otherwise Cannon), Charing Cross,
and I belieye t h a t this is the same house as the Gun (or Cannon), Suffolk Street,
Haymarket, where the Lodge lenlained until 1746. I n t h a t year it went to
Putney, meeting first a t t h e Bowling Green, and subsequently a t the Castle,
and the White Lion, where i t is said to have renlained until 1774, but in my
opinion this is very much open to doubt, though the tangle which is presented
is not easy to unravel.
I t would have been useful if we had been furnished with a statement
showing attendances a t Grand Lodge. I have made a rough search and find
that while the Lodge met in Town the representatives attended with considerable
regularity-about t ~ e n t y - t h r e etimes between 1730 and 1746. After the removal
to Putney there were about twelve attendances fronl t h e Bowling Green in as
nlany years (1746-1758). and six from the Castle from l758 to 1764. Then from
the White Lion we have attendances in 1766, 1769, and 1771. I n February,
1772, there is the first nlention of t h e name ' Britailnick,' and this seems to
upset our Author s theories based upon the adoption of the name in 1774. By
November, 1774, No. 33 was agai~x meeting in Town, a t the Thatched House
Tavern, and then there is a very regular attendance with 6 6s. for Charity a t
practically each meeting. Their adnlission fees and annual subscriptions were
high, and they charged 5. 5s. for Visitors!
I t will be noticed t h a t !he attendances tailed off considerably while the
Lodge was a t Putney, b u t our A l ~ t h o r says t h a t " the Lodge must have been
a going concern i n 1770 when i t was re-numbered 33." I do not agree with
this opinion. The re-numbering only shows t h a t the Lodge had not bren erased,
as actually happened in 1773. I n February of t h a t year the Grand Secretary
was directed to write to those Lodges which hacl not recently attended Grand
Lodge or contributed t o t h e Charity F u n d , and request them t o show cause why
they should not be erased. I n April following, seven Lodges were ordered to
be erased as they had not " contributed anything t o the F u n d of Charity for
some years past nor transmitted any satisfactory excuse for their omission."
Anlongst these Lodges was the White Lion a t Putney. There was nothing
unusual in this procedure. It was the ordinary method of cleaning the List.
Two years later eighteen Lodges were sindarly erased.
But what then of t h e very flourishing Lodge with the same Nuinher which
we find meeting a t the Thatched EIouse Tavern in l774 with Royal Princes as
nlenlbers? The imagined conversation between the Secretary of the Lodge and
the Grand Secretary does not ia1pre.s me. Was not Heseltine more likely to
have taken hold of the derelict No. 33 and worked it u p as a strong and
exclusive Lodge in London? I fancy that such a course would not have been
without a precedent. I t inigllt have been useful to study the History of the
Kew (Royal) Lodge which had been meeting at the Thatched House Tavern
from 1767. I n that Lodge ancl in that year the Duke of Cuinberland was
initiated, and he later became the ' perpetual Master ' of the Britannic.
We now come to a very interesting Book which is preserved in the Library
of Grand Lodge, and gives useful inforniatiorl coilcerning a period of ~vhlch no
other records are known to exist. I t contaiils a set of B y - L a w (undated) of
the Britannick Lodge No. 33 meeting a t the Thatched House Tavern. This is
followed by a second set of By-Laws of 1790, and each set has been signed in
the usual manner by the members as they were admitted. There are also solne
notes of meetings, tile latest of which is of 17th J u n e . 1817. The Secretary
during the later period was George Blackmail, who afterwards became Sir
George Harnage, and who died ill 1836. The Book the11 came into the hands
of 111s son, also George H a m a g e , and he in 1837 went through it and annotated
i t , principally identifying the meml~ers of the Royal family and of his own
family, who had been members also of the Lodge.
I have said t h a t the first set of By-Laws is undated. But a clate d o t s
appear. I n the preamble the Scribe \\rote ' The Britannick Loclge KO. 33
Constituted " and then left a blank which was filled in another h a n d \ \ ~ i t i n gby
l 2211d day of N a y 1773." I n 1790 there is no iilention of the date c hen the
Lodge was constitutecl, but the clate-22nd BIay 1773-is taken as that on which
the earlier By-Laws were " first formed and concluded.' B u t where did the
date come f r o m ? I t is within a inontli of the erasure of the Lodge, and I
think i t bears out my view that a new Lodge was p u t into the vacant place in
the Register.
This 31s. Book covers what the Author designates the " Royal Period "
and he deals fully with the Royal Princes who were members, as well as ~vitha
few other Brethren of note. but curiously he omits particular reference to the
Duke of 3Ianchester. Grand idaster 1777-1782; the Earl of Effingham, Acting
Grand Master (1782-1797) under the Duke of Cnmberland : Thoinas Sandby, the
Architect of our present Freeinasoils 1-Iall: J o h n Allen. Provincial Grand
3Iaster for Lancashire : the Rev. TTTilliam Peters. Grand Portrait Painter: a i d
others who were equally prominent in Xasonry in their day. H e identifies
Jaines Willis as a member, on the strength of his signature to an Inventory of
Lodge property in 1809. But surely Willis, the proprietor of Willis's Rooills
where the Lodge was meeting, only signed the docuinent in compliance with the
13th By-Law of 1790.
This particular Inventory is useful as i t tells somewhat of the history of
the valuable furniture ~ h i c his still in use to-day. On three Candlesticks are
to be found the letters G.U. which our Author suggests lnean George (Plince
of JT7ales) and Britr(~~.nzc.May i t not be t h a t t h e Candlesticks had been in the
possession of the Secretary. George Blackinan, and so bear the initials of his
name '2
TWOaimotatiolis in the MS. Book are treated differently by the Author.
One he is satisfied is correct, but the other he declines to accept. The first is
to the effect that Prince Willianl Henry, afterwards K i n g William I V . , was a
member, although he did not sign the By-Laws. This is quite possibly true,
for the Prince had been initiated in a Lodge a t Plyll~outh in 1786, and was
Xaster of the Prince of Wales Lodge in London for soine years down to 1830.
The second note states t h a t the Lodge did not meet after 17th J u n e , 1817. I t
is suggested that the annotator was not a i\Iason, and there seems no
 P a r t 111. deals with the private Lodge, its formation, its officers and so
on. in the same way. A s evincing the sort of inisunderstanding t h a t does exist,
I was only recently asked quite seriously whether a paper could be read in Lodge
during an ordinary meeting: the worthy P . M . who put the question really
believed t h a t nothing except routine business and ceremonies could be'done a t a
meeting without calling off. The fact that a Lodge cannot to-day make a By-Law
allowing subscriptions to be commuted for life-membership is one t h a t might
well escape Founders when drafting their By-Laws, as i t is not t o be found in
the B. of C. Apparently there never has been a categorical decision on t h e
subject. but in the Appendix (p. 202) we find a reference t o an expression of
opinion by Gland Lodge, and that is all. On the same footing are t h e restric-
tions in force to-day with regard to the name of a new Lodge. The section on
Lodge By-Laws is particularly helpful. and there are valuable hints on conducting
the discussions and dealing with amendments.
Bro. Edwards discusses the point whether a visitor may require to see the
Lodge W a r r a n t . and says that this may be. but that the discourtesy of such a
proceeding is apparent. I would suggest that the brother, by his very act of
proferring himself as a visitor, is, in legal phrase. estopped from querying the
right of the Lodge to meet since h e has by implication conceded it. It would
be another matter if he had come down armed with authority to enquire into
the legality of the Lodge's proceedings. The point should be academic. but t h e
incident actually occurred once within my knowledge. Two strange brethren
visiting a Lodge in a certain District thought t h a t they had been tested with
unnecessary particularity, and retaliated by requiring the W a r r a n t to be brought
out for their inspection. A s i t was framed and fastened to the wall of the
Lodge room, t h a conlpliance with their request caused no .mall disturbance, and
i t was some time before harmony was restored.
With regard to t h e returns stated to be due to the Clerk of the Peace
under the Unlawful Societies Act of 1799, a quite recent pronouncement in
Grand Lodge has altered t h e state of affairs. and Bro. Edward's analysis of the
position has now to be read with t h a t pronouncement in mind.
The table of payments t o G.L. on p. 103 omits one small amount t h a t a
new Lodge has t o pay, which is the 416 required by G.L. for the book of
candidate declaration forms under Rule 187. The quotation from the Book of
Ecclesiasticus t h a t is given in the section on the banquet is one t h a t might with
advantage be read occasionally, say imlnediately after the toast of the King.
This would be a pleasing innovation for some Master with much force of
character to introduce. The remarks on the introduction of a cigarette " with the
norliet. xhich one occasionally sees, seem to make rather too much of this old
addition to our table cnstoms. If the cigarette is treated as p a r t of the course.
the toast list need not be disturbed, since i t can plausibly be nlailitained t h a t
no one is smoking, in the t r u e acceptance of t h a t - t e r m , t h a t is to say. taking
tobacco after having finished their dinner.
Bro. Edwards considers t h e formation of what he calls rehearsal clubs t o
be an evasion of the provisio~lsof the B , of C. relating to Lodges of Instruction.
The rules contemplate t h a t these Lodges should be formally sanctioned, and their
times and places of meeting regularly notified to the authorities. But there is
nothing to prevent t h e TV.11. allowing the brethren t o meet. with all due pre-
cautions, for any purpose he pleases without the occasiou being treated as a
meeting of the Lodge. There is no doubt it is constantly done and indeed one
often sees the time and place of the rehearsal notified on the sumnlons itself.
The Lodges of Instructiou contemplated by the B. of C . are not bodies meeting
merely t o rehearse ceremonies, but they are supposed t o work the Lectures, and
would almost appear to have originally been formed for t h a t purpose only.
The rules as to Lodges of Instruction first make their appearance in 1819.
having been inserted as amendinents t o the C 0 ~ ~ s f i f u f i 0as7 ~printed
~ for
discussion in 1815. By a resolution of 9 Sep. 1818. G.L. approved a list of
amendments to the B. of C. which included: " That no general Lodge of
Instruction shall be holden but under the Sanction of a Regular Warrallted
Lodge [etc.]." J u s t what is implied by yenercrl does not appear.
111 P a r t I V . , which deals with Provincial and District Grand Lodges,
Bro. Edwards draws attention to one of the minor anomalies of the B. of C.,
which is t h a t whereas Deputy Provincial or District Grand Masters nlust have
previously served the office of Naster in a regular Lodge. this is nowhere laid
down as a qualification for the Assistant Provincial or District Grand Master.
(On p. 132. line 17, the word " Assistant" has dropped out of the text.)
With regard to the constitution of Grand Lodge, Bro. Edwards asks in
what capacity Past Masters of private Lodges attend, and. as I think correctly,
he comes to the conclusion t h a t they are there in virtue of their own qualifications.
We are liable to lose sight of the fact t h a t G.L. is not like Parliament, with
the Lodges i n the position of constituencies sending u p Members elected for that
purpose. G.L. is essentially the whole body of Masters of Lodges. with their
Wardens. The Moderns allowed the Grand Secretary and Treasurer and Past
Grand Officers to rank as members of Grand Lodge. The Antients went further
and all Past Masters of Lodgcs were allowed to be oil t h e same footing. ( d h o ~ z c c l ~
Re.o/t, 1807, p. 69, footnote.) A t the Union this principle was carried on into
the United Grand Lodge. I t seems to be clear therefore t h a t Grand Lodge to-
day consists, as i t did i n 1723, of the body of Masters of all t h e private Lodges
with their Wardens, but t h a t to these are added Past Grand Officers, Past
3Iasters and certain officials, in a n advisory capacity. and by virtue of their personal
qualifications. The Constitutions of l723 say clearly that the Lodges may
instruct their Masters, who are their representatives, how to vote. The first
two editions after t h e Union laid i t down that the Master and Wardens could,
by a formal document, appoint other brethren to represent them. B u t the
Past Nasters are apparently under no obligation to consult their Lodges. they
are neither representatives nor delegates. I n 1822, a t the meeting of J u n e 5th,
the Board of G . P . reported that they had maturely considered the question of
the right of P . M . ' s to sit in the G.L. and bad come to the conclusion that the
right is a personal one. The Constifltfionr of 1815 provided for one Past Xaster
only from each Lodge being a member of G.L.. but as amended in 1819, they
made all P . M . ' s members. and that is the rule to-day.
Clearly a Lodge would be perfectly i n order in sending u p a body of Past
IIasters to G.L. to vote 111 a special nlanner on any particular occasion. and the
incident has actually occurred.
Bro. Edmards observes. no doubt with perfect correctness, that there may,
as a matter of history, be a right in Grand Lodge to confer degrees on candidates.
but t h a t t h e right is, a t least, in abeyance. It would certainly introduce a
situation of some difficulty in respect of t h e candidate's position in the Order, if
the practice were to be revived to-day. But the point is academic.
The position of t h e Assistant Grand Secretary is not very clearly defined
on p. 165, even with the help of the Corrigendum. Actually this officer, when
appointed. is a n Officer of Grand Lodge with a specified position i n the order of
precedence.
The conclusion of t h e whole work is a well written analysis of our peculiar
system i n which t h e written law, ever tending to get more complex, is yet wholly
controlled by t h e unwritten spirit which lies behind i t and keeps the Craft alive.
I n printing his selection of decisions of G.L. which forms t h e first Appendix, the
Author is careful t o warn us t h a t these must be taken solely as decisions in
particular cases, and are not to be erected into general principles or even to be
regarded as precedents binding upon the Order. Some indeed are actually
superseded by recent emendations of the B . of C. as Bro. Edwards is careful to
point out. I n a second Appendix he gives the full text of certain recent changes
in the B. of C. itself.
 Reviews. 129

The work is not free from printers' errors which a t times make t h e Author
appear to be responsible for definitely erroneous statements. On p. 59 the text
of A r t . 120 of t h e B. of C. has been much distorted and t h e omission of the
word " Grand " before " Officers " in line eight seriously alters the sense. On
p. 56 the statement is made t h a t t h e petition for a new Lodge must be signed
by seven Master Masons regularly iustnlled: i t should, of course, read registered.
There are other small errors, some of which are dealt with by a Corrigenda slip
pasted in, but in what is in effect a legal text-book, i t is of more than ordinary
importance t h a t the t e s t sllould be immacu1at.e. B u t apart from this, the book
id a most useful piece of work, and should go far t o support the W.M. who finds.
not for the first time, that the description t h a t was given him of the Book of
Constitutions on Installation Night belongs rather to the domain of ritual than
that of actuality and was only intended symbolically. I t will go far to provide
Masters and those generally who have to determine questions of Masonic juris-
prudence in the Lodges with a really useful m a n ~ l a l , af which i t can be said
with some confidence t h a t scaroely a difficulty will occur in the Lodge but this
work will set i t right.
January, 1930. LIONELVIBERT.
 T r n n ~ u c t i o ~ iofs t h e Quatuor Coronati Lodge.

NOTES AND QUERIES.

ATHEW BIRKHEAD, AUTHOR OF THE APPRENTICE'S

SONG.--111 the Calendar of Wills for the Archdeanery of
AIiddlesex the following entry occurs :-
Birkhead, Mathew
gentleman
St. Clement Danes. Regr. 3. 1133.
11 March 172213. W . 11-126.
The Register contains a copy of the Will, but spells the Testator's name
as '' Brickhead. "
I have seen the original Will and extracted the following:-
The Will begins : -
" I n the name of God, Amen. I Mathew Birkhead of the Parish of
St. Clement Danes in the County of Middlesex Gent. being sick in
body but of good and perfect memory thanks be to Almighty God do
make this my last Will and Testament (that is to say) First of all I
recommend my Soul to Almighty God my Creator hopeing thro' the
meritts of our blessed Redeemer Jesus Christ to obtain Everlasting
life And I do dispose of all my personall Estate as follows (that is
to say) I will and desire that all my debts and funeral1 expenses shall
be well and truly paid and satisfied."
He then gives to his dear and loving Mother Sarah Watson alias Birkhead $10
to be paid within three months after his decease, and gives unto his dear and
good wife Sarah Birkhead all his right benefit and advantage in or belonging to
the Lease tenement House and Garden he had a t Brumpton in the Parish of
Kensington in Middlesex during her natural1 life, and after her decease he gives
the same to his said dear Mother. He bequeaths the residue of his estate unto
his said wife and appoints her to be Executrix. I n witness whereof he set his
hand and seal the 14th day of December 1719.
The signature is M. Birkhead.
The witnesses to the Will were Hen. Ordway and John Gatrell.
Probate was granted on 11th llarch 1722 to Sara Birkhead the Widow
and Executrix.
The Testator was buried a t St. Clement Danes Church and a record of
the funeral appeared in a contemporary newspaper.
The Seal on the Will is interesting. It shows on a shield three garbs
or wheatsheaves without any chevron or bar. The crest is a Stag's head with
antlers. As regards the Arms showh on the Seal i t would have been indiscreet
to assume that they belonged to the Testator. For a long period it has been
a custom to utilize any seal that may be handy; more often than not the seal
of the Lawyer who prepared the Will or other document. I n this case, however,
the Arms were evidently those claimed by Mathew Birkhead himself.
The evidence is to be found in the Tmmsactioms of the London & Middlesex
Archzological Association, vol. 1, pages 278 sepq., in an article on Sepulchral
Brasses a t Harrow (Middlesex).
An account is there given of the important Monumental Brass in Harrow
Church of John Byrkhede a priest (of which an etching by J. P. Malcolm,
dated January Ist, 1799. is published in that artist's " Illustration's to Lyson's
 Notes and Queries. 131

Environs of London ") :-" The terminations of some of the lines of the inscrip-
tion are marked by garbs or wheatsheafs. These were derived from the armorial
bearings of the deceased, whose entire coat, three garbs, is a t the lower left hand
corner. "
The true date of this memorial is apparently 1468, though other dates
have been erroneously assigned.
This John Byrkhede was Rector of Harrow and one of the Executors of
Abp. Chicheley, the founder of All Souls' College, Oxford. Other particulars
are given showing that John Byrkhede was highly esteemed. He had other
ecclesiastical preferments a t Wigan and at Hawkhurst.
I t would be improper to suggest that our Brother was a d e s c e d m t of
this priest, but he may easily have been collaterally related to him.
Continuing from the said Transactions a t p. 282 :-" It is remarkable that
the college of All Souls possessed at a later period, a fellow of the same name
(or nearly so) who was a person of considerable eminence. This was John
Birkenhead, sometime amanuensis to Archbishop Laud, and afterwards writer of
the Mercurius Aulicus. He was expelled from the college as a royalist in 1648,
and was subsequently knighted by Charles the Second. H e died in 1679.
Sir John was the son of R.andal1 Birkenhead, saddler, of Northwich in Cheshire;
in which county the family had long flourished, deriving its name from a place
opposite Liverpool, which in later years has arisen into world-wide reputation.
Dr. Olrmerod, in his history of Cheshire, vol. ii., p. 199, gives a pedigree of
Birkenhead of Bachford in that county, whose arms were: Sable, three garbs or,
within a bordure argent, and derives them conjecturally from John de Birken-
head, who bore three garbs on his seal temp. Edward 111. The Historian
remarks that this was one of the numerous Cheshire bearings which are what
the old heralds call arms of affection, and were adopted with reference to the
coat of the local sovereigns of the Palatinate." W.J.W.

Oddfellows.-In connection with the Paper on Oddfellowship by Bro.

Rickard, recently reprinted in our Transaction.s, i t may be of interest to note
that Mutual Benefit Societies were first recognized by Law when the Statute 33
Geo. 111. c. 54 was passed in 1793. Under this Statute the legal status of these
Mutual Benefit Societies depended upon the enrolment of their Rules with the
Clerk of the Peace, and the confirmation thereof by the local Justices. A vast
number of Societies speedily enrolled their Rules under this Act, familiarly
known as Rose's Act, thus showing that the Act met a real public need. For
instance, within a very few years after the passing of the Act nearly 1,000
Societies were enrolled in Middlesex, and in some of the other English Counties
the number was almost as great. I n the Archives of the Norwich Corporation
there are the Rules of over a hundred of these Mutual Benefit Societies, but
unfortunately none relating to Oddfellow Clubs. A search in the Archives of
other Municipal Authorities throughout England might, however, produce some
positive result.
The Rule in the Loyal Aristarcus Lodge of Oddfellows, as to no tipstaff,
bailiff, &C.,being eligible for admission, finds its counterpart in the Constitutions
of the Grand Lodge of Ireland a t the present day. By Rule 135 i t is
provided :-
" No Lodge shall initiate any person who shall not be able to read and
write, or who shall be a Sheriff's, Coroner's or Marshal's bailiff, or a
domestic livery servant."
The same Rule further provides :-
" Any Brother filling any of the before-mentioned positions, after he
has been admitted a Member of the Craft, shall forfeit. all his rights
as a Freemason as long as he shall continue to fill such position, and
 Truncnctio?~sof the @licit 1ror C'os.o~ztzLodge.

any Lodge which shall knowingly receive or admit among them any
Brother filling any of the before-mentioned positions shall be punished
as the Grand Lodge shall direct."
I n the lVorfotk a n d florwich Renzembrarzcer, 1701-1821, there is a t page
120, under the date November, 1811, the following paragraph:-
( ' As a Club of Odd Fellows were performing their mystic rites, in an
upper room a t the Three Tuns Tavern, St. Andrew's, Norwich, the
floor gave way, and precipitated the fraternity to t h e ground: none
of them were much hurt."
No Lodge of Freemasons was meeting at t h e Three Tuns Tavern, St. Andrew's,
at the period mentioned, and I can find no further particulars as to this Lodge
of O'ddfellows.
Lastly, no mention was made in the Paper, or the discussion which
followed, of t h e account of Oddfellows and their ceremonies, given in a letter
printed by Richard Carlile in The Republican, vol. 12, No. 16, for 21st October,
1825, pp. 497-501. The account is a full one, and therefore too long to quote
here, b u t should be considered by anyone studying Oddfellowship.
GILBERTW. DAYNES.

Engravings of the Portrait of Anthony Sayer.-I have now, through

the courtesy of t h e Lahore authorities, been enabled to see the original engraving
in their possession, which they have been kind enough to send over here, and i t
is undoubtedly a first state of the engraving, before letters, and before being
cleaned for ellgraving the lettering. 0& thelower part of the paper, but inside
the plate mark, sonleoile at a later date has written: Anthony Sages., G.11. 1717,
and outside the plate mark Highmore pinxt. Pnber feczt. From the photograph
alone i t could not be determined how much below the actual engraved area was
mount and how much was blank area within a plate mark.
Bro. A . F. Calvert has also gone into t h e questions of the plate in its
various states and of t h e reprodnction t h a t the late Bro. Sadler had made, and
he has been able to establish the fact that Bro. Sadler, when making his re-
production, took t h e very unusual course of changing t h e lettering. H e had
the original lettering removed and replaced by a copy which was not a n exact
reproduction. H e therefore gave us what one would naturally take to be a
renroduction of a different d a t e . if its true historv had not now been ascertained.
Accordingly the alteration i n the lettering does not support the inference that
the original plate was redrawn by Richardson i n 1790, and in Bro. Calvert's
opinion t h e plate was the same throughout.
All this does not affect t h e Lahore engraving, the one which omits the
apron. and this still remains unique, but apparently t h e original plate was not
a t any time redrawn as I had been led to conclude, and the minute differences
must be explained as due to wear or to the process of reproduction.
L.V.

A Possible Identification of Warrant No. 45 1.C.-Warrant No. 45 is

blank in t h e earliest register of the G.L. Ireland, compiled circa 1761. I t was
issued probably in the latter half of 1735, but not later t h a n April 1736.
This note is intended as a suggestion more than a definite identification of its
original destination.
I n the Minutes of St. John's Old Kilwinning Inverness, 14th December
1744, we read :-
" David Holland present Master of the Lodge of Free i\lasons in the
Honble Brigadier Guise's R8egt now lying a t Inverness, F o r t George,
 iI7otes and Queries. 133

visited us this day, and had his proper place assigned to him in our
procession: he appears t o be No. 45 Mrs of this Lodge."
Brigadier Guise's Regiment was later known as the Sixth Foot, the present
Warwick Regiment.
The . ' Airs " in above entry is a bit of a crux. H a s the BIinute been
transcribed correctly ? Might i t be " W r t " ?
The 45 looks to me like the number of the Lodge: and since Scots Lodges
were not numbered a t this date, and there were n o English Nilitary Lodges yet,
we have to fall back on the Irish Constitution for a parent.
The Sixth Foot was in Ireland from l720 to 1739, within which period
the original No. 45 was issued.
I n the winter of 1753, after service in Scotland, the Sixth Foot proceeded
to Gibraltar. It may well have gone by way of Ireland.
A t any rate, No. 45 crops u p again in E'nztlkiter's D u b l i ~ r J o u ~ ~ afor
l
March 1753 :-
" On Wednesday last t h e Printer hereof received One Pound Four
Shillings from the Gentlemen of Lodge No. 45 of F R E E and
A C C E P T E D BIASONS in Barrack street, for the Gentleman, the
son of a Clergyman etc."
Barrack Street was a usual place of meeting for military Lodges in garrison in
Dublin. It was not, so f a r as we know, a fixed Dublin Lodge. I take i t
t.hat this advertisement carries us a step farther in fixing No. 45 as a military
Warrant.
Very little additional outside evidence is needed either t o disprove or
confirm above, which I print with the object of securing such evidence.
J.H.L.

Provincial Warrants.-In the Appendix t o P a r t I. of his paper, Bro.

Carter, a t p. 94 of A .Q.C'., vol. xli., showed Lodge Unanimity, Norwich,
constituted in 1758, as having lapsed in 1797. Nevertheless he ulso gave its
present number, which is 102. This apparent contradiction reflects an interesting
piece of Lodge history t o which Bro. Sorrel1 of Lowestoft has drawn my attention.
Bro. Carter himself would have dealt with i t had he lived; t h e papers were with
him a t the time of his death.
The history of the Lodge will be found a t pp. 118-132 of Bro. Hamon le
Strange's Hzstory of Freemasonry in Norfolli, and further details can be gathered
from the correspondence in the files in Grand Lodge. It was founded in 1758,
to meet a t Norwich, b u t t h e only authorities for the meeting-places until 1787
are the Engraved Lists, and the W a r r a n t of Confirmation granted in 1811, as
for the period before 1787 there are no records, b u t t h e Lodge contributed to
the Hall Fund previous t o 1781.
The first entry in the Minute Book, the date of which is 4 April, 1787,
shows very clearly t h a t a certain Bro. Chapman Ives acquired the " Constitution "
and opened a new Lodge a t Coltishall, a village seven miles N . of Norwich.
This Brother had been initiated in the Maid's R e a d Lodge in 1784. (9.Q.C.
xxxviii., 267.) H e was a brewer at Coltishall, and the proceedings a t this first
meeting consisted of admitting him and 13 other brethren as joining members,
and initiating a candidate. I n the G.L. Register these admissions are preceded
by seventeen names as t o which no information whatever is given. LIost of the
individuals can be found as members of other Lodges i n Norwich and the neigh-
bourhood, and tha names probably represent the membership of the Lodge before
i t became inactive in Norwich itself; seven can be traced t o Union Lodge, and
the names of others occur in the Maid's Head Lists in S.Q.C. xxxviii. The
Lodge met a t Coltishall and Norwich and also a t Wroxham. After the meeting
of 4 September, 1797, there was a break and the Lodge did not meet again until
134 Transactions of the Quatuor Coro~zatiLodge.

10 December. 1804, when it made a fresh start a t the King's Head, Hoveton
St. John. B u t this and Wroxllam are adjacent parishes, and the extent of the
migration was n o more than half-a-mile, from one inn to t h e next. The same
Brother presided on both occasions, and the same Brethren were members. (T7isle
a letter t a Bro. J o h n Lane from t h e Prov.G.Sec. of Norfolk, of 17 Feb.. 1891,
in the file a t G.L.) I t is this break that Lane takes as a lapse of one Lodge
and the fornlation of a new one, for which he gives the date 10 December, 1804,
as the date of t h e Warrant of Constitution. There is no such document
recorded, nor does i t appear t h a t any Warrant was surrendered by the Coltisliall
Lodge.
I n 1811 the Lodge got a Warrant of Confirmation. as i t appeared that
its original Warrant was lost or destroyed. I n 1814 i t moved to Bungay in
Suffolk. Once more Lane calls this a, new Lodge, with its own Warrant. B u t
in fact t h e letter from the Lodge Secretary of 28 February, 1814, is still extant,
in which h e hands the Grand Secretary 2 " from which you will be pleased to
deduct t h e usual fee for transferring the Constitution and inserting the same on
the engraved list and appropriate "-the balance to Charity. And Bro. Daynes
has looked into the matter and finds t h a t in fact only 216 was taken as the fee.
I t is clear t h a t t h e proceedings were treated simply as a change of meeting place
without any break in continuity. Although its subsequent history is not free
from periods of quiescence, yet the Lodge was granted a Centenary Warrant in
1877 and is No. 102 to-day.
It was perhaps fortunate t h a t in 1877 claims to Centenary Warrants were
not examined meticulously. B u t be that as i t may, the Lodge, from 1787 a t all
events, may fairly claim to have a continuous existence. And the transactions
by which, in t h a t year, the Lodge a t Coltishall took over t h e " Constitution "
and the number of the Lodge founded thirty years previously a t Norwich was,
at that period, not looked upon as in any way irregular.
I an1 indebted t o Bro. A. E. Richmond, of Great Yarmouth, for a n
interesting fact connected with Lodge Friendship, No. 100, which is t h a t i t
possesses two Warrants. The original was lost, and a Warrant of Confirmation
issued to replace i t . Subsequently i t was found anlong other records a t Grand
Lodge, by Bro. Sadler, and Bro. Ilamon le Strange, who was then the Prov. G.
Master, had i t restored to its original owners. B u t in view of the fact that the
Warrant of Confirmation had, since i t was issued in 1823, been endorsed with the
signatures of the Nasters, and so had a special interest for the Lodge, they were
allowed to keep i t , and both documents are now in the custody of the Lodge a t
Great Yarmouth, although the Warrant of Confirmation is, of course, technically
cancelled.
Lodge of Harmony, Faverdlam. K e n t , No. 133, is another Lodge that
to-day possesses two U7arrants, b u t the circumstaaces are different. This was
originally a n Antient Lodge, warranted in 1763 as No. 114. (Lane, 1895,
p. 106.) This Warrant was never returned, b u t the Lodge in the next year
applied to t h e i\loderns for a Warrant and they were issued one with the
nuinber 319. under which they are working to-day. The Lodge will be found
a t p. 136 of Lane. B u t the Minutes are in the same book, and without break,
the same names appear, and the original J . W . is the first Master under the
JIodern Warrant. The Antients seem to have conlpletely lost sight of their
Lodge. (T7ide an article in T i ~ ePreem*rson of 3 J a n u a r y . 1891, by Bro. Speth.)
A t the Union the Lodge took rank as a Modern Lodge. with a consequent loss of
seniority. LIONEL VIBERT.
 Trtansnctions of tire Q u n t u o r C'oro~ccifi1,odge.

OBITUARY.

T is with m u c h regret t h a t we have t o record t h e d e a t h of

t h e following Brethren : -
Barten Herbert Beaumont Allen, of Cape Province, in
1928. O u r Brother was a meniber of Lodge Anchor of H o p e
No. 1093. a n d a Life Member of our Correspondence Circle
which h e joined i n J u n e . 1922.
Edward Armitage, N . A . , of F a r n h a m , Surrey, on 12th
March, 1929. Bro. Armitage h a d attained t h e r a n k of P a s t G r a n d Deacon i n
t h e Craft and Past G r a n d Kojourner ill t h e R . A . H e was Treasurer and P a s t
Master of t h e Lodge which h e joined in October, 1898. H e was elected to
membership of t h e Correspondence Circle in October. 1888.
James Owen Baildon, of Rockhainpton. Queensland, on 31st December,
1928. Our Brother held t h e r a n k of P . G . S t e w . . a n d was P.M. of Lodge No. 35.
H e became a member of our Correspondence Circle i n November, 1900.
Henry Barrow, F . R . S . . of Westcliff-on-Sea, on 23rd N a r c h . 1929, in his
81st year. Bro. Barrow had attained t h e r a n k of P a s t G r a n d St'andard Bearer
in t h e Craft and P a s t Assistant Grand' TXrector of Ceremonies i n t h e R,.A. H e
had been a member of our Correspondence Circle since October, 1909.
William Brooking, of Northlew. Devon.. i n F e b r u a r y , 1929. Our
Rrother was a member of F r a n k l i n Lodge No. 2486, a n d was elected t o member-
ship of our Correspondence Circle in October. 1895.
Thomas Burfield, M . A . . M.T).. B.C., of Heat,hfield. Sussex, on 15th
March. 1929. Bro. Burfield was P.X. of Tilsmore Lodge No. 4499, and a
member of I-Iart'ingtolr Chapter No. 916. ETe joined our Correspondence Circle
in 1925.
Lionel Cottingham Burrell, M.A.. M . I % . . R . C . , of Peterborough,
sud~denly on 24th Fcbr-uary. 1929. 0111. Brother had been appointed t o L . R . .
and was P.N. of Royal K e w Lodge No. 3012. Ile became a member of our
Corre~pondence Circle i n J a n u a r y , 1908.
Guy Marshall Campbell, of London. S . E . . on 2nd F e b r u a r y . 1929. Hro.
Campbell held t h e r a n k of P a s t Grand Standard Bearer i n t h e C r a f t and P a s t
Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies in R.A. Fle was elected t o membership
of our Correspondence Circle i n October. 1915.
Harold Arthur Caslon, of London, N . , on 9111 F e b r u a r y , 1929. H e had
attained the r a n k of P a s t Assistant Grand Tlirector of Ceremonies in the Craft
aud P a s t Grand Staildard Bearer i n R,.A. Bro. Caslon was a Life Member of
our Correspondence Circle which h e joined in J u n e . 1906.
Frederick George Cockey, of S u r b i t o n , on 18th November. 1928. O u r
Brother was W.M. of t h e Evening S t a r Lodge No. 1719. H e joined our
Corresporidence Circle i n 1928.
D r . Richard Watson Councell, of London, S . E . . i n 1929. H e was a
member of S t . B a r n a b a s Lodge No. 3771 and of Kcnnington Chapter No. 1381.
Bro. Councell became a member .of our Correspondence Circle i n October, 1920.
Andrew Edward Dobson, of Queenstown. Tasmania. on 29th March,
1929. Bro. Dobson was P . M . of Lodge No. 25 (T.C.), a n d a member of
Chapter No. 179 (S.C.). H e was elected to membership of our Correspondence
Circle i n October, 1911.
Charles James Drummond, n l . B . E . , J . P . . of London, S . E . , on 10th
February, 1929. O u r Brother had attained t h e r a n k of P a s t Assistant Grand
Director of Cercmorlies i n t h e C r a f t and R . A . . and had been a member of our
Correspondence Circle since J a n u a r y . 1899.
 David Lythall Hewitt, J . P . , of Chester, on 19th December, 1928, in his
72nd year. Bro. JTewitt was Past Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies in
the Craft and P a s t Grand Standard Bcarcr in R . A . H e joined onr Correspon-
dence Circle in March. 1905.
Charles James Higgs, of IIove, O N 14th December, 1928. Our Brother
held the office of 1Iep.Dis.G.X. a11d P.Dis.G.J. for hladras, and held the rank
of Past Grand Deacon. BC was elected t o ~nembership of our Correspondence
Circle in October, 1893.
Joseph Walter Hobbs, of JAondon.S.W.. on 25th February, 1929. Bro.
&bbs was honoured with a p p o i ~ ~ t n i e nint Grand Lodge as Past Assistant Grand
Director of Cerenlonies and Past Grand Standard Bearer in R.A. H e joined
our Correspondence Circle in nra~,c,h.1907, and was S.D. of the Lodge of which
he I~ecame a member in November, 1926.
L!. F. Glenfield Martin, &1.1).. of Littleport. Cambs., in February, 1929.
Our Brother had attained the ra111c of P.I'r.G.O., and became a member of our
Correspondence Circle in March 1919.
Henry A. Matheson, L . D . S . . of 1,ondon. S . W . . on 3rd December, 1928.
Rro. dIatlleson was a P . N . of Kliightsbridge Lodge No. 2978, and was elected
to membership of our Correspondence C'irc~lein November, 1920.
George Thomas Mawson, C.E.. F . R . S . A . . of Rombay, on 9th October.
1928. Our Brother was a member of Lodge Orion in the West and of the
Chapter attached thereto. H e was a Lifc Member of our Correspondence Circle
which he joined in May. 1923.
H. J. Osborne, of Ryde. I.W., in December. 1928. Bro. Osborne held
the rank of P . P r . G . D . and P.Pr.G.Sc.N. H e had been a member of our
Correspondence Circle since October 1907.
Thomas Ryan, of Melbourne, in 1928. H e was a Life Menlber of our
Correspondence Circle which he joined in Ifarch. 1919.
Thomas Edward Scott, of London, E . , on 6th December. 1928. Our
Brother had attained the rank of Past Assistant Grand Tlirector of Ceremonies
in the Craft and Past Grand Standard Rearer in R . A . H e was elected to
membersliip of our Correspondence Circle in May, 1926.
William George Simpson, of 13elfast. on 31st J a n u a r y , 1929. Our
Brother held the rank of P.Pr.G.T.G.. aud P.D.G.C.S.V.. Armagh. H e joined
our Correspondence Circle in N a y , 1927.
Joseph Collett Smith, of London, W . , on 18th March, 1929. Bro.
Smith held the rank of P . P r . G . D . , K e n t , and P.Pr.G.Reg.. nliddlesex. H e had
been a member of our Correspondruce Circle since May 1898.
John Swannack, of Retford. Notts., on 30th J a n u a r y , 1929. Our Brother
was a P . N . of Vernon Lodge No. 1802. H e was elected to nienlbership of our
Correspondence Circle in l l a r c h , 1926.
George Sutherland, of London. S . W . . on 21st J a n u a r y , 1929. Bro.
Sutherland had been appointed to L . R . , was P . M . of Eastes Lodge No. 1965
and P . Z . of Sir Edward Clarke Chapter No. 3601. H e joined our Correspon-
dence Circle in March, 1913.
Charles E. Turnbull, of Surbiton on 1st December, 1928. Our Brother
held L . R . . and was P.i\l. of Oak Lodge No. 190. H e had been a member of
our Correspondence Circle since May, 1907.
Arthur Christopher Walter, of Walton-on-Thames, on 2nd November.
1928. Bro. Walter was a P.M. of Molesey Lodge No. 2473, and P.Sc. of
Chertsey Abbey Chapter No. 2120. H e was elected to membership of our Cor-
respondence Circle in J a n u a r y , 1910.
Frederick William Arthur John Wienand, of Rloenlfontein. on 17th
March 1929. Our Brother was a member of Rising Star Lodge No. 1022. H e
joined our Correspondence Circle in January. 1927.
Captain Edmund Wildy, R.N.V.R.. 0 . B . E . . of London, N . W . . on 29th
J a n u a r y , 1929. Bro. Wildy had attained the rank of Past Deputy Grand Sword
Reaier ill the Craft and Past Grand Sword Bearer in R . A . IIe had been a
member of our Correspontlcnce C i ~ c l esince J a n u a r y , 1909.
 PUBLICATIONS.

A R S QUATCOR CORONATORCJI.

C O J t P L E T E S E T S O F THE TRA77SACTIOSS.-Very icw complete S e t s of drs Q u a f ~ t o rCoroncttoru?n,

Vols. i. t o s l i . now r e ~ n a l n unsold. Prices may be obtalned on a p p h c a t i o n t o t h e S e c ~ e t a r y . E a c h volume
will be accompan~ed a s f a r a s possible, with t h e S t . J o h n ' s C a r d of t h e conesponding ye.lr.

ODD VOLU3IES.-Such copies of Volumes a s remain or-er a f t e r conlpleting .sets, a l e on sale t o

members.

m
MASONIC REPRINTS.

COIIPLETE SETS OF,JlASO>-IC REPRINTS.-A few complete S e t s of Q u n f u o ~C o r o n a f o r ~ ~ m

Anti-
c~rccphu, Vols. i. t o X., c o n s ~ s t l n g lllainly of exquisite facsimilcs, c m be su?plied. Prices luny be obtained
on application t o t h e Secretary.

O D D VOLUA1ES.-Vols. vi., r i i . , ix., a n d S. a r e on sale t o meinbers. price 301- per rolume.

FACSTIIILISS O F T H E OLD CHARGES.-Four Rolls, r i z . . G r a n d Lodge 5 0 s . l a n d 2 J l f i . ,

Scarborough MS.. and t h e h c h a n a n MS. Lithographed on regetable velliuin, in t h e original Roll form.
P r i c e . One Guipea each.

OTHER PUBLICATIONS.
2 S. d.
T h e >Insonic Genius of Robert B u r n s , by Sir Benjamin [I'nrrl Xichnrtlson, Draxing-room edition, e x t r a
illustratii?ns ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 0
F a c s i n ~ i l e of t h e Regius MS., circa 1300 ... ... ... .. ... ... 1 1 0
C a e m e n i a r i a Hibernica, by D r . TT]. J. Clietrcodr C r a t c l e ~ ,
Fasciculus r., Fasciculus TI., a n d Fascicu!ns 111.
One or two complete sets only f o r sale. Prices mng be obtained on application t o t h e Secretary.
C a e m e n t a r i a Hibernica, Fasciculus I I I . , a few copies available ... ... ... ... 1 1 0
T h e Orientation of Temples, by Bro. TB. Siinpson, uniform in size t o b ~ n d~ v i t ht h e Trcinsc~ctions ... 2 6
B r i t i s h Masonic Medals, with t ~ v e l v eplates of illnstrations ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 0

BINDING.
Jlenlbers r e t u r n i n g t h e i r p a r t s of t h e Trnnsncfions, t o t h e Secretary, can have iheni bound in d a r k
blue Canvas, lettered gold, for 61- per rolume. Cases can be supplied a t 31- per rolume, d a t e or n u m b e r of
volume should be specified.

J I E J I B E R S H I P MEDAL.
Brethren of t h e Correspondence Circle a r e entitled t o :rear n ine~nhership Medal, t o be procured of
t h e Secretary only. I n Silver Gilt with b a r , p i n a n d ribbon, as a breast jewel. 1016 each.
 NO. 2076, L O N D O N -

FROM THE IBABELLA MIBSAL. ,'l

L.

B n l T l S H M U S E U M , A D D . MSS.. 18.851.
CIRCA. 1500 A . D .

SECXEY'ARY:

LIONEL VIBERT, P.A.G.D.C.

O F F I C E , LIBRARY AND R E A D I N G: R O O M :

GREAT Q U E E N STREET, LINCOLN'S FIELDS, LONDON,

 BEING THE TRANSACTIONS OF T H E

QUATUOR CORONATI LODGE NO. 2076, LONDON.

](
: :
IIRITIG
-
MUSEUM-ADD.
CIRCA
-
M,..
1500 A.D.
- -
18.8
ll
2

EI)lil'R/I PO M 7 ' H R C'O1lld117'7'EE RI' P.G. D.,

71'. J. .~(~ATGlIi,'N~97',
A L Y D LlOJTl<L T'IHEKI'. /'.A .c.l).('.

VOLUME XLII. PART 2.

W J PARKETT, LTD., PRINTERS, MABC.4TE. .

1930
 THE QUATUOR CORONATI LODGE No. 2076, LONDON,
was warranted on the 28th November, 1884, in order
1.-To provide a centre and bond of union for Masonic Students.
&-To attract intelligent Masons to its meetings, in order to imbue them with a love for RIasonic research.
$.-To submit the discoveries or conclusions of students to the judgment and criticism of their fellows by
means of papers read in Lodge.
&--To submit these communications and the discussions arising therefrom to the general body of the Craft by
publishing, a t proper intervals, the Transactlons of the Lodge in their entirety.
5.-To tabulate concisely, i n the printed Transactions of the Lodge, the progress of the Craft throughout t h e
.. ----.
Wnvlrt
&-To make the English-speaking Craft acquainted with the progress of Masonic study abroad, by translations
(in whole or part) of foreign works.
7.-To reprint scarce and valuable works on Freemasonry, and to publish Manuscripts, &c.
8.-To form a Masonic Library and Nuseam.
9.-To acquire permanent London premises, and open a reading-room for the members. ,

The membership i s limited to forty, i n order to prevent the Lodge from becoming unwieldy.
No members are admitted without a high literary, artistic, or scientific qualification.
The annual subscription is one guinea, and the fees for initiation and joining are twenty guineas and five
g ~ i n e a srespectively.
The funds are wholly devoted to Lodge and literary purposes, and no portion is spent in refreshment. The
members usually dine together after the meetings, b u t a t their own individual cost. Visitors, who are cordially
welcome, enjoy t h e option of partaking-on the same terms-of a meal a t the common table.
The stated meetings are the first Friday in Jnnuary, March, May, and October, St. John's Day (in Harvest).
and the 8th November (Feast of the Quatuor Coronati).
At every meeting a n original paper is read, which is followed by a discussion.

The Transactions of the Lodge, Ars Quatuor Coronutorum, are published towards the end of April, July,
and December in each year. They contain a summary of the business of the Lodge, the full text of the papers read
in Lodge together with t h e discussions, many essays communicated by the brethren b u t for whihh no time can be
found a t the meetings, biographies, historical notes, reviews of Masonic publications, notes and queries, obituary,
and other matter. They are profusely illustrated and handsomely printed.
The Antiquarian Reprints of the Lodge, Quatuor Coronatorztm Antigrapha, appear at undefined intervals,
and consist of facsimiles of documents of Masonic interest with commentaries or introductions by brothers well informed
on the subjects treated of.
The Library has now been arranged a t No. 27, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's I n n Fields, London, where Membern
of both Circles may consult the books on application to the Secretary.
To the ~ o d &is attached a n outer o r -

CORRESPONDENCE CIRCLE.
This was inaugurated in January, 1887, and now numbers about 3500 members, comprising many of t h e most
distinguished brethren of the Craft, snch as Masonic Students and Writers, Grand Masters, Grand Secretaries, and
nearly 300 Grand Lodges, Supreme Councils, Private Lodges, Libraries and other corporate bodies.
The members of our Correspondence Circle are placed on the following footing:-
1.--The summonses convoking the meeting are posted to them regularly. They are entitled to attend all t h e
meetings of the Lodge whenever convenient to themselves, but, unlike the members of the Inner Circle, their attendance
is not even morally obligatory. When present they are entitled to take part in the discussions on the papers read before
t h e Lodge, and to introduce their personal friends. They are not visitors a t our Lodge meetings, but rather associates
of the Lodge.
2.-The printed Transactions of the Lodge are posted to them as issued.
3.-They are, equally with the full members, entitled to subscribe for t h e other publications of the Lodge, such
a s those mentioned under No. 7 above.
&-Papers from Correspondence Members are gratefully accepted, and as f a r as possible, recorded i n t h e
Transactions.
5.-They are accorded free admittance to our Library and Reading Rooms.
A Candidate for Membership i n the Correspondence Circle is subject to no literary, artistic, or scientific
xmalification. His election takes place a t the Lodge-meeting following the receipt of his application.
Brethren elected to the Correspondence Circle pay a joining fee of twenty-one shillings, which includes t h e
subscription to the following 30th November.
The annual subscription is only half-a-guinea (10s. Gd.), and is renewable each December for the following year.
Brethren j3ining us late i n the year suffer no disadvantage, a6 they receive all the Transactions previously issued i n
the same year.
I t wili thus be seen t h a t for only half the annual subscription, the members of the Correspondence Circle
enjoy all the advantages of the full members, except the right of voting in Lodge matters and holding office.
Members of both Circles are requested to favour the Secretary with communications to be read in Lodge and
subsequently printed. Members of foreign jurisdictions will, we trust, keep us posted from time to time in the current
Masonic history of their districts. Foreign members can render still further assistance by furnishing us a t intervale
with the names of new Masonic Works published abroad, together with any printed reviews of such publications.
Members ahould also bear i n mind t h a t every additional member increases our power of doing good by
publishing matter of- interest to them. Those, therefore, who have already experienced t h e advantage of association
with us, are urged to advocate our canse to their personal friends, and to induce them to join us. Were each
member annually to send us one new member, we should soon be in a position to offer them many more advantage6
t h a n we already provide. Those who can help us in no 0 t h way, can do so in this.
Every Master Mason in good standing throughout the Universe, and all Lodges, Chapters, and Masonic
Libraries or other corporate bodies are eligible as Members of the Correspondence Circle.
 FRIDAY, 3rd MAY, 1929

HE Lodge met a t Freemasons' Hall a t 5 11.m. Present :-13ros.

Rev. H. Poole, P.Pr.G.Ch.. Westmorlancl 6- Cumberland. W.31. :
George Norman, P.G.D.. I.P.M. : H . C. de Lafontaine, P.G.D.
S . T . : V,J . TT~lliams.J . D . , as J . T . . Lionel Vibert. P.A.G.D.C.,
P.31. Secretar1 : Gorclon P . G. Hills. P.A.G.Sup.W.. P.31.. D.C. ;
Thos. 31. Carter. P.Pr.G.St.B., Bristol I.G. : Rev. V. W. G r e y -
C'rump. P.31. ; J . Herou Lepper. P.G.D.. Ireland. P.31. ; and
W. J. Soughurst, P.G.D.
Also the following nlelnbers of the Corresponclence Circle :-Bros. Robt. Colsell,
P.A.G.D.C., Arthur Heiron. V a l t e r Dewes: J . 31. T. Trotter, J. C. Bronne, N. S. H .
Sitnell. W. St. A. St. John, V . T. Dillon. J. F. H . Gilbard. L. G. Vearing. E. Eyles,
J . I . Moar, Geo. Elkington. P.I.G.Snp.TITorlis. A. Sayn-ell, A. H . Crouch. V. Young
Hucks. F. K. Jensou. H . L. Attnater. Jas. Wallis. 0. R . Daly. F. W. Golby,
P.A.G.D.C.. W. R . llakins. G. H. Kitchener, E. A. r t t l e y , P.G.D.. H . Johnson. G.
Iclams. d. Trevor.Houghton. J . TIT. T. 3lason. R . Repburn. F. K. Le Tall. Herbert
White, d. E . Jackson, G. W. South. Jas. S. Cha.rters. E. V . Jlarson. Major Cecil
Adams. P.Dep.G.Swd.B.. X. T. J. Gun. J. F. Halls-Dally. Len-is Ec'in-ards, S. C.
Keville. G. I<. Barnes, R.. H . Clerke. TV. Brinkworth. R.. Wheatley, and J. H. Clark.
Also the following Visitors:-Bros. G. S. Clegg. S.D., Panmure 1;odge No. 720;
G. A. Wratten. Temple Loclge No. S 8 : E. C. Harris. P.?It.. Hiram Lodge No. 2416;
G. T. dllix. Bee H i r e Loclge No. 2809: and Charles F. Glenny. P.G.Stew., P.M.,
Old King's Arnls Lodge No. 28.

Letters of apology for non-attendance were reported from Bros. J . T. Thorp,

P.G.D.. P.31. : F. J. V. Crox-e. P.A.G.D.C.. P.M. : Cecil Po-cell. P.G.D.. P.31. :
John Stokes P.G.D., Pr.A.G.31.. West Torks.. P.31. : R . H. Baxter. P.A.G.D.C.,
P.11. : Gilbert V. Daynes S.D. : and Sir Alfred Robbias. P.G.T17.. Pres.B.G.P., P.31.

IN M E M O R I A M .

EDWARD ARIIITAGE, i\I.A.

Bro. E d w a r d A r m i t a g e was born i n 1859 n e a r Leeds, and went u p t o
T r i n i t y College, Cambridge. where h e took u p N a t u r a l Science. Anatomy a n d
Physiology. B u t h e was m u c h handicapped i n his early days b y indifferent
health. A f t e r taking his degree h e travelled very widely, a n d o n his r e t u r n t o
England h e took up research work i n t h e Reading Room of t h e British Z\Iuseum.
H e was a Director of t h e F a r n l e y I r o n C o n ~ p a n y ,a n d h a d several other industrial
interests.
He was initiated i n t h e Isaac Newton Lodge a t Cambridge i n 1882. a n d
t h r e e years later h e was i n t h e Chair of a Lodge a t K i r k b y Lonsdale. H e joined
t h e Correspondence Circle of our Lodge i n October, 1888, very soon after its first
formation, a n d h e was elected t o full membership i n October, 1898. H e became
our Treasurer i n 1922 a n d continued t o hold t h e office till his death. W i t h
regard t o his activities i n other degrees a full list, a s i t t h e n stood, forms p a r t
of t h e Toast of h i s health proposed by t h e l a t e Bro. E d m u n d D r i n g when h e was
installed i n t h e Chair of t h i s Lodge i n November. 1913. H i s most prominent
association i n DIasonry was i n connection with t h e Ancicnt a n d Accepted Rite,
which h e joined a t Cambridge i n 1882. H e received t h e 33' i n 1900 a n d i n 1912
was Grand 3Iarshal of t h e Supreme Council, being promoted t o Lieutenant
G r a n d Commander. which is t h e second Office in t h e Council. i n 1924.
138 T r a n s a c t i o ~ uof the Quatuor C o ~ o n a t iLodge.

To o u r Tra?z.wctio~~s h e contributed a n i m p o r t a n t p a p e r on Robert

Sainber i n vol. x i . . a n d i n vol. xvii. his review of C r a v e n s L i f e cm1
TT'ritolgs of D r . Bobert I?ritTd was more t h a n a m e r e review, a s i t was itself a
critical account of F l u d d , t h e Famcc, a n d o t h e r connected cluestions of t h e period.
H i s I n a u g u r a l Address a s W.M. was a masterly review of t h e work of t h e L o d g e
u p t o t h e t i m e of his being p u t i n t o t h e C h a i r .
Of l a t e years his m a n y o t h e r activities did n o t g i ~ eh i m m u c h leisure t o
write f o r o u r Transactzons, b u t I m a y refer t o one contribution, i n vol. x x x v . ,
t o t h e discussion o n B r o . W. J. Williams' paper o n t h e AYo?~ze~zclctfure of Lodges.
when h e gave t h e L o d g e some interesting notes o n t h e folk-lore of names a n d
superstitions connected w i t h t h e m .
H e died o n 1 2 t h N a r c h , 1929, a n d a w r e a t h was sent t o t h e funeral o n
behalf of t h e Lodge.

Bro. Villiam John Songhnrst x a s unanimously elected Treasurer of the Lodge

in the place of Bro. Ecl. Armitage, ancl r a s invested n i t h his collar by the TTorshipfnI
Master.

The Congratulations of the Lodge nere offered to the following JIembers of t h e

Lodge and Correspondence Circle who had been honoured with appointments and
p1omot1ons a t the recent Festival of Grand Lodge:-Bros. Sir Kynaston Studcl.
Junior Grand K a r d e n : A. J . Cross and F . R . Eaton, Junior Grand Deacons: C. H .
Wllson. G. Norinan and E . G. Dru Drury Past Junior Grand Deacons: Rel-. TT. V-.
Corey-Crump Assistant Grand Chaplain ; D. Canlphell Lee, Assistant Grand Registrar.
T. H . Thorpe. P a s t Assistant Grand Superintendent of Vorlrs: E. S. Beal. Assistant
Grand Director of Ceremonies: S. A. Knaggs J. 11. Xaynard. E. B. Creasy. T. H .
Andrew C. Butler. Robert May. and John B. lTTilson Past Assistant Grancl Director
of Ceremonies: Col. L. P. BIore P a s t Deputy Grand Sn-orcl B e a r e r Wallace E.
Heaton. Grand Standarcl Bearer: A. T. Burgess, H. Le Forestier. H . Oubridge and
G. P . Simpson. P a s t Grand Standard Bearers: R . J. Saclleir Assistant Grand
Standard Bearer. and J. H . R . Cordell and W. E. L~ncoln P a s t Assistant Grand
Standarcl Bearers.

Three Lodges, one Library, ancl ninety-nins Brethren n e r e elected to membership

of the Correspondence Circle.

The SECRETARY
clrew attention to the following

EXHIBITS : -
By the SECRETARY.
The Freemasons' i\Iagazine, June 1793-Decr. 1798. Eleren volumes, from the
Lodge Library.
By Bro. JENKISSON,of Armagh.
The (Irish) Sentimental and Masonic llagazine. 1-01. for Jan.-June 1795.
The Masonic Visitor: the Journal of Irish Freemasonry, vol. ii.. No. 7. July 15.
1895 ( n o r defunct).
By Bro. CECIL POWELL.
PAXPHLET:A Genuine Account of the Beharionr. and Dying TTorcls of Tilliam
Dodd. LL.D. .
. . By tho Reverend John Villette. Ordinary of
Newgate. London mdcclxxvii. Presented.
(Bro. J. E. S. Tuckett kindly furnished a, biographical Note on Dr. TT'illiam
Dodd, rrhich rras also available for perusal by t h e Brethren, and is printed later
on in this vol.)
 E.rhil.itc. 139

13g IJro. J. STOKES.

P . h l . ' s J E W E L : of a n ordinary t y p e , silx-er gilt. b u t ~ r i t l i t h c inscription:-
Presented t o E . 13. IVarner. V.31. 325. B y Himself for Serrices
rendercc1 18G8-69.
(No. "
3 S t . .John's I m l g e : meeting then as 11o\r a t Salford. Lancs.)

II- Hro. C a p t . N. S . H. SITWEIJ,, of P a r i s .

CF;I{TIFIC.I,~K
in l ~ r e n c l i a n d English. MS.. haud-drawn a n d painted in water-
colour.
T h e lnost enlightened E a s t .
W h e r e reign Silence. T7nion a n d Peace.
To all enlighte~lecl, e n t e r e d , passed a n d esalted super escellent royal
Arch masons
Cncler t h e c a n : of heaven. W e t h e H i g h P r i e s t a n d officers of
t h e C h a p of Royal Arch Super-escelleilt masons held under t h e number
2 d . of t h e registry of Paris.

S e n d Greeting.
Do hereby certify declare a n d a t t e s t t h a t t h e bearer o u r faithful, t r u e
a n d n-ell-beloved brother Charles Lewis Nicholas L e r a r a s s e u r Pr6court.
o n n c r of lands, h a v i n g prored by d u e e s a m i n a t i o n t,o bo qualified ill a11
t h e t h r e e degrees of apprentice. fellon-craft a n d Ptfastcr. besides. Red-
Cross, a n d a f t e r h a v i n g passed t h e chair i n t h e said lodge was by us
iuitiated i n t o t h a t subl. degree of royal-arch super-escellent mason, h e
having with d u e l ~ o n o r a n d justice t o t h e royal coininunity justly
supported t h e amasing t r i a l s of skill a n d valour a t t e n d i n g his admission
a n d a s such n e recoillend h i m t o nll t r u e a n d f a i t h f u l brothers of our
community.
G i r e n u n d e r o u r h a n d s a n d t h e seal of o u r chap. of P a r i s on t h e
first of t h e second month of t h e y e a r of o u r Lord 5807.

The signatures f o l l o ~ r , a n d include tliose of H a c q n e t . Tliory. L a t o u r

i\Iauburg. Korff. T a t i n , D e S a i n t Eloy, a n d sereral other menlbers of Hacquet's
Supreme Council. T h e decorations illclude a dog, a n d a sn.ord passed throng11
a crown, a n d in spite of t h e I\-ording. they suggest. n o t t h e English R.A. b u t
some Ecossais degree. The seals h a r e been reinored.
CERTIPICITI,:,engraved, i n L a t i n , t h a t F r a t e r L u d o ~ - i cG a u d r i c has paid his fee
and been achnitted t o t h e degree of Scotch K n i g h t of S t . Anclrew. dated
Nol-ember 2 i , 1801. Seal attached.
MS. i n Prencli, h a n d - d r a ~ v n : t h a t Bro. Demignot ain6 has been
GERTIITCATE
ni:lde a inason in t h e Lodge held on board t h e ship Ainlable Victoire
d e n o r d e a u s . C a p t a i n P a u l 01%. T76nerable, i n L a t . 1 5 N. ancl
Long. 53 W. of P a r i s . 2nd N o w . 1781. T h e design is a n angel x i t h
t r u m p e t a n d two p ~ l l a r sstanditig on a tesselatcd floor nit11 t h e S . 6: C.,
Level a n d Plumbrule. N u m e r o ~ i ssignatures, including those of members
of Lodges i n M a r t m i q u e a n d Dominica, a n d officers of t h e King's
regiment of i n f a n t r y . The t e s t recites t h a t t h e c a n d i d a t e has under-
t a k e n t o h a r e himself affiliated t o a regular Lodge within nine months.

A cordial r o t e of t h a n k s was accorded t o those B r e t h r e n who h a d kindly lent

objects for exhibition.

Bro. GEORGEELKISGTON
read t h e following paper : -
SOME NOTES ON THE " FREEMASONS' MAGAZINE
OR GENERAL AND COMPLETE LIBRARY."
A XASONIC PERIODICAL AT T H E E N D O F T H E EIGHTEENTH
CENTURY.

HE first nlonthly number appeared in J u n e . 1793. and the

AIagazine continued in eleven half-yearly volunles until
December, 1798.
Preston, anlong the IIlasonic occurrences of the year
1793, mentions this publication as a periodical Miscellany and
says i t continued until 1798 when the title was changed.

Vol. I.
I n P a r t I. on the frontispiece and on first page of the letterpress is:
I Printed and published by J . W. Bunney No. 7 Newcastle Street Strand-
Entered a t Stationers Hall " ; but on the title page is: ', Printed for the
Proprietor and sold by Scratcherd and Whitaker Ave nlaria Lane and all
booksellers in Town and Country."

Vol. 11.
The title page is like Vol. I . , b u t on the Contents page i s : " Printed for
the Proprietor by T . Burton & Co. 28 Little Queen Street I-Iolborn sold by
Scratcherd and Whitaker Ave Maria Lane and may be had of all booksellers
and newscarriers in Town and Country."
I n J a n u a r y is mentioned " the derangenlent of the Affairs of the late
Proprietor," and in April " The sanction of Grand Lodge was unanimously
conferred on the proprietor a t the last Quarterly Con~niunication,t o engrave the
portraits i n the Grand Hall." Preston puts this more generally, saying: " It
was for some time honoured with the Sanction of the Grand Lodge."
Several of these portraits were later published. They were after paintings
Ey William Peters, R . A . H e was a lUason, and subsequently taking orders,
was appointed Chaplain to the Academy.

Vol. 111.
H a s : " Printed for the Proprietor and sold by J . Parsons No. 21 Pater-
noster Row and all booksellers in Town and Country."
A n address to the readers begins: " The Proprietor begs to return his
sincere thanks," &C., &C., and then i t relapses to the Editorial " W e ' . The
n e s t three parts were printed and published by Soratcherd and Whitaker, but
in the October p a r t is a note: " This Nagazine mill in f u t u r e be published for
the Proprietor by J . Parsons No. 21 Paternoster Row b u t may be had of all
booksellers in Town and Country as well as in Scotland, Ireland and America."
Vols. I V . and V .
Continued to be printed by Parsons.

Vol. V I .
The title is changed to " The Freemasons' Nagazine and Cabinet of
Universal Literature," and on t h e title page is : " Printed and published by
G. Cawthorne British Library Strand and sold by Synlonds Paternoster Row " :
whilst a portrait has inscribed: " Published for S. Stephenson by J. Parsons "-
as before.

Vol. V I I .
The printers and publishers are as Vol. V I .

Vol. V I I I . (January, 1797).

The title is again changed to The Scientific Alagazine and Freemasons'
Repository," but the title page is unaltered from Vol. V I I . There is an
Editorial Note from the Proprietor t o the Subscribers, giving an explanation of
the change of title.

Vol. I X .
Continues as Vol. V111

Vols. X . and X I .
Appear as " The Scientific Magazine and Freemasons' Repository or
General and Complete Library." Cawthorne continues as printer and publisher.
I n the final part of Vol. XI.-December, 1798-among "Notes t o
Correspondents " i t is stated : " The supplenlentary number, which will conclude
the Volume shall annear
II
on the 1st of Februarv." and the further note: " This
Magazine can then be had complete i n eleven volumes."
The supplement duly appeared, with a n index (the latter wanting in t h e
copy in the Q.C. Library).
There does not appear to be any valedictory statement as to the cessation
of the venture. It simply ceased to exist!

The Xagazine itself gives no names as those of proprietors or editors, b u t

in the Library of Grand Lodge is a n original prospectus setting out the objects
of the proposed Magazine. This is dated April 1793, and is accoinpanied by a
covering letter of same date commencing " Worshipful Sir," introduciilg and
describing the proposed issue, and concluding: " Your humble and affectionate
Brothers Wm. Stewart and J. W. Bunney."
There is a further note, dated February 1st 1794, mentioning that from
the assignees of J. W. Bunney and for a considerable sum of money, the work.
of which seven numbers have been published, has been acquired b y the present
Proprietor.
This (in the G.L. copy a t any rate) is not signed.
It appears, therefore, t h a t W m . Stewart and J . W. Bunney were the
original Proprietors, t h e latter also being printer and publisher of Vol. I .
The note of February Ist, 1794, in the G.L. Library agrees with that in
the Nagazine as to the " derangement of the affairs of the late Proprietor."
and it would seem t h a t trouble met Bro. B u m e y and his interest had to be
disposed of. Now J. W. Bunney on 9th April, 1793, joined the Union Lodge
of Freedom and Ease (No. 46 a t present), meeting a t the Coal Hole Tavern.
Fountain Court. Strand. H e was a printer by trade and thirty-six years of age
when he joined.
 The iclcntlty of W m . Stewart is not quite certain. I n another circular
about the lragazine in G.L. Library ' N . A . is appended to his name.
I-Ie may be the W m . Stewart mentioned by our late Bro. Wonnacott in
the record of llenlbers of the Lodge of Antiquity as " Geutleman of Crooked
Lane. A York Ndson. A n Atholl i\lason remade E.A. F.C. 1767." ' a11
Irish Xason before ' , and in the records of the Lodge returned as " still a
JIember m 1768,' there being no further mention of his name. The varied
Masonic experience of this Bro. Stewart. his degree of N . A . and his description
as a Gentleman (most brethren being designated in this record by their avocation)
would indicate him as qualified as Editor as xell as Proprietor.

I t seems certain t h a t Bro. S. Stephenson succeeded Bro. Bunney as

proprietor. The clue is afforded by the reference. before quoted, to Grand Lodge
permission t o engrave the portraits in the Grand Hall.
I n -7Iinute Book No. 4 of the 13a11 Conimittee Grand Lodge. meeting
Tuesday 11th hIarch 1794, it I S recorded: ' A AIen~orialto Bro. S. Stephenson
\vas presented to the Committee stating he was proprietor of the Freemasons
Illagazine and requesting permission to have engravings made from t h e Portraits
of the Grand Masters and ornninents of the Hall for the enlbellishn~entof the
s ~ l dXagazine.
Whereupon. after clue consideration, it was R E S O L V E D t o recommend
to the Grand Lodge t o comply with the request of Bro. S t e ~ h e n s o nprovided that
the Portraits are not removed from the Hall."
' S. Stephenson " was Sinlon Stephenson, " Letter founder.' of
Burton Street. Westminster, and Breanls Buildings. Chancery Lane. I n l786
he was a founder of St. l l a r g a r e t ' s Lodge, Westminster. which joined the Tyrian
Lodge in 1792 and is now the Westnlinster and Keystone Lodge No. 10. H e
took a n active part in the Tyrian Lodge, J . W . 1792 and presented a pair of
Globes: S . W . 1793, R.W.M. 1'795-7 and again in 1801-2. Evidently a zealous
Mason connected with printing and one likely t o help the progress of the
iilagazine.

It seems probable t h a t William Preston, through his circle of friends in the

Lodge of Antiquity and elsewhere, was much interested in t h e production and
pronlotion of the Magazine. There are liberal extracts from his ' Illustrations "
and numerous references to him, which could scarcely have been made without
his full knowledge and consent. and the considerable p a r t in the work taken by
his friend Stephen Jones (vicle Vol. I V . ) strengthens the probability.

Coming now t o the Nagazine itself, apart from t h e details of its publica-
tion, i t may be noted t h a t this was not the first adventure of its kind, as a very
similar hIagazine came out in Dublin in J u l y . 1792, and continued for three
years.
Early in the pages of our AIagazine (Vol. I I . , p. 113) is a n article on
the origin of Literary Journals which reveals somewhat of the mind of its
founders.
The Author therein cites France as the country of origin and ascribes
the invention to Denis de Salo, who, on May 30th, 1663, published the first
number of his Journal des S p v a i z s . Not feeling certain as to its reception,
he published i t in the name of the Sieur de Hedonville, who was his footman.
The venture. however, proved successful and was soon imitated throughout
Europe. The Author then mentions English works such as Philosophical
Transactions (this appeared in 1665 and was t h e semi-offcial Journal of the
Royal Society), t h e Xenzoirs of Literature (about 1700) continued under the
title of T h e Present S t a t e of t h e Republic of Letters.
Conlinem t o his own times he s a w : " Of our modern Journals it becomes
ine to speak with caution. I t is not treading on ashes still glowing with latent
fire, as Eorace expresses it, but i t is rushing through consuming flames. Let
it be sufficient t h a t from their pages vie acquire a rich fund of critical
observations: and by then1 are taught something of the delicacy of taste, and
something of the ardour of genius."
If such were t h e opinions endorsed by t h e Editor or Producer of the
Free7izusons' ilfngazine, he was certainly aware of where to Snd a " warn1 corner "
or where t o look for trouble, and apparently on several occasions found the
knowledge useful.
I n No. 1 t h e Editor, with the proper professional " W e ", conlincnces
with an address to the i'dasonic Body and the Public in general, setting out the
objects and aims of the publication. H e aims high and sketches an attractive
programme. " One p a r t of our Nagazine is to be devoted to topics of general
interest. including Essays tending t o the promotion of good morals, and original
and pleasing miscellaneous subjects, useful or entertaining, the other part is to
bc devoted to nlasonic objects, for which the BIagazine is principally undertaken,
affording an honourable medium through which fraternal communications and
col respondence may b ~ :conveyed and disseminated.' '
This two-fold object, fairly well adhered to, renders i t easier to deal with
i h c 31asonic items with which we are chiefly interested. although a few references
to the ' ' General portion have been added so as to afford some idea of its scope.
"

Before passing on to any detailed examination of the work, one outstanding

feature must be emphasized and eulogized. and t h a t is the intense patriotism.
sustained loyalty, and devotion to their King and Country, of our Brethren of
t h a t time.
During the whole period 1793-1798. England was engaged in a life and
death struggle with France, and the Xagazine records the progress and excesses
of the Revolution, the rapidly rising power of Napoleon. his victories on the
Continent, the continual fear of his threatened invasion of this country. and-
on the other side-the British victories by sea and in the East. These events
are duly set out, sonletimes within two or three weeks of their occurrence, and
with as much detail and apparent truthfulness as we have become accustomed
to in our present Journals.
An enterprising feature was the engraved charts and plans of the principal
sea fights.
Not many years ago such records of warfare and political upheavals might
have been regarded as musty history, but from our recent experiences in the
Great War, these regain vitality and almost read like contemporary happenings.
This is the more so as much of the earlier British fighting was in the
Low Countries and on the same ground and involving several of the same places,
as are now familiar to us with their proud but poignant associations. The
menace and terrorism of t h e French Revolution have their narallel in similar
,events in Soviet Russia, whilst the thoroughgoing detestation of Buonaparte,
" the Corsican upstart," can be faintly realized by what we thought, and many
still think, of t h e tinselled nlegalomalliac who has found his St. Helena in
the ignoble safety of Doorn.
The devotion of the Brethren to the Throne and Roval Familv is dwelt
upon throughout, sometimes in terms of what we should now consider fulsome
adulation, and is pathetically idealized in the references to certain of the Royal
Dukes, sons of George III., and especially of the Prince of Wales when Grand
Naster.
It is difficult to recoenize
a
in his nortrait as drawn and described. the
generally accounted sensual and selfish Ruler of a few years later. There are.
however, a few anecdotes and stories disclosing some of his weaknesses, and some
a t least of the prominent Brethren evidently painted their fancy portrait from
policy and knew a good deal more than i t was expedient to say.
Our Brethren. moreover. did not confine themselves t o fervent addresses
and patriotic resolutions, b u t formed. or joined u p t o , some of the numerous
bodies of volunteers and contributed t o equip them.
 There are numerous Essays of varying merit and criticisms of conteniporary
writers and actors, fairly well reasoned and acute. b u t most of the articles on
Scientifio subjects are, naturally, quite out of date. Another feature is t h e
quantity-yards of it-of ' wishy washy ' poetry.
Presumably it met the taste of the day, especially of the Ladies, for whom
the Magazine was claimed to cater, and i t is not, perhaps, for us to judge too
hastily seeing the present vogue for ' best sellers.' jazz and crossword puzzles.
It nlust be borne in mind t h a t the last decade of the Eighteenth Century
was a time of rapid change and progress. The industrial movement from the
country t o t h e towns was active. aided by Telford's roads and Palmer's Stage
Coaches and fostered by many mechanical inventions.
The repercussion of French revolutionary ideas influenced men's thoughts.
Circulating libraries were founded, Lackington and others did good work as
second hand and remainder booksellers in spreading reading matter, and periodical
magazines were multiplying.
This Magazine was quite " in the movement."

The position and history of Masonry in the last decade of the eighteenth
century are fairly well known, and the period does not present the fascinating
opportunities for research to be found in the earlier period of the resuscitated
Craft. whilst the interesting events leading u p to the amalgamation of the rival
Grand Lodges and the emergence of Modern British illasonry. were still in the
future, although the subject of occasional discussion.
The modest object of these notes, therefore, is to extract some of the more
~ e r s o n a land intimate matters wherein our Brethren of about 130 vears aeo U

differed from ourselves. or wherein their ideas and practices are still current.
I t appeared preferable to let the Magazine tell its own tale in sequence,
rather t h a n to collect or select Alasonic references according to their present
relative interest and importance.

Vol. I. J u n e , 1793.
Number 1 opens with a " Beautiful Emblematical Frontispiece." This
" Represents Justice, Fortitude and Prudence supporting a nledallion of H . R . H .
the Prince of Wales, Grand Master of AIasons in England. with the different
Insignia of Alasonry distributed around the BIasonic Pyramid."
The Prince of Wales' feathered coronet, floating about in mid-air has a
droll effect. The " Elegant dedicatory plate " is thus described :-
To the R t . Worshipful and R t . Honourable Lord Rawdon. The Rest
of the Officers composing the Grand Lodge of England. The Freemasons'
Magazine is most humbly inscribed."
The engravings are after " Mather Brown, Historical Painter to T . R . H .
the Duke and Duchess of York." Mather Brown was an American, a pupil
of Benjamin West. R.A. H e was but a poor painter.
A n address to the K i n g is printed: '. Given unanimously i n Grand Lodge
a t Freemasons Hall this 6 t h day of February 1793," signed Rawdon A.G.11..
Peter Parker D.G.M.. countersigned William White G.S.
On page 68 is the first item of " Masonic Intelligence," namely, the
Dedication of the Shakespere Lodge No. 516 a t Stratford-on-Avon, Tuesday.
J u n e 4th. 1793.
" The Grand procession " was " most respectably attended by the different
Lodges." ' The Ladies in particular seeming to vie with each other as to who
should best express their respect on the occasion."
" The thanks of the County is (sic) justly due to Mr. Janles Timmins,
the Deputy Provincial Grand Master, for the very able and elegant manner in
which he delivered the lectures."
011 the following day a ( ' Free Ball " was given. " Every Brother
appeared in his apron and the Grand Provincial Officers and the Masters and
Wardens of t h e different Lodges wore their sashes and jewels."
 One Brother wore ' a set of buttons with llIasonic Eniblenls elegantly set
which cost upwards of ten pounds and many wore aprons worth from five to
ten pounds each."
A song of four verses was composed and sung by Mr. Janles Bisset,
Steward of the S t . Albans Lodge. Birmingham.
A few lilies may be quoted :-
" Great honours have beer~ paid before
B u t Shakespere's name to blazon
Or give him fame-None can do more
Than say H e was a Mason."
The Child of Fancy ev'n in Youth
I n knowledge he surpassed her
None ever could with him compare
B u t H i r a m our Grand Master. '

On page 95 is a n engraving of a very ' Notherly ' Charity accompmied

by an extract from Preston S Illustrations headed ' Charity the distinguishing
Characteristic of Xasons." This is the first niention of his name in the llagazine.
The description of the plate is verbatim from Preston.
There is a record of the institution of the Royal Cumberland School
(1788) under the patronage of H e r Royal Highness the Duchess of Cumberland.
" The plan was submitted to H . R . H . by Chevalier Bartholoinew Ruspini."
The qualifications for Governors and Candidates are not unlike the present.
but i t reads rather oddly t h a t children were debarred who had n o t had the small-
pox.
Preston, however, has the words ' or cowpox " in his later editions.
and in Vol. X I . of t h e Magazine, under the heading of " Scientific Intelligence,''
is a note of the advocacy of Inoculation by Drs. Pearson and Jenner.
On August l s t , 1793. " The Patrons Rulers Council and Companions of
the Ancient a n d Venerable Order of Harodinl held their annual feast a t the
Grove House. Camberwell, W. Meyrick Esqr. N . E . C . H . presiding." This is
fully described by Preston, b u t t h e description adds: " It was found to be the
birthday of Bro. William Preston who was present, and he was very fraternally
congratulated."
I n August also was held a t Chelmsford the Provincial Grand Lodge of
Essex-being on t h e birthday of the Prince of Wales, Grand Master. Thomas
Dunckerley Esq., R t . Worshipful Provl. G . N . . presided.
I n f e r ~ I C Ia Bro. Cook was appointed Grand Architect.
The procession to Church is amply described. I n this Bro. Cook, Deputy
Grand Xaster. Master of the Lodge of Goodfellowship No. 462 Chelmsford, is
mentioned as carrying ' the first great wax light i n a n elegant inlaid candlestick
near three feet high.'' The Master of the Lodge of Goodwill No. 401 Braintree.
carried the second great light in " a more elegant candlestick t h a n the former."
whilst the Master of the Lodge of Friendship No. 227 Ilford carried " the third
and last great light in a most magnificent superb candlestick curiously inlaid
with different Masonic hieroglyphics.' Then followed the Master of the
Colchester Lodge No. 47, with the Book of Constitutions, and t h e Master of the
Well Disposed Lodge No. 28. Walthani Abbey, with the Bible " magnificently
bound and gilt on a rich crimson velvet cushion."
Next the Royal Arch Masons with sashes and medals, two and two.
followed by " the Grand Register ( s i c ) of the Order of i\Iasonic Knights Templar.
in uniform, and the Companions of t h a t sublime Order with black silk sashes
ornamented with a silver star of five points, a cross of gold and an appendage
of white satin."
The members of the Grand Lodge came last. From Divine Service the
procession returned t o the Saracen's Head and dined.
 After dinner the Lodge of Good Fellowship, which for more than three
years had been acting under dispensation from his late Royal Highness t h e Duke
of Cumberland, was constituted in due form.
The report goes on thus:- A t an early hour the Provl. G.31. took leave
of the Brethren, who accompanied him to the ' Black Boy ' preceded by the band
of music, and after giving hiin three hearty and heartfelt cheers, parted with this
amiable veteran, who has beell justly termed the Great Lunlinary of Xasonry."
This description is quoted rather fully. as i t is typical of many later
recorded functions.

I n the October nunlber is a sketch of the life of Thoinas Dunckerley by

Bro. W h i t e , Provincial J . G . W . , of Essex.
This recites the full story of Dunckerley's parentage and his subsequent
recognition in high quarters.
There follows a n interesting niemoir of James Heseltine, Grand Treasurer
and P . S . G . W . H e was initiated, by dispensation from the Grand Xaster, in
his nineteenth year, in J u n e , 1764. was a Grand Steward 1767, Grand
Secretary 1769-resigning 1784-Ifaster of the Lodge of Antiquity No. 1 and
the Somerset House Lodge No. 2, also serving all the Offices in t'he degree of
Royal Arch Masonry.
The December number contains an address delivered a t the Stewards Lodge
held a t t h e H o r n Tavern, Fleet Street, November 1773, by Thomas Edmonds.
G.W.. advocating the establishment of Freemasons' Hall. This is frankly
" padding." b u t ill the light of recent procedure anent the New Xasonic Hall,
one paragraph reads quaintly: " That every brother skilful in drawing or in
cont,riving a plan for such a building would be so kind as t o deliver his proposals
to the G.31. to be examined and considered.'' A very primitive competition!
I11 this same number, in " Comnlents on Sterne " by J o h n Ferriar 1I.D..
it is mentioned t h a t Sterue inserted in Tristrtam S h a n d y a black page. The
writer goes on to say: " I cannot coilsider i t a n imitation, for i t must appear
by this time t h a t Sterne possessed no great store of curious learning, and the
black page of earlier date is t o be found in D r . F l u d d ' s " Utriusque Cosmi
Historia." A footnote adds: " And is elnbleinatic of the Chaos."
Finally this very full nunlber gives a good sketch of the life of Chevalier
Ruspini.
This states he was born a t Berganlo (Italy) about 1730, studied and became
a dentist, came to England about 1750, practi:ed with success. and moved to
London 1760.
The Pope. without solicitation, made him a Knight of the Golden Spur
with t h e title of Chevalier.
Founder of the Royal Cumberland Freemasons' School, Grand Steward
1772, Xaster of the Royal Lodge 1778. Served all the principal Offices in Royal
Arch Masonry. and established the Lodge of the Nine Xuses.
The Prince of Wales as G . X . conferred upon hiin the rank of Grand
Swordbearer, which, although normally changed annually. Ruspini was empowered
to hold until such time as he was pleased to resign.

Vol. 11.
Contains a very full description of the ceremony to be observed a t Xasonic
funerals " according to ancient custoin with the service used on these occasions."
This is almost verbatim as described by Preston and need not be repeated,
although just a few extracts within the scope of the-e notes may be given.
' All the Brethren who walk in procession should observe as much as
possible an uniforniity in dress " with decent mourning, white stockings, gloves
"

and aprons " (footnote), " as this is the usual cloathing of Master IIasons."
' . Officers of visiting Lodges ornainented with white sashes and hat bands
and the Officers of the convening Lodge, moreover, distiiiguished with white rods,
t h e Brethren of this Lodge having flowers or herbs in their hands."
 I t may be worth mention t h a t recently a 3Ir. William James Caie. a
former Illayor of 13ury S t . Edmunds, who died February. 1927, by his Will
desired a Nasonic service a t his funeral very much 011 the old lines, so t h a t the
custom has not passed into complete disuse in this country.
I n this Volume is an extract from a circular letter from the Grand
Xaster of Knights Templar in England signed ' Your faithful Brother and Knight
Companion Thonlas Dunckerly G.11." advocating enrolnlent in Prince Edward's
Royal Volunteers, which evidently led to some effective response, as one reply
from Redruth mentions enrol~nentof two I<nights Conlpanion who were already
volunteer Officers, and start of a subscription. Under the heading of ' Nasonic
Intelligence " is an official con~m~ulicationrecording a t some length " the Grand
Feast of the most Ancient and Honourable Society of Free and Accepted IlIasons
under the Constitution of England "-held a t Freemasons' Hall 3Iay 7th. 1794.
I n consequence of the re-election of the Prince of Wales as G.IlI., the
G . X . in the Chair (John Dent. S.G.W.) was installed in ample form and by
authority declared the other Grand Officers.
'
The Grand Stewards having been thanked for their elegant entertain-
ment ' presented to the G.11. for his approbation, t h e ,list of their successors.
The toast list is given and must have been a very long-nG~ded affair,
being as follows :-
The K i n g and the Craft.
I-I.R.H. the Prince of Wales Grand Naster.
Lord Moira (A.G.X.).
The Duke of York and the Army.
The Duke of Clareilce and the Navy of Gt. Britain.
The Chairman ( J o h n Dent N.P. for Lancashire).
The Grand Wardens.
Sir Peter Parker, Deputy G.M.
The Grand Officers (announcecl from the Chair).
Peace, IIarnlony and Unaninlity to Nasons in general.
The Board of Stewards.
Prince Edward.
(Alusic and songs between each.)
Then follows a rather curious note:-
The Lodge being closed Earl Pomfret took t h e Chair and many of the
Brethren prolonged the p l e a s ~ ~ r eofs the evening by several excellent songs and
contributions."

How long all this took is not stated. but when these Worthy Brethren
indulged in their thoroughgoing progranme. one IS prepared to hear that " the
dinner consisted of a profusion of every delicacy t h a t could be procured: the
dessert was of the most elegant kind-cherries, strawberries, &c. Ices and
confectionary in an abundant variety." Singularly enough, nothing is said as to
t h e liquid refreshment, and the recital ends with something like bathos.
" [Note]-that if the usual price of the tickets (10s. 6d.) had been
continued, there would have been a much more numerous Conlpany."

Vol. 111.
The opening number (July. 1794) contains the well-known address to
Prince Edward as G . N . of the Province of Lower Canada. advocatiag unity of
the Grand Lodges and his reply.
I n an account of the state of Freemasonry in Sunderland we read: " The
exalted Order of the Harodiin is attended to and practised by both Lodges and
a very ancient and.mysterious degree of Xnsonry. The Passage of the Bridge
is here known and cultivated. '
I n the August number i t is related t h a t the Lodge a t Stockton-on-Tees
was originally co~isecrated February 2nd. 1725, by Dr. Desagldiers. a t
the Swan and Ruinmer. Finch Lane, London. and in l756 was transferred t o
Stockton as t h e Lodge of Philanthropy No. 19. A t Staindrop, the Raby Lodge
No. 372. Constitution granted by the Duke of Cumberland G . N . , was solemnly
consecrated by the Master. Past 3Iasiers, Wardens, and Brethren of the Restora-
tion Lodge. Darlington: Brethren of other Lodges attended. " The Brethren

moved in grand procession to Church, each Lodge distinct with their colours
flying, with insignn jewels and a full band of music."
A little later is the Constitution of the Lodge of Apollo. Alcester-
July 31st. 1794-when, after reciting the local Lodges taking part. we read that
it all concluded with a free Ball to the Ladies, numerously attended. and
" that it was not till Phoebus made his appearance t h a t the Company thought
of parting. '
I n September is a reference to 3Iasonic tokens. " Some copper pieces
newly struck from a die, superior to any of the Provincial coins a t present in
circulation, came into the hands of the Proprietor of this BIagazine."
I l e goes on to say these were invented by a Brother J a n x s Sketchley, of
Birmingham, to serve as pocket pieces, but from their novelty or excellence of
workmanship have been received in change as halfpence. The reference is
acconlpanied by a n engrairing.
Brother Sketchley was present as Provincial Grand Secretary a t the
Consecration of the Apollo Lodge. These tokens are well known to collectors.
One, found in a n automatic machine by a railway official, was recently brought
to the G.L. Library.
Hereabouts are four verses by Robert Burns.
" Farewell t o the Brethren of St. James' Lodge, Tarbolton."
I n t h e October number is one of those references t o George Prince of
Wales which shed light on future events. Apropos of his proposed marriage to
Caroline of Brunswick, i t says: " Juvenile pursuits a t t h a t time suspended all
further discourse about it."

Vol. I V .
J a n u a r y , 1795, opens with a portrait of William Preston by Drummond
and a inemoir, signed s.J., in which i t is nlentioned t h a t Preston presented
this portrait t o the writer of the memoirs.
Preston's history is too well known t o repeat, but one short extract from
the nlenloirs is pleasing :-" Being invited to visit the Lodge of Antiquity, No.
1, then held a t t h e Mitre Tavern, Fleet Street. the Brethren of t h a t Lodge
were pleased t o admit him a member, and, what was very unusual, elected him
3Iaster a t t h e same meeting."
This is confirmed by the Records of the Lodge by which i t appears that
Preston joined in J u n e , 1774, and was R.W.11. for the second half of t h a t year.
I l e had visited the Lodge in 1772, and was no doubt very well known to many
of the Brethren. S . J . also says, in the memoir, that his known intimacy with
William Preston pointed him out to the Proprietor of the Magazine, who a t
sundry times asked hiin (S.J.) to get permission from Preston to engrave his
portrait and publish some memoirs.
Both Stephen Jones and Preston were enlployed by William Strahan.
and Andrew Strahan, his son, who succeeded to the business, continued to
employ Preston in a confidential capacity. Stephen Jones, under the initials
S . J . , had several letters and essays in the earlier volumes. and in this Vol. IV..
he produced a biographical notice of Willianl Strahan which ends rather neatly:
" The uninterrupted health and happiness which accompanied him for half a
century i n t h e Capital, prove honesty to be t h e best policy, temperance the
greatest luxury, and the essential duties of life its most agreeable amusement. ' '
The a or trait of William Strahan acconlpanying the notice states i t was taken
from a portrait in the possession of J o h n Spottigwoode Esq. (sic).
 Willianl Strahan was for some time 3 I . P . for 3Ialmsbury. and had as
his colleague Charles James Fox.
011 page l 7 " No. 1 of the Freemason " is printed as part of the Xagazine.
I t was only a sub-title.
On page 113 is a n amusing instance of the partiality of the time for the
word elegant." Describing the consecration of the Lodge of Unanimity
No. 136 a t Coltishall. Norfolk, i t reads: " A rich crinlson velvet cushion with
elegant gold fringe and tassels," " A n elegant and well adapted discourse was
peached to them," and ' On their return an elegant and well conducted dinner
was provided."
One other example-from a Grand Warden's Address (in Vol. I.): " Oh
let us sing together like morning stars, as Jols elegantly espres>es it."
I n this Voluine is described the Anniversary 3Ieeting of Freemasons'
School. held a t the Hall. By 4 o'clock scarcely a seat was to be had so
popular is this charity."
r h e Earl of Noira presided. and after a very plentiful and elegant
dinner, ladies who had tickets were admitted to the gallery to view the procession
of the little female objects of the Charity, who passed three times round the
room preceded by the Stewards-the Chevalier Rnspini, t h e Institutor, leading
the two youngest-the band of the first reginlent playing several pieces of music.
The Noble Cllairman in the course of his speech nleniio~ied the great
~ ~ l d ~ i s of
t r ythe little innocents. the labour of whose hands had produced L158
during the past year." and, after money donations, stated the Shakespeare
Lodge had given 20 iron bedsteads. the Lodge of Rural Friendship 60 blankets
towards the new School House then nearly completed." " After songs, about
9 o'clock Lord JIoira quitted the Chair anlidst reiterated applause. ' Then
follows this rather strange concludii~g note :-
The rude and unwarrantable behaviour of one of the Stewards towards
the Proprietor of this Jlagazine a short time before t h e tables were covered,
would justify a severe reprimand : feeling, however, the advautage this medium
would give us over the person alluded to, xve disdain t o use it in any more
particular manner, as we trust he has felt by this time the impropriety of his
conduct.' '
Thls pleasing ceremony of the parade of the children round the Hall
was the subject of t h e well known picture by Bro. Stothard, R . A . . engraved by
Bro. Bartolozzi, R.A.-which refers t o the Anniversary in 1801, as the Prince
of Wales is slio~vn as present. A copy of this engraving is in the Quatuor
C'oronati collection.
The J u n e number opens w t h the ' IIistory of Nasonry from the Creation
of the World to t h e present time, from the best Authorities," and in a footnote,
" principally from the writings of our highly respectable and well skilled Brethren

Northouck and Preston."

Vol. V. J u l y , 1795.
I n this Volume are published plans and elevations of the Girls School-
a plain and uninviting edifice-whilst later is a complaint t h a t the professional
description of the School is withheld.
I n November, under the usual heading " 3Iasonic Intelligence," we have:
' One of those Brotherly Greetings which would do honour t o the Craft in
proportion to their frequency took place a t Freenlesons Tavern."
It was a " visit in due form " paid by the Jerusalem Lodge to the
Foundation Lodge. The rites of the Order were most ably performed by the
two Lodges in unison. About 150 persons were present including other visiting
Brethren. Brother 'CVilliam Preston was discovered among the Visitors and
delivered a long and impressive discourse."
After t h a t one is glad t o read : " A very elegant supper (ancl well served,
t h e largenecs of the Company considered) coilcluded the evening's festivity."
Vol. V I .
I n the 3Iay number is described an anniversary ineeting of the ProvinciaI
Grand Lodge of K e n t , held a t Dartford under Bro. Williain Perfect. Provl. G.hI.
who arrived with about fifty of the Craft, followed by t h e Brethren from the
Lodges a t Deptford, Woolwich and Lewisham, who entered the town preceded
by colours flying and an excellent band of music. A procession was formed.
headed by the Provincial G.BI., who, in honour of the Prince of Wales, wore in
his hat three beautiful feathers with the motto of Ick Dien on an enanlelled
plate with the Arms of K e n t . I n addition to this uncomnlonly brilliant.
nunlerous and respectable procession, much beauty and elegance was derived
from the LADYA ~ A S O N S who assembled in great numbers, dressed in white and
purple. and, after joining the procession, were politely conducted into t h e Church
by the Provl. Grand i\Iaster. After service a n oration was delivered by the
Provl. G . N . , later the Company partook of an elegant dinner, and in the
evening a Ball was given to the Ladies.
It seems worth recording t h a t in a nlenloir (in Vol. V.) of this Bro. D r .
Perfect. after t h e usual laudatory passages, is a tribute to hls slrill and en-
lightened success i n the care and cure of insanity; this. too, a t a time when the
horrors of Bedlam and similar places were actual and usual facts.
I n this Volume is an engraving of the beautiful jewel of the 3laster of
the Lodge of the Nine Muses, followed by one of t h e Treasurer's jewel.

Vol. V I I .
I n Vol. V I I . is a representation of the P . M . jewel of the Lodge of
Symbolic 3lasoils engraved by Leney after Cipriani, and plecisely similar to
the jewels of the Lodge of the Nine BIuses.
This Volume contains. " The manner of constituting a Lodge accordiilg
to ancient usage wit11 the ceren~oniesof consecration and installation. ' These
are given with considerable detail and do not seem materially different from
present forms.
I n the J u l y number is an entry that the Grand Lodge met a t Brother
Sutton S , Canonbury House Isliagton, to celebrate the Deputy Grand Bfaster's
Feast. A very numerous and respectable asseinblage of Brethren. '
After a n excellent dinner provided by Bro. Sutton, under the inspection
of the Stewards, Grand Lodge \vas opened in due form, and " the afternoon was
spent in social and brotherly mirth, and rational conviviality, nor was Charity,
that adamantine pillar of Masonry, forgotten."
I n the October number is an entry which seems to show t h a t the Editor
was caught napping. It purports to be a record of the Swan Lodge (locality
not given) t o which is ascribed, almost word for word, the rcnlarkable entry in
the i\linute Book of the Lodge a t the l\Iaid's Head, Norwich, as set out in
W. Bro. Daynes' paper on t h a t Lodge. I t seems strange t h a t this mis-
statenlent was not exposed. as in one or two other cases erroneous statements
were followed by Editorial correction or explanation.

Vol. V I I I .
I n the February number is described " The Royal Arch." " This is a
very superior degree of what is termed Free-Masol~lyand consists of a greater
number and variety of Officers." The description states there are 104 Chapters.
and gives the names of some of the Royal Personages concerned. including
H . R . H . the Duke of Clarence. Grand Patron, and the Dukes of Brunswick and
Necklenburgh-Strelitz. " Patrons in Gernlany." The latter may have some
interest as t o the connection of this d ecz~ r e ewith Continental workine a t that
0

coii~paratively early period.

There is a note : " Prestonian Lectures."
" These Lectures still continue to be honoured with the support of many

skilful and intelligent members, whose time and place of assen~blywe understand
to he 8 o'clock every S u n d a y evening a t M r . F o x ' s ' The I-Iercules Pillars '
opposite Freemasons H a l l . " A f t e r coniniending these Lect'ures t o every ,,

zealous aud curious Mason." a n d explaining t h e design of investigat~ing and

discussing t h e Nasonic Lectures, i t concludes b y referring t o Preston as " t h e
worthy Author of t h e Illustrations of 3fasonry." a n d one of t h e principal
directors, as a sufficient recolli~lieildatioil.

Vol. I X .
I n t h e September n u m b e r a Masonic funeral a t W e s t 3lalling. K e n t . i s
fully recorded. A n oration was delivered b y D r . Perfect. Provincial G . N . .
" impressive fraternal a n d so pathetic as t o draw tears from m a n y of t h e
audience. "
I n t h e notices t o c o r r e s p o n d e ~ ~ prefacing
ts t h e December n u m b e r are some
rather ' snappy ' items.
The n e x t time Alexis a t t e m p t s t o write poetry i t niay n o t be iniproper
for him to pay some small attclition t o rhyme a n d reason.'
" Will N . F . have t h e goodness t o inform u s whether his piece is prose o r

verse-TT'e are unable t o discover."

Considering some of t h e " P o e t r y " which did get printed, poor Alexis
a n d N . F . must have been perfectly hopeless!

Vol. X.
I n J a n u a r y , 1798, is a description of ' Symbolic i\lasonry." With
plate t h e first of a series of e l e g m t engravings." This one represents ' Free-
masons a t Work. ' ' T h e short description reads : " Freemasonry is represented
b y three genii traversing t h e sky i n t h a t p a r t called t h e E m p y r e u m , around
t h e seven planets, with t h e square. level and plumh b y which they discovered
t h e seven Virtues a n d seven Scicnces consecrated i n t h e worship of t h a t sacred
object formed i n t h e n i n t h A r c h . ' O n t h e disc showing t h e planets, &C., is a
curious conflict between t r a d i t i o ~ l a n d science as i t was t h e n ki~ow-n.
E v e ~ y o n eknows how t h e diicieiits enumerated their seren heavenly bodies,
planetary in t h e sense of their movements, b u t here a r e shown Mercury. Venus,
t h e E a r t h with its a t t e n d a n t Moon. Mars. J u p i t e r with four moons and S a t u r n
u i t h six, with indications of their circular orbits round t h e S u n i n t h e centre.
One c a n i ~ o t well make this seven anyway unless t h e S u n is included and t h e
Noon left out. V e r y soon after t h i s t h e seventh real planet ' U r a n u s '-first
called Herschell-was discovered, a n d this mould have helped t h e computation
very usefully.
I n I\larcli is a portrait of H.R.H. t h e Duchess of Cuniberland with n
very eulogistic description of her connection with t h e Girls' School and a
reference to her marriage as t h e occasion for t h e passing of t h e Royal Marliage
A c t , which t h e writer calls famous, b u t evidently thinks otherwise.
I n the same n u m b e r is a n article on " T h e Cabalistical Philosophy of
t h e Jews. ' which, even now, might interest some who devote a t t m t i o n to t h e
;\l ysteries of t h e Cabala.

Vol. XI.
The n u m b e r for A u g u s t , 1798, opens with a n engraved portrait of
l 3lasonicus. '
No name is given, b u t under t h e portrait is his Coat of Arms.
The brief b u t complimentary niemoir states t h a t h e was initiated i n t h e
Lodge of Amity, Preston, No. 224, F e b r u a r y 1 7 t h , 1792, a n d as having been
for some time a Member of t h e Lodge of Anticluity. W. Bro. Nalrins
(Assistant Librarian, G r a n d Lodge) identifies him as Thoinas Bradshaw. Counsel.
of Garden Court Temple, who joined t h e L. of A n t i q u i t y 1795. Secretary
1796 & 7 , and J.W. 1798.
 Half a dozen essays by this writer ' ' On the Alasonic Character," appeared
in Vols. V I I I . and I X . I11 notes to correspondents, Vol. X., is found: " Where
is our respected Brother B ? The enquiries after the contiuuat'ion of his Essays
on Xasonic Character are numerous."
B . obviously stands for Bradshnw.
I n a description of the dedication and opening of Sheffield General
Infirmary, October. 1797, there is nleution of three processions, in one of which
were carried two silver pitchers with corn and oil and a golden one with wine.
The Cutlers Company of Sheffield held the post of honour in the second
procession.
A s many of LW know, this is still an inlportant provincial equivalent to
the City of London Livery Conlpanies with many of which the Sheffield Company
interchanges fraternal visits and courtesies.
I n the nunlber for December, 1'798, in a menloir of J o h n Errington,
Provl. G . M . , Nort~hun~berland,i t is related t h a t he was initiated into the
mysteries of Masonry i n the caverns of the ancient Catechunlens of Naples a t
the time he made the tour of Europe.

Time and space permit mention of very few of the Non-Masonic items
in the Xagazine.

Vol. I.
H a s a lanlent on t h e increase of buildings in London. This supposes a
stranger t o enter the town by Portman Square, Hyde P a r k Corner, Blackfriars
Brldge, or AIoorfields.
The jeremiad advocates a " back to the land " policy, with quite a
modern ring about it.
I n '. Remarks on Pulpit and Bar Oratory." and speaking of preachers,
t h e writer says: " The transcendent joys of heaven and the exquisite tortures of
hell are themes on whlch they discuss with the same tone of voice and uniformity
of language as if they were reciting an uninteresting narrative. I t is true
t h a t their congregations are generally even with them. Whilst the downy
Doctor tells his emollient tale his principal parishioners enjoy the sweets of
slumber. "

Vol. 111.
There is a description of Ypres, recording eight previous captures of the
town.
There was presented a t Drury Lane " The Glorious First of J u n e . " " The
imneilse stage was turned into a sea. Two fleets manceuvring. Not the usual
' paste-board ' ships. The vessels are large perfect models of the real ships they
represent, made with minute beauty. All nlanceuvres of the day executed with
nautical skill. Lines formed. They bear d o ~ v non each other on different tacks.
The action is fought, the firing is tremendous. Ships are dismasted boarded
taken and sunk as on the real occasion."
Anlong ordinary domestic intelligence i t is recorded t h a t a man-a
publican-sold his wife and child to a neighbouring publican for $1. 1. 0 which
" was inmlediately paid down and the wife delivered u p with t h e usual formalities
to the purchaser, who conveyed her and the child to his house."
I n a very detailed description of the then new building of Drury Lane
Theatre i t is said: " Besides other precautions an iron curtain has been
contrived which on any such occasion ( i . e . , fire) would completely prevent all
comnlunication between the Audience and the Stage, where alone accidents by
fire have been known to commence."
L.C.C. regulations anticipated by 130 years !
The . ' chair door for company coming in chairs" is also described.
 Further on is a n account of the death of Baddeley the Actor, his
charitable bequests, and t h e institution of the " Baddeley cake."
Baddeley was a Xason and served the office of Grand Steward in 1789.
Page 435, we find : " M r . Godbold, proprietor of the Vegetable Syrup,
was lately initiated into the mysteries of our order and to evince t h a t he
deserves the appellation of Brother, tendered the gratis supply of his valuable
medicine to any distressed Mason having occasion to use i t , on proper recom-
mendation. '

Vol. I V .
Prints " A n experiment is under consideration for constructing :I
common stage waggon with 8 wheels-they are to stand under the bed of i t
by which contrivance the width of stowage mill be increased, lateral pressure
reduced, and loading and unloading made more easy."
One wonders why this was not followed up. It cleccribes practically a
present-day railway truck or motor lorry, and horse traction would only limit its
speed.
I n the April numbbr is a reference to Brothers t h e Prophet (Richard
Brothers an ex-officer of t h e Navy). I t begins with a letter to the Editor:
Presuming t h a t all kinds of secrets and mysteries are agreeable to the plan
of the Magazine some few observations on a Brother's predictions, whose signs
and tokens have created no little altercation, will I trust be acceptable. He
says he has made a n impartial summary-and this takes u p several pages.
I n March, 1795, this Brothers arrested under a warrant signed by the
Duke of Portland. under an Act of XV. Elizabeth. his offence. shortlv.
being that of writing and publishing fantastical prophecies.
The Lord Chancellor attended a t the Secretary of State's Office. examined
the prisoner, and an order was issued for his remaining in custody. Probably
the real reason for his arrest was t h a t he was " against the Government. '
I-Ie wns afterwards declared insane and his income appropriated towards the
maintenance of his wife and child, whom he had deserted. There is a later
article in the Magazine claiming partial fulfilment of some of his prophetical
vapourings. Some of us may recall lines:-
Walking down Tottenham Court Road
Either by chance or by whim
There he saw Brothers the Prophet
And Brothers the Prophet saw l'1i111."

Vol. V.
Gives extracts from a curious manuscript containing directions for the
household of Henry V I I I .
Inter alia (and supposing it be genuine). this reads:-
HIS IIighaess S baker shall not put alum in the bread or mix rye oatell
or bean flour with the same, and if detected he shall be put i n the stocks.
Ells Highness S attendants are not to steal any locks or keys tables
forms cupboards or other furniture out of Noblemen's or gentlemen's houses
where he goes to visit.
llaster cooks shall not employ such scullions as go about naked or he
all night on the ground before the kitchen fire.
Dinner is t o be a t ten and supper a t four.
IThere shall be no romping with the maids on the staircase by wll~ch
dishes and other things are often broken.
The pages shall not interrupt the lrltchen-maids and he that gets olle
of then1 with child shall pay a fine of two marks to H i s Highness and have his
allowance of beer withheld for a month.
Coal to be allowed only for the IGng's Queen's and Lady Nary S
chambers.
 " Twenty-four loaves a day allowed for His Highness's grey-hounds."
There is also a quotation from " The Laws and Constitutions of Burghs
made by King David I . of Scotland commonly called St. David " :
Na man shall play a t the golfe nor a t the fute ball under the paine of
fiftie shillings. Because they are esteemed unprofitable sports for the conlnlo~l
good of the realme and the defence thereof. '

Vol. V I .
Devotes a good deal of space to what we no\r lrnow as the " Ireland
forgeries.' '
The subject is argued ' ~ j r o and con.' t h e damning of ' I Vortigern at
Drury Lane is described. and the final editorial co~nnlent is judiciously non-
con~mittal.
There is a case ill the Court of King's Bench in which two rival journals
with oddly sounding modern names were concerned : Proprietors of the Newspaper
The Telegraph " v. the " J I o r n i ~ l gPost."
Defendants had printed a spurious French paper containing a pretended
renewal of armistice. &C., between the Emperor and the French Republic, and
sent this from Canterbury to the "Telegraph." The latter published a
translation of this fabricated intelligence and sustained discredit and reduced
sales. The jury gave 100 damages.
The celebrated ' Westnlinster Tobacco Box " was also before the Courts.
The Lord Chancellor. sitting at Lincoln's I n n I l a l l , held and determined
a Chancery suit and restored to the Plaintiff Club possession of t h e Box. which
had been detained by Defendants owing to a dispute. It had then been in
possession of the Club for upwards of four score years.

Vol. V I I I .
I n February. 1797. the Eank of England stopped cash paynlents and
issued 401- and 201- notes. IIistory repeats itself, so far as the substitution
of notes for gold !

Vol. X .
N a y . 1798. A n episode :laticipating Zeebrugge is quoted from the
L o n d o u Gazette :-
" An expedition to destroy the basin. gates and sluices of the Bruges
Cad. ' '

This W,IS effected and the report goes on to say t h a t the Sluice gates were
destroyed in the most cornpleat in,lnner. the B o ~ t sbllrnt :uid everything done.
and the Canal dry. Vnfortun;ltely. owing to change of wind and heavy sea
preventing re-embarkation, the landing force had eventually to capitulate. In
:ddition t o the ordinary ships, they had the Hecln and Tartaros bombs.
There is a parallel in secrecy. " The troops were on shore before the
landing was discovered. "

Vol. X I .
On page 120 is a description of a project for a tunnel under the Thames
from Gravesend t o Tilbury. This was to be 16 feet dinm.. cylindrical and
constructed with key stones. " Therefore the greater the pressure the stronger
the work." There was to be a steam engine to run off any water that might
drain in.
The detailed estimate of cost was 15.955.
The construction appears feasible and has some resemblance to the
Greathead system by which our tube railways have been achieved.
 The advantages of conlmunication between K e n t and Essex, and its
military importance are advocated much as one reads now.
We are still waiting for this tunnel!
The estimate, even if multiplied tenfold, makes i t the more regrettable
t h a t the project never materialized.
Possibly difficulties, such as actually supervened in the construction. later.
of Brunel's tunnel, were anticipated and urged against i t .
On page 181 is a n illustration and description of a n immense floating
battery, said to be constructed in France for the invasion of England and
grandiloquently called " The destruction of England." This is quite a wildly
impossible affair, showing an armoured fortification floating on a huge raft. and
propelled by banks of oars actuated by machinery, literally worked by so much
horse-power, as the cavalry and artillery horses on board were t o be employed
for that purpose.
If the thing had been made more ' s h i p shape ' so as t o be navigable,
it would have remotely suggested modern heavily armoured vessels.
One of the last records of interest in Vol. XI. is the launch. September.
1798. a t Chatham. of the 98-gun battleship " Temeraire." She was the
" Fighting Temeraire " of Turner's celebrated picture. The vision of this
gallant ship being towed to her last berth may fitly close these few notes.

I hearty rote of thanks w a s unanimously passed t o Bro. Ellringtoll on t,he

proposition of Bro. H. Poole. seconded by Bro. H. C. de Lafontaine; conlnleuts beiug
offered h:. or on behalf of Bros. TT. J. TYilliams. TT'. TT. Corey-Crump. Len-is Edvards.
Gorclon P. G. Hills. B. Telepnefi. John Stokes. and Wm. Jenkiuson.

Bro. H. POOLE
said : -
I have much pleasure in proposing a very hearty vote of thanks to Bro.
Elkington for the paper he has given us this evening. The task of going through
the eleven volumes of the Freen~asons' Jfngccslue does not a t first sight look a
formidable o n e but I can well imagine t h a t Bro. Elkington started his study
of the first volume with considerably more enthusiasm t h a n t h a t with which he
tackled the eleventh. For, besides the Masonic matter, there is a great deal of
the dullest sort, with no bearing on the Craft at all; and t h e whole is apt t o
be marked by the prosy sententiousness and the complete absence of a sense of
humour that must be familiar to most students of t h e period. Nevertheless,
Bro. Elkington has stuck stoutly t o his task, and has given us plenty of 3Iasonic
items all through.
B u t I hope h e will forgive me when I say t h a t I do not think he has
made the fullest use of his opportunity. Even within the limits of t h e programme
which he set himself- ' t o extract some of the more ~ e r s o n a l and intimate
matters wherein our Brethren of about 130 years ago differed from ourselves, or
wherein their ideas and practices are still current "--there is a great deal of
material which might well have found a place among his extracts. Indeed. I
venture to say t h a t I have found the random perusal of several volumes more
interesting than his remarks led me t o expect.
I was not aware, for instance. t h a t as early as 1794 Freenlasonry had
been accused of having a hand both in preparing the v a y for and in organising the
French Revolution. Volume iii. opens with a covering letter from S[tephen]
J[ones] introducing a letter quoted from the Gentlemniz's Nags-iue of the
previous month. which gives a summary of the statements made in a work called
' The Veil ~ i t h d r a ~ nor.
. the Secret of the French Revolution es1,lained bv
the help of Freemasonry." S.J . makes no commellt : but another letter. signed
by ' A P.M. of the Lodge of Antiquity " (whose identity may be guessed at
 with some probability), puts forward a defence very similar t o that which a
modern Masonic journal might have done-based, of course. on the assunlption
that the principles and tenets of the Order were the same on the Continent as
they are i n this country. Yet another indignant letter appears, very different
in tone from the studied calmness of the former, which I cannot refrain from
quoting: . . , . his argunlents are so futile, and so weakly supported, as
t o destroy and confound the reasons adduced for a den~onstration: and I sllould
not have attempted an answer, but have passed over the illiberal and puerile
aspersions contained in this malicious charge with the silent contenlpt due to such
a d e f o r m e d b n n t l i n g , had not I in the overflowing of my indignation been pressed
by a w o r t h y B r o t h e r present t o stand u p in the support of the most excellent
of all human institutions next to Christianity: an institution in itself totally
repugnant t o rebellzotz, t u m u l t , n n n ~ c l z y ,u,ar, and faction," &C., &c. This letter
is dated from IIalling, and may well have been inspired, if not actually written,
b y D r . W m . Perfect, the Pr.G.M. of K e n t . A note at the foot of the same
page states t h a t a number of letters have been received on the subject, but not
printed. ' the Institution being founded on too firm a base t o be shaken by the
breath of an anonymous slanderer."
The notes which Bro. Elkington quotes on Lodges i n Sunderland and
Stockton-on-Tees form part of a series on the " Present State of Free Masonry."
which dealt rather internlittently with the Provinces in t u r n , and, I think.
might quite possibly provide facts of use to the 1\Iasonic historian. Besides the
one he has given us, another interesting reference t o the Harodinl is to be found
w d e r Swalwell-" This ancient Lodge has flourished very much both in the
11rinciples and practice of Royal Science. The mysteries of t h e HARO'DIM
were exercised and carried on a t Winleton. the residence of P. G. AI. LAYCOCK :
and numbers of Brethren from the surrounding country repaired to this Lodge
for intelligence and instruction."
Another reference to ' side degrees, not without its interest, appears
'

~ m d e r ' Xasonic Intelligence' in the same nnmber:-M -4119. 16. Being the
birth-day o~f his Royal Highness the Duke of York, i t was celebrated with all
the honours of Masonry by the Order of K n i g h t s Te1t1111~r.sresident a t London.
united with the Society of i l n t i e 1 1 1X(rtso)l.s of the I ) i I u c i n ~ Order,
~ or Royal d r k
allcl JfarJ; U u r i ~ z e r s ,assenlbled a t the Surry Tavern in the Strand, by sunmons
from Thonlas Dunckerley, Esq., Grand Master and Grand Commander of those
United Orders. "

,411 interesting letter from Theophilus Jones. Master of the Canlbrian

Lodge. Brecon, deals with the " men who, though in the prime of life. and in
full enjoyment of their health, make i t a practice to go from town t o town, and
from Lodge t o Lodge. with a plausible tale in their mouths, and support them-
selves in habits of idleness and intemperance by imposing upon the well-meant.
though ill-directed, benevolence of their more industrious Brethren." H e asserts
t h a t h e has " found from experience and from enquiry, t h a t t ~ out o of three
of those ~ h have o been relieved in t h a t part of t h e kingdom where [he resides].
have been undeserving of the assistance they have received." and suggests a
rather elaborate system of investigation to meet the . . gro\\.ing evil."
I fully concur in Rro. Elkington's epithet " wishy washy " for nlost of
the poetry contained in the:e volun~es: but in October 1794 a new departure
was made, in the publication of Xasonic Songs complete with music. The fir.t
to appear was . . Arise. and sound t h y Trumpet. Fame "-a piece by no means
without its merits, a t any rate as to the mnsic. which had appeared in the usual
form of a n engraved sheet not very long before. The following nunlber gives,
for what I believe to be the first time. a quite passable tune for " Ye thrice
happy few." t h e words of which made their first appearance in the Pocket
C'onzpjl i o a of 1759.
Such, Brethren. are some of the additional itenls which I have gleaned
from one volume of the Freemusous' ilfccycl-i11e and which struck me as being of
sufficient interest t o quote. Ero. Elkington has. I think, rather unduly restricted
himself as to time and space: I believe he might have enlarged his paper
considerably, and included nlany items of great interest. without any fear that
he was trying our patience. although naturally he and I might differ as to which
particular items deserved selection-a matter of judgment, in ~ v h i c h ,after all.
he is quite as likely to be right as I am.
I would, however, like t o suggest that if he has preserved a complete
record of the Masonic items in these eleven rol~nnes,the printing of an index to
them (if space can be found for it in our Trnnstrrtiutih) mould foiw a valuable
Appendix to his interesting paper.

Ero. W. J. WILLIAMSsaid :-
We are much indebted to our Bro. Elkington for his painstaking paper
in which he has collected lnany of the interesting items in these old bIagazines.
I t was not t o be expected. nor was it desirable, t h a t the paper should
have so far exhausted the nlaterials as t o leave nothing for subsequent gleaners.
Such papers as the present are important because they direct attention to the
existence and value of the old periodical publications which v e r e launched for
the benefit of the Craft. a i d are still available as indicating the v i e w taken
by the proprietors, of the sort of thing that they expected ~vould meet with
acceptance among the Brethren. They also preserve nlany valuable contem-
pora-neous recordH of the current history of the Society.
One can seldom neruse these Masonic neriodicals without meetine. U

evidence that whoever profited by them the Proprietors certainly did not do SO
from a pecuniary standpoint.
This particular Magazine, as our Brother says, ' sinlply ceased to exist."
Probably the lack of adequate financial support by the Brethren was the actual
cause of cessation.
The voluines of the Freemnio/is Qunrterly R e ~ ~ r e w~i-hlch . conlinenced
in 1834 and continuecl for many years and t h e Freev2nson.s' ilfcrgasitt e
a t l d Ilf (lionI C X / ) . / Y J ) . which conlinenced 111 1856, contain inuch very valuable
infornlatlon and are a storehouse of the Masonic research work which was in
progress durlng their publication. A t a later period n e have the V a s o ~ u c
ilfcigri-ctle, w h ~ c h was edited by Bro. Woodford for the period 1873 to 1882
(June). and co~ltinuedfor a further brief aeriod as the ,lfnsonzc J f t ~ n f h / l / . I n .
these Magazines there are many contributions by such Masters in the art of
IIasonic Research as Brothers AIatthew Cooke (who has not had his due tribute
of praise for his documentary discoveries) Hughan. Woodford. Rylands, and
others. I must admit t h a t not infrequently the items scattered through the
nlultitudinous pages of these old hIagazine have given hints and put me upon
the track of information which might otherwise have remained buried in something
approaching oblivion.

Bro. GORDOSP . G. H I L L S said:-

Although I have not very much to add t o what the previous speakers
have said. I should like to express a word of thanks and appreciation to my
dear old friend Bro. Elkington for the trouble he has taken in preparing and
reading his paper, especially because I owe so great a debt to him in Freenlasonry
in that it was a t his worthy hands that I received nly initiation into the Order.
so that when thanks are d i e I like t o have a part in expressing them.
I will only comment on three points.
Richard Brothers, who I believe was certainly not a Nason. was an
extraordinary character t o whom m y attention was drawn years ago when I %as
examining the Rainsford MSS.. and i t seems worth while in the present
connection to add a brief note of his career. Richard Brothers was born in
1757, entered the Royal Navy. and rose to the rank of Lieutenant. I11 1783 he
left the Service, and travelled abroad. One of his great friends and supporters,
William Bryan, the Quaker Druggist of Bristol, in his Testimony of the
Spirit " wrote a n account of Brothers life ancl details of his visit t o the mystical
bodies operating a t Avignon ill 1788. I n 1789 the retired Lieutenant started
an objection to the terms of t h e oath which he had to take before receiving his
half-pay. H e developed the idea that he had receivecl a Divine Coninlissioil as
a Prophet. published " Prophecies." and called himself the ' Nephew " of the
Almighty. Whilst objecting to the K i n g s title ' Sovereign Lord," as
blasphemous, he claimed the throue for himself as successor of K i n g David. I n
1795 Brothers was arrested for tleasonable practices and imprisoned as a criminal
lunatic. A n agitation on his behalf in favour of his release was carried on for
many years. I n 1806 he was restored to freed0111 and lived in London with
friends until his death in 1824. I n his later years he wrote on the identity of
the English with the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. and devoted attention to
astro~ionlical speculations.
Brother Elkingtoll nlentions t h a t the Quatuor Coronati Library owns a
copy of t h e engraving of Stothatd's well-known picture of Bro. Ruspini leading
the procession of t h e little Girls of the Institution in Freemasons' H a l l the
orlginal painting hangs in the Museum of Grand Lodge.
I should like again, as I did on occasions when I delivered my Prestonian
Lecture, t o correct the mis-statement about Bro. Preston's election to t h e Chair
of Antiquity, which apparently had its origin fro111 Bro. Stephen Jones' account
111 the I'reemtuon.' Vngcr-1ne. The point was dealt with by Bro. Rylands in the
first volume of the Records of the Lodge (p. 273), where i t appears t h a t there is
every probability t h a t the Bro. Preston who attended a meeting on 5th February
l772 as a Visitor was our William Preston. who was proposed as a joining
member on 2nd Narch 1774. and elected 1st J u n e , when he was not present.
I t was not on this occasion, b u t on 15th J u n e . when he made his first attendallce
after election. t h a t Bro. M'llliam Preston was holioured by election to the Chair
of t h a t distinguished Lodge, the premier Lodge ' on the Roll of Grand Lodge
as he was proud t o remember.

Bro. L E X I S EDTTARDS
said :-

I desire to add a hunlble tribute to the writer of the paper. It is of

some little interest to point out that the set of the Freemrrsons' ,lfagn,aine in the
British ,7luseum is incomplete, it lacking one volume. which has probably been
lost.
The recluiremelit t h a t the candidates for the Royal Cumberlaiid Institution
should have previously hacl the smallpox was not so curious as has been suggested.
I n t h e days before vaccination, i t r a s by no means ~uiusual.e.g., when engaging
domestic servants, to make a similar stiimlation. and one who had hacl the small-
pox had a n increased value analogous to t h a t of a dog which had had distemper.
I am inclined somewhat to deprecate the accusatiom made by a previous
speaker, and indeed frequently macle, that the writings of an earlier peribd were
deficient in humour. I t shoulcl be remenlbered t h a t fashions in these matters.
as in others, change, a i d t h a t what we considered humour i n our time might by
our graudchildren be as reasonably (or unreasonably) considered dead and dull
as me had held t h a t of our grandfathers.
I am interested in the reference made t o the contemporary war with
France. in view of the fact t h a t the Duke of York. a nlember of the Craft, and
the hero ' who had ten thousand men." played a prominent. if not altogether
snccessful or glorious, p a r t in the military campaigns on the Continent in t h e
closing years of the eighteenth century.
Bro. J E S K I N Swrif
~ X :-
I have read with interest Uro. Ellrington's Notes 011 t h e Freemnsotis'
and while t h e paper does not lend itself t o n n ~ c hcriticism, there a r e
.lfcryc:it/c..
one or two minor details on which a comment m a y b e permitted
Bro. William Stewart. concerning nhose identity sollie doubt exists, was
prol~ablyt h e brother appearing oil t h e Roll of Lodge N o . 324, Thtblin (1759-
1818) as:-
Williain Stewart. 24 Jan'y. 1764. Certified 2" Feb'y. 1764."
The phrase " Certified 2". FehrY. 1764 " indicates t h a t Bro. Stewart was
granted a G . L . Certificate on t h e d a t e mentioncd. or i n t h e words of our Irish
Constitution " drew his Certificate." I11 those days. a n d indeed for many years
folloa.ing, our Irish G . L . did not issue a Certificate t o each Brother on his
registration. A s a general rule a. G.L. Certificate was only taken out b y a
brother about t o travel, a n d therefore r e q u i r i i ~ g credentials of his status.
The issue of a G . L . Certificate t o Bro. W m . Stewart of Lodge No. 324
withiii practically a week of his registration. i n t h e a b ~ e n c eof clear evidence
t o t h e contrary, m a y be reasonalsly assumed as a n indication of his identity with
t h e ' . Irish Mason before." particularly as no other brother of t h e name appears
on the Rolls of t h e Dublin City Lodges. A s a n I r i s h X a s o n h e would naturally
gravitate t o t h e Atholl Bretllren i n t h e first instance, b u t . alas ! " the root
of t h e m a t t e r " cannot have been ill him since in l a t e r clays h e succumbed to
AJodern influence a11d was re-made E . A . F . C . in 1767.
If this I\Iemher of 324 was William Stewart t h e Proprietor of t h e
Magazine his M . A . does not appear to have been taken out i n Trinity College.
Dnhlin, t h e A l m a M a t e r of so m a n y distii~guished menil>ers cf our Order. A
search of Burtchaell & Sadleir's , , Alumni l ) ~ t b l i n e n s e s " fails to show ally
graduate of t h e n a m e whose dates and particulars w o d d fit in except t h e
following ulilikely instance : -
Stewart William. Pen. ( D r . Torrens) Nov. 1. 1764 (N.F.P.)."
Bro. Stewart's degree vionlcl be more likely from a Scotch Universit'y. Inany
Irish students of t h e time t a k i n g t h a t degree in Glasgow. A list of Scottish
Allunni was not available t o m e , b u t perhaps sonle other brother may be able
t o extencl t h e search as indicated.
I t may be of interest t o note t h a t ill t h e I r i s h S e t ~ ~ i i n c ~ r i t rrnl d i l / n s o ~ ~ i c
-Mrr!/cc:ine.l publishe~cl i n Dublin just a year prior t o t h e first issue of t h e
P'reemoso~rs' J/cc;/cc~it~e.Preston's " Illustratioils " also appeared. Altho~~gh
called a I\Iasonic Xagazine. i t m u s t b e admitted t h a t t h e ;\lasonic portion of t h e
Irish paper was largely outweighed b y general subjects. r a ~ i g i a gfrom law reports
of cases in t h e K i n g ' s Bench t o " T h e X e t h o d of Raising E a r l y Potatoes."
Nor w o d d t h e conmlents of Bro. Elkiilgton on t h e ' , p o e t r y " i n t h e
English Journal be out of place if applied t o some of t h a t appearing in its I r i s h
sister, although some passablc verses a r e printed from time t o time i n t h e lat'ter.
The Editor of t h e I r i s h Xagazine seldoili expressed his mind quite so
freely as did his English brother i n t h e case quotecl h y Bro. Elkington from
Vol. 1 9 . : t h e general m o n t l ~ l yformula for lunprintable material being :-
' . Several other pieces have beell received from C o r r e s p o n d e n t ~ .which a r e
under Consideration " : wllile possibles are described as-" shall appear in a
f u t w e month "-a safe promise, b11t not always fulfilled, d o u b t l e s on account
of its being capable of a wide interpretation.
Once. however. t h e easy - good
- nature of t h e I r i s h E d i t o r appears to have
been ruffled. and we find : -
It h a s given u s n o small Concern, t h a t we were u n d e r a ru'ecessity of
l

suppressilig some H i n t s a n d Observations on i\Iedicinal P l a n t s . a n d some Lines

1 T ' i t l c Lepper Crossl6. vol. i.. p. 317.

on a Gardener, particularly as they c a l m from a Correspolldent whom we shalI
always b e glad t o oblige. when we can do it consistent with our Engagements
to t h e P u b h c : B u t t h e T r u t h is t h e first piece was so incorrect. we deemed i t
unfit for Insertion and t h c other IS a P r o d u c t ~ o nwe have seen i n our juvenile
Days i n Books p r ~ n t e d for t h e late N r . Newbery, of S t . P a u l S Churcll-Yard.
London. a n d other well-meanlng Book-sellers for t h e Instruction a n d Anluseinent
of little Heroes not three Feet high.'
V/ ~ ~ t i mt(tT ~ X U K J ~ XI I( tCq ~ t : ~ i i eJ.u n e 1795 ( p . 483).
e i d.

I r i s h Xasonic llagazines. it Inay be remarked i n closing, have never

flourished i n t h e Emerald Isle. doubtle-S because of t h e rooted a n t i -p a t h y. of the
Irish C r a f t t o a n y t h i n g other t h a n t h e barest reference being made i n print to
t h e ceremonies of our Order. Sl~ecimens of two of these extinct i\lag.azines.
issued with t h e sanction of t h e Grand Lodge of I r e l a n d . a r e submitted for t h e
ilispection of t h e Bretliren of Q.C.

Bro. B. TELEPNEFF
z w i t e s :-

I n his charming and instructive paper Brother Elkington refers to the

Dukes of Brunswick a n d A4ecklenbnrg-Strelitz. mentioned i n t h e 8 t h volume of
t h e I.'ree11zrr.soi2.s' Jl/cqctsine as " Patrons " of t h e Royal A r c h Chapters i n
Germany.
I t is seldoin realized what a continuous interchange of Ilasonic ideas and
degrees was taking place in t h e eighteenth century between England and
Germany. although t h e side-issues of I\Iasonry. such as i t s " higher " degrees.
were imbibed i n Germany b y a spirit quite different from t h e English Lodges.
Ceremonies which appealed to t h e English Bretllren did not always saticfy their
German B r e t h r e n . Such was, taking one instance. t h e Royal A r c h . ' This
ceremony was introduced into Germany in l786 by Count August Graefe. a
Brunswicker a n d a captain in t h e English service in A m e r i c a : h e h a d been a
Deputy Past. G r a n d Master of Canada and returned t o Brunswick i n 1785 as
representative of t h e G r a n d Lodge of E n g l a n d . H e established t h e Chapter of
Zion a t Hamlover a n d . later. another Chapter a t Frankfort-on-t11e-3Iaine, but
did not meet with much succe:s t h e cerenqony passed quickly i n t o oblivion.
T h e D u k e of i\lecklellburg-Strelitz referred t o b y t h e J'reemnsons' dfngtrriiie
was no doubt Car1 Ludwig Friedrich.' who d u r i n g his sojourn i n England i n
1786 procured with Graefe's assistance t h e re-instatement of t h e Provincial Grand
Lodge of t h e Elect.orate of I-Iannover a n d British L)ominions i n G e r m a n y : he
was t h e n appointed Provilicial Grand Master of t h e re-instated Ltodge.
T h e Brunswicker ' P a t r o n ' of t h e ~ h o r t - l i v e d German Chapters, meant
by t h e AIagazine, must have been Duke F e r d i n a n d , although deceased already
in 1792. There was hardly a n y Xasoliic organisation in Germany this zealous
l l a s o n h a d not patronized, or a n y degree of importance h e h a d n o t taken a n
interest i n . One of t h e outstanding military leaders of his time. D u k e Ferdinand
was appointed i n l757 b y Frederick t h e Great Comma~lder-in-Chief of t h e
defeated allied forces on t h e request of E n g l a n d , a n d d u r i n g t h e subsequent
campaign covered himself a n d his troops with glory. A m o n g his commanding
officers were English Alasons. thlls. Xasonic Brotherhood between England and
Germany was fortified by t h e comradeship-in-arms. a very different state of
affairs &on1 t h e twentieth century !
Bro. J . STOKESw r i t e s : -
Bro. Elkington refers to the opening of the Sheffield General Infirmary,
which took place on Wednesday. 4th October 1797. in which ceremony the
Cutlers' Conlpany took a pronlinent part.
The following details of this event, which was of great local importance.
may be of interest :-
(There were three Processions.)
The First Division will consist of the different Lodges of Freemasons, ill
the following order :-
Two Trumpeters on White Horses. dressed in White.
Two Constables with Staffs.
Band of I\Iusic.
Two Tilers with Swords.
Standard. Crinlson Silk. Faith. Hope and Charity.
A Steward with a pink wand.
Visiting Brothers in White Gloves, two and two, according to the rank
of their respective Lodges (Juniors first).
Standard in the Centre of them blue silk, Brotherly Lore. Relief and
Truth.
A Steward with a pink Wand.
Flag of the Royal Brunswick Lodge.
Royal Arch Xasons. with Sashes, two and two.
Knight Teinplars Banner.
Knight Tenlplar Masons, with Sashes, two and two.
A Steward with a Pink Rod.
Architect with Square. Level and Plumb on a Cushion.
The Lodge, covered with White Satin, and carried by four Master Masons.
Master of the Seventh Lodge with two Silver Pitchers containing TT'ine
and Oil.
Master of the Sistll Lodge with a gold pitcher containing Corn.
Standard. purple silk. Justice. Fortitude. Tenlperance & Prudence.
The First Light, carried by the 3laster of the Fourth Lodge.
The Celestial and Terrestrial Globes. carried by two Master Masons.
The Second Light. carried by the Naster of the Third Lodge.
The Lewis, carried by a Master AIason.
The Third Light, carried by the Master of the Second Lodge.
The Holy Bible. Square and Conlpass on a Crinlson Velvet Cushion, with
Gold Fringe and Tassels.
The Chaplain.
A Steward with a Pink Rod.
Two Secretaries with green Silk Bags and Transaction Books.
Two Treasurers with Blue Wands tipped with Gold.
Junior Wardens with Pillars.
Senior Wardens with Pillars.
Book of Collstitutions on a Blue Silk Cushion.
Master of the two Lodges with White Wands carrying the Warrant of
Constitution of Britannia Lodge.
Two Stewards with Pink Wands to close the Procession.

We have ]no record to show the names of five out of the seven Lodges
which took part in the procession. The Britannia 1761 (Antient), l765
(Moderns) and the Royal Brunswick Lodges 1793 (Xoderns) were the only ones
in the town at t h a t time, the last of the Antients Lodges ( 7 2 ) having
amalgamated with the Britannia Lodge in the previous year.
The presence of Royal Arch Masons and Knight Tsmplar Masons is most
interesting, in view of the fact that i t was not until I\Iarch, 1795. that a Royal
Arch Chapter was constituted in the Town, though we know t h a t the Arch.
Knight Teinplar and Mark degrees had been worked for many years under the
Ailtients warrant. The early records of the Britannia Lodge contain many
references t o Royal Arch AIasonry, and the Lodge possesses a register of Xarks
belonging to N a r k Masons whose date is uncertain, b u t includes brethren such
as W. Rowley, and is probably late eighteenth or early nineteenth century. A n
inrentory of the Britannia Lodge includes inter cilia the furniture necessary for
a Knight Templar Encampment.
A short note on the Company of Cutlers 1n Hallamshire will be found in
the report of the Summer Outing 1922 (vol. xxsv.. p. 227).
Bro. David Flather has given me the following note on the Cutlers'
Company :-
While in outward form the Cutlers' Company is not unlike the City
Livery Companies, yet in its origin and in its present state. it is vastly different.
There was not a t any time a gild of Cutlers in Sheffield, nor is i t so
ancient as the Cutlers' Company of London, which v,-as constituted in 1344.
The Cutlers' Conlpaily a t Sheffield was illcorporatecl in 1624. but in
1565 the E a r l of Shrewsbury, who was Lord of the Nanor of Sheffield, appointed
a jury of Searchers to supervise the trade and especially to grant and control
Trade 3Iarks.
On t h e incorporation in 1624, the Co~npany was constituted as follows,
VIZ. :-
The Master
Senior Warden
Junior Warden
Six Seachers
24 Assistant Searchers
a total of 33.
The Office of Master is held for one year. though there have been instances
where by reason of special circumstances, the office has been held for two or more
snccessive years by the same man.
Promotion towards the chair is usually by seniority of nleinbership of the
Colnpany .
The Xaster during his year of Office is in great request in the City, both
for Social. Charitable and Industrial needs.
The chief public work of the Company is in connectioil with the granting
of Trade Marks, and forms a very important and necessary part of the duties
of the Company.

Bro. ELKISGTONwrites, in reply : -

I a m glad t h a t my paper produced so iilteresting a discussion which
indeed the varied range of its contents invited.
I accept the kindly criticism of the W.M. W i t h practised skill he has
extracted some more good metal from the mine: fitly adding to the speciinens
I brought to light.
I inay add t h a t I had cherished the idea of such a n index as our W.M.
suggests, but found it would have been very bulky and (to me) very difficult to
classify.
Bro. W . J . Williams really sums 1113 and adopts my views when he says:
" I t was not to be expected, nor was i t desirable. t h a t the paper should have

so far exhausted the materials as to leave nothing for subsequent gleaners."

H e has done good service in continuing the record of subsequent magazines of
somewhat similar character.
I thank my old friend Bro. Gordon Hills for his fraternal personal remarks
and for his very interesting statements as to that curious character Brothers
the Prophet."
 Bro. Stokes supplements very fully my allusions to the Cutlers' Company
of Sheffield. Without controvertillg his statements, I rest content with the
~mdoubted fact t h a t the Sheffield Company is recognized by the Gilds of the
City of London, a t whose banquets the Xaster Cutler of Sheffield is frecluently
an honoured guest.
With respect to Bro. Lewis Edwards' statement, may I say t h a t the
reference t o candidates for the Royal Comberland School having to have had
s~nallpox XTas not t h a t such a recluirenlent was then curious or unusual, but
that i t seems now t o be so t o us.
I thank Bro. Jenkinson for his explanatory notes as to Bro. W m .
Stewart ancl also as to the Irish llagazine. which was for a time contemporary
with the English one.
Finally. Bro. Telepneff has ably dealt with the early comection between
English and Germail Nasonry whicli I briefly mentioned without a t the time
trying to follow this up.
 SUMME,R OUTING. 1929.

LEEDS.

HE choice of Leeds as t h e scene of c u r O u t i n g t h i s year was t h e

occasion of a certain ainount of criticism on t h e p a r t of some
b r e t h r e n , not all of theill hailing from south of T r e n t . in whose
iniilcls t h a t city was only associated w i t h t h e dingier aspects
of i n d u s t r y . B u t before t h e y h a d been i n t h e place i n a n y
h o u r s t h e y san t h e i r error. F e w cities i n Ellgland call boast
of finer environs, a n d none can rival t h e archeological treasures
f o r visiting which Leeds is so admiraGle a h e a d q u a r t e r s .
comprising a s t h e y d o h em pie Nev-sam. K i r k s t a l l , A d e l . F o u n t a i a s . a n d Bolton
Priory.
A most cordial invitation h a d beell extended to ?IS b y t h e Leeds Installed
Masters' Association, a n d i t s Reception Cominittee worked o u t f o r u s a n
instructive a n d carefully considered p r o g ~ a m m e . T h e Coininittee consisted of
W . Bros. D r . \TT. H. Maxwell Telling. P.Pr.G.ITTS'..P r e s i d e n t : E . Hawkesmorth.
P r . G . D . . H o n . Secretary : J . H. Oldroyd, P . P r . A . G . D . C ' . . H o n . Treasurer :
TT. H. B e a n , P . P r . G . D . . P r o v G . L i b r a r i a n a n d E d i t o r of t h e T r c r ~ ~ s r t c f i o n s :
J. A . L o w t h e r . B . A . . P . P r . G . D . ; J. C. I i l n e s ; W . E . Ball. P . P r . G . D .
( D u r h a m ) ; TT7. F. H o u l d i n g ; a n d J . Elston C a w t h o r n . P.Pr.G.TV.. LocaI
Secretary of 2076.
T h e visiting B r e t h r e n t a k i n g p a r t i n t h e O u t i n g x-ere :-
Bros. Dr. D. D, dnderson. of 31auritins. 2546: Dr. E. dllen. of Barrolr--in-
Furness, P.31. 1021 ; F . J. Asbury. of London. P.A.G.D.C. : TVm. K. Bacon, of
Lonclon. P.M. 13. P.G.Sten. : Rodk. H. Baster. of Rochdale. P.A.G.D.C., P . N . 2076 :
A. R . Bicharcl, of B m ~ b u r y ,39: H. Blnclon. of London. P.G.St.R. : F . J. 31. Boniface,
of Lonclon. P.31. 2691: TVallace Briclge. of liochdale. Pr.G.Trens.. 13. Lancs. : TValter H .
B r o r ~ n .of Lonclon. P.31. 23. P . G . S t e n . : Geo. W. Bullamore, of 31uch Hacll~ain.141:
Dr. T. 31. Carter, of Bristol. P.Pr.G.TTT.,Bristol. J.G. 2076 : G. S. Collins, of Lonclon,
P.A.G.D.C. : Thos. 31. Copland, of Fallrirk. I.P.G. Architect : RC\-. TV. TT. Covey-
Crump. of Tisbecli. A.G.C"n.. P.31. 2076: Dr. A. J. Cross, of Dnlton-in-Furness.
J.G.D. ; Gilbert TT. Daynes, of Norwich. P.81. 4569. J.TV. 2076 ; R . A. Dickson, of
London. P.Pr.-1.G.D.C.. Essex : H. I<. Ducknorth? of Grange-orer-Sands. P.31. 1715 :
S. Duclmorth. of Grange-01-er-Sancls. P.31. 1713; Erskine Edmonds, of Lyclbury North,
P.Pr.G.D.. Shropshire : Darid Flather, of Sheffield. P.A.G.D.C. : F . TT. Golby. of
London. P.A.G.D.C.; Dr. R . T. Halliday, of Glasgow. G.3Iarshal: TT'elclon Hanson,
of Torton-on-Tees. P.3r. 1027: Art,hur Reiron. of London. L . R . : John Holt, of Y a r n .
P.Pr.G.TT7.. Durham; Anclrexv Hunter. of Falkirlr. G.Sup.. Stirling: J . P . Hunter, of
Sheffield. P.31. 4092: Gilbert T. Johnsou: of York. P.Pr.G.W.. W. ct E. Torks. :
Hug11 C. I<non.les, of L,onclon, P.A.G.R. : Dr. Fred Lace, of Bath. P.A.G.D.C. : C. E. L.
Liveser, of York. P.3I. 236: H . E. Miller, of Gran~e-orer-Sancls. P.Pr.d.G.D.C..
Durham: nT.F. JIorrison, of Stenhousemnir. G.Stew. : C. A. Nexvman, of Peter-
borough. P.Pr.G.TT'. : Dr. C. E. Nenman. of London. 4153 : Dr. George Nornlan, of
Bath, P.G.D.. J.P.31. 2076 ; J. H e r b e i t Parker. of Norwich, P.31. 1152 ; H. D.
Parsons, of Eaglescliffe. P.Pr.G.TV. : Pier. H. Poole. of Seclbergh. P.Pr.G.Ch.. TV.31.
2076; Cecil P o ~ r e l l , of Weston-super-Mare. P.G.D.. P.31. 2076: F . d . Pon-ell. of
 together without t h e control of a -ingle m i n d . The result is
~ u l d o ~ t b t e d l yvery picturesque. a n d t h e building is planned with
cxcelleiit good sense i n regard t o t h e particular form of serrire
contemplated.
A f t c r inspecting t h e seventeenth century silrer C o l n m ~ ~ n i o plate ii in the
vestry W. Bro. Rev. W. TT'. Corey-Crump. A . G . C h a p . . voiced t h e sincere t h a n k s
of those present to t h e Vicar, for his k i ~ ~welcome d a n d instructive guidance.
So as to give t h e visitors a n opportunity of seeing some of the suburbs
of Leeds, a long. circuitous route was then traversed. A f t e r riding for some
time, some of t h c Urethren e ~ ~ c l u i r e how d f a r they were from Leeds, and were
much surprised to hear t h a t they were still ill t h e city. The drive through
Roundhay P a r k Lvas particularly enjoyable. enabling 11s t o see what is perhal:s
the largest a n d most beautiful public park in t h e country. I t covers an area of
over 600 acres. contains two lakes. h a s great stretches of woodland and shrubberies.
besides ample acco~ilmodatio~i for games, a n d abounds i n t h e most g l o r i o ~ ~views.
s
Eventually Temple ru'ewsam was reached. T h e mansion and park were
acquired by t h e City of Leeds from the H o n . F. L . Wood. now Lord I r w i n
Viceroy of I n d i a , i n 1 9 2 2 , mainly through t h e i ~ l s t r u m e n t a l i t yof TT. Bro. S i r
Chas. H. Wilson. J . P . . LL.T).. P . P r . G . V 7 . . who h a d looked forward with 1n11c1i
pleasure to conducting 11s through t h e I~onse.but. u n f o r t ~ u i a t e l y . was confined t o
his room b y illness. So Me had t o divide i n t o two parties. and go througll
conducted b y official guides. whose descrlptio~isof t h e various rooms their history
and contents, were esceedingly helpful Through t h e generosity of t h e former
owner, m a n y beautiful pieces of furniture. pictures. a n d other works of a r t
remain in t h e hou-e so t h a t most of t h e rooms ~ t a i i itheir former appearance.
The hamlet of Newsam is nlentiolled in Doinesdav Book. a n d . as i t is noted
t h a t a t t h a t t i m e t h e value of t h e manor was only a t e n t h of what i t was t\venty
years earlier. i t must have been i11 existence long before. I n 1086 it was part of
t h e great estate of I l b e r t d e Lacy, first L o r d of t h e Honor of Pontefract, who
was succeeded b y his eldest son. Robert. whose eldest son died without issue. so
Ilbert's second son. I-Ieiiry, became Lord of Poiitefract i n or about 1141. IIP
transferred Newsam t o t h e Poor K n i g h t s of Christ a n d of t h e T e ~ n p l e of
Solonion (commonly called t h e K n i g h t s Templar), most likely i n 1135, which.
from t h e undated docmnent confirnling t h e transfer, b u t containing circ~umstantial
evidence. m a y be taken as t h e d a t e of t h e foundation of Temple Newsani. This
same H e n r y d e Lacy was t h e founder of ICirkstall Abbey.
F o r a century a n d a half Temple Newsam was a Preceptory of tlie
Knights Templar. 011 t h e dissolution of t h e Order, i t cousisted of a chapel.
hall, kitchen a n d dormitorv, and certain ontl~ouses. T h e inventorv then taken
shows t h a t t h e f u r n i t u r e a n d fittings were few, a n d plain, b u t there were more
t h a n eleven hundred animals on t h e estate. with large stores of grain.
I n t u r n . t h e manor was owned b y kings, a n d granted to tlieir courtiers.
I n 1337 Edward 111. g r a n t e d t h e reversion t o S i r J o h n 1)arcy. and t h e estate
remained in t,his family for over 150 years. I n 1534 11-enry WIT. grauted it, to
his niece. X a r g a r e t , a n d her second husband. L o r d L e n n o s . a n d it was i n t h e
house then in existence t h a t their eldest son, L o r d T)arnley. was born, ill 1545.
To f w t h e r t h e scllemes a n d plots of his mother, h e married t h e ill-fated N a r y ,
Queen of Scots, in 1565. A f t e r other changes. Sir A r t h n r Ingrain purchased
the rstate, a n d founded t h e family which held i t for about 250 years. His
second grandson was created B a r o n I n g r a m a n d Viscount I r w i n b y Charles 11.
Latterly i t came into tlie po~sessionof t h e H o n . M r s . I\Ieynell I n g r a m , clanghter
of t h e first Viscount I-Ialifas. who, on her decease. left i t to her nepl~ew.T:d\va~d
Wood. t h e only son of t h e present Viscount H a l i f a x . who. a f t e r serving thrz S t a t e
in various capacities. was appointed Viceroy of I n d i a i n 1926, a n d raised to t h e
Peerage. a l i e n . adopting t h e old title so long borne b y t,he o v n e r s of T e ~ x p l e
Newsam, h e became t h e first Baron Irwiii of a ne\T creation.
There a r e no definite remains of t h e old preceptory buildings, though
jxr)liably some of t h e f o ~ ~ n c l a t i o n2sr r incor!~oratcd i n those of t h e later s t r ~ ~ c t u r e .
London, P.A.G.D.C. : John H . Pullen. of London. P.3I. 110: A . P . Salter, of Lonclcn.
P.11. 2032 W. Scott, of Saltb~irn-by-tl~e-Sea.P.31. 5-13: Thos. Selby, of Eaglescliffe.
P.Pr.G.V7.; Augustus Smith. of Ilristol. P.31. 3881: TV. J. Songhurst. of London.
P.G.D.. Treas.. 2076: J. Wm. Stevens, of London. P.A.G.Sup.V.: Dr. John Stokes.
of Sheffield. P.G.D.. Pr.A.G.JI.. P.31. 2076: 1Sd. 'Tappenden. of Hitchin. P.Pr.G.X7. :
F. J . rnderwood. of Worcester. P.M. 280: Lionel Vibert. of London. P.A.G.D.C..
P.31. and Sec.. 2076: Geo. C. \Villiams. of London. P . l I . 2 3 : '\V. J . IVilliams. of
London, P.31. 2606. J . D . 2076: Ernest Vinpenny, of Stwliton-on-Tees. P.Pr.G.0. :
H. R . TYood, of St. Annes-on-the-Sea, P.Pr.G.M*.. E. Lancs.: J . H. Wright. of
.Grange-over-Sands. Treas., 1715.

THURSDAY, JUNE ~ O T H , 1929.

T h e B r e t h r e n who arrived b y train from London were m e t a t Leeds
Station b y U '. Bro. E . Hawkesworth. P r . G . D . , H o n . Secretary of t h e Leeds
Installed illasters' Association, a n d members of t h e local Reception Coinnlittee
who conducted t h e visitors t o t h e Hotel Jletropole, where others h a d arrived
already. Rooms were allotted without nluch difficulty, a n d t h e p a r t y was soon
ready t o s t a r t t h e programme, before doing which. everyone was handed a
booklet containing Notes on Leeds and t h e Places t o be Visited. written by
W. Bro. E. Hawkesworth P r . G . D . ; and ' Notes on t h e Provincial L i b r a r y of
West Yorks.. w ~ i t t e ab y W. Bro. W. H. Bean. P . P r . G . D . . P r . G . Librarian.
Comfortable coaches were i n waiting. a n d conveyed u s t o t h e Church of
S t . J o h n t h e Evangelist, t h e first place of call, where we were welcomed b y t h e
Vicar. W. Bro. D ' A r c y S . Rucld. X . A . . P . P r . G . C h . . who related t h e history
of this most interesting church, and conducted 11s over i t . I t was t h e oldest
church i n t h e city. u n t i l t h e parish of Adel was included quite recently and
may best b e described i n t h e words of l l r . (now Sir) Reginald Blomfield's
Sliort 11lstory of li'ennccsccnce .lrc.hctcct ilre 111 Etcg1nntl:-
I n S . J o h n ' s Church a t Leeds. we have a r a r e a n d very interesting
example of a n entirely new church. I n 1632-3. t h e old parish
church being too small for t h e congregation. J o h n Harrison. a citizen
of Leeds, built t h e church of S . J o h n ' s . a n d endowed i t with 2 8 0
per a n n m n a n d 10 for repairs. T h e church was consecrated b y
Archbishoi> 1~
Neile i n 1634. I n nlan i t consists of two aisles of t h e
same size. treated t l ~ r o u g h o u texactly alike. with a square tower a t
t h e west end of t h e n o r t h aisle. T h e aisle arcade has pointed arches.
a n d b o t h aisles have square-leaded windows with cinquefoil lights.
T h e two east windows have geoinetricnl tracery of very fair design.
b u t r a t h e r wiry i n execution. The parapets have battlements. W i t h
t h e exception of t h e semi-circular arch t o t h e porch. and t h e curious
capitals to t h e pillars of t h e arcade, all t h e details of t h e masonry
a r e l a t e Gothic. with slirrht technical variations. W h e n . however, t h e
0

carpenter.. joiners a n d carvers were t u r n e d i n t o t h e c h n r c l ~ . Gothic

detail was abandoned. T h e framing of t h e roof with i t s square
plaster panels. t h e richly c a r w d screeil. r u n n i n g across t h e whole
width of t h e church. with t h e two great semicircular arches and cpen
strap-~vorlrsl:andrels, t h e details of t h e n-ainscot pen-S. t h e pulpit and
t h e reading desk. are all of Jacobean type. t h a t is, based on German
models, with variations according to t h e fancy cf t h e workmen. The
probable esplanation of t h e capitals. which, though Gothic in outline.
a r e Renaissance i n detail. is t h a t a carver was set t o work on them
a t some little interval after they were built. I t is clear from this
church a n d from similar instances, . . . t h a t t h e Gothic tradition
was preserved i n masonry 1o11gafter i t had died out in other building
trades. I t is probable from t h e heterogeneous character of t h e details.
t h a t 110 archifect was employed to design tllis c h ~ ~ r caht Leeds. J o h n
Harrison m a y have given general instructions. b u t t h e building as a
whole represents t h e unaided efforts of different craftsmen working
I t is certain there was a house of some importance when L e m o s took possession,
and he most likely made considerable additions. Preserved in tlle Record Office
is an inventory of t h e goods and chattels found in the house. a t the time the
Earl and Countess were expelled by Elizabeth in 1565. and tlle n~unlber of the
rooms about corresponds with t h a t of the present house, and they were arraiiged
on a similar plan. After this date the buildings fell into a state of dis-repair.
and when the first Illgram took possession of the estate in 1622. he made
extensive alterations and additions. Further alterations were made from time
to time by subsequeiit owners. A n i~iscription 011 the south wing reads as
follows :-
T I I I S SOUTH W I N G
WAS INTIRELY REBUILT
BY FRANCES SHEPHEARD
R E L I C T O F C H A R L E S 9~1-1
VISCOUNT I R W I N
I N T H E Y E A R 1796

The building is of brick, built round three sides of a square, and is practically
void of ornamentation. I t has massive bay windows at regular intervals, and
the vertical lines of these. bound together by the long horizontal lines of t h e
balustrade fornling the skyline give the house a most dignified appearance. On
the three sides of the balustrade facing into the court is an inscription, part of
Sir Arthur Ingram's work, originally in stone letters, since replaced by metal
olles, as the stone was decaying rapidly :-

A L L - GLORY - A N D - P R A I S E - B E - G I V E N - TO - GOD - T H E
F A T H E R - T H E SON - A N D - H O L Y - GHOST - ON - H I G H .
P E A C E - ON - E A R T H . GO - OD - W I L L - TOWARDS - BIEN.
H O N O U R - A N D - T R U E - A L L E G I - A N C E - TO - OUR -
GRACIO - U S - K I N G - LOVING - A F - F E C T I - ON - ABIONGST -
H I S SUBJECTS. H E A L T H - A N D - P L E N T Y - B E - W I T H I N -
T H I S - HOUSE.

Inside the house the first striking feature is the Oak Staircase, which, although
modern. is quite Elizabethan in style. I t was designed by G. F. Bodley. R.A..
and erected by BIrs. Meynell Ingram. On the walls of t h e staircase and corridors
are portraits of various owners of the estate and members of their family, some
nainted bv eminent artists. A tour of the various rooms was made. each
containing much of artistic or historical interest, described by the guide, and a t
greater length in a well-written handbook, a copy of which was acquired by most
of those present. Special mention may be made of t h e oak panelling and the
elaborate clisplay of heraldry surmounting the inantelpiece i n the Dining Room :
thc stained glass (seventeenth century) in the Great Hall, depicting a series of
armorial bearings from the Lacies down to the Ingrams: the iron deed-chest of
Sir Arthur Ingram, its beautiful workmanship being almost identical with that
of Sir Thomas Bodley (1545-1613) now in the Bodleiau a t Oxford: the elegant
Chinese wall-paper in t h e Blue Drawing Room: the pictures and furilishiip in
the bedrooms; the series of portraits relating to Darnley, i n the room bearing
his name ; and the extensive and famous collectioil of weapons. formed by
IT. Franpois Renkin, of LiGge, and acquired by the Leeds City Council a few
years ago, in the two Armoury Rooms. The Gallery is the largest room in the
house, and originally extended t h e full length of its north side. b u t was later
reduced to its present dimensions-108ft. long, 29ft. wide, and 18ft. high. The
ceiling is most elaborately decorated, thirteen roundels containing portrait busts
05 members of the Royal Family. c.n. 1745. A wonderful collection of pictures.
by eminent English. French and Italian painters, is displayed on the ~ a l l s .
Nention may also be made of a large Chinese sacrificial bowl, dating back to
about 200 B.C.. and two smaller incense bowls. of Ming dynasty date. At one
end of the Gallery is the Chapel, which is richly decorated. I n accordance with
one of the provisions of the deed of sale, a celebration of the Holy Commuiiiol~
must be held here annually. The original Chapel was what is now the kitchen,
t h e change having been made when this part of the house was re-modelled in
1796.
The opportunity of inspecting this stately house and its treasures was
greatly appreciated. Many of the Brethren compared i t , favourably. with
Hampton Court, and expressed surprise t h a t such a nlagnificent place was not
more widely known. though i t is visited by about a hundred thousand people
yearly.

After dinner a t the hotel. we made for the Masonic H a l l , Great George
Street (where many of the local Brethren had gathered). and were received
by W. Bra. W . H . IIaxwell Telling. P.Pr.G.\;I'., the President of the Leeds
Installed Masters' Association, who, when all had assembled in t h e Lodge Room,
said he esteemed i t a great privilege to have the pleasant task of extending a
welconle, on behalf of the Asociation, to the Brethren of the Quatuor Coronati
Lodge, who should be under 110 inisapprehension as to its extreme cordiality.
The welcome was a twofold one-welcon~e to them as Masons, and welconle t o
them as a Lodge distinguished and appreciated throughout the Xasonic world
on account of its nlagnificent record of work in I\lasonic research. H e hoped
they n7ould have a good time in Leeds, t h a t the arrangements made for their
Outing would prove satisfactory, t h a t they would find interest in the places t o
be visited, and t h a t they ~ ~ o u go l d away with pleasant recollections of their visit
and the Association of which he was proud to be President.
W. Bro. Richard Gill. J . P . , P . G . D . . Deputy Provincial Grand Afaster of
West Yorks.. associated himself very heartily with the welconle extended by the
President. H e had also t o be the mouthpiece of the R t . W. the Provincial
Grand Master, the Viscount Lascelles. K.G., D.S.O.. P.G.W.. who was absent
owing t o other duties. in welcoining t h e Lodge to t h e Province.
W . Bro. George Whittington. P . G . D . . Assistant Provincial Grand Master,
also joined in the welcome.
W. Bro. Rev. W. X 7 . Covey-Crump. Asst.G.Chap., P.31. 2076. said i t
was his d u t y , in t h e temporary absence of the Naster of the Lodge, to respond,
though he could not c10 so in adequate words, to t h e very hearty welcome the
inembers of the Lodge had received. It was a characteristic of Yorkshirenlen
t h a t , v-hilst they did not say much, they always meant what they did say. and
the cordiality of the words of welconle and fraternal greeting used on this
occasion augured well for tho enjoyment and success of the next two or three
days. To many of them these Outings \rere alinost a necessity, as, not only did
they afford opportunities for meeting many Brethren from a distance, but a
great deal of I\lasonic knowledge was acquired and disseminated, and those
attending were able to exchange information, and discms many important
matters relating t o the Craft.
The Brethren then dispersed t o other parts of the building. i7Iany of
them spent a profitable t i n e in the Library of the Province. where, by the kind
erm mission of its chief officers. TV. Bro. W ,H. Bean, F . P r . G . D . . the Provincial
G. Librarian. had arranged a special eshibition of 31s. Constitutions, rare books.
old Xasonic clothing, jewels, furniture glass and pictures. This included a
selection from the collection of the eleven I I S S . of the Old Charges and Constitu-
tions owned by the Province, a list of which is given in the booklet already
n~entioned ( 1 7 d e Appendis).
A large collection of prints, photographs and drawings was displayed in
the large Dining Room. Groups of Brethren were occupied most of the evening
in examining and discussing the many rare and interesting exhibits.
I n the small Dining Room ample oprortunity was afforded for Conversa-
tion and Refreshment.
During the evening a short prograinme of music was performed by Bro.
J . Lupton Vhitelock (Flute) and 13ro. P l b e r t Jowett. I\Ius.Bach.. Oxon.
P : P r . G . O r g . (Pianoforte), of some of the latter Brother S own conlpositions: and
 S u m m e r 0 rttiicg. 169

Bro. Oliver E. Cookson sang several songs. which added considerably to the
enjoyment of those present. The singing of the National Anthem a t 10.30 11.111.
ternlinated a really happy function.

FRIDAY. JGNE 21s~.

The Brethren were astir betimes, welcomed by glorious sunshine. aud
conmenced a long day's programme by a visit t o Kirkstall Abbey. situatcd
within the western boundary of the city, close to the banks of Aire. When the
estates of the Earl of Cardigan, of which i t formed p a r t , were disl~osed of in
1890, the Abbey was purchased by the late Colonel J . T. North. of nitrate
fame, and presented by him to the Corporation of Leeds. Needless to say, i t
is a highly va111ed possession of the citizens, ancl a considerable amomit of money
has bcen spent from time to time for the better preservation of the ruins which,
from their extent and condition, and the complete manner in which they illustrate
the characteristic architecture of a Cistercian monastery, are only second to
Fountains in iniportalice.
Lieut.-Colonel E . Kitson Clarlr. T.D., M . A . , F . S . A . . &C.. a well-known
archeologist, who has made a special study of the monastic buildinqs of Yorkshire,
met the party, and in the Cloister. in most genial and Incld manner, related
the history of the Abbey, pointing out the most interesting features of the
surrounding bnildings. I n 114'7. Henry de Lacy, b e ~ i l g ill. vowed that on
recovery he would build an abbcy of the Cistercian order in honour of the B.V.M.
Accordingly, he assigned land a t Barnoldswick (on the borders of Yorkshire and
Lancashire) to the Abbot of Fountains. for thls purpose. The usual liunible
offices were there built, and 011 May 19th. 1147, the mother-house of Fountains
sent forth Don1 Alexander, a prlor, who was ordained Abbot, with twelve
monks and ten lay-brothers. o & ~to the severity of the climate, the loss of
their goods by raiders, and perhaps friction with the local clergy, i t was found
inadvisable to build the monastery there. The present sitc was discovered and
secured. Alexander and his house removing here on 31ay 19th, 1152. \Ye
read that " the Abbot, being a man of piety and prudence, watched with
unwearying sagacity over the progress of his house in every direction." Also
t h a t ' tin-ougliout IIenry de Lacy stood by him, now providing the fruits of
harvest, now supplying money as the needs of the establishment required. I-Ie
had part in providing t h e buildings, laid with his own hand the foundations
of the church, and himself completed the whole fabric a t his own cost." Abbot
Alexander died in 1182, and during his reign, we read further. " the buildings
of Kirkstall were erected of stone and wood bought there, t h a t is, the church
and both dorters t o wit. of the nionks and of t h e lav brothers. both their
fraters, thc cloister, the chapter house, and other ofices necessary within the
Abbey. and all these were covered excellently with tiles." W i t h the object
of providing suitable lodging for the lay-brothers during t h e building operations.
the cellrr~runz was the earliest erection, and the order of succeeding parts of
t h e work of Alexander can be traced fairlv well. The infinnarv block and
chapel, to the south, and the guest-house. west of the church, were not erected
until about 1220, and various additions and alterations continued to be made
down to the fifteenth century. These were mainly for convenie~~ce and increased
accommodation, b u t they made very little ,difference in the original plan and
arrangement of the buildings, so t h a t we are left with an almost complete
example of Cistercian archit,ecture. After his illumii~ating address, Colonel
Kitson Clark conducted us through the buildings, explaining the architectl~ral
details and describing the every-day life of the monks.-the devotional duties
of the frrtfrrx c,lericl; and the varied activities of the frcrfres Inici.
The church itself is of striking proportions, both in height and width.
The groining of the aisles remains, but all the other roofs are gone, as are those
of the cloisters. I t is over 224ft. long, over 118ft. wide from transept to
transei~t. the width of the nave and aisles being. over 62ft.0
The aisles are
rather narrow. and are separated from the nave by eight nlassive and well-
preserved pillars of clustered columiis. T h e east window is of g r e a t size, b u t
all its t r a c e r y h a s gone. T h e original central tower was n o t m u c h higher t h a n
t h e roof. ~n accordaiice w i t h early Cistrrcian custom. b u t i t was r a ~ s e d t o a
much greater height early 111 t h e s ~ x t e e n t hcentury. T h e C h a p t e r House. which
was enlarged i n t h e f o u r t c e n t h c e n t u ~ y , is of g r e a t i n t e r e s t , i t s roof being
supported b y t w o massive columns whence spring t h e arches of t h e groining.
T h e r u i n s have been scheduled as a n ' A n c i e n t M o n u m e n t , ' a n d recent
excavations h a v e revealed m u c h more of t h e original p l a n . viliilst work of
restoration ancl preservatiou was seen iu 'progress.

A d e l C h u r c h . dedicated t o S t . J o h n B a p t i s t . a n d situated i n beautiful

r u r a l surroundings, was t h e n visited, t h e p a r t y - being ~velcomed b y t h e Robtor.
Rev. C a n o n Postlethwaite. Asseinbling i n t h e c h u r c h , Colonel Kits011 Clark again
took charge. a n d described t h e building a n d i t s history. T h e r e is no record of
t h e d a t e of i t s erection, i t s simple plan m i g h t almost suggest Celtic influences:
whilst some authorities d a t e i t s b ~ i l d i r wt o about 1130. others t o t h e t i m e of
U

S t e p h e n , whose favourite emblem of a c e n t a u r shooting a n arrow is carved on

one of t h e capitals of t h e chancel arch, t h e architectural details point t o a d a t e
about 1160. when A n g l o - N o r m a n architecture was i n t h e height of its glory.
I t h a s a n aisleless n a v e , a n d a short square-ended chancel. H u m b l e i n plan
a n d rich i n detail. a l t h o u g h slight restorations have been m a d e , i n t h e m a i n it
s t a n d s a s originally b u i l t . I t s fine chancel a r c h a n d i t s nlagnificent south porch
and doorway, w i t h i t s remarkable contemporary bronze knocker, very like t h e
s a n c t u a r y knocker of D u r h a m Cathedral, give i t a distinction n o t possessed by
other churches of similar age a n d type.
I n coilcluding his remarks, Colonel K i t s o n C l a r k said:-
The District in which the Members of t h e Quatuor Coronati are
being welcomed is one t h a t presents an interest both as to place ancl to
period. from thc age of 111.el1istoricman t o t>herecord of Romans ancl the
incidents of, medieval and motlern life.
Here ill Aclel Church we are but a fen- furlongs from a n-orlishop
in flints t h a t must hare been famous more than two thousand - e a r s B.C.
I t is a remarliable l~lacefor sncll a manufacture. a t least sel-enty miles
from the nearest flint-procluci~ig ground (east co:lst of 'I-orlrshire), m i d ~ a y
between thc sliores of I l r i d l i ~ ~ g t oand
n those of 13laclip001. no more than
fifteen miles from tlie great South and North route ~vliich runs on the
eastern side of the Pcnnine Range. It is clear t h a t Adel is in a
~vonderfullycentral positio~l.and t h a t fact will account for the installation
here of this: the earliest mechanical trade. The way hither across the
great swamps of the 1-lunlbcr a ~ r d Ouse trough was by no means easy.
B u t we know by esa~ninationof t h e terrain and the discoveries of burial
nzo~unds and dropped impleme~rts t h a t prehistoric nlan i'ouncl a w a y on
the tiny hills which are the spoil of the lnoraines left by the great glacier
which once filled tho Vale of York. laid xliere non7 Stamford. York mid
Tadcaster mark the crossings of the Derwcnt. Ouse and Klmrfe.
Not only are prehistoric remains found here. but they point out tlie
line on by Illiley up to t h e high moors, and so across to the passes
through the Pcnnine Range.
At lllrley and nbovc O I I the ,moors fabricated flints are found. On
those moors also arc the great stones on n-hich prehistoric men carred
representatiolis of their tombs in ' . cup ancl ring " narliings. or 1o11g
stones n-ere reared in circle xrrangement a t special points. There must
therefore have been an importnnt traffic by Adel and a snfficient popula-
tion in this district t o T\-arrantsuch a n installation as at flint manufacture.
We are not sniyrised, therefore. to find here traces of Roman occilpation.
and we recognise t h a t on this route, to which they had been directed
 clonbtless by the tracks of their predecessors. the R o n m l s \rere further
attracted by the massive gritstone. They found t h i s strong material
i n r d u a b l e as footings under the more fragile limestone for the walls of
York; and for t h e manufacture of their leaders' coffins.
Not far away is Leeds, where there stands, i n the Parish Church,
a cross of the tenth century A.D. At even less distance is Iiirlistall.
xhere there is the n-onderfnl Cistercian Abbey completed in 1151. And
here stancls this little Church of Adel constructecl of the same kind of
stone as t h a t desired by the Romans. as t h a t r h i c h helped the Cistercians
to teach their local adherents the masonry fit for their lnagnificent abbey.
The Church of d d e l is a n espression of the siml~lest form of Christian
Church, an aisleless nave and a chancel narrower t h a n the nave, but
ddel was free from the restriction against ornament, nhich has been
noted earlier to-day a t Iiirkstall. The Porch n a s clecorated r i t h eulblenls
of the Evangelists. of Our Lord in G l o q and of the Aguus Dei. The
Capitals of the snlall pillars are delightfully carved. Inside the church
there are designs full of fancy and vigour presenting beasts of the
Scandinavian fasliion and depicting the Baptism of Our Lord and the
Deposition from the Cross. with n boldness enforced on the sculptor by
the stern material. There is cause for grievous regret t h a t our modern
atmosphere is working ruin on the figures ontsicle a n d no k n o ~ r nexpedient,
will save these.
I n the aeighbaurliood on the other side of the TT'harfe stands
Leathley, ~rhicliyou will visit later, earlier i n foundation than Iiirlrstall
or dclel. though now nlore changed. B u t its tower is marked by pre-
Norman belfry windows. and the nhole is distinguished by the beautiful
picture a t t h e hands of Turner a century ago.
I n the story of your region of to-day Fountains has its counection.
It was from Fountains as a mother t h a t the monks first u-ent who nlade
a settlement a t Barnolds~rick f a r in the lnouut,ains r e s t w a r d , which n-as
eventually transferred to Iiirkstall. The surrounclings a t Fountains are
even more easy t h a n those of the valley i n ~vhichKirkstall is found. The
abbey clevelopecl in greater wealth. but the basis of its life and ~vorship
and serrice of the monks and the lay-brothers was i n every n-ay the
same for both monasteries.
S t a r t i n g from Adel ancl proceeding west slong t h e trail, in Ilkley
n-e find another Rolnnn route ~ i t ha fort a t n71iarfe crossing. This way
joined in from Jlanchester and was the n a y t h e Ronlalls tool; to attack
the hitherto unclefeatecl Yorlrshirenlen or Brigantes as n-e then uere
called. TTe ruled a t t h a t time (as n-e should) inost of the North of
England.
Aldborough in sonle measure s e e u s to smu i t up. There you will
find prehistoric implements. R.ornan buildings of useful: oruanlental and
i n i l i t a q character, n beautiful nledieval church with one of the most
famous brasses in England, a village t h a t i n later days has produced
great classical scholars. A n-hole 11istoi.y seems to be epitomizecl in this
charming Uorlrshire village, and perhaps n.e Inay ask in all modesty t h a t
you fincl in t h e tale some esemplification of t h e independence on nhich
Yorkshiremen are supposed to pride themselves, for it is supposecl t h a t
a t Aldborough Queen Cartisnlanclua held her court. She was one of the
last tribal heads t o t r e a t n-ith, hold out against, fight ancl beat and be
beaten by the invading Roman power.

V n f o r t u n a t e l y , business engagements necessitated Colonel C l a r k t a k i n g

leave of t h e p a r t y , b u t n o t before i t s deep g r a t i t u d e h a d been expressed t o hiin
f o r t h e pleasure a n d i n s t r u c t i o n which h e h a d afforded. T h e Rector also was
t h a n k e d for h i s preseuce a n d guidance. Before leaving A d e l , various objects
f r o m t h e site of t h e a d j a c e n t R o m a n settlement, Bzirgodzrnunl, were inspected.
172 T r a ~ z s n c t i o ~ tof
s t h e Q ~ c c ~ t u oCr o r o m t i Lodge.

A drive of several miles through beautiful country then followed. during

which we passed Farnley Hall, a n Elizabethan mansion. noted for its association
with J . 31. XI7. Turner, who was a frequent visitor. Many of his paintings
portrayed local scenery. and there is a collection of about 150 of his works 111
the house, also a number of relics of Cromwell and Fairfax.
A call was made at Leathley Church, prettily situated near the junction
of Wharfe and Washburn. A t the entrance gates are the Village Stocks, with
fir'e holes. and nearby is the shaft of the old Village Cross. The most interesting
feature of the church is its ancient tower, generally considered to be of Saxon
~vorkmanship. One authority claims t h a t its windows and lights ' are certainly
not later t h a n 1100." The tower is square in plan, massively constructed, the
wall on t h e western side being about fifty inches in thickness. Internally, the
tower arch has been closed u p , but the greater p a r t of a n old door remains, the
woodwork of which is almost covered by unusually fine iron work, in the form
of elaborately foliated stanchions and hinges, the design suggesting t h a t of the
crosses and tombs of late Saxon 01. early Norman age. The arches of the nave
are pointed, and rest on octagonal columns, which may date from 1300 to 1400.
The capitals are of unusual form, and decorated with interesting symbols,
including the t(121, cross, the crescent, and the fetterlock, the two latter being
badges of t h e Percies. early patrons of the church. The chancel arch is
undoubtedly early Norman. The list of rectors dates back to 1230, and the
register to 1673. W e were welcomed by the Rector, W. Bro, the Rev. R .
Rogers. who pointed out the features of this interesting old church, and was
thanked for doing so.

The route was continued through some of the most beautiful scenery
imaginable, u p the Washburn Valley, with its three reservoirs, Lindley Wood.
Swinsty, and Fewston, the first for colnpensation purposes, the others for storage,
all conlpleted about fifty years ago, for the water supply of Leeds. Since then
Natnre has effaced most of the artificial asnect. and these sheets of water soarkled
as gems, in the summer sunshine. amongst the bright verdure of this attractive
valley. During the past few years, the Corporation has planted over a thousand
acres of t h e slopes with trees. to form a protective belt to the reservoirs. and
it practically owns all the farms in the valley. so as to control the drainage with
a vie17 to preventing contamination of the water.

Passing through the villages of Fewston and Blubberhouses (on Watling

Street), we drove over Blubberhouses Noor, where the scenery changes to a
wilder type, rough heather-clad moorland, the home of the grouse and sheep.
The great weathered masses of 3lillstone Grit add to the grandeur of the land-
scape. Reaching about 1.000ft. above O.D., the road gradually descends into
Wharfedale again. crossing the river by Bolton Bridge. With appetites ~ h e t t e d
by the nloorland air, the Brethren welcomed l~lncheona t the Devonshire Arms,
a noted hostelry, nearby.

After refreshment, further delights awaited the party. Entering the

grounds by t h e Hole in the Wall." a magnificent view presents itself,
BOLTOXPRIORY.in a setting ~uisurpassed by any other English monastery.
I t has been made famous by Turner and other artists, and has been described
by Ruskin in a passage of great beauty. I t was a Priory of Augustinian
canons. first founded at Embsay. a few miles away, about 1120. and removed t o
its present site about the middle of the same century. when t h e buildings were
commenced. various additions being made down to as late as 1520. The ruins.
though not as extensive and imposing as others in Yorkshire, are of great
interest. and recent excavations have added to our knowledge of their original
plan. The nave is used as the Parish Church, and the gatehouse, fourteenth
century. is p a r t of Bolton Hall. one of the residences of the Duke of Devonshire,
to whom t h e estate belongs, and who has often entertained H.31. the King here
for the grouse shooting, for which the surrounding moors are famous.
 Ilriving u p t h e dale. passing t h e memorial to t h e late Lord Frederick
Cavendish. amidst t h e most lovely scenery, BARDENTOWERwas reached. I t was
probably built i n t h e fourtcenih century, as one of a series of ' pele towers ' as
a defence against t h e raids of t h e Scots. I t was elllarged. or re-built, hy I I e n r y .
10th Lord Clifford. i n 1485, as a residence. I I e was l n ~ o w nas t h e Shepherd
Lord, from t h e romantic story of his having been brought up b y a shepherd, i n
Cumberland. after his f a t h e r h a d been deprived of his estate 011 t h e downfall
of t h e Lancastrian cause i n t h e W a r s of t h e Roses. O n t h e final triumph of
t h e cause. t h e family estates were restored t o h i m . a n d h e lived here for m a n y
years, preferring i t s seclusion, only leaving his retirement t o lead the men of
Craven (as t h i s p a r t of t h e county is called) a t t h e battle of Flodden. T h e
st'ory of t h e Shepherd L o r d is used b y Wordsworth i n his " Song a t the Feast
of Brougham Castle." This family was long connected with t h e history of t h e
district. The subsequent history of t h e Tower is recorded i n a n inscription above
t h e doorway.

Leaving Wharfedale, a n d passing over a soniewliat wild country. we

arrived a t SKIPTON,t h e capital of Craven, famous for its Castle, though time
did not permit a n inspection of i t , b u t t h e gatehouse was seen in passing.
Little of t h e original fortress remains. It was re-built b y t h e first Lord Clifford
in t h e early p a r t of t h e fourteenth century, a n d restored a n d extended by t h e
Shepherd Lord i n t h e early sixteenth. H e died i n 1524. a n d under his son.
H e n r y , first E a r l of Cumberland. t h e castle played a p a r t i n t h e Pilgrimage of
Grace. being attacked b y t h e insurgents. It was damaged b y siege in t h e Civil
\t7ar. which ended its history as a fortress. a n d , as they now exist. as a residence.
t h e buildings are a good example of t h e trausition from military to domestic
architecture.

A drive of some miles over t h e watershed between Aire and W h a r f e

hrought us again into t h e vale of t h e latter, t o II,I~I,EY ( O / i c n t i i i , ~ l ) ,a pleasant
little town, a favourite place of residence of Leeds a n d liradford people. I t
has some large hydropathic e s t a l ~ l i s l ~ m e n t sa.n d considerable fame as a holiday
resort. situate as i t is in such glorious surroundings. W . Bro. Stanley T)o\vns.
1V.M.. and several B r e t h r e n of Olicana Lodge. 1522, welcomed us, and, a f t e r
showing us their Nasonic Rooms. accompanied us to t h e P a r i s h Church, i n t h e
inspection of which W . Dro. Seaman acted as guide. I t is built on ground
which was formerly occupied by t h e R o m a n fortress. m a n y reniains of which
have been found a t times. a n d some of t h e stones a r e built into t h e tower: two
of these. illscribed altars. have been taken o u t , and a r e noxv in t h e church. I t
has a verv fine arched doorwav ( N o r m a n ) , b u t t h e Saxon crosses i n the church-
d \

yard. are its most interesting features. with their elaborate carvings of scroll-
work. men. birds and animals. The list of i n c ~ u n b e n t sdates hack to 1242. O n
t h e rocks exposed on t h e adjacent Konlbalds Jroor. m a n y examples of ' cup a n d
ring m a r k i ~ ~ g have
s been found. Some of these a r e preserved near S t .
N a r g a r e t s Church. a n d werc inspected with interest. These markings usually
take t h e form of cup-shaped hollo.i\~s,around which a r e carved one or more rings.
Similarly marked stones have been found over a very wide area-Scotland.
France Scandinavia. a n d eastward t o I n d i a . Thibet. and t h e F i i i Islands. b u t
they appear to be more nunlerous on Rombald's hloor t h a n elsewhere. They
are unquestionably, of h m n a n workmanship, b11t their meaning and purpose
have never been satisfactorily explained. One authority supposes them to be
plans of camps " : another to be symbolic-most probably of religious Ideas .
another t h a t they a r e connected with funeral r i t e s whilst i t h a s been contended
t h a t they have some astronomical significance, or even h a d something to do with
a game. They a r e supposed t o d a t e from t h e Bronze A g e , b u t . i n t h e absence
of direct evidence, these various markings remain among t h e m~solved proble~ns
of antiquity.

Leeds was reached i n time for dinner, after which a large number of t h e
Brethren proceeded to t h e Masonic H a l l , in Carlton H i l l , where they were given
?
a very cordial welcome b y W . Bro. J . Stancliff, W.31.. a n d W . Bro. H. Peckitt,
P . P r . G . D . , of t h e Lodge of Fidelty. 289, founded i n 1792. Reference to t h e
history of t h i s famous old Lodge is made i n t h e paper which was read on the
S a t u r d a y evening b y our W.i\l. I t has i n its possession a large collection of
old N i n u t e Books, engravings, books. photographs, aprons. jewels, and f u r n i t u r e .
which h a d been laid o u t for inspection, and was described b y W. Bro. Peckitt.
The c o l u m n s ~gavels. working-tools, and ot'her f u r n i t u r e still i n use d a t e back to
t h e coinmencement of t h e Lodge. a n d t h e seal was designed a n d obtained in 1793.
Some early Certificates. with t h e seal attached. were seen. T h e beauty m d
design of t h e jewels of t h e officers. worn b y them since 1792, were admired
greatly. T h a t of t h e Tyler-the tron-el-was lost. b u t has since been found and
restored t o use. T h e Bible (1588 edition), still i n use. was purchased i n 1817.
The silver S q u a r e a n d Compasses were obtained a t t h e same time, a n d i n 1819
t h e Derrick. of unique design, st'ill in t h e Lodge Room. Amongst t h e large
collection of portraits of distinguished members of t h e Lodge were noticed those
US R t . H o n . J o l m L o r d Viscount Pollillgton, Pr.G.AI. of West Yorks, 1822-1860
(afterwards E a r l o'f i\lexborongh) : t h e R t . 11011. W n l . Lawies Jackson, i\l . P , .
Prov.G.AI. of \Vest Yorks, 1893-1914 (afterwards Lord A l l e r t o n ) ; Chas. Lee.
l 3 e p . P r . G . X . of West Yorks. 1828-1856: R d . Wilson, Pr.G.31. of West Yorlrs,
1914-1918. Also those of three menlbers of t h e Lodge. still taking active p a r t
i l l its work. who have celebrated their 1\1asonic jubilee-W. Bros. D. R . Glover.
Joseph Dobson. a n d W m . Greaves. Some of o u r experts lvere able t o furnish
viduahle information about some of t h e objects exhibited. Time was all too
short for t h e inspection of such a wonderful a r r a y of material. A f t e r partaking
of t h e hospitality of t h e W.31.. TV. Bro. Poole, Master of t h e Q u a t u o r Coronati
Jiodge, voiced t h e g r a t i t u d e of those present.

SATURDAY, JUNE 2 2 ~ ~ .

S u m m e r sunshine. after a n earlv shower. a ~ a i nwelcomed us. and we

0

made a n early s t a r t for I<naresborough. passing IIarewood R o u s e , t h e seat of

the Harewood family. along Harewood Avenue. a gorgeous avenue of great trees.
with m a g ~ ~ i f i c e nviews
t across Wharfedale, through t h e ancient market to\v11 of
Wetherby, crossing W h a r f e by a fine old bridge, b y Ribson P a r k , t h e s u ~ p o s e d
birthplace of t h e Ribston P i p p i n apple. On arrival a t Knaresborough Castle.
we were welcomed by W. Bro. W. TTTilkinson. TTT.11.. I<naresbnrough Priory
Lodge. 4171. a n d several of t h e Brethren. t h e W . X . generously presenting u s
with a Guide Book. i n a sneciallv nrinted cover. as a souvenir of t h e occasion.
i I

\V. Bro. L e a Arnold t h e n took charge. a n d , after pointing o11t various distant
objects of interest. conducted u s over t h e Castle, which is situated i n a strong
defensive position on t h e n o r t h bank of N i d d . ~111ch here flows through a
deep well-wooded gorge. L i t t l e i~ known of t h e early history of t h e Castle
or ~ t sbuilders. T h e first authentic ~ecorcl is in a P i p e Roll. 1130. Eustace
Fitz John resided here i n 1133. I n 1170 t h e four K n i g h t s who slew Thomas
k Becket took refuge i n t h e castle. ancl remained for some months.
U
Thele
were m a n y changes i n t h e lordship of t h e castle and mailor u n t i l i t was granted
t o Philippa. Queen of E d w a r d 111.. who died i n 1369. Three years later t h e
K i n g gave i t t o his t h i r d son. J o h n of G a u n t . D u k e of Lancaster. a n d ever
since t h e m a n o r a n d ca:tle have belonged to t h a t Duchy. T h e ruins extend
over a n area of about two acres and -consist of p a r t of t h e keep and a few
dilapidated arches a n d semi-circular buttresses in t h e Decorated style. The
walls were flanked with eleven towers. p a r t of t h e principal one still remaining.
It formerly consisted of three stories above t h e dungeon, t h e lower one being
t h e Record Room. a d i o i n i w which is t h e Guard Room. with a vaulted roof
supported b y two massive pillars. Near this was t h e principal entrance to t h e
castle. t h e outer g a t e h a v i ~ l g been defended by a portcullis a n d drawbridge.
The second storey was t h e S t a t e Room. or K i n g ' s Chamber. T h e walls of the
dungeon a r e of hewn stone, t h e roof being arched with stone. supported b y
twelve arches. springing from a circular pillar 94ft. i n circumference, the only
one of its kind in England. Comparatively little of the ruins of this one-time
great fortress still remains, but i t is satisfactory to know t h a t great care is
being taken of the remnants, and excavations made during recent years have
revealed more of its plan, also a subterranean passage '71ft. long, leading
from the castle yard into the moat. The view from the castle is most
picturesque. c . Knaresborough from the Castle Hill " furnishing a subject for
many artists in oil and water colours.
After thanking the Knaresborough Brethren, the journey was resumed
t o Aldborough, a village standing upon the site of Iseur, t h e chief city in
the north of the Brigantes. After the conquest of southern England by the
Romans, they worked their way northwards. and by A . D . 78 Agricola had
extended his territory as f a r as t h e Solway and Tyne, making Ebovncum (York)
the capital of the North in place of Iseur, which, however, continued to be a
place of importance. receiving the name of Isirriunt or Isu briqctr~tizcm-the
Z S U ~ ~ UofI ~ Lthe Brigantes. All trace of many of the Roinan remains found
in earlier years has been lost, and it was not until 1830 t h a t Mr. Andrew
Lawson. af Aldborough Manor, made a systematic collection of the various
coins, pottery, etc., as well as excavations, consulting some of the leading
archaologists of the day. The late 3Ir. Andrew G. Lawson carried on
excavations u p to 1913, and nlany foundations of houses were found, showing
that the city walls, which surroulld a n area of about sixty acres, contained a
densely populated city with houses in close proximity t o each other. Further
excavations were made in 1924, when the northern gateway was discovered, also
the road leading northvards t o /'afnr~tctoiz~~iti (Catterick). whence it eventually
led to the Ronlan Wall. The foundations of many of the buildings show
unmistakable signs of destruction by fire.
A visit was first paid t o the Nuseum. in which are preserved most of the
Ronlan relics. I t s floor is composed partly of tesselated pavements. On the
walls are wall paintings found in 1830 when excavating the baths. I n the
cases are numerous specimens of rings, chains, brooches, buttons, bracelets,
bronze figures of animals, glass beads, coins of all Emperors from Claudius.
A.D. 41-54 down to Valentinius 11.. 383-392 : various objects made of bone.
others of iron. including a Ronlan spade: many esanlples of pottery, including
earthenware lamps. jugs, vases, tiles, and Sainian ware. There were also six
cinerary urns, containing ashes of lluinan bones which were found just ~ i t l l o u t
the walls, along with one made of lead.
Several tesselated pavemellts have been found, the finest ones on the west
side of the city. All traces of some of these have been lost, but there still
remain seven, 112. .<it11: five are preserved, but not irl situ, and there is a fine
speciinen figuring Romulus and Reinus with the Wolf, in the Leeds City Nuseum.
Three of the pavements form the floor of the so-called Basilica (Professor Haver-
field considered i t a Ronlan villa). One of them bears a n inscription in Greek
letters. of doubtful meaning. Such in~criptionsare exceedingly rare i11 Britain.
A figure draped in long flowing robes, the head and sllonlders missing. is depicted
in this pavement. There are two fine square pavements. well preserved, in the
garden of the Aldeburgh A r m One shows a panther or leopard reclining
beneath a tree, the other an eight-pointed star on a white ground. surro~ulded
by an elaborate border. Other pavements are known. but are not exhibited.
Lady Lawson-Tancred. of Aldborough N a n o r , who takes great interest in
the Roman City, had hoped to meet us and act as guide, b u t . much to her regret,
found it impossible. She had, however. instructed her head gardener to act in
her stead, especially to show the city walls and gateways in the private grounds
of the -7Ianor House. Most of those present secured a copy of a lucid and
interesting Guide Book, written by her ladyship, from which these notes are
culled.

The Unicorn a t Ripon was the next place of call, where we were welcomed
b y W. Bro. X . G. Hardcastle. 1TT.-7I..De Grey and Ripon 837 : W . Bro. C. H .
JIoody, D . l I u s . . F . S . A . , P.G.Org.. and Brethren of the Lodge. A brief interval
176 T r n u s a c t i o n s of t h e Quntiior C ' o r o ~ m t iLoclge.

a f t e r luncheon w a s spent b y some of t h e p a r t y i n g e t t i n g a glimpse of t h e

Cathedral. a n ancient pile, t h e c r y p t of which, b u i l t b y S t . X i l f r i d . Ripon'a
I'atron S a i n t , still remains b e n e a t h t h e eastern end of t h e nave. T h e church
possesses m a n y interesting architectural features. b u t t i m e did n o t permit 07
their being s t u d i e d , a s t h e afternoon h a d been set a p a r t f o r a n inspection of
F o u n t a i m A b b e y , t h e most remarkable r u i n of a medieval monastery i11 this, or,
perhaps, a n y o t h e r country. WC were indeed f o r t u n a t e i n having W . Bro.
Xoody t o a c t a s guide. I n a perambulation of t h e r u i n s , which occupied almost
t w o hours, h e esplainecl t h e history of t h e buildings a n d t h e purposes for which
t h e y were used. H e appeared t o know alniost every stone, a n d his knowledge
of t h e nlonastery a n d t h e daily life of i t s i n m a t e s , so genially a n d lucidly
i x p a r t e d , c h a r m e d those present, who will long renienlber t h e i r visit t o this
magnificent r u i n . Before he h u r r i e d a w a y t o h i s duties a t t h e C a t h e d r a l ,
It7. Bro. Moody was t h a n k e d lnost heartily for t h e pleasure a n d instructioil 5 e
h a d so generously given us. H e h a s been good enough t o write t h e following

F o u n t a i n ~ Abbey the largest monastic ruin 111 Great Britain is

delightfully situated in the xalley of the Skell some three inilcs fro111 the
ancient Cathedral city ol' Ripon. I t n a s founded by 11;onlrs nho had
seceded from the Benedictine Abbey of St. N a r y York. in 113'2. and is
therefore approaching its eight liundredth annirersary. The C~stercian
Order, t o nhich i t mas attached, hail been in existence exactly thirty years
when t h e first E~lglishbranch n a s founded a t Varerley in 1128. Cistercian
monlrs lald no claim t o great learning. but they were expert agriculturists.
and i n t h e thirteenth century were the greatest wool merchants in
Englancl. It is certain t h a t the founclation of Yorlishire's 11-oollen i n d u s t ~ r
was laid in the eight Cisterciali monasteries of the county, and it is
equally certain t h a t the beauty of the landscape in nhich those monasteries
are planted is due to the labour and skill of the inonks who lired in them.
These inonks linew how t o choose a site ' is a phrase which is
frequently on t h c lips of visitors. A s a matter of fact. they t001i what
n a s given them. Foulltains was built i n a wild and deJolate valley.
Byland n.ns a s\rnmp. and so forth. I t was the inolllt who made t h e
wilderness to blossom as n rose. 1n:lustry. n-it11 him. n-as second in
importance only t o the frequent service of prayer ancl praise. L n b o r a ~ e
est ornre was a solennl adjunct to the usual ron-s of Poverty. Chastity.
nnd Obedience. The popular idea of monlcish excesses inay be correct i n
a fen. lsolated cases. Normally the Cistercian monk rose a t 2 a m . . when
the first office of the d ~ yv a s sung i n t h e Abbey Church. This was
followed by no fewer than sls other offices before nightfall. During t h e
daytime. and betneen these offices their hands \rere employed i n a rarietj-
of nays. The regular monks carried on t h e exacting routine of the
monastery while the lay-brothers tilled the land reared great floclis of
sheep, made roads. and in a hunclrecl-and-one n-a>-s made this England a
pleasanter place for their successors to lire. in. The nave and transepts
of Fountnins. colnpleteil before 1200. are typicnl examples of Cistercian
severity. The t h i r t e e n t h - c e i Choir is an illuminating conunentary on
Cistercian evolution. as is also tllc noble tower. n-hicl1 was aclcled nearly
three hundred years latcr. B u t the chief glory of Fountains is the
unique Cellarium, orer three hundred feet long. and vaulted tl~roughout
i n stone. Abore this n a s the dormitory of t h e lay-brothers. The
Calefactorium, or Warming House. and the J I u n i u e n t Rooin abore it a r e
still intact, but the inner n-alls of the Cloister vere destroyed. apparently
in the eighteenth century, to enable the then onner to make a kitchen
garden there! The inner walls of the Chapter House shon- a profusion
of Jlasons' marlis. Fonntains Abbey must be accounted one of the most
alluring ruins, not mercly of England. but of Europe. Here me may
trace the simplicity and con~plesityof Cistercian aims, and grasp in some
I%loclr lriuclly l e n t by tlie T i i u ~ ~ e s lSociety.
~y
SCKEET.ST. J O H N ' SC'IIURCII. LEEUS.
Block kindly lent by Bro. IT'. H. Bean.
KIRKSTALL
ABBEY
 b> IValter S c o t t Bradford.
From Photogrt~pl~s
F O ~ N T A IABBEY.
SS
 degree t h e m a g n i t u d e of t h e obligatio~ls nl~cler wl~icll they laic1 a not
always ; ~ p p r c c i a t i v e posterity.

A f t e r a g l i m p s e of F o u n l a i n s H a l l , a fine E l i z a b e t h a n b u i l d i n g , most likely

b u i l t of s t o n e s f r o m t h e a d j a c e n t A b b e y . t h e r e t u r n j o u r n e y w a s m a d e t o L e e d s ,
by w a y of H a r r o g a t e .

A f t e r d i n n e r t h e v i s i t i n g B r e t h r e n w e r e ' At H o m e ' t o t h e local B r e t h r e n

a n d m e m b e r s of t h e L e e d s I n s t a l l e d M a s t e r s ' Association. a t t h e H o t e l i\Ietropole.
a n d a v e r y p l e a s a n t e v e n i n g w a s s p e n t . T h e local E r e t h r e n i n i t i a t e d t h e i r visitors
i n t o t h e correct m e t h o d of s i n g i n g " O n I l k l a X o o r b a h t a t . " a n d also con-
t r i b u t e d t o t h e h a r m o n y of t h e e v e n i n g w i t h s e v e r a l o t h e r m u s i c a l items.

T h e W.N., B r o . R e v . IT. P o o l e , r e a d t h e followiiig p a p e r :-

A SKETCH O F THl? HISTORY O F JrASONRT I N LEEDS I N T H E
EIGHTEENTH CEKTURT.
Once outside London, t h e Jlasonic A n t i q u a r y t u r n s naturally t o
Yorkshire for features of JIasonic interest. for t n o reasons. I11 t h e first
place. ~ v l l a t e r e r n-e m a y inalre of t h e allusion t o York in t h e old 31s.
Constitutions. or " Old Charges." i t c a n n o t be denied t h a t there is
a b m l d a n t evidence of Masonic activity in t h a t city long before t h e
foundation of o u r G r a n d Lodge in 1717. And secondly. no single countj-.
n-ith t h e possible csception of Lancashire, has associated with i t either
so nlaily copies. or so inany different t e s t s . of these Old I
have long been convinced t h a t if o u r history is ever coinpletel~-written.
i t xi11 be found t o centre round some spot i n t h e n o r t h r a t h e r t h n n in
t h e south of England-Torli, perhaps. r a t h e r t h a n London.
A n d y e t . when T s t a r t e d t o g a t h e r m a t e r i a l for a short paper oil
m a t t e r s o f 3lesonic interest in a n d around I,eeds. J n.as surprised t o
fincl how little early i n a t e r i d is available of whic~li one can speak n-ith
any c e r t a i n t y . And here l e t me s t a t e my deep obligation t o Bro. TT'. R .
Jl'alii~is. of G r a n d Lodge Library. for p u t t i n g ine in touch with inost
of t h e facts which I ain able t o p u t before you t h i s evening.
F i r s t . a s t o t h e Old Charges. Of t h e copies a t present Bnon.11.
no less t h a n sixteen a r e more or less definitely associated with Torlishire.
representing t e n vn~.ieties of t e x t . One of t h e most recent finds was
t h a t of t h e lloyden 31'3. (D.g. 44). v h i c h was purchased by a n American
somen-here in t h e North Riding.
Of t h e ~ ~ i a g i i i f i c e ncollection
t 1 1 0 ~located i n Leeds, in t h e Library
of t h e P I Y ) ~Grancl . Lodge. no less t h a n five, ancl perlinps more. a r e
p r o b a b l ~of Yor1ishir.e origin. 1 clo n o t propose t o say any more about
these: they have :~Iready been exhibitecl t o t h e D r e t h r e n , 2nd. so f a r
as I lino\\-, t l ~ e r e ave no specially Torlishii~e f e : l t ~ ~ r et so be observed ill
them.
Leeds is ~ ~ n f o r t u n a t e l ydevoid of all references t o Operative
3lasonry. \vhether Jliulicipal or o t h e r r i c e . Thong11 a flourishing to1v11
for many centuries-so t h a t i t ha,d n staple t r a d e ill " clothing " as
earl>- a s t h e reign of H e n r y T'II1.-it a p p e a r s t o have had only one
old Church. a n d t h a t was deinolished in abont 1835. t o make way for
t h e larger P a r i s h Church which is still standing. Conseqnently v e have
n o t even n selection of 1nedi;rl-a1 J[asons' Jlarlrs fro111 which. perhaps, t o
reconstruct. Of i n ~ ~ c lglr e a t e r interest a r e t h e Templar 3Iarlis. some of
which have no doubt been seen by some of t h e Drethren h e r e : b u t 1
cannot regard then1 as having a n y b e a r i n g on Jlasonry. TT-ithin t h e
Borough t h e r e a r e n o records of a n y sort of T r a d e Companies or Gilds.
though i t is r e r y u~lliliely indeed t h a t n o such existed. There is t h u s
no 3Casonic history whatever for t h e period nntcrior t o Gi,and Lodge.
T h e earliest 1i11onn reference t o J l a s o n r y a t Leeds is t o be fou~lcl
in a newspaper of 1721 :-" 011 New Years D a y lnst a t I,cedes was a
meeting of t h e d n t i e n t a n d Hono~tuable Society of Freemasons: a n d
a t P o n f e f r c r c t t h a t Day 7 Night n a s another. v-here several neighbouring
Gentlenlen were admitted : t h e L o d g e consisting of about t h i r t y Persons
i n Nmnber. wallr'd t o several of t h e i r Brothers Houses. having on white
Gloves a n d Aprons. Yusick before t11en1. &c. After~varcls r e t u r n i n g t o
t h e Gallery of t h e L,odge lioom, they dranli t h c K i n g . l't,i?~cc, &c. n-ith
t h e E a r l of P o n t e f r a c t a n d other loyal H e a l t h s . Money IT-as thrown t o
t,he Croncl by I-landfuls, and t h e N i g h t concluded \vith Illuminations.
&c," ( L e e d s X e r c ~ t ~ 16th
t ~ . J a n . . 1721.)
It is impossible t o determine n h e t h e r these meetings were held by
local Lodges or by t h e old Torlr Lodge. W e have more or less detailed
records of i n e e t i ~ i g s of t h e l a t t e r a t Scarborough a n d B r a d f o r d : b u t
Bro. l\lalrins. wlio is probably b e t t e r qualifiecl t h a n anyone else t o
express a n opinion ou t h e subject, consiclers t h a t ,. ~ v h e n t h e old York
Lodge paid i t s visit t o Jlradford in 1713, i t n-as for t h e purpose of
f o u n d i n g a Loclge t h e r e , being t h e nearest Town t o t h e seat of t h e t h e n
G r a n d I l a s t e r or . Prcnitlent.' S i r TValter H a ~ r l i e s n . o r t l ~ . "ailcl t h a t there
m a y \re11 have been Lodges a t Leeds a n d Pontefract with similar origins.
Leeds c a n . hon.ercr, boast t h a t i t n-as t h e t h i r d town in Yorkshire
t o s t a r t work 11nder t h e regul;~rly organized Grand Loclge, t h e tn.o
earlier t o v n s being 8c;1rboro~gll (17'79) a n d H a l i f a x (1738). while t h e
first Leeds Lodge was founded in 1734. Thereafter. 71-it11 only a break
of f o u r years. which actually was not without i t s Xasonic activities.
between 1786 m ~ d1790. Leeds cnu s h o x -a c,on~pletec o n t i n u i t y : a n d a f t e r
t h e l a t t e r d a t e :I record of stcacly prosperity. Indeed, i t is perhaps due
t o t h e steady prosperity-as n-ell a s t o t h e loyalty of Leecls t o t h e
. \lodern ' G r a n d Lodge-that 11-e 0n.e t h e absence of special features
of interest. H e r e t h e r e was no Lodge under t h e . G r a n d Lodge of A11
E n g l a n d ' , such a s Scarborough hacl: nor a n y Lodge nncler t h e . ~ n t i e n t s' .
whose chief suppoi~tcrs in tlle coullty were H u l l a n d Sheffield.
There was. however, in Leecls a Loclge o i even g r e a t e r interest
t h a n these. a s i t was possibly unique-an entirely nnnuthorisecl Lodge
of French P r i s o ~ i e r s of TVar. This appears t o have been originally
formed a t I3asi11gstolie (1-lauh) i n about 1756: l a t e r t h e bulli of t h e
members were moved t o Petersfield. a n d f i n a l l ~t o Leeds in about 1739.
While a t Rasingstolie they applied for a u t h o r i t y t o t h e Grant1 Lodge of
E n g l a n d : b u t owing t o t h e uncertainty of t h e i r inoven~ents they could
n o t face t h e necessaq- expense of a Constitution. Again a t Petersfield
t h e y seem t o have npproaclied Grand Lodge, b u t received no reply.
H o x e r e r , t h e i r activities continued both t h e r e a n d l a t e r a t Leecls. until
t h e y r e t n r n e d t o F r a n c o in 1763. It is interesting t o Irno-\v t h a t these
activities r e r e n o t confined t o lTrenc11 Prisoners. a s i t a p p e a r s t h a t local
inen were initiated. in t h e Lodge. some of 1r11om n-ere n o t regarded x i t h
favour by t h e regular Lodges. 'This French Prisoners Loclge was t h e
e a ~ * l i e s tof which a n y t h i n g is lnlon-n: a n d . x i t h t h e sole exception of
one \rhich m e t a t York from 1762-3 under a V a r r a n t irolll t h e Grand
Lodge of A11 El1,glancl. ilie only ~ u c hLodge lrnon-11 t o have m e t i n t h i s
count)- d u r i n g tlle e i g h t e e n t l ~ c r u t n r y .
I n t h e noies which follo\r. a n d w11ic11 represent a n a t t e m p t t o
sketch t h e history of F r c e m a s o i ~ r yin Leeds t o t h e end of t h e eighteenth
c e n t u r y . I have not a g r e a t deal t o adcl t o n.11at was brought forward
by t h e Authors of t h e history or t h e Lodge of Fidelity. in 1894: b u t
1 an1 in hope t h a t tlicre are some here rho a r e n o t familiar ~ ~ i t hhe
early 3lasonic l l i s t o r ~ of Leeds.
The earliest regular Lodge t o be formed X-as t h e P a r r o t , in 1754.
Practically n o details are. arailable a s t o t h e earliest members; t h e first
r e t u r n t o Grancl Lodge must lial-e been collsiderably l a t e r t h a n t h e
formation of t h e Lodge, a s it contains t h e names of only two members
. m a d e ' before 1761-namely T11os. Wallbanlr a n d Jos. Lorance both
initiated in 1754. a n d t h e l a t t e r nfterwarcls expelled for " bad beharionr
t o t h e Lo'dge." Tlie P a r r o t Lodge had only a short l i f e : for i11 liil
t h e I l a s t e r . Thos. Atkinson. writes t o t h e Graittl Secretary t h a t t h e
Lodge h a d been on t h e decline for several y e c r - : .. a n d for t h i s two
\-ears p a s t t h e r e has n o t been above t h r e e I l e m b e r s or fonr a t t h e most
and for tlw last y e a r only t h e J l a s t e r . b u t h o n - e ~ e r a.s t h e Landloril a t
t h e 1':lrrot who was a 13rothcr is lately d c a d , we have s i s of us wlio was
f o ~ x ~ e r lme~libers
y h a r e agreecl t o meet regularly a g a i n . . . ". a n d to'
yeinove t o t h e ' Ship.' So low had t h e s t a t e of t h e affairs of t h e Lodge
sutllr t h a t i t s f n r n i t u r e had been t a k e n over by a junior Lodge - t h e
Goltle~l L i o i ~- " n-ho had atlrancecl iuoney thereon, b u t on t,hc coatlition
of r e t n r ~ l i n gi t . if t h e 11embers of t h e P a r r o t 1,oclf;e should think proper
t o open a g a i n . a n d repay t h e money adraiiced." 11-e have no evide~lce
a s t o ~ v h e t h e r t h i s Jvas d o n e : b u t t h e r e v i r a l nlust have been only n
spasln. a n d t h e Lodge was erased five years l a t e r (1776).
This junior Lodge. t h e Golden Lion. h a d been formed in 1761.
The correspondence r e l a t i n g t o t h e formation h a s several features of
interest. The P e t i t i o n . which seems t o h a r e been d r a w n u p on 12th Xov..
1763. \\.;IS signed . , 1 eleren U r e t h r e l ~ . U-110 clezcril~e tlienlselves ns
" nlove t h a n a C o ~ n p c t e n t Number t o form a Lodge a ~ i dmake i t perfect

t h e I ~ ~ ~ ~ l i g l l t e inortals
ncd only." I an1 not p~,ep:lred t o exllres.; ail
o p i n i o ~a~s to t h e significance of this very curious f e a t n r e : b u t I do t h i n k
i t n-orth while t o acld here t h a t t h i s Lodge was. or held. a ' JIasters '
Lodge. T h e I l i ~ u i t eof t h e preliminary ~ u e e t i n g records t h e decision t o
meet on t h e s e c o ~ ~Vd e d ~ l e s d a y : b11t t h e e~lgl.a\-ecllists frnlu 1762 on~\-arils
show t h e Lodge a s holdiilg a ' 3Iasters 1.alge ' on t h e fourth TYed. a s
n-ell.
T h e 1Yarrat1t n-as dated 8th ,Tall., 1761 : a n d on t h e 12th R most
interesting l e t t e r of t h a i ~ l r st o t h e C r : ~ n d Lodge was clrnftecl. This is
given in i'nll in t h e history of F i d e l i t y : i t c o n t a i ~ l sa gooti deal of detail
a s t o t h e s t a t e of J l a s o m y in Leeds a t t h e t i m e , a n d . among other
m a t t e r s , gives some account of t h e F r e n c h Prisoners Lodge. n-hich was
t h c n \\-orking. 'The same letter h i n t s t h a t t h e affairs of t h e P a r r o t Lodge
were n o t q u i t e a s they should be.
Tlie membership of this Lodge seem? t o have been carefully
scrntinized: for in l770 J a m e s H e s c l t i ~ t e G.Sec.. n-rites t o Ilro. Horace
Cntnneo (one of t h e ' fou~iclers') : -
' ' . . . Y o ~ i rm a x i m of not a d n l i t t i n g I l c ~ i t b e r sor malring 11-ns
s yery lal~d:lble, rind will w e r insure t h e
for n u w o r t h - C o n s i d e r a t i o ~ ~is
approbation of t h e G. L. \-ou by t h a t mennc csclucle 3Ien from your
Assemblies. who would be a disgrace t,o t h e Society. And tho' you may
n o t be very nnmerotls. t h e Compa,ny lvill be ugrecnble. Besides you wo111d
not xis11 t o have among you J l e n . ~ r h o s ec i r c i ~ m s t a ~ ~ cU-ould es be affected
by t h e Espences of a n Evenings E n t e r t a i n m e n t . were t h a t t h e case. a
short period would evince t h e perniciow tendency of i t : ;:nd you would
have t h e Jlortification t o see ;I Society, founded upon t h e noblest
p r i ~ l c i p l e s , i n s t r u ~ u e n t a l t o t l ~ c r n i i ~ of Individuals. c o ~ r t r a r y t o cl-er)
m a s i m of t h e Order . . . "
P e r h a p s p : ~ r t l y tlirollgll its esclusiveness, t h i s Lodge evidently fell
on b a d times. a ~ r d i t 1v:ls erase11 in 17%. I3ut. a s i n t h e case of t h e
P a r r o t . t h e r e seems t o l l a w heeu a n a t t e m p t a t n rel-irnl: for a5 late a s
1788 J o h n E y r e , t h e > l a s t e r , wriies t o t h e G.Sec. : -
' . l\'e t h e under written were The 3Iaster a n d Secretary of' t h e
Loclge No. 20.5 lately held a t t h e Golden Lion I n n in t h i s T o ~ i ib u t 011
account ol t h e Death relnoval a ~ r dNo11 a t t e ~ ~ d n n cofe nearly t l ~ er h o l e of t h e
3Ie1nbers thereof Tve found ourselves uacler t h e very disagreeable necessity
of closing tlie same u ~ ~ t i lal favourable o p p o r t u n i t y offered of again
opening t h e same "-1 pause t o t h r o n o u t t h e q u e s t i o n I s i t possible
t h a t these p h r a s ~ s . ' o p e ~ i t h c same ' ant1 ' close t h e same ' could be a n
echo from t h e Royal Arclr?-.' \vhicli lias n o ~ voffer'cl by applicntions from
a X i i ~ n b e rof regular a n d ~ o r i h yI l r e t h r e ~ i I\-ho n-ere not before JTelnbers
of o u r Lodge & therefovc we most ~ e s p e c t f n l l y solicit your ad^-ice a n d
instruction respecting o u r f u t u r e pimceedi~igs thereill being desirous t o be
reastablish'd LC p u t u p o ~t11c ~ same Footing r e lvere before t h e closing of
tlie saicl Lodge tr,r~sting \\-it11 t h c assistance of o u r G r a n d Architect t h a t
we shall hercaftcr be enabled t o ~ ~ l r6l icarry on t h e same i n such ~ n a i i n e ?
a s may be most satisf,!cto~,y t o t h e JLother Locl:?e of all Eiigland . . ."
K O reply seems t o have been nlacle t o t h i s I c t t e r : b u t a s n new
Lodge n-as formed two years Iaicl,. i t is n o t unliliely t h a t its formation
\v:ls a practical sol~itioiiof t h e pl,oblem. It is probably idle t o speculate
on t h e identities of t h e . ' regular aiicl n-orti15- B r e t h r e n \v110 n-ere not
before l l e m b e r s of o u r L3oclge " : b u t t h e r e Inay well have been a fen.
s u n - i r i n g meinhers of t h e P a r r o t . .James Richardson. who alsc, signs t h e
l e t t e r . is. l thinli, t h e only certain l i ~ l l ii n t h e Jlasonic continuit>- of t h e
,ton.n. a s 11e was a u early member. if not x fonncler. of t h e n e s t Lodge t o
be formed.
This n-as t h e L o p 1 niicl P ~ x i l e n t .~ h i c l i n as foiwed in 1790. and
lasted for just o r e r fort! years, ha\-ing been erased in 1832. This Lodge.
which i n i t i a t e d no less t h a n sistcen J3rethrcii d u r i n g its first two years
of activity. was for some time ivithout a ' n ~ u i i b e r . ' Jteetiiig originally
uiider a .. W a r r a n t of Constitution g r a n t e d 11s by t h e P r o r i n c i a l G r a ~ d
Lodge a t York." i t n-ns later granted a , , regular Constitution . . .
b y t h e snnle Loclge " : b u t as l a t e 2s Dec.. 1791. t h e Secret:lry. J a m e s
R i c h a r d s o i ~ . is founcl cornplaiiri~rg of t h e discourtesy of both (2.1,. ant1
P ~ ~ T - . C ; . La ,n.d t h e delay in providing a ~ilumberf o r t h e Constitution. as.
h e says. ' . m a n y of our IIenibers h a r e been rcfus'cl acl~nittmlcei n t o other
Lodges for w a n t of it."

A n interesting i~rcitlenti l ~ r n l ~ i l rag member of t h i s Lodge is referred

t o in a letter ill t h e Grand Loclgc files. i n n-hich tn.o B r s t l n , e ~from ~
H a r r o g a t e m i t e t o t h e (;.Sec. :-
.. . . . The m a i t e r is b'riefly this, a J l r . I-lotchon : s i c ] of Leeds
who is a mason. has or 11ncl i n his possession a i n : \ ~ i ~ ~ s c r iofp t t h e lectiircs
b e l o i ~ g i n gt h e three degrees of 3lasonry. a s x e l l a s one also of t h e fourth
o r degree of 11oy:rl Arc11 which he lias g o t for t h e purpose of teaching arr
iiltenclecl Lodge & Chapter a t Leetls, a n d t h a t h e procurecl t h e m from t h e
P r o r i n c i a l Lodge a t York or somc one or more of i t s Jlembers.
" W i t h e r i t is masonic t o connnit a n y t h i n g of t h i s kind t o writing

\ve s n b ~ i i i t t o your superior judgement. ancl c a n only say if not r i l l do

a n y t h i n g i n o u r po\\el. t o b r i ~ ~t hg e offenders for\vartl t h a t they inay
receire a s e r e r e l,epriiiia~rclfor t h e i r in~prudellce. If o n t h e contrary ~ v e
hullibly hope your goocl~ress will a t t r i b u t e t h i s t o our Zeal for t h e cause
a n d b u r y i t whcre t h e secrets of all worthy 3lasoas lay . . ."
 T h e 1310. Hodgson referrecl t o heacls t h e l i l t of members of both t h e
Loyal a n d P r n d e n t ancl t h e Alfred Lodges, a n d \\-as a1i.o a nlenll~er of
Fidelity.1
T h e n e s t t h r e e Lodges, all founded before tile end of t h e eighteenth
century a r e i n e s i i t e n c e to-day. It nould be o u t of place if I a t t e m p t e d
even t o sketch t h e i r histories: I shall c o ~ ~ f i nmyself
e t o a fen- details of
interest in t h e i r ea1.1iest clays.
The first n.as t h e Lodge of Fidelity, now Xo. 289. formecl i n 1.792.
No details a r e arail;thle a s t o t h e p e t i t i o ~ l : b u t all t h e founders ~r-ere
Leeds m e n i n i t i a t e d a t H a l i f a x or Iieighley, a n d i t looks as if t h e y h a d
intenclecl froin t h e outset t o form a nen- Lodge. 13ro. J o h n Smithson. a
P . 3 r . of N e ~ t o n i a nLodge. Iinaresborough, was present a s a visitor a t t h e
first meeting, a n d shortly a f t e r became a joining member; and t h e
authors of t h o history of Fidelity suggest t h a t h e n-as t h e r e t o look a f t e r
things, all t h e founders being quite ' yo~ung' 3lasons. In t h i s connection
I cannot help recalling t h a t i n t h e T-ery same y e a r t h e Loclge a t J<endal
in\ itcd a Uro. 31. 3Iennell of t h e -8anle Lodge (Ken-tonian. 1';naresborough)
t o come t o Kenclal ancl g i r e i ~ l s r r u c t i o n i n I l l a s o n r ~ . a n d paid him five
guineas for his services. besides his espenses. 1s i t possible t h a t t h e
Seir-to~nianLoclge a t t h a t t i m e had a r e p u t a t i o n for i t s ' r i t u a l ' P This
I%ro. 3Senncll, by t h e way. \!as one of t h e t n o signatories of t h e letter
which J h a r e already quotecl refelring t o i h e >[SS. of t h e lectures.
111 t h e n e x t few years t h e Fidelity Clllapter-the earliest i n Leecls-
w;ls ope~iecl (1793)': Pliilantliropic Lodge n n s forined on t h e petition of
seven 13retllren all i n i t i a t e d in Fidelity (1791). c n d t h e Alfred Lodge a
year Inter (1795). I n t h i s l a t t e r Sear a n iilteresting Loclge of I n s t r ~ ~ c t i o n
~ f - a si n s t i t u t e d . n o n ~ i n a l l y u n d e r t h e auspices of Fidelity. b u t in fact
practically a n inclepe~ldent body. t o x h i c h 3Iasons f r o m f a r and 11-itle
repaired for instruction.
A number of . daughters ' have s p r n n g from Fidelity. probably t h e
most interesting being t h e Xelson of t h e Xile. non- No. 261. a t Batley,
formecl in 1801. This Lodge met originmally ~uicler a Dispensation from
t h e P r o r . G r a n d L o d g e : b u t as. m d c r t h e p r o r i s i o n , ~ of t h e Gecrct
Societies Act of 1799, no new Wiwrants could be issued, t h e three 1,eeds
Lodges ~ r h i c h v-ere promoting t h e formation of t h e nen- Lodge bnsicd
themselves i n a t t e ~ n p t i n gt o obtain a clormaut W a r r a n t . Enqniries a t
Skipton a n d Scarborough seem t o h a r e 111.or-ed fruitless: a n d ultimately
t h e W a r r a n t of t h e Alfred Lodge a t Wet1ierlj~-was ' generously g i ~ - e nu p '
t o them. This. howcrer, t u r n e d o u t t o be of no value. a s t h e Lodge was
extinct. a n d n o t d o r n ~ a n t .h a v i n g been erased i n 1797. F u r t h e r enqnirics,
on t h e advice of t h e G.Sec.. resultecl i n t h e i r securing t h e W a r r a n t of t h e
Lodge of H o n o u r a u d Perser-xance, a t Cocliermouth, clated 1788. which
was transferred t o llatley d u r i n g t h e >-ear 1803.
Two other Yorkshire Lodges formed i n t h e n e x t few years similarly
received d o r m a n t ~ r - a r r a n t s ; a n d i n each case t h c Lodge of Fidelity h a d
t h e honour of performing t h e . Consecration.' G r a n d Lodge being opened
in d o e Form by t h e 1T.JS. of Fidelity a s G r a n d M a s t e r . v i t h almost all
t h e a c t i n g G r a n d Officers furnished by t h e Lodge.
H e r e I m u s t leave t h e Ilistory of Fidelity.

1 H e joined on D e c e ~ n b e r 1 3 t h . 1794. 'rhe Lodge ~ ~ e m o r e ct ol his Academy on

Dece~nber12th of t h e year, uncler ~ h i c hd a t e t h e 3li11utes record t h a t t h e room " n-;IS
dedicated t o t h e 3Lost H i g h God. with p r a y e r . ~ ~ s a l m as n. d a lecture by Bro. Iloclgso~l.
Orator."-E.H.
2 This TTas t h e earliest workincl Chal>ter i n Leeds, b u t t h e C h a p t e r of V n i t y , 72.
rvas warranted i n 1790, though t h e r e is 110 record of i t s meeting u n t i l 1706. The
foresaicl Bro. I-Iodgsoil is t h e firit inember on t h e list. ~iilcler clate J a n u a r y 12th. 1790
( p r e W a r r a n t ) , his n a m e being follou-ed by r n a n i n ~ i t , yof Walrefielcl. nlthougl~ t h e r e
does n o t a p p e a r t o have been a R.d.C!. connected v i t h t h e old Luclge. T n i t y Chapter
changed i t s na8me t o Alfred i n 1819.-E.H.
 Meanwhile t h e P h i l a n l l ~ r o p i cLodge, non- K O . 304. h a d been fornlec1
i n 1794, t o meet t h e grolring nceds of N a s o n r y in Leeds. F o r t h e first
f e n - e a r s i t s story rercals little of special i n t e r e s t : b u t i t is ~ r o r t l i
recording t h a t i n 1793 a resolutio~l v-as passed t h a t two B r e t h r e n . who
v e r e e v i d e n t l - selected by t h e Loclgc. " Should go t o York for instructions
i n t h e t h i r d s t e p of Masonry, ancl t h a t a t t h e Lodge espence." But I
m u s t just go outside my period t o refer t'o one early incident. n o t without
i t s i n t e r e s t . in 1801 : n-hen, on t h e occasion of a proposal for a change of
premises (so often a cause of dissension I). a split occnrrecl, a s a result of
v-hich o ~ p~a ret y securecl t h e original Dispensation of t h e Lodge. v h i l e t h e
o t h e r p a n y g o t t h e T T a r r a ~ ~ nucl t , both p a r t i e s continued t o m e e t for a
y e a r a i s e p a r a t e bodies. The p a r t y with t h e Dispensation seem i o have
continued t o ' meet a n d malie a s usual " : b u t , a s J a m e s S m i t h , t h e
T17..\I. n r ~ t c st o t h e G.Scc. ' u c on t h e contrary although authorized by
t h e X - a n . , ~ n tof Constitution do n o t presume t o make m y . (though m a n v
~rorth;\-a n d respectable c a ~ ~ d i c l a t ehsa r e offered themselves) u n t i l t h e G r a n d
Loclge a c q u a i n t us with their direction."
T r n r e l l i i ~ g B r e t h r e n presented t h e usual problem i n t h e l a t e
eighteenth century. a n d relief ' t001i a very proper place i n t h e 3lasonrx
of Leeds in those early times; b u t T t h i n k t h a t t h e Philanthropic Loclge
is very likely unique in a suggestion found among t h e N i n u t e s of 1794-
" T h a t t h e r e might be some travelling Bros. t h a t was very bright i n t h e

science of 3 I a s o u r y ~n-hereby we m i g h t g a i n instruction." Tn-o measnres

were t a k e n . or pi~oposeil,t o deal with t h e difficulty of . duplicate ' applica-
t i o n s for relief: in 1791 i t was proposed t h a t Loyal a n d Prudence. Fidelity
a n d Philanthropic shonltl each unclcrtalre t h e duties of giving relief for
f o u r m o l ~ t h si n t h e year. And i n l797 t h e l a t t e r two Lodges. '. being
desirous of preventing imposition. ancl t h a t we may not be deceived in
t h e clispensing orlr charity. t h a t n-e m a y n o t be betrayed i n t h e tenderness
of benevolence." folmcd a joint committee representing both Lodges.
n.liich was t h e origin of t h e present 3lasonic Charity Organisation of
Leecls.1
One other Lodge I'orrned in t h e eighteent!l centnry requires a word.
This was t h e Alfred Loclge, non- No. 306, formed by n i n e or perhaps t e n
members of Fidelity, n h o resignecl t h e i r membership owing t o some s l ~ g h t
difference 011 fi~lancialmatters. A clispensation i o forin a new Loclge n a s
g r a n t e d t o t h e m by t h e Prov.G.Al. in 1795. So f a r a s I can fincl o u t .
t h c r e n-as no g r e a t a~linlosity over t h i s secession: a n d t h e Lodges a t
Leeds have ever since nwrlrecl ~ i t ha very c o ~ m u c ~ ~ d x bharmony. le
So e n d s a r e r y bricf slietcll of eighteent,h c e n t u v 3Insonry i n Leeds.
I can only hope t h a t t h e Brethren present, even t h e Leeds B r e t h r e n . Inay
have found son~etliing(jf interest in i t , a n d may n o t prononnce i t as ' not
b r i ~ fenough.'

L a t e r o n i n t h e e v e n i n g B r o . P o o l e , o n b e h a l f of t h e v i s i t o r s , expressed
t h e i r g r e a t a p p r e c i a t i o n of t h e h o s p i t a l i t y of t h e L e e d s B r e t h r e n a n d t h e
Association. a n d of t h e a d n i l r a b l c a ~ . r a n g e n l e n t sm a d e o n t h e i r b e h a l f b y t h e
Reception Committee.

SUNDAY. JUNE 2 3 ~ ~ .
A l a r g e p a r t y a t t e n d e d service a t t h e P a r i s h C h u r c h of L e e d s , d e d i c a t e d
t o St. P e t e r . I t i s p r o b a b l y t h e fifth c l u ~ r c ht h a t h a s occupied t h i s s i t e . T h e
p r e s e n t s t r u c t u r e w a s e r e c t e d 1838-41 i t s a r c h i t e c t b e i n g R . D. C h a n t r e l l . w h o
w a s a m e m b e r of F i d e l i t y L o d g e . n o w 289. It c o n t a i n s m a n y i n t e r e s t i n g
m o n u m e n t s . also relics of t h e e a r l i e r c h u r c h e s . B y t h e k i n d n e s s of t h e V i c a r .

I Now t h e I ~ c a lbI'h:rl.it- Relief F I I I I ~ , "its object t h e a-sistance of itinerant

"

masons. As they a r e r e f e l v i l t o t h e Chief Colistable, wllo is t h e Almoner, clalms a r e

few. The Leecls Xasonic Ec111c.atioitalaud Benevolent Tnstitution n-as fonnded in 1876.
and non- g r a n t s assistance ancl relie[ t o the e x t e n t of abont f 500 l)er annu111.-E.H.
Bro. Canon W. Thompson Elliott. M.A., and his Warden. Lieut.-Colonel
E . Kitson Clark, a block of seats had been reserved for our occupation. Much
to his regret, the Vicar had a n engagement to preach in the outskirts of Leeds.
but. previous to doing so, he came specially to the church, and, at the opeiliilg
of the service, in a few charming sentences. extended to us a most fraternal
welcome. After the service, which was most inspiring. especially the music. our
friend Col. Kitson Clark. before taking leave of us. spoke to us about the history
of the church, its monuments. which include a very finely sculptured Saxon Cross.
and its associations.
Eventually the 1.10 train took the London Brethren back to town, and
the rest dispersed, carrying away with then1 very happy recollections of a
memorable Outing.

THE PROVINCIAL GRAND LODGE OF WEST YORKSHIRE

OF

ANTIENT FREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS.

S o m e *Totes o n t h e T r e n s ~ c r e s e x h i b i t e d o n f71e occnsion of t h e T-iszf of

Quutzcor C o r o n a t i Loclgle S o . 2076.

The Provincial Grand Lodge Library was commenced in 1888. under t h e

auspices of The Provincial Grand Xaster, R.W.Bro. T . W . Tew, J . P . . P.G.D.
W. Bro. Willianl Watson. P.A.G.D.C.. a member of Quatuor Coronati Lodge.
was the first Librarian. I t is owing to his peculiar knowledge and ability that
so many of the treasures we now possess were obtained. The Manuscripts of
the Old Charges and Constitutions are the most notable :-
TAYLOR%IS. (probable date 1629). forinerly belonged to Bro. Thonlas
Taylor, a member of Unanimity Lodge No. 154. Wakefield.
STANLEY 11s. (1677), Scroll of parchment ten feet in l e n g t l ~ ,seven inches
wide.
THOXASWILLIAMTEW ;\IS. (1680), six and a half feel in length, six inches
wide.
THOMAS W . EMBLETON MS. (1680). twelve feet in length, over five inches
wide.
H . F. BEAUMONT MS. (1690).
WAISTELLBIS. (1693). six pieces of paper stitched together to form a rolI
seven feet long. The Scroll is signed by Henry Kipling.
CLAPHAM 11s. (1700 or 1720).
HUGHAN BIS. (late 17th Century or early 18th). eight feet six inches in
length, six inches wide.
MACNABMS., a roll of paper twelve feet long and six inches wide.
Besides the above, in The Province of West Yorkshire a r e : THE PROBITY
X S . , bound in the " Book N , " the property of the Lodge of Probity No. 61.
Halifax, and the HOPE MS. belonging to Hope Lodge No. 302, Bradford.
 ' A Serious and Impartial Enquiry into the cause of the Present decay
of Freeinasonry in the Kingdom of Ireland with the Old and New Regulations
of the London Coustitutions." Fifield D'Assigny. X . D . , Dublin, 1744.
A p a r t f r o m t h e Old J ~ C I S O IU~SES~. zn Librrcry, t A i s w o r k m a y be
conszclered t h e ??20~tprecious booJ~ 212 t h e zuhole collection. F o r a c e n t u r y o n l y
oue other C o p y h a s b e e n b-nouw. T h e B o o k contains t h e first k n o w n reference
zn prznt t o E o y a l A r c h J f u s o n r y .
A full set of Books of Constitutio~isfrom l723 onward of The Jloderns.
Our copy of 1769 contains the book-plate of the celebrated Brother Thonlas
Dunckerley.
A full set of Books of Coilstitutions from 1756 (known as d h i m n t ~E e r o n )
of the Athol Masons or Antients. The 1804 Edition, with supplement attached,
is rare. I t has a Roll of Lodges on the Register of t h e Antients and the Grand
Lodge of Ireland. It is t h e earliest printed list of the Antient Lodges known.
Book of The Antient Constitutions of The Free and A c c e ~ t e d 3Iasons.
Cole's engraved Constitutions, 1731, and Speech by Chas. ~ a t h u r s t ,G.i\I.. ' York.
1734.
THE NATURAL HISTORYOF STAFFORDSHIRE. dated 1686. by Dr. Robert Plot.
printed a t Oxford. This book contains one of the earliest known references
in print to Freemasonry.
LOSG LIVERS. A curious History of such persons of both sexes who have lived
several ages and grown young again, etc. Eugenius Philalethes. 1722.
Dedicated to the Grand llaster, Masters. Wardens, Brethren, etc.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE BLVE BLANKET OR CRAFTSMAN'S BAXSER,etc.. by
Alexander Pennicuick, Burgess and Guild Brother of Edinburgh. 1722.
THE PLAIN DEALER.ill 2 vols., 1730.
THE PLAIN DEALER.2nd edit.. 2 vols.. 1734. printed by Samuel Richardson.
BROWSE'SMASTERKEY. 1st edit, and 211d edit.
USE ASD ABUSEO F FREEXASOSRY. A work of great utility to the Brethren, etc.
Capt. George Smith, 1785.
SECRETSO F FREEMASOSRY CLEARLY A N D FAMILIARLY L A I D OPES, t o which are
added the Freemason's Secrets. TT70rds, Signs. Grips and Catechism for
t h e use of Lodges and Brothers in general by Samuel Pricharcl. W.N.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF MASONRY. William Preston (all editions).
A XASOXICTREATISEW I T H A S LUCIDA AT ION. by \v. F i l l ~ h . Canterbury, 1802.
SECRETREVEALED A S D THE MYSTICBEAUTIES O F FREEMASOSRT, developed by all
ancient brother. 1820.
" THE BOOK21." OR NIASONRY TRIUMPHAKT, Newcastle, 1736.
SOLOUOT IS ALL H I S GLORY.or The 3laster Z\lason. being a true guide to the
innermost recesses of Freemasonry. 1766.
THREEDISTINCTKXOCKS.
JACHIS ASD BOAZ.or an Authentic Key to the Door of Freemasonry. 1765. 1767,
etc.
FREEMASOSRY STRIPPEDNAKED.or the whole A r t and Xystery of Freemasonry
a a d e plain and easy, etc., Charles K a r r e n , late Grand llaster of a
regularly constituted Lodge in the City of Cork.
THE COMPLETE FREENASON. or M'lulta Paucis for Lovers of Secrets. 1764.
WORKSO F JACOB BEHMEX,the Teutonic Philosopher. 1764.
A 'BREECHES ' BIBLE. dated 1608. BLACKLETTERBIBLE, dated 1540. (Both
presented to Alfred Lodge No. 306, Leeds.)
BIBLE, 1634, containing some interesting Genealogical Tables.
O O X T F ~ L I Ocontalmng
S a photographic copy of every Lodge W a r l a n t , every
Centenary W a r r a n t and every Royal Arch Charter m the Province of
West Yorkshire.
OLD JUG. LEEDSPOTTERY. with three diagrams, of the Aniients. (Foz~izcl c i d l e t l
up u u L n old houce 212 t h e slcln~s of L e e d s . )

BROTVNE'S TRACINGBOARDS. The set consists of First, Second and Third

degree Boards, accompanied by four quarto pages of closely printed
matter and a portrait of the author, Bro. J o h n Browne. There is no
actual dkte on them, b u t on the Casket in t h e Third Degree Board there
is the No. 581 which Bro. Hughan considered might be 5812 (1812). The
three tracing boards and portrait are all iinpress~onsfrom engraved plates
coloured by hand.
EXGRAVED LEATHERAPRON,formerly the property of the eccentric " Jemmy
Hirst."
THE LODGEO F FIDELITY APRON,designed by Brother Butterworth, a member of
Lodge of Fidelity No. 289. Leeds.
THE FIDELITYR.A. CHAPTERAPRON, designed and painted by Bro. C. H.
Schwanfelder, who was Animal Painter t o the Royal Family and a
member of Lodge of Fidelity No. 289, Leeds. (In the Leeds Parish
Churchyard is a Gravestone designed by Bro. C. 13. Schwanfelder, and
carved by the Brethren of S t . Alban's Lodge (operative).)

MASTER MASOX'SCRAFT APRON. 1850. etc., etc.

APRON OF BRO. LAUGHTON, who was initiated into The Druidical Lodge,
Rotherham, on J a n . 4, 1779. T11cs zcns o u e of t h e L o d g e s consecrated
b y t h e G r n n d L o d g e of (ill E n g l n n r l o n 22 D e c . , 2778, o n t h e occnsion
of ct m e ~ t i n gof t h e G r a n d L o d g e of (111 X y / l n n t l a t R o t h e ? l m n .
LARGECOLLECTION O F MASONIC REGALIAA N D J E W E L S ,of various Orders and
Degrees. Extensive display of Festival Stewards' Badges of the three
Royal hlasonic Institutions, some of which the Institutions themselves
do not possess.
THE LEEDSMERCURY for 1720, 1721, 1722. ( T h e oldest c o p y i n Leeds.)
GLASSES. Old Firing glass belonging t o the Provincial Grand Lodge, and many
others.
OLD P L A YBILLS, one of a performance of ' Macbeth." under the auspices of
The Newtonian Lodge, Knaresborough. August. 1768, which states " A
Lodge will be opened on the stage and choruses and songs by Brothers
Butler, Stansfield, etc."
WARRANT, dated April l s t , 1777, of the Antients to hold a Lodge a t the Sign
of the Cock, in Barnsley.
WARRANT of NO. 85 Sheffield, Grand Lodge of the Antient, 1761.
WHITEH A R TLODGEN O . 513, Huddersfield.
UNANIMITY LODGENO. 252, a t Black Bull, Wakefield, 1783, signed by Richard
Linecar, W.31.
MASTERMASONCERTIFICATE issued by Loyal Halifax Lodge No. 549.
MEDALS,TOKENSand other valuable curios.

I n the Entrance Hall :-

Portraits of the various Prov. Grand Masters.

The P r i n t of A Geometrical View of the Grand Procession of the Scald
Miserable Masons, etc., etc.
 E Lodge ?net a1 Freemaians' H a l l a t 5 ~ ) . m . Present:-Bros.
G.,o~,geN o r ~ n a ~P~. G. . l ) . . I . P . J l . , a s W . J i . : H. C!. de Lafontaine.
P.G.11.. S.\TT.: Cecil Pon-ell. P.G.T).. P.31.. a s J . T . : V . J.
S o ~ ~ g h l ~ l . I'.G.l>..
st. 'l'~,casurer: Lioncl Vibert. P.A.G.D.C.. 13.JI..
Secretary : \V. J . Villiams. J . U . : Thos. 31. C a r t e r . P . P r . G . S t . I % . .
Bl.ist01. I . G . : a11d J. Heron Legper. l'.G.I).. I r e l a n d . 13.J1.

Also t h e follon-inp members of t h e C o ~ w s r ~ o n c l e n cCircle:

e
Bros. TT. T. Ilillon. C. H . l3alter. J. C. Browne. A r t h u r H e i r o n . M. K. H e a t h ,
H. W . J. Browse, J. R . Rosburgli. P.G.D., W m . T. Russell. A. H . Crouch, J a s . R .
P o t t s . Alfred TVells. Geo. E l l i i ~ ~ g t o nP..l.G.Sup.TV..
. F. W . Golby. P.A.G.D.C.. H a r r y
13ladon. P . G . S t . B . . H. F. Jlawbey. 13. Telepneff. E. T. H e n l i t t . J. V I ~ Stel-ens, .
P..l.G.Sup.TIy.. A. I. House, 12. JlcIntosh. A . F. F o r d . 3lajor Cecil Adams.
P.Dep.G.S.13.. L. G. W e a r i n g . W . G. S t r e e t . F. C. S t o a t e . J a s . Wallis. Gerald Slot,
Geo. C. V i l l i a m s . W a l t e r K. Firmingel.. G. B . Rroolr. J. W. V. N a s o n , W . Geoghegan,
E. A n d r i a n g i - P o n t e t , Donald Stevenson, J. D. Roberts, Lewis Edwards. -4.L. Simpson,
E. S . 11. Perowne. C. A. Ansten. E. A. V. Eyles. F. T. Cramphorn. H e n r y G. Gold.
F. K.Davy? C. F. Sylies. G. T)erricli, Geo. A. Hosliins. Chas. A. Barclay. D . D r p d a l e
Anclerson. TV. Emerson. G, l i e n n e d y Barnes. W. B r i n l i n o r t h . A. W . Caddy. S . C.
Kerille. G. TV. , S o u t h . Geo. P . Simpson, A. E. Gurney. Wm. T3utcher. Ivor Grantham.
A. Siee. A. E . Jaclison. A. S . Wedley. a n d F . ~ ~ u i l l e r i n o z .

Also t h e follolr i n g Visitors : -Bros. F. TV. B a n n i s t e r . Bisley Loclge No. 2317 :

A. W. H a r e . W.M., Old Panline Lodge No. 3969. E. H. Bastian. Acacia Lodge
No. 276 (1-ic.C.); R . Sanclland ];.R: Geo. T. H e a r d , Jiitchani Lodge No. 2381:
A. H. 3Ierryman P . N . . S t . Olare's Lodge No. 2 i 6 1 : H. n u r g e s s P , \ [ . . Lodge No. 19;
and A. J. R-ley- A . D . C . . T S q u a r e Loclge No. 3269.

L e t t e r s of apology for non-attendance x e r e reported from Bros. Rev. H . Poole.

P.Pr.G.Ch.. W e s t ~ n o r l a n d c% Cumberland. W . M . : Ed. (Sonder. L . R . . P . M . ; S . T.
Klein. L . R . . P . l I . : S i r Alfred ~obbin:. P . G . W . . Pres.B.G.P.. P.31.: R . H . B a x t e r .
P.A.G.D.C.. P . 3 I . : J. T. Thorp. P . G . D . . P . R I . : F. J. W. &owe. P.A.G.D.C.. P.31.:
J. Stokes. P . G . D . . Pr.A.G.PII., West Torlis., P.31. : Gilbert W. Daynes. J.NT.: Rev.
W . V. COT-ex-Crump.A.G.Ch., P.31. : a n d Gordon P . G. Hills, P.A.G.Sup.W.. P . J I . ,
n.c.

Upon Ballot talien : -

B r o . DAVID F L A T ~ J.P.E R . R e s i d i n g a t B a n n e r C r o s s H a l l , Sheffield.

P.N. of H a l l a n i s h i r e L o d g e N o . 2 2 6 8 . P.N.of A u t h o r s ' L o d g e
N o . 3 4 5 6 , P . M . of U n i v e r s i t y L o d g e N o . 3 9 1 1 , a n d P . M . of H a d a s s a h
 Lodge No. 4871. P a s t Assistant G r a n d Director of Ceremonies,
E n g l a n d . A u t h o r of U'hnt is I~'ree~~ictsonr?/?. a paper contributed t o
t h e Autllors' Lodge in 1915 : Tli P I~osicr~tcictiis..-l iicic.~it ontl JIodc.ri~;
a paper read before Notts. Installed Masters' Lodge i n 1925: a n d .
in conjunction with Bro. D r . Stokes. T h r H i s t o r y of R o p l A r c h
Jlasoiiry i n ,Shefield. F o u n d e r of t h e Sheffield Masonic Literary
Society, a n d has. d u r i n g t h e last twenty-five years. delivered m a n y
lectures on 3lasonic subjects a t Lodges in a n d about Sheffield. Also
P a s t Master Cutler, a n d author of a considerable number of papers
for scientific societies and journals on the Metallurgy of Steel :
and
Bro. T h e Rev. ARKOLDWIIITAKER OXFORD.1 I . A . . 1 I . D . Residlng a t
47 Oxford I\lansions. Oxford Circus, London. W . 1 . P.11. of
Royal Sonler e t House a n d Inverness Lodge No. 4. P a s t Grand
Chaplain, E n g l a n d A u t h o r of ATo. $ : c111 7iitrod11ctio11t o t h e
IIicfor!/ of t h e Ro!/rtT S o ~ ~ i w c cIlorl\e t n/id Invcri/ess Lodge, actlny I J ~
h ? n e ? r t o r ! a l Constztrrfiotz; also C'rrtdogue of 1,'risfol n?id P l y n i o u t h
Porcelain. 1905 , T h e X U I ~ofS Fo1iuimns .- l
b6e!/. 1910. second e d / f i o i i .
1936. a s well as a handbook o n Foui~tcc~ics -4 libey, t h e X o t r k s and t h e
l ~ r ~ i l c l i r i ~q isz , 1 9 2 0 3 S l i o r f I,ifrotJuction t o f / i c H i s t o r y of A ~ i t i e ~ i t
Israel, 1887 ; TVz111u?n G o l d w i n . 1682-1747. published in 1911 as
well as other Bibliographical W o r k s . T h e B e r w i c k Ilymuctl. 1886:
etc. .
were regularly electcd joining ~nembersof the Lodge.

One Lodge of Instruction and Forty-seven Brethren r e r e admitted to mernber-

ship of the Correspondence Circle.

The S E C ~ I : T A drew
~ { Y attention to the following

EXHIBITS : -

By Bro. Major A. ~ I ~ U R ICC oEc s s ~ o ~of ~ Cheltenham

.
A Collection of Nasonic Crests.

By Bro. J. T. THORP.P.G.D.. of Leicester.

Engravecl ( J ~ ~ ~ T I ~ I CScots
~ T FJlaitre
.. Elu. Granted to Jenn Frederic Eschenauer.
by the Scots Chapter ConcorcTia T r ~ n c ~Snimos,
t a t Amsterdam 011 the
tenth day of the fourth month 1782. The body of the text is i n
manuscript. Signed by Henry Boet JIagister : V. G. Zurbiven First
Oustos; H . P. EIugo de nary Second Custos, and S. C. Overbeek
Secretary. The seal of the Lodge on a white silk ribbon: the nalne
but no motto. O n a red ribbon a wafer seal of the Grand Chancellor
J. T. Du Bois shaning a P h e n i s and Sun ~vitll the motto: Perit n t
viret. Feliciter Ardet.

A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the Brethren who had kindly lent these
objects for exhibition.

The folloning paper by Rro. E. E. Thiemeyer St. Louis Jlissouri was read
by the S F C R E T:~-Y
 THE TRANSITION.
SOME REFLECTIONS ON EARLY GRAND LODGE HISTORY.

I. T H E ASSEMBLY.

P R O B L E M which confronts any writer who attempts to deal

w t h the formation of the alother Grand Lodge is the back-
ground from which thls organizat~on developed. Earlier
writers accepted Anderson's official history as gospel, and for
many years. roughly a century, read back into the past with
llim and believed in his account of the birth and growth of
rltual and degrees. I n recent vears the uendulum has swung
U

in the opposite direction. A critical exanlination of the

Andersonian accounts has brought to light much in the story that is untenable:
as a result, i t seems t h a t , by almost universal consent, this tale has been
discarded in its entirety. A n off-shoot of this supreme contempt for the
veracity of Dr. Anderson has been that the formation of the Grand Lodge with
its attendant institution of Grand Masters seems t o auuear J I
uuon the scene
x i t h o u t antecedents-an absolutely new thing-a complete innovation, and this
in a society marked by conservatism, traditionalism, and hatred of any attempt
t o replace old customs. The conservatism of the Fraternity was evidently so
deeply instilled in the minds of its early members t h a t they have succeeded in
transmitting i t through Masonic generations even to the present time. W e still
look more or less askance a t anything which even suggests innovation.
This may be more nearly t r u e now than i t was two centuries ago.
but there is ample evidence to show t h a t tradition and love of
custom were deeply embedded in the mental makeup of our Masonic
forebears. When the reaction from Anderson had reached its height there was
still another effect. There were those who thought the whole institution was in
effect new, t h a t the Operatives had no system beyond the Gild and its regulations,
together with their Manuscript Legend. While they were willing to admit that
there was an Operative organization of a very crude sort, they liked to believe
t h a t i t had fallen into a state of utter decay and t h a t t h e meeting in 1716 was
really a new effort to revive something which had long been dead with the
changes in form t h a t this type of revival would necessarily entail.
Thus has the history of Masonic scholarship borne out the old adage t h a t
t h e trend of human thought is like unto a pendulum, swinging from one extreme
to another before finally coming to rest a t a point midway between the two.
Carrying out the simile, recent years have seen the tendency t o come to rest.
T h e conclusion t h a t a ritual and degrees (two and not the now traditional three)
were not new has been gaining in favour with the passing of years. It seems
t h a t we are still some distance from our final resting place, and i t is my hope
t h a t this paper will aid in some small way t o bring us nearer to a true and
correct understanding of those years which have been called the Transition
Period in Masonic history, by this term meaning the century from 1650 t o
1750. There is much evidence t o show t h a t the organization itself was not new;
t h a t the Grand Lodge was only a development; t h a t t h e meeting of 1716
was o d y a step i n t h e m a r c h of progress. The earlier stages must 111 large
measure, be conjectured : t h e later ones, even if only a few years later a r e
demonstrable. or a t least can b e reconstructed i n a logical m a n n e r . The material
itself is not new b u t i t IS presented from what I believe t o b e a different point of
view.
If one approaches t h e question of early G r a n d Lodge history i n t h e
usual nlanner he will, i n all probability, reach a n orthodox coliclusion. The
fault of such a process o'f reasoning lies principally i n t h e fact t h a t a very
siguificant chain of fits in with t h e plan of thillgs. b u t t h a t they cannot
be accepted as saying precisely w h a t they do say and m u s t be interpreted as
meaning somethi~lgelse. Following t h e orthodox procedure t h e necessary iuter-
pretations are made subconsciously, and t h e conclusion t h a t h a s been reached
by earlier scholars is almost automatically t h r u s t upon us. I a m . perhaps
unfortunately, prohibited from adopting a n unorthodox plan of approach to t h e
present problem b y t h e necessity for brevity a n d a sequential chain of evidence.
If those who feel inclined t o criticize will shut this discussion from their minds
and follow t h e line of approach which suggested itself t o m e , t h e y will doubtless
reach t h e same conclusion regardless of t'lle p a t h s they choose t o follow. Begin
quite simply b y seeking for t h e first contenlporary reference t o a Grand Master:
I mean by this t h e first mention of a given m a n a s G r a n d Master during his
term i n office; t h e n . when you have followed t h i s line t o i t s end, look for
similar references t o a G r a n d Lodge. T h e sin~plicit~y of t h e t h i n g is startling,
and t h e results even more so. I n this very fact. perhaps, lies t h e reason f o r
this theory not having been advanced a t a n earlier date. Strange as i t may
seem, such eminent scholars as Bros. Robert F r e k e Gould. Willianl Janles
H u g h a n . Lionel Vibert. a n d Gilbert W. Daynes have walked to t h e very
threshold-Bro. V i b e r t h a s even knocked a t t h e door-and all have stepped back
as though t h e house were h a u n t e d . T h a t is a severe indictment to come from
one as inexperienced i n Alasonic research as I. b u t I feel confident of t h e ground
ancl will endeavour to show. a t t h e proper time, how near t o a discovery these
men have come. I can account for their seemine lack of observation unon t h e
0

grounds already mentioned. t h a t they have approached t h e question i n t h e usual

nlanner with t h e usual preconceptions and subconscious interpretations. I t i s
not entirely a f a u l t , b u t r a t h e r a bit of ill luck which accounts for their failure.
I have purposely refrained from mentioning t h e llanle of one who stands
among the giants of Nasonic research i n connection with t h i s problem. because
h e canle even closer t o a prophecy t h a n a n y of t h e others. - O n page 54 of
volume xi., 1 . ( S . C f . . Brother G . W. S p e t h m a d e t h e following very interesting
statement : -
" I have attempted t o show t h a t i n t h e earhest days t h e passing of
Masters a n d their reception into t h e fellowship took pldce a t t h e
annual assembly or Ilead-meeting D a y . T h e Grtrlccl L o d g e r r m
c t d ~ t~f rc d l y 1ooll.etl I ~ ~ O I( iIu r e ~ d a c i l t q t l c ~c l c ~ e mbly." (Italics mine.)
I have no desire t o commellt farther a t this time. T h e significance of
this statement will become clearer a s we proceed.
Briefly stated, t h e theory I hope t o establish is t h a t t h e Grand Lodge was
not a n innovation, b u t a revival. N o t precisely a revival i n t h e usually accepted
sense of t h e term as a resurrection of ~ o m e t h i n gd e a d , b u t r a t h e r in the sense
in wllich t h e t e r m is used i n biology. The plant and animal kingdoms furnish
numerous examples of species which have reached t h e peak of their development
only t o enter upon a period of dormancy which is more or less frequently
followed b y a period of rejuvenation. There is a certain element of continuity
implied when revival is used i n t h i s sense, and i t is precisely t h a t continual
development which i t is m y desire to stress i n elation to t h e transition period
of i\Iasonic history. If t h e r e is a revival, or rejuvenation, i t implies a n evolu-
tion. and t h e first picture t h a t must be drawn in a n y a t t e m p t to 4110~ a con-
tinuous development is. of necessity, a sketch of t h e simpler forms from which
t h e higher and more specialized species developed.
 T o link this statement of purpose with t h e expression of Bro. Speth above-
mentioned is not difficult. I wish to prove not only t h a t t h e G r a n d Lodge
was. i n t h e earliest days, looked upon as replacing t h e assembly, b u t t h a t i t
actuallv did replace t h a t body a n d became its successor.
A s h a s been indicated, such a picture of Freemasonry is most difficult to
p a i n t , t h o u g h there a r e several admirable accounts of t h e operative gild, if I
may t e r m i t such. These writings t r e a t of various phases of t h e organization.
a n d , so f a r as I have been able to ascert,ain. there has been no attempt to
describe t h e precise type of g o v e ~ m n e n twhich was i n existence d u r i n g the fifty
or sixty years immediately preceding t h e so-called Grand Lodge E r a . I n t h e
space of a paper which must. of necessity, be all too brief t o accomplish its
purpose. i t is impossible to a t t e m p t a n y detailed analysis of t h i s particular
problem. I t is necessary. however, to arrive a t some common ground upon which
to base t h e assertions t o b e m a d e later, a n d for this reason I shall t r y to sketch
a p c t u r e of w h a t seems t h e most likely character of t h e C r a f t organization d u r i n g
thls p e r ~ o d . M a n y points are. of necessity, still m a t t e r s of conjecture: others
will be omitted which have no direct bearing upon t h e question a t hand. I
t r u s t . however, t h a t t h e picture to be painted will b e received as a foundation
upon which i t will be possible to bulld without a n y major premise being found
fallacious.
C o n ~ m o naereement
" amonp " Masonic scholars is found to exist on a t least
one point, namely, t h a t t h e present system of organized Freemasonry finds its
roots i n t h e Operative C r a f t which existed for a t least several centuries prior to
t h e now famous meeting a t t h e Goose a n d Gridiron Tavern on 24th J u n e , 1717,
and t h e preceding one a t t h e Apple Tree in 1716. Since t h a t time developments
of t h e G r a n d Lodge system a r e traced with a fair degree of ease. though i t m u s t
he confessed t h a t t h e actual happenings c l ~ ~ r i nt hge earliest years a r e overshadowed
with d o u b t . Practically all t h a t is known with absolute certainty about t h e
period f r o m 1716 t o t h e appearance of t h e first Grand Lodge illinutes dated
24th J u n e . 1723. is t h e nanles of t h e men who presided over t h e revitalized
institution d u r i n g t h a t time. The period immediately preceding this re-organiza-
tioli is even more confusing. W e cannot construct with accllracy t h e esact
status of t h e C r a f t . p a r t i c ~ ~ l a r lin
y Loncloll, though t h e r e is some evidence upon
\vhich t o base opinions. This material seems, a t times, to be contradictory.
and a pitfall into which m a n y Alasonic writers seem t o have fallen nlust be
avoided. I t is not to be assun~ecl t h a t customs known t o exist i n oue place
actually did esist i n another. This is a period of transition as well as one of
decay. a n d m a n y varying customs may be found i n scattered sections. To hope
for agreement of detail is impossible, t h e most t l ~ a tcan be expected is t o find
agreement i n general form. T h a t there was such a t h i n g as a national organiza-
tion, o r even a provincial one, is very d o ~ l b t f u l . There were a n u m b e r of Lodges
in esistence. a n d these. we are sure. exercised some sort of supervision over their
members. N o body which controlled t h e action of t h e Lodges is known unless
it was t h e A'sembly. Even i n t h a t group there Tvas, a p p a r e l ~ t l y .110 claim made
to t h e privilege of controlling tlic institution of new Lodges, t h e actions of a
group of Lodges (though tllere is some indicatio~lt h a t such m a y have been t h e
case i n certain sections. t h e most notable of which is London where t h e l l a s o n s
Conlpa~ly seems t o occupy a peculiar position i n relation to the Lodges). t h e
exercise of general charity. or a n y of t h e countless powers which are uow vested
in t h e G r a n d Lodge. I t is not even known whether those i n attendance a t t h e
,4ssenlbly were t h e members of one Lodge or m a n y , though t h e r e a r e some
indications given in t h e Old Charges which may act a s guides to t h e solution of
this problem i n a more or less getleral way. T h e Assembly certainly was not a
representative body such as t h e present Grand Lodge, - b u t was composed of all
JIasons i n a given territory. a n d attendance was compulsory u n d e r certain well
defined conditions. I t seems niost likely t h a t in t h e early days of this body i t
was a place for t h e airing of disputes between members of t h e Craft. and for
t h e free exchange of t r a d e secrets. I t is doubtful whether there was anything
of a very formal n a t u r e about this ' shop talk ' : perhaps i t was carried on it1
private conversations a n d general discussion. T h e thirteenth clause from t h e
Old 1l1rIo.s of t h e G'rcititl J,otIyc ~ r t ) - o r / . . IT?;;, A', seems t o indicate t h a t there
may have been something of a more formal n a t u r e since i t p1,ovides t h a t " A n
H o u r shall be set a p a r t t o talk Alasonry." This hardly seems t o be a n operative
provision, though i t m a y be a survival of seine old C r a f t custom. I t is difficult
to reach any positive conclusion, a n d i t cannot be considered as having a n y real
weight in t h e a r g u m e n t . Doubtless, by some means, new developments i n t h e
Craft were discussed a n d i n t h i s way published to t h e members a t large. I n a n y
event, i t is perfectly clear t h a t nlenlbership i n t h e Society carried with i t t h e
privilege and d u t y of a t t e n d i n g t h e Assembly with full power t o act.
No less a scholar t h a n t h e eminent Brother Robert F r e k e Gould has raised
t h e question as to whether these Assemblies were actually held. Though I cannot
agree with his theory, i t cannot be ignored even though i t does not seen1 to have
a n y general acceptance to-day. I t was his contention t h a t these Assemblies, a s
purely AIasonic gatherings, a t least d u r i n g t h e fourteenth c e n t u r y , were impossible.
and h e held t o t h e view t h a t t h e meetings to which t h e Old C l ~ a r g e srefer were
those t h a t went b y t h e n a m e of t h e Sheriff's T o u r n , i . e . . t h e Assembly of t h e
Shire. H e has brought some weighty arguments t o b e a r , a n d we c a n ~ i o tdiscuss
t h e Assembly without first giving consideration t o his views. (r1.Q.C'. v.. 203ff.)
There is a t least t h e germ of a suggestion in t h e paper mentioned, b u t I do t h i n k
t h a t Uro. Gould h a s erred materially i n stating t h a t i t was impossible for a
strictly 3Iaso1iic Assembly t o be held a t t h e particular period i n question. About
fifteen years ago, M r . H. E . Malden then Secretary of t h e Royal I h t o r i c a l
Society, i n correspondence with Bro. R . J . Meekren. expressed t h e opinion t h a t
i t was not a t all unlikely t h a t purely Craft Assemblies m i g h t have been held
in local centres, d u r i n g t h e Middle Ages. Aside from t h e position of J I r . -7Ialden
in t h e Historical Society. t h e fact t h a t he is not a -7Iason adds materially t o
t h e value of his opinion a s evidence. W e need n o t conceive of the X i s o n s '
Assembly as a National a f f a i r ill f a c t , such a coilception is impossible. The
Old Charges are notably unreliable so f a r as historical information is concerned,
b u t they are so uniforiilly explicit oil a t least one point t h a t we must give them
due consideration. The -fact- t h a t they make attelidailce a t Assembly obligatory
o n all Xasons wlthin fiftv niiles ( t h e distance varies i n some versions\ would
seem to point t o t h e view t h a t a trtrt~ot~ctl was not t h e correct inter-
trssett~bI,~/
pretation to bc placed upon these manuscripts.
The opinion of Bro. W. J . I l u g h a n espressed i n his comment on Bro.
Gould's papcr is worthy of more t h a n passing notice:-
" W e r e t h e Assembly. so t o speak. a legal one t h e decision would have
been final b u t t h e Assembly was t o avoid recourse to t h e L a w .
The reasons offered and t h e facts a d d ~ l c e d b y Bro. Gould go f a r t o
demonstrate t h e official character of t h e very early Assemblies, b11t
yet, i t seems t o m e , there must have been provision for the holding
of separate a n n u a l meetings of each of t h e Crafts. for otherwise. t o
decide all disputes would have taken a much longer time for t h e
Mayor, Sheriff and other dignitaries to get t h r o u g h t h e work, t h a n
we presume they dcvoted to t h e Assembly.
S
I sec no reason to get rid of our own aiinual Masollic Assemblies.
though we accept Bro. Gould's discovery (as I a m inclined to do), as
respects t h e early congregatious, for both m a y llave been held during
t h e same d a y , a n d i n t h e same town." ( A .Q.('. v . , 219.)
During t h e period from t h e twenty-third year of E d w a r d 111. to t h e
beginning of t h e sixteenth century there were numerous laws for t h e control of
labourers enacted. T h e A c t of 1360 specifically prohibited all alliances and
covins of masons. carpenters, congregations, chapters. ordiiiances and oaths
hetwixt them made." i ( ( ~ 8.)
( E n c ~ c l o p c ~ t l i tBc j ~ t t o ~ t ~ xvi.,
I t seems evldent t h a t such alliances, covins, etc..' were held prior to 1360,
else there mould be no need t o prohibit them. I t also seems likely t h a t their
proliibition had little or no effect upon t h e parties mentioned because t h e same
l a n s were re-enacted, i n various forms, u ~ i t i l a t least 1425. \rliell t h e following
provision is found i n 3 H e n r y 1'1.. C. I . :-
" F i r s t . Whereas by t h e yearly Congregations a n d Confederacies made
by t h e l l a s o n s i n their General Chapiters assembled. t h e good Course
a n d Effect of t h e S t a t u t e s of Labourers be openly violated a n d broken.
i n Subversion of t h e Law. ancl to t h e great Damage of all t h e
Commoiis: O u r said Lord t h e K i n g willing i n this Case to provide
R e m e d y , b y t h e Advice and Assent aforesaid. a n d a t t h e special
Request of t h e said Commons, h a t h ordained , and established t h a t
such Chapiters and Congregations shall not be hereafter holden: and
if such b e made, they t h a t cause such Chapiters a n d Congregations to
be assembled a n d holdell, if they thereof be convict, shall be judged
f o r Felons: a n d t h a t a11 other Masons t h a t come to such Chapiters
a n d Congregations, b e pinished b y Iniprisoilment of t,heir Bodies. and
make F i n e a n d Raiisom a t t h e ICing's Will." (R. F. Gould.
IZistory of Ft.ec.~tic~.so~~r!/, 1 , 351 .)
I n view of these acts. and others t h a t might b e cited. I do not see how
it is possible to accept Bro. Gould's thesis: surely t h e K i n g is not prohibiting
the holding of t h e Sheriff's Tourn.
I disagree with Bro. Gould when he says:-
" I n t h e first place. I t h i n k there can be no doubt whatever t h a t , in
t h e fourteenth century, a strictly Masonic Assembly, t o which persons
repaired from a distance. would have been a clowlright impossibility.
I t is proverbially h a r d to prove a negative, b u t . not t o multiply
evidence, I shall rest this p a r t of m y a r g u m e n t , on t h e S t a t u t e s of
t h e Realm. Wylic's H i s t o r y c ~ f Ifiig7n71t7 ,/lider F/ er//.!/ IT7. To under-
s t a u d whether a particular event could have happened i n ail age
remote to o u r own, t h a t age should be studied, a n d if a n y brother
trfter studying t h e history of t h e fourteenth century. tells me t h a t
h e believes in t h e possibility of purely Llasonic Asseinblies having then
t a k e n place. I will n o t argue a n y f u r t h e r with him." ( A .Q.C'. v , .
219.)
T o m y m i n d , those same ' Statutes of t h e R e a l m ' upon which Bro.
Gould placed such firm reliance prove conclusively. not only t h a t purely Xasonic
Assemblies did exist, b u t t h a t t h e y contillued to exist i n spite of repeated
legislation. I t is difficult i n t h e extreme to legislate a t h i n g o u t of existence.
TT7e, i n t h i s c o u n t r y , have a particularly glaring example before u s i n t h e
experience of t h e American Goverilinent with respect t o t h e Eighteenth
Coristitutio~ial A m e n d m e n t .
W h i l e I believe t h a t i t was entirelv uossible for I\lasonic Assemblies t o
d L

have been h e l d , a n d , i n fact, t h a t just such meetings were convened. I can see
no reason for supposing t h a t they were national i n character. There is a b u n d a n t
evidence ill one clause of t h e Old Charges which reads as follows i n most
versions:-" A n d every illaster or fellow s l ~ a l lcome t o y' Asenible of Masons if
i t t be within fifty miles" (Newcastle College Roll). for believing t h a t they
were n o t of a national scope, aside from m a n y argunlents which have nothing
t o do w i t h Xasoiiry. T h e transportation facilities would make a journey from
one p a r t of E n g l a n d t o another a hazardous and difficult uiidertalring for one
thing. L e t u s suppose t h a t a national Asseinbly was held a t t h e traditional
location i n Yorkshire: we can easily see t h e difficulties i n t h e way of London
and Dorsetshire members of t h e C r a f t a t t c ~ l d i i i gsuch a gathering. I t would
have entailed a t least six or eight weeks' absence from work if t h e a t t e n d a n t s
travelled i n t h e usual way, a n d even if they were f o r t u n a t e enough t o b e
provided with some nieaiis of conveyance i t would have m e a n t a n absence of two
or three weeks a t least. W h e n it was three days from London t o York b y
coach as late as t h e eighteenth century, i t must have bee11 a t least twice t h a t
from Conlwall, to say nothing of t h e fact t h a t only people of considerable wealth
and station could afford t h a t inodc of t r a v e l l i n ~ . A t a n earlier ueriod t h e time
necessary would doubtless be greater still. According to t h e Btccyclopcc.tlirrt
Urittrttn;c.ct, t h e Stage Coach was known in England from t,he s i ~ t ~ e e n tcentury. h
The closed carriage or coach did not come into general use i n England ulitil t h e
fifteenth century, a n d t h e n i t s use was colifined t o ladies of r a n k almost
exclusively. All of this forms a side issue and h a s only a n indirect bearing
upon the~discussion. I t does show. hoxvever, t h a t as we go backwards along t h e
scale of time, conditions become 1e.s a n d less favourable for a national gathering.
T h e n , too, there was t h e danger of some over-zealous representative of t h e law
providing incarceration for t h e strange traveller. T h e nunlbers gathered a t such
a national congregation would certainly arouse t h e suspicions of a medieval
monarch, as Brother Gould suggests. If there was only one Assembly for t h e
whole Craft. and c o n l ~ ~ u l s o rattendance
v was limited t o those within fiftv miles
or less of t h e gatllerilig, we must suppose t h a t t h e ~ o i n i n i n g l i n gof t h e Ih-ethreli
was very restricted. This compulsory provision of t h e Old Charges seems t o
make it. quite clear t h a t t h e r e were meetings held a t various times and in various
places. Brother W . H., Rylands has ably discussed t8he Assemblies on S t . Rook's
Hill. near Chichester, i n Susses (;l .Q.(:'. xi.. 170). T h e early eighteenth century
records of Alnwick a n d Y o r k seem t o substantiate t h i s opinion. The general
meeting days a t Y o r k were t h e two S t . J o h n ' s Days. while a t Alnwick. 29th
September seems t o have been t h e traditional day. W e shall have more to say
on this score a little later. I t seems there is f u r t h e r subst,antiation of this
opinion in tlie Old Charges themselves. Comparatively few. I t h i n k a t most
three or four, make a n y mention of a specific d a t e for t h e Assembly. and it
seems entirely possible t h a t Bro. H ~ l g h a n was not f a r wrong when h e espressed
t h e opinion t h a t t h e I\Iasonic Assembly and Shire Neet'ing m a y have been held
" on t h e Yame d a y and i n t h e same town." It m a y even be likely t h a t t h e
territory covered b y t h e Assembly a n d Sheriff coincided, if there were a n y
territorial restrictions imposed upon t h e Assembly other t h a n t h e limit of
distance given in t h e I I S S . U n d e r some such a r r a nu~ e i n e n t t h e difficulties
arising from large meetings of Masons would be negligible because there
would probably b e no more t h a n a hundred or so a t a n y one meeting.
A t any rate, a n arrangement whereby tlie Sheriff's Tourn a n d t h e Xasonic
Assembly were held a t t h e same place a n d a t t h e same time would d o away with
many of t h e difficulties raised b y Bro. Gould. I t would b c convenient to adjust
differences which h a d to b e t a k e n t o t h e " Corninon L a w " : travel difficulties
would be largely overcome because of t h e influx toward t h e central point, a n d
t h e number of I\lasons would n o t be so large as t o cause a l a r m , either to t h e
K i n g or his officials.
The Old Charges themselves a r e not consonant with t h e theorv advanced
U

by Bro. Gould, a s I have already suggested. Almost every one of them contains
a provision sonlething like t h e following, taken from t h e Willialn Watson
Ilanuscript :-
" T h a t every X a s t e r & fellow if they h a u e trespassed t o stand a t ye
reward of Masters & ffellows to make them accord t h e r e if they m a y :
a n d if t h e y m a y not accord t h e m , then t o goe t o ye Comon Law."
Surely t h e Operative C r a f t was not going so f a r o u t of i t s way as to
include i n practically every Manuscript Constitution a provision t h a t disputes
which could not b e settled i n t h e Assembly should be carried t o t h e Comnion
L a w , if, as Bro. Gould would have u s believe, this Assembly was t h e Sheriff's
Tourn. which was itself a court of t h e Conmoll L a w . I t h i n k t h e case is
perfectly clear a n d t h a t we cannot doubt for one moment t h a t t h e Masons held
Assemblies of their own.
There is another point which is worthy of note before we leave Bro.
Gould's theory. P e r h a p s its proper place would have been i n a n earlier portion
of t h e discussion. b u t since i t is based so largely upon speculation i t h a d best
be set cff b y itself. I t has been generally accepted t h a t t h e references in t h a t
portion of t h e Old Charges whicll has been terliied t h e . . Legend of t h e C r a f t "
a n d which mentions t h e Asseinblies in t h e time of Euclid. Charles nlartel, S t .
A l b a n , a n d E d w i n necessarily mean a national Assembly in t h e sense of including
t h e territory which is now England. The particular clauses a r e well Irnown
and only one citation is given to point specifically t'o t h e portions meant.
Euclid : A n d also t h a t they should come & Assemble themselues once
every yeare.
Charles M a r t e l : A n d confirmed to y"' a charter t o hold theire
Assembly from yeare to yeare where they would.
A l b a n : A n d h e gave to yl" A Charter mC:'he obtain'cl of ye Kinge
a n d his Councell for to hold a General1 Councill, and gave i t yo
n a m e of a n As:embly.
E d w i n : A n d he obtained of his f a t h e r ye Icinge a Charter & a
Conlmition to Assenlble Every Y e a r , once
a n d h e wt:' m a n y other Masons H e l d a n Assembly a t
. . . a n d when y" Assembly weare gathred to geather.
(Beaumont 11s.)
It m a y b e because of a preconception t h a t there could n o t ,have been a
national Assembly i n t h e :ense of including t h e territory which comprises modern
Elleland t h a t I a m led to t h e conclusion about t o be exnressed. b u t I cannot
U

feel t h a t these references necessarily mean a national gathering i n t h a t sense.

though t h e y m a y mean a n assembly covering each of t h e old kingdoms, in which
event we w o ~ ~ lhave d precisely t h e necessary root for t h e assenlblies of limited
areas which I believe did exist a t a later period. It would obviously be
impossible d u r i n g t h e period preceding t h e first q u a r t e r of t h e t e n t h century for
a n y national asseml~ly t o include anything like t h e region which we now call
England. There was a t t h a t time no unified E n g l a n d a n d i t was not until
t h e union of IIercia with Northulnbria t h a t i t would b e a t all possible for a
national assembly (in t h e sense of all all England meeting) to take place. I a m
inclined to t h e opinion t h a t perhaps Masonic scholars have erred i n unconsciously '

projecting t h e boundaries of present d a y England back t o t h e time of t h e A l b a n

Legencl. If there is a n y historic basis for t h e Legend of t h e Craft. and I a m
inclined t o t h e opi~iion t h a t there is. we might b e able t o trace c1uite'simply
t h e development of t h e early Craft organization.
Bro. C . C. Howard. of New Zealand, has written a paper dealing with
t h e Eclwin a n d A l b a n Legends (11 .().C'. iv., T3ff.) to which I t h i n k illsufficient
consideration llas been given b y scholars who have attempted to deal with early
Craft Customs. I t is impossible a t t h e present time t o enter into a minute
discnssion of t h i s theory as Z should lilrc to c10 because t h e r e a r e some minor
cletails with which 1 cannot agree, b u t i n t h e main I t h i n k t h e argument may
be sound. o r , more conservatively, s ~ ~ f i c i e n t l ysuggestive to demand further
consideration. W i t h o u t going into great detail. I wish t o plagiarize Bro.
I-Ioward's theorv a n d insert a few variations which t o m e seem necessarv.
These insertions will become apparent to those familiar with t h e paper mentioned,
and those who a r e interested m a y make their o ~ mcomparisons.
If as we suppose t o have been t h e case, there was a total loss of t h e
building a r t a f t e r t h e Ronlan c s o c l ~ ~ from
s B r i t a m . we have only sporadic
attempts a t building d u r i n g t h e centuries inlnledlately following. I t seems to
b e fairly well proven t h a t such attempts as actually did t a k e place were under-
taken b y foreign architects. The early i n f l ~ ~ s edos not seem t o have been in
sufficient numbers to cause t h e forination of a permanent organization. and i t is
likely t h a t there was not enough work to make t h e continuance of their trade
practicable. T h e immigrants may have remained on t h e i-land, b u t they
probably followed other trades after t h e task for which they h a d been brought
over was completed. T h e first sizeable importation of such worknlen seems t o
have occurred a t t h e time Offa erected his ' . goodly minster " to S t . A l b a n .
,during t h e latter portion of t h e eighth century. This would n a t u ~ a l l ybring a
large group of hlasons i n t o t,he South of Englancl. There is some reason for
believing t h a t Wilfrid imported a large group of workmen to assist him i n t h e
re-construction of York X i n s t e r almost a century prior to t h e time of Offa's
building operations. If worknieil were brought from t h e Continent to assist ill
t h e work a t Y o r k , i t would seem logical to suppose t h a t we should look for t h e
first attempts a t reviving t h e building a r t s a t this point. Such a conception is
.one which is worthy of d u e consideration. There is nothing known of a n y great
buildings being erected i n t h e N o r t h of England between t h e erection of York
Ninster a n d t h e building of S t . Alban's. I t is hardly likely t h a t t h e workmen
a t Yorlr did not revive their traditional organization, if they had one. T h e
fact t h a t there were no other great building e n t e r p r i ~ e swhich would serve to
knit t h e BIasons together duriiig t h i s century would m a k e i t r a t h e r difficult to
imagine a continuance of a t r a d e organization d u r i n g a period i n which t h a t
trade was not being" followed. The snoradic i m l ~ o r t a t i o n s of workmen into
various parts of E ~ l g l a n dwould n o t be sufficient t o account for t h e beginning of
a n organization which h a s continued down t o t h e present d a y , even i n much
modified form. I f we g r a n t t h e possibility of such an organization continuing
in t h e N o r t h of E n g l a n d i t does not i n a n y way affect t h e argument. It would
be almost imnossible for a n v new develooments i n t h e C r a f t around Yorlr ( I
mean new developments i n t h e sense of affecting E n g l a n d ) t o percolate through
t h e n a t u r a l barriers which separated t h e N o r t h a n d S o u t h a t this particular
period. The only effect such a hypothesis would have upon t h e theory we are
discussing would be to m a k e t h e existence of two organizations possible.
The discussion h a s somewhat anticinatecl itself through this excursus on
0

York. R e t u r n i n g now t o S t . A l b a n ' s , let us suppose t h a t these foreign artificers

came into England with some tradition of a n organization. (If this hypothesis
is granted t h e development would be similar i n both Y o r k and S t . Alban's.)
I t would be only n a t u r a l for t h e m to t r y to continue t h a t tradition i n their new
surroundings. According t o some writers t h e traditional organization of t h e
Roman artificers did not die out completely i n Southern F r a n c e and Northern
I t a l y . Offa we know. went t o Rome t o secure t h e canonization of S t . Alban.
Wilfrid travelled extelisively upon t h e Continent. It would be reasonable to
suppose t h a t for t h e erectloll of either of these two edifices t h e best trained a n d
nlost efficient worlrnien posslble mould be secured. These w o ~ ~ lnaturally d comc
from the France-Italy reglon a n d ~f we accept t h e opinion of those who adhere
to t h e Comaclne theory, they would probably have a tradltioual organization.
Perhaps there were others. from other parts of t h e Contment whether or not
these had a n y such t r a d i t ~ o n swould make little or no difference. Those possessing
t h e traditional organization (regardless of t h e locality from which they came)
would naturdlly seek to continue i t , a n d t h e othcrs w0111d doubtless be asked to
join in time. O u r Xasonic Legend would then be reconciled wit11 t h e course of
history except for t h e fact t h a t S t . A l b a n is salcl t o have secured a charter from
t h e King. This difficulty need not bother us because i t is a well-known fact
among students of folklore t h a t stories a r e sometimes warped almost beyond
recognition. T h e events remain t h e same. b u t t h e characters and t h e places are
often changed. Such a n evolution would naturally account for t h e insertion of
the man S t . A l b a n for t h e place which came to be linown as S t . Alban's.
A s t h e use of c u t stone became more popular a n d t h e building trades
prospered. i t would be only n a t u r a l for this o r g a n ~ z a t i o n to spread with the
growth of t h e trade. I t would eventually come t o take i n all of Nercla and
perhaps t h e whole of Sontheril England. The n a t u r a l barriers b e t ~ ~ e eNercia n
and Northumbria would preclude t h e possibility of its spreading to t h e North
from thls territory, unless we imagine some sllch instigating event as t h e erecting
of S t . A l b a n ' s Abbey or Y o r k TIinster taking place. E v e n t h e n , i t is hardly
likely t h a t two countries as frequently a t war as these two would interchange
workmen to a n y extent. W h a t h a s been said about S t . A l b a ~ iS and Southern
England might apply with equal force to York and N o r t h e r n England.
 W h e n t h e country became unified and N o r t h u n ~ h e r l a n d came under t h e
c r o w of t h e Southern monarch (the unificatioll was, of course. more complex
t h a n this. h u t f o r our purposes i t is not necessary to go into detail). t h e n a t u r a l
course of events would bring S o u t l ~ e r ncnstoms into N o r t h e r n territory. a n d here
we have a ~ i u c l e u sfrom which t h e supposed York Assembly m a y have developed,
even if i t xi-as not a revival (under official sanction of t h e conqueror) of a pre-
existing institution. If there were two organizatiolis i t wonld be likely t h a t they
descended fi.0111 t h e same source and t h a t there would be little o r no need for
modification upon t h e p a r t of t h e new rulers. There would be no transference
of t h e seat of t h e Assembly from t h e South t o t h e N o r t h : i t would be t h e
institution of a new organization, or the continuance of one already i n operation.
Supposing t h a t Edwin did call a n Assenlbly a t York. t h e Old Charges do
not tell us t h a t t h i s was t h e only Assembly w h ~ c l lwas held. T h e mere fact t h a t
Edwin secured a charter from t h e K i n g which enabled t h e Nasons t o assenlble
once a year. does not, b y a n y stretch of t h e imagination, mean t h a t all l l a s o n s
assembled a t one particular place, or a t one particnlar time. If a portion of
t h e m m e t i n Sussex, another portion i n or about London, and a third group a t
York. they might Assenlble e7-ery !/cur o i i c p just as efficiently, probably more
so. as if all t h e l l a s o n s i n E n g l a n d assembled a t one spot each year.
There 1s another difficulty which needs sonle explanation. The Old
Charges say t h a t various wars caused t h e decline of Masonry a f t e r S t . Alban s
time. There a r e approximately one hundred a n d fifty years intervening between
the building of S t . Alban's Abbey and t h e holding of t h e traditional Assembly
a t York. W e need only suppose t h a t t h e Legend of t h e Craft was written i n
t h e North of E n g l a n d t o do away with this difficulty. If this were t h e case.
i t would be n a t u r a l t h a t a f t e r t h e uniting of t h e kingdoms t h e Southern Nasons
mould bring t h e i r traditions to t h e North. T h e N o r t h e r n Xasons i n attempting
t o acco~ultfor t h e difference i n time betwecn t h e organization i n t h e South and
t h e revitalization of t h e C r a f t i n t h e N o r t h would naturally blame i t upon t h e
wars which were t a k i n g place d u r i n g t h ~ speriod of E n g l a n d ' s history.
Before we have done with supposing we might consider t h e possibilities
as suggested b y Bro. E. H. Dring i n his discussion of Tlir .\-cirnz7r.s G r e c ~ r s
I,el/e/it7 (.4.(J.C'. xviii., 1 7 9 , and xix.. 45.) I n these papers t h e author ventures
t h e opinion t h a t t h e ' Charles hlartel ' of t h e I\lanuscripts is actually Charlemagne.
and S t . A l b a n is equated with Alcuin. This theory cannot be reconciled with
t h a t of Bro. I I o w a r d , a n d we must accept either one or t h e other. So f a r as
t h e p e s e n t purpose is concerned, i t makes 110 difference which is accepted. W e
know t h a t Alcuin assisted a t t h e building of Y o r k l l i n s t e r . a n d can be almost
certain t h a t t h e stonemasons were imported from t h e Continent t o assist in t h e
work. If such was actually t h e case their procedure would be inuch t h e same
as i n t h e South. T h e traditional organization would be continued for so long
a time as there were sufficient Nasons a t York to w a r r a n t i t . W h e t h e r this
organizdtion persisted t o t h e time of Edwin is immaterial. These two alternatives
have been p l ~ v i o u s l ysuggested.
The two opposing theories agree in one particular only :-Offa certainly
imported foreigu workmen, and Alcuin probably did likewise. If he did not.
then t h e organization m a y have colne into York as h a s already been suggested.
I f he d i d . then E d w i n (or someone else, time a n d persons a r e immaterial) simply
contiilued a pre-existing institution. If he d i d , i n d t h e organization died out.
t h e n we revert t o t h e case first mentioned.
L e t m e again stress t h e point t h a t time a n d characters a r e only incidental.
I have adhered t o t h e two theories mesented solelv for convenience. I f we t r y
to reconstruct along a purely hypothetical line we come t o t h e same conclusion.
It is fairly well established t h a t t h e revival of architecture i n England was
assisted i n large measure b y t h e importation of foreign (Continental) workmen.
York a n d S t . A l b a n ' s seem likely places for t h e beginning t o have been made,
b u t even t h a t is not essential. The only thing t h a t matters is t h a t these
imported workmen have a traditional organization, or t h a t t h e y develop one
after landing on English soil. The times and conditions will take care of
everything else.
W e do not have to adhere to dates or oersonapes. as nientioned in the
D

Legend, but if i t has grown u p , as most scholars seem to belleve, it would

develop from word of mouth transmission, and all sorts of variations are possible
under such conditions. Sir Janies G. Frazer has done much to show that there
is a germ of historic t r u t h in almost every folk legend. and certainly our Masonic
Legend should be classed as folklore. The point 1 hope to make is simply t h a t
the development of architecture in England would seem likely to preclude the
possibihty of such a thing as a natlonal assembly in the sense in which i t is
taken to-day. There may have been a National Assembly for Mercia, and even
for the Northern Kingdom, b u t there certainly could not have been one for the
territory covered by the United England which came into being a t the close of
t h e first quarter of the tenth century.
We have nothing to indicate that these assemblies did not, a t a later
stage in their developnient, become national, b u t when the difficulties which
were advanced earlier in this paper are taken into consideration it hardly seems
likely that this was the case.
Slow long these Asseniblies continued to exist and whether they properly
form a part of t h e picture of llIasom-y ininlediately preceding the Grand Lodge
E r a is to be conjectured. There are a few things which would incline one to the
opinion that they lasted through several centuries a t least. D r . Anderson's
account of the Assembly to wlucli Queen E l ~ z a b e t hsent investigators may have
no more foundation thail many other fables from the pen of t h i s gentleman, but
I am inclmed to the opinlon t h a t perhaps there is a germ of t r u t h in it. I do
not for a minute believe t h a t the episode happened as described, but I think
there may have been Assemblies of Masons held in Elizabeth's time and i t is
entirely possible t h a t she may have investigated their actions. though hardly in
the nianner suggested by Anderson. The statement of D r . Plot in his J'ccturcil
IIertorv. o,f iSttcffordsleise mav be more a u t h e n t ~ ct h a n the Andersonian fable
because this learned nian was a friend of Elias Ashniole. H e says. in discussing
the Act of EIenry V I . :-" Yet this nct too being b u t little observed, 'tis still
to be feared these Cleccpters of li'ree-Jfnsons do as much mischief as before. which
if one may estimate by t h e penalty, was anciently so great, that perhaps i t
might be usefull t o examine then1 now." There is something of an esplicit
character in this statement which might lead one to believe t h a t the congregations
had continued, a t least in Staffordshire, and from other remarks made by Dr.
Plot, it would not be illogical t o assume t h a t they also existed in other places
down to the time his book was written.
Whether or not these statements point to a continuity of the Assembly
proper, we can be certain t h a t there were Assemblies held in the region around
York as late as 1693. Proof of this is to be found in t h e Hope Branch of the
Sloane Family of Manuscripts, all three members of which show a concurrence
in form which differs from any other versions 1 have been able to consult.
Since I have seen only those manuscripts which have been reprinted in some
form, and not all of those. i t is in~possiblet o say t h a t these phrases are not to
be found in any other manuscripts, though this does seem probable. All three
of these documents concur in changing the wording " Comon Lam " which
appears in the Watson MS. as above quoted to " Common Assembly " ; the
exact phrase reading as follows in the three manuscripts belonging to this
group :-
H O P E : " And if they may not accord then t o goe to the comon
assembly. "
W A I S T E L L : " and if they may not accord then goe to the Common
Assembly. "
YORK No. 4 : " if they cannot account then to go to the Common
Assembly. "
 According to Bro. Hughan these three manuscripts seem to have descended
from some missing prototype. He says:-
These I I S S . (I-Iope and Waistell). with tlle P o r k (No. 4) are the only
three t h a t I remember which reverse the usual order of the Seven
Sciences. in respect to Alnsic and Arithmetic. As some fifty else
' agree to differ from this trio. it seelns reasonable to suppose that
'

the prototype of these three must have coutained a n erroneous reading

in t h a t particular." (7'11e TIopc,. TT7cti.~tcll(C. I'r.ohit!/ :lftzsoitic i1fSS.
Edited by William James Huglian and William Watson. 1892, p. 7.)
Some further confirmation of this view is contained in the following state-
incnt relative to the P o r k No. 4 MS. :-
" I t is written on a Roll of Paper, and excepting the Invocation a t the
coinmencenlent, is in good condition. and was evidently transcribed
from a n older set of Charges of a purely operat,ive character."
(I-Iughan, dInsotiic S h , e f c h e s uti(l I?epriirts. p. 5 1 . )
If the above statements are true. and we have no valid reason for doubting
them. i t ~ ~ o u lseem
d that these three 17/Ia1luscri~tsdiffer in still another respect
from the others. I t would hardly be possible for three copyists to make
identically the same mi:take in transcribing " Law " as . . Assembly." and we
can only presume t h a t the phra>e was Conmion Assembly " in the missing
original just as Brother I-Iughan believes to be the case in the reversal of order
in the Seven Sciences.
This change of terms would seem t,o point to the fact t h a t there was some
distinction to be drawn between the Conlnlon Assembly or Conlnlon Law and the
Masonic Assembly. I n every other case the latter is referred t o as either the
general Assenibly. and in these cases i t is perfectly clear t h a t nothing but a
Masonic Assembly was meant, or simply as t o the Assembly. W e may presume,
I think. t h a t t h e Conlnion Law and the Coninlon Assembly are to be taken as
referring t o one and the same thing, and t h a t the change, whether through
careless copying in the prototype froni which these three Nanuscripts came, or
through intentional changing of the word, had some background in fact.
There is a sentence appearing in practically all of the Manuscripts which
reads as follows: -
,' ffurthermore a t dyu's assemblies Certein Chardgs haue byn made
and ordeyned by the best advise of m". & fellowes."
The above is taken from the Grand Lodge No. l Manuscript of 1583,
because i t is the earliest reference to this point, and I shall have more to say
about i t a t a later time.
I wish now to return to the three manuscripts we have been considering.
Quoting t h e same portion of each of these three docunients we find the following
interesting variations : -
Y O R K No. 4 : " Furthermore a t divers asseniblyes there have belie
added to i t divers charges niore and more by the best Maisters, and
fellows advices. "
H O P E : " and furthermore a t Private Assemblyes their haue been
Added to i t diuers Charges more and more by the Nast". and fellows
aduices."
W A I S T E L L : " and further more a t t private assemblies their hath
been added to i t diverse Charges niore & t h e Masters and fellows
advices. '
Practically all the manuscripts agree in nxntioning ' diverse Assemblyes."
and i t is possible t h a t the designation P r i m f e which is used in the Hope and
Waistell documents is no more thau a mistake of the copyist. These t x o
manuscripts agree almost verbatim, while the York No. 4 Roll differs materially
 in phraseology from either of t h e m . I t is, I t h i n k , evident t h a t t h e Waistell
X S . agrees more closely with t h e prototype of t h i s g r o u p t h a n either of t h e
others. because, in spite of t h e close agreement of this 31s. with t h e Hope. it
is clear t h a t in t h e l a t t e r case t h e spelling has been modernized, although t h e
wording has been preserved r a t h e r carefully. I t would almost seem t h a t t h e
copyist who made t h e York No. 4 Roll had more t h a n one original from which
to work. or else t h a t in some respects he was more careful t h a n t h e authors of
t h e other two documents. I t is not only difficult, b u t unpractical, t o draw a n y
conclusions relative t o t h e descent of these manuscripts from transcripts olily.
b u t it may be safely assumed. I t h i n k . t h a t t h e desigllation I'rircrfe was not
t o be found i n t h e prototype which formed t h e main foundation for t h e members
of this group. If, as I t h i n k m a y have been t h e case, t h e author of t h e York
No. 4 Roll had more t h a n one manuscrint before him. i t would seem evident
t h a t t h e word (/;verse was poorly written and may have bcen taken for p r i c o f r .
not a n impossible error , y h e n one considers t h e chirography of t h e older documents
and remembers t h a t dil8erse was sonletimes :pelt t7,1/vc.r.x. I t w0111d take some
stretching of t h c imagination t o believe t h a t such a n error could have actually
been committed b v two scribes unless there was :ome reason for t h e m e of t h e
word prizttrfe i n relation t o assemblies.
This leads 11s t o a branching p a t h , and either branch we take seems almost
too good to b e t r u e . I t is with uo little trepidation t h a t I advance snch a
theory, b n t i t demands consideration. If t h e " d y " were written i n t h e
original so as to appear not unlike a " p:" then i t would not be difficult t o
imagine t h e " v " t a k i n g 011 t h e character~sticsof a n " r " o r even a n ' , ri."
The resemblance would cease a t this point, however, except for t h e possibility
t h a t t h e final stroke of t h e " S , " if carelessly made. might look like a " t . "
W e have. t h e n , " pri-t " with t h e dash representing some unintelligible
scrawling. originally intended t o form a n ' ' e r . " and i t is r a t h e r h a r d t o under-
stand how, even with very poor handwriting. this could b e m a d e o u t as a " v a , "
unless t h e word privtcte was associated with t h e word czssr~tllily i n t h e mind of
t h e transcriber. W e come back, t h e n , t o t h e two possibilities. either t h e mistake
was due t o common association of terms and poor chirography, or i t was all
intentional insertion upon t h e p a r t of some scribe, either b y t h e a u t h o r of t h e
missing prototype, or t h e authors of t h e Hope a n d Waistell hlanuscripts, and
most likely t h e latter. There a r e some other instances of t h e use of t h e word
private in this connection, nanlely, i n t h e Dumfries No. 4 a n d t h e Thistle l l S S . .
one, t h e llelrose. uses " c e r f c ~ i lassembJies."
~ This last seems t o indicate t h a t
there may have been more t h a n one kind of assembly. This conclusion may,
however, be .due t o a false sense of proportion influenced b y evidence which will
be adduced later, a n d for t h e present m a y be neglected. It does seem strange
t h a t from a total of seventy-seven N S S . examined, sixty-one h a v e some nlention
of Assemblies i n t h e above sense, and only five vary f r o m t h e customary usage
of d i z : r ~ s ein this connection. 111 t h e light of evidence which will be cited later.
I t h i n k t h e co~lclusion t h a t there was some connection between 11rivrtfe and
assemhl?/ is one which is justifiable. I must for t h e present ask t h a t this state-
m e n t be accepted as proven, or a t least made possible, on t h e basis of t h e
evidence which h a s gone before. W h e n we come to consider t h e old Lodge
Llinutes we shall I t h i n k . find t h e additional confirmation needed t o establish
this view.
I t would. perhaps, be well for us t o recapitulate a n d m a k e a n effort t o
see just how f a r we hake gone i n our endeavour t o reconstruct pre-Grand Lodge
Freemasonry. I n t h e first place i t h a s become apparent t h a t purely IIasonic
Assemblies of a local character would not b e impossible even as early as t h e
fourteenth century. F u r t h e r m o r e . i t has seemed, from t h e fact t h a t they were
7rqicIntrd ~ I ~ N I I I . Cn~o, t only t h a t i t was possible t o hold such meetings, b u t t h a t
they actnally were held. There is some evldence t h e most valuable of which is
t h a t contained i n D r . P l o t S work, t o show t h a t they continued t o exist even in
t h e last half of t h e seventeenth century. Certainly D r . P l o t h a s shown u s their
existence a t least i n Staffordshire even as l a t e as 1686, or a very few years
 earlier. The three manuscripts discussed seem to indicate t h a t there may have been
some sort of a 3Iasonic Assembly, in or about York, a t a date not later than 1693.
If the Alasonic Assembly continued. or was revived in Staffordshire and York, it
follows. almost without questioii, that there is no reason for believillg that
other portions of Ellgland were very different froni these two localities. W e
might add t h a t the A h w i c k and Gateshead records make this assumption
seen1 even more plausible, and we camlot forget the Sussex case where. according
to tradition, i\lasonic Assenlblies were held froni the time of Julius Czsar. The
London Lodges. on the same basis. add something to the widespread distribution
of llasonic Lodges. and we must presmne t h a t if one group of 3lasons was
holding its Assembly, the others were, in all probability, doing likewise. unless
they had deteriorated to such an e x t e ~ i tthat such an assumption is impossible.
The possibility of their assenibling is all that is necessary to prove a t this time.
The London Lodges, during the seventeentll century, offer much in the way of
evidence. b u t I shall refrain froni mentioning this subject until we come t o
discuss the Londo,n craft. There is a danger involved in trying to establish
a uniformity of Masonic custom over the whole of England during the
latter part of the seventeenth century, and perhaps i t would be better to say
that while these Lodges were meeting in various localit~iesit is not necessary for
us to presume t h a t they were all governed in the same way or t h a t they all
held Asseniblies. I t is sufficient for our purpose to establish a possibility t h a t
such nieetings were held ill various parts of England a t various times. This once
effected, i t would seem t h a t we have established a basis upon which we can begin
t o build as soon as we have definitely shown t h a t Masonic Assemblies were being
held 111 one p a r t of England a t a period sufficiently close to the magic date of
1716. and may have been in existence in others with sufficient proximity to be
remembered by the older Masons at least.
A n attempt t o reconstruct the powers t h a t were invested in these Assemblies
will, perhaps, throw some more light upon the establishnient of the organizaion
which came t o be known as the Grand Lodge. It must be borne in mind that
in any such reconstruction it is very difficult to generalize. W h a t may have
been t r u e in one particular locality may not have been the case in another.
The period from 1650 t o 1716 was apparently a perlod of decadence in the Craft,
and we would naturally, expect to find all stages of decay showing themselves in
various places. I n some localities Assemblies nlight continue to meet and exercise
the functions which had been theirs from time immenlorial. I n others there
may have been no more than a remnant of the old trade organization, perhaps
110-more than a few members of the Craft who never met in a formal way, and
who had given u p all thought of a pernlanent Masonic organization. These are
two extremes. and in various places we nlight find every stage of activity between
them. The suggestive example of one locality might inspire the others to resurrect
their previous organization. So far as the present argunlent is concerned. i t
makes no difference whether those who have made a special study of certain
portions of England agree with the possibility of a Masonic Assembly in their
particular field or not. If i t can be shown, and I believe t h a t i t can, t h a t the
Assembly form of government survived in any one portion of England, there is
no necessity for showing t h a t i t was also in existence in any other portion. I f ,
for example, the North-Eastern portion of England held to the Assembly, and
t h i s meeting was also a n institution a t York, i t is impossible to imagine t h a t the
AIasons of London, even if they had no organization, would be entirely ignorant
o f the fact. W e only have to show t h a t somewhere in England (or Scotland,
it makes no great difference) there was a body of Masons who still preserved the
traditional form of government, and t h a t the following of this tradition was
suficimtly widespread for i t to reach London, to make our thesis entirely
possible. W e can then rely upon the evidence of London itself for the proof of
the theory. Of course, this is only a nlinimum r e ~ ~ u i r e m e n t .Once the Assembly
is shown to be a widespread practice during the period immediately preceding
the formation of the Grand Lodge, the theory advanced becomes conclusively
proved. It makes no difference whether we consider the prevalence of the
 T h e T ~ a n s i t i u n . S o m e Reflectiotzs ote E a r l y G r m d Lodge History. 201

Assembly during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries a revival
or a survival. While I am personally inclined to the opinion t h a t i t was a
survival, I have no quarrel with those who feel that i t must have been a revival.
For the present purpose i t is necessary to show only t h a t i t was an influence of
sufficient potency to make itself felt, and this theory becomes a tenable one. As
I have repeatedly said, I am here making a statement of minimum requirements.
I leave i t to others to decide whether this minimum has been met, and they may
also judge the extent to which i t has been exceeded.
Brother IGould gives us a very interesting observation upon AIasonry in
York when he says:-
" Happily, there is undoubted evidence, coming from two distinct
sources, which i n each case points to the vigorous vitality of York
BIasonry i n 1705, and inferentially, to its continuance from a more
remote period. A t t h a t date, as we learn from a llinute-Book of
the Old Lodge a t York, which unfortunately only commences in that
year. Sir George Tempest, Barronet,' was President, a position he
again filled in 1706 and 1713. Among t h e subsequent Presidents
were the Lord BIayor of York, afterwards Lord Bingley (1707). the
following Baronets, Sir Willianl Robinson (1708-10). Sir TValter
Hawksworth (1711-12, 1720-23), and other persons of distinction.
" The ' Scarborough ' l I S . furnishes the remaining evidence which attests
the active condition of Yorkshire Freemasonry in 1705. The endorse-
ment in this roll may. without any effort of the imagination, be
regarded as bearing indirect testimony to the influence of the Lodge
or Society a t York. This must have radiated to some extent at least,
and a n example is afforded by the proceedings a t Bradford in 1713.
These, I shall presently cite, but the position of York as a local and
independent centre of the transitional I\Iasonry, which interposed
between the reign of the purely operative and the purely speculative
Societies, will be examined a t greater length hereafter. We learn
a t all events, from t h e roll referred to t h a t a t a prwate Lodge held
a t Scarborough ' in t h e C o u n t y of r o ~ l i , 'oil the 10th of July, 1705,
' before ' William Thompson, Presiclen t , and other Freemasons, six
persons, whose names are subscribed, were ' admitted into the
fraternity.' It is difficult to understand what is meant by the term
' private Lodge,' a n expression which is frequently met with, as will
be shortly perceived, in the Minutes of the York body itself.
Possibly the explanation may be, t h a t i t signified a special as
distinguished from a regular meeting, or t h e words may imply a n
occas~o?~al and not a statecl Lodge was then h e l d ?
" Indeed t h e speculation might even be advanced, t h a t the meeting
was i n effect a ' moveable Lodge,' convened by t h e York Brethren.
Such assemblies were frequently held in t h e c o u n t y , and on the
occasion of the York Lodge, meeting a t Bradford i n 1713, no less
than eighteen gentlemen of the first families i n t h a t neighbourhood
were made Masons. A further supposition presents itself, and i t is,
t h a t we have here a n example of the custonl of granting written
licences t o enter Masons a t a distance from t h e Lodge, such as we
find traces of i n the Kilwinning, the Dunblane, and t h e Haughfoot
Minutes. If so, we may suppose t h a t t h e precedent set by the Lodge
of Kilwinning i n 1677, when the Masons from t h e Canongate of
Edinburgh applied to i t for a roving commission or ' travelling
warrant,' was duly followed, and t h a t the Scarborough Brethren were
empowered to admit qualified persons ' in the nanle and behalf ' of
the Lodge of York." (Gould, History of Freenzasonry ii., 270.)
Let us consider the evidence mentioned by Bro. Gould in reverse order.
The " Endorsement " to the Scarborough Roll to which h e refers reads as
follows :-
202 T r c z ~ ~ s a c t i o iof~ s t h e Qucttuor C'oronuti Lodge.

" X'dum That a t t A private Lodge held a t t Sc-rbrough in t h e

County of York the tenth day of J u l y 1705 before William Thompson
Esq'. P'sident of the said Lodge & several1 others brethren ffree i\Iasons
t h e several1 psom whose names are herevnto subscribed were then
admitted into the said ffraternity.
E d : Thompson
J o : Tempest
Robt : Johnson
Thos: Lister
Samuel1 Buck
Richard Hudson."
There is little to startle anyone in this note. I t tells us simply that a
Lodge meeting was held a t " Sc-rbrough " in the County of York on t h e tenth
day of J u l y . 1705, and that six men were made Masons. The one striking
feature is that this meeting was of " A private Lodge." W e must, of necessity,
recall t h e references to private assemblies in the Hope and Waistell MSS.
Before going deeper into that question, however, we must look a t the
second bit of evidence to which Bro. Gould refers. I have. unfortunately, to
work under t h e handicap of not being able to consult the original llllnutes of
any of the Lodges. I t is, therefore, necessary to rest my case upon such
references to them as are readily obtainable. I n t h e present 17Iinutes I am
depending upon the excerpts from the York records printed in Bro. Gould S
Hzsfory of Freemasonry (ii., 270 e f s e p . ) : -
" March the 19t11, 1712.-Att a private Lodge, held a t the house of
James Eoreham, situate in Stonegate, in the City of York, N r .
Thomas Shipton, Mr. Caleh Greenbury, Mr. J n o . Norrison, X r . Jno.
Russell. J n o . Whitehead, and Francis Norrison were all of then1
severally sworne and admitted into the honorable Society and fraternity
of Free-Masons.
J n o . Wilcock also Geo. Bowes, Esq. Uep.-President
admitted at the Thos. Shipton. Caleb Greenbury.
same Lodge. Jiio. Norrison. John Russell.
Fran. Norrison. J o h n Whitehead.
J o h n Wilcock.
" J u n e the 24th, 1713.-At a General Lodge on St. John's Day, a t
the house of James Boreham, situate in Stonegate, in the City of
York. Mr. John Langwith was admitted and sworne into the honour-
able Society and fraternity of Freemasons.
Sir Walter Hawksworth, K n t . and Bart., Preside?zt.
Jno. Langwith.
" August the 7th, 1713.-At a private Lodge held there a t the house
of J a n ~ e sBoreham, situate in Stonegate, i n the City of York, Robert
Fairfax, Esq., and Tobias Jenkings, Esq., were adnlitted and sworne
into t h e honble Society and fraternity of Fremasons, as also the
Reverend 3Ir. Robert Barker was then admitted and sworn as before.
Geo. Bowes, Esq.. Dep.-President.
Robert Fairfax. T . Jenkyns. Robt. Barber.
" December t h e 18t11, 1713.-At a private Lodge held there at t h e
house of N r . James Boreham, i n Stonegate, i n the City of York,
Mr. Thos. Hardwick, Mr. Godfrey Giles, and N r . Tho. Challoner
was admitted and sworne into the honobl"ociety and Company of
Freemasons before the Worshipful1 S' Walter Hawksworth, K n t , and
Barrt., President. Tho. Hardwicke
Godfrey Giles
his
Thomas T Challoner
mark
 The Trcmsitiotz. S o m e Re@ectio~lsotu E a r l y G'rcc/lcc' Lodge H i s t o r y . 203

"1714.-Att a General Lodge held there on t h e 24th J u n e at Mr.

Janles Boreham, situate in Stonegate, in York, J o h n Taylor, of
Langton in t h e Woulds, was admitted and sworne into the honoble
Society and Company of Freemasons in the City of York, before t h e
Worshipful1 Charles Fairfax, Esq.
J o h n Taylor.
" A t t St. John's Lodge in Christmas, 1716.-At the house of N r .
James Boreham, situate (in) Stonegate, in York, being a GeueraI
Lodge, held there by the honoble Society and Company of Freemasons.
in the City of York, J o h n Turner, Esq.. was sworne and admitted
into the said Honobl"ociety and Fraternity of Free Nasons.
Charles Fairfax. Esq., Dep-P~.esirZent.
J o h n Turner.
This comprises all of the &Iinutes before 1717 which are quoted by Bro.
Gould. The reiiainder have no particular interest for us since they refer only t o
private Lodge n~eetings. Their only value would be to show t h a t the designation
private Lodge had continued down to a date later than 1717. and by inference.
a t least, that the G'enerczl Lodge also continued in use.
Bro. Gould has, in the citation above given, made some speculations as
to the meaning of p r z v c ~ f ei n distinction to y&ercd Lodge. So f a r as I have
been able to discover, t h e Old Lodge a t York and the lnanuscripts previously
mentioned are the only references we possess to this designation of private, either
in respect to an Assembly or a Lodge. There are other evidences of the use of
the word general in this connection, or better, in parallel instances.
We have the IlIinutes to show t h a t there was a distinction at York
between a private Lodge and a general Lodge as early as 1713 a t the latest,
and probably as early as the beginning of the Minute Book in March of 1712.
The Scarborough 11s. carries t h e distinction back to 1705, presuming, of course,
t h a t the mention of a private Lodge in the AIanuscript entitles us to assume
that there were two distinct kinds of Lodges a t t h e time. If there were not,
there would be 110 need for designating the particular Lodge mentioned as private.
There is, then, a difference of only twelve years between the appearance of t h e
word in the text of t h e Hope and Waistell BISS. and its use as a designation
for a Lodge meeting. I t would almost seem that our conclusion t h a t there was
some connection between t h e word private and assembly in the minds of t h e
scribes who comwiled these documents was not verv f a r afield. This is made
even more certain when we find t h a t by inference, a t least, t h e same practice was
followed at Alnwick and Swalwell. The Dumfries No. 4 and the Thistle MSS.,
as has been indicated, add just a little more u~eightto the opinion.
So far as York is concerned, i t seems probable t h a t the meetings on St.
John's Day in Sunlnler and a t Christmas (probably on St. J o h n ' s Day), were
t h e only meetings of the General Lodge. Aside from the views expressed by
Bro. Gould, i t would seem t h a t this distinction had a very clear meaning. The
meetings - ternled General were those a t which all members of the Craft were
present. These were t h e meetings to which the compulsory attendance clause
mentioned previously referred. They were also t h e business meetings of the
Lodge and all matters of importance were brought before i t . On the other
hand, the private meetings were gatherings of a small number of Nasons whose
business was t h a t of initiating or making Masons. There are certain reservations
which must, of necessity, be made in connection with this point. The private
Lodge in a n Operative Craft could not make apprentices free of the Craft at
the expiration of their apprenticeship. That was one of t h e functions of t h e
general Lodge, as will be shown a little later. Private Lodges may have had
no other power than t h a t defined above. While this is not a t variance with any
of the suggestions advanced by Bro. Gould, i t does carry them a bit farther.
It may seem that in so doiilg we are merely being presun~ptuous,b u t a considera-
tion of the customs a t other places, not very f a r distant from York, will tend
to substantiate this view in some measure.
 TTLEILS~C
of ~the
~ V IQuatuor
~S Coronati Lodge.

I t is said of the Gateshead Company t h a t :

" t h e annual zs:enlbly on the day of S t . J o h n the Baptist is note-
worthy, and not less so the meeting on t h a t of S t . J o h n t h e Evangelist,
in lieu of Christnlas Day-the latter gathering forming as i t does the
only exception to the four yearly meetings being held on t h e usual
quarter-days.
" I n holding four meetings in the course of the year, of which one
was the general assembly or head meeting day, the Gateshead
Company or fellowship followed the ordinary guild custom. The
' making of freemen and brethren ' is a somewhat curious expression,
though i t was by no means a n unusual regulation t h a t t h e freedom
of the guild was to be conferred openly." (Gould, History of
Freemasonry, vol. ii., p. 152.)

I n a footnote t o the second paragraph of this quotation the author says:-

" M r . Toulmin Smith gives a t least twenty-three examples of cluarterly-
meetings. ' Every Gild had its appointed day or days of meeting-
once a year, twice, three times, or four times as the case might be.
A t these meetings, called ' morn-speeches,' in the various forms of
t h e word, or ' dayes of spekyngges tokedere for here comune profyte,'
much business was done, such as the choice of officers, admittance of
new brethren, making u p accounts, reading over the ordinances, etc.-
one day, where several were held in the year, being fixed as the
general day.' "

There is one statement, the last, in the reference to Mr. Toulmin Smith
to which I am compelled to take exception, at least so f a r as i t may relate to
the Afasons. I n this instance t h e Masons seen1 to have called each of their
stated meetings (if I may be so rash as to use this designation) a general meeting.
We have already seen an instance of this practice a t York, and we shall see
others very soon. I n the Alnwick Orders, which incidently are headed " Orders
t o be observed by t h e Company and Fellowship of Freemasons a t t a Lodge held
a t Alnwick, Septr. 29, 1701, being the Genl'. Head Meeting Day," we find a
substantiation of t h e opinion above expressed by Mr. Smith, although the
difference i n terminology shows our position to be well-founded:-
" 1st.-First i t is ordered by the said Fellowship t h a t t there shall be
yearly Two Wardens chosen upon the said Twenty-Ninth of Septr.,
being the Feast of St. Michaell t h e Archangell, which Wardens
shall be elected and appoynted by the most consent of the Fellow-
ship. "
The General Orders of the Swalwell (or Gateshead) Lodge constitute a
further proof :-
" T h a t there shall be on St. John Baptist's day, yearly by the majority
of Votes i n t h e assembly be chosen a Naster and Warden for the
year ensuing and a Deputy to act in (the) XIaster's absence as
Master. (No. 1.)
" T h a t the Chief Meeting day be J u n e 24th each year, the 29th
September, t h e 27th of December, the 25th of March. Quarterly
meeting days." (No. 2.)
The practice a t Alnwick seems to be a t considerable variance from Gates-
head in t h a t t h e Lodge there seems to have had only one general meeting a year.
This opinion is confirmed by the fifth item in the Orders, which provides " Thatt
noe mason shall take any Apprentice (but h e must) enter him and give him his
charge within one whole year after." W h y this provision if there were other
general meetings during t h e year a t which all Masons were required to be
 The Transition. Some Keflections onr Early G - ) . ( I ILodge
I~ History, 205

present? Further confirmation of this view is found in the absence of a n y

provision for Quarterly meetings. I n the Swalwell-Gateshead records provision
is made t h a t " When any Mason shall take a n Apprentice, he shall enter him
in the Company's Records within 40 days." There is some difficulty in
reconciling these provisions with the Quarterly meetings, b u t even more ~ ~ o u be
ld
encountered if we endeavoured to formulate an oninion nnon t h e basis of an
annual meeting. W e may account for this variation perhaps by the tradition
of the founding of t h e Swalwell Lodge by Sir Ambrose Crowley. B u t it is not
really necessary to account for i t . The records shorv quite conclusively t h a t
there was such a thing as a n annual meeting which would correspond to t h e
Assembly a t Alnwick, and i t is not to be expected t h a t we would find the same
practice prevailing everywhere. Evolutiou would, of itself, account for t h e
Annual meeting a t Alnwick, the Semi-Annual meeting a t York, and the
Quarterly meeting a t Swalwell-Gateshead.
It has been shown t h a t there were two types of meetings a t York, and
we have shown t h a t there were meetings a t Alnwick and Gateshead which cor-
responded to one of those types, namely, the General meeting. It remains to
show that there were meetings of the other type.
The Alnwick Orders have the following interesting passages:-
. ' 9th. Item. There shall noe apprentice after he have served seaven
years be admitted or accepted but upon the Feast of S t . Michael t h e
Archangell.
" 12th. I t e m , T h a t noe Fellow or Fellows within this Lodge shall a t t
any time or times call or hold Assemblys t o make any mason or masons
free: Nott acquainting the JIastr or Wardens therewith."
A t Swalwell these passages find a parallel i n : -
" That noe apprentice when having served 7 years, be admitted or
accepted into t h e ffellowship, but either on the chief meeting day, or
on a Quarterly meeting day."
" That no master or ffelow take any allowance or fee of any, for their

being made a Alason without ye knowledge and consent of Seaven

of the Society a t least."
It seems quite clear t h a t there must have been other meetings than t h e
chief or quarterly ones, else why should the rules be so explicit in regard to these
provisions? There is some additional confirmation of this view in the Orders
of Antiquity of the Gateshead Company where the 16th item provides: " That
every Master or ffellow upon due warning shall not fail t o attend the Assembly
upon the General meeting day, if he be within fifty miles of it." If this
applied to every meeting of the Lodge, why would i t be necessary t o make
reference to a specific Assembly held upon the general meeting d a y ?
We have seen t h a t t h e two Lodges above mentioned held their elections
on the Chief Meeting d a y of the year. These chief, head, or general head
meetings corresponded with the General Lodge meetings a t York, a t least so f a r
as work to be done was concerned. There was somethinp " to distinpuish
" them
from private meetings. J u s t what this was is very difficult to say. It may
have been no more t h a n t h e election of officers. b u t why two or four meetings
called general if officers were elected only once a y e a r ? I think we must come
back to Bro. Gould's theory, mentioned-some time ago. The general meetings
were those held upon stated days, whether once a year or oftener. They had
power to perform all the duties of t h e Craft and attend to any business which
might be ibrought before them. The private meetings, on the other hand, were
special, called for some specific purpose, and a t these meetings i t was not
necessary for all members of the Craft to be present. The General Orders of
the Swalwell-Gateshead Lodge seem to confirm this view when they state:-
" 4thly. The Mast,er and Warden shall on any Emergency have power
to summons and call together an assembly of the Members nearest a t
 Trntcsnc.t/o~csof t h e (Sctuftcor Coronrtti L o d g e .

hand, to consult and determine any dispute or Cause t h a t may Occur:

Seaven or more t o be psent, and such act or determination shall be
as valid as if done by the whole Assembly."

Aside from such special powers as were designated to the private liieeting
i t had no other privilege except making Rtasons. Even this seems somewliat
doubtful in view of the conflicting use of ternis between the Gateshead and
Alnrvick regulations. W e are not particularly interested in this phase of the
question. It is enough for our purposes to be satisfied t h a t there were two
distinct types of meetings, and we will leave i t t o others to work out the precise
duties of each gathering.
I t might be interestiug, as well as valuable, however, to suniniarize briefly
the duties of both types of gatlierings as these are reflected in the citations
above given. The General Aleeting seems to have had power to transact any
business which might come before it. One or two features distinguish it from
the private meeting. however. Apprentices could only be made f r e e a t a general
meeting. The election of officeix took place only a t such nieetii~gs. I n some
places. if not all, i t was necessary to register apprentices upon the records of
t'ie Lodge a t the first general meeting after his making. Private meetings, on
the other hand. were doubtless convened for some specific purpose, either the
settling of a dispute, the making of an apprentice, or some other special task
designated to such body by the Lodge as a whole. They could be convened a t
the -pleasure of t h e i \ ~ a s t e r ~ ' a r d e n ~or,
, as was the case in some localities, by
a group of brethren, a t a n y time during the period between general meetings.
This statement of duties is certainly not complete, nor is i t accurate for all
localities. I t is a generalizatio~i,subject to all of the f a ~ ~ l inherent ts thereto.
I t IS. however, a constrnctive effort based colely upon fragmentary evidence.
Fnrtlier t h a n this i t has no place in this discussioli. Our sole interest is to
establish t h e existence of two different kinds of meetines. U
W e are onlv
incidentally interested in the legislative, executive. and judicial functions of either
kind of gathering.
\Ire will now return to the references dealing with the election of officers
in these three localities. One of the quotations makes n~ention of the fact t h a t
the officers shall be elected by the majority of votes " in the Assembly." The
Alnwick Order says by " the most consent of t h e Fellowship." I think there
is nothing to prevent these being considered as equivalent terms. Both
documents provide for the election on the chief meeting day. W e are not so
fortunate in the case of the Lodge " a t York, and must base anv conclusion
relative to conditions there largely cpon speculation, though there are some
indications t h a t will help us to keep speculation within the bounds of reason.

" The activity of this new Grand Lodge evidently produced a like spirit
in the nlenibers of the old Lodge, which had been quietly working in
the neighbourhood of York for inany years before the Grand Lodges
were known, and the result was, t h a t t h e formation of another
organization (having its seat a t York) was preceded by a procession
to t h e Merchants Hall on 1)ecember 27th, 1725, after which the
Grancl Lodge of tr77 E ~ i g l a n d ' was inaugurated. with Charles
Bathurst. E s q . , as Grand Master. " ( E u g h a n , O r i g i n of tli e E n g l i s h
R i t e . p 18.)
I n anot,her place the same author says:-
No record of the appointment and installation of Grand ltasters and
Grand Officers. or of the esisteiire of a Grand Lodge a t York nntc.rior
to A.11. 1717 has ever been made public. The list of Grand Masters
from A.1). 1705 . . . really refers only to P r ~ s ~ t r ' e ~ or
ctsXnsterx,
and not ( f ~ ~ ~ l. cI /tIlI V ~ P I *until
C . (cfier A.1). 1724. '
 T h e T r a n s i t i o l ~ . S o m e R e f l e c t i o ~ t s018 E u d y G ~ a l z dL o d g e H i s t o r y . 207

Bro. T. B. Whytehead, in a paper read before Lodge Quatuor Coronati,

makes the followilig statement :-
" The first intimation of the assumption of the title of ' Grand ' by the
Lodge a t York is found in a Minute dated 27th December, 1725,
when a t a meeting held a t the Nerchants' H a l l i n York, the ' Society '
chose Charles Bathurst, Esq.. their Grand Naster." ( A .Q.C. ii.,
111.)
This statement, coming with those of Bro. H u g h a n , points conclusively to
the fact that the annual elections, a t least as early as 1725, were held on S t .
J o h n ' s Day a t Christmas. Bro. Whytehead seems inclined to the opinion t h a t
there was no such thing as an annual election in the earlier days of the York
Lodge, for he says:-
" The presiding brother is sometimes called ' President.' sometimes
' Deputy President,' and sometimes ' Master.' and I am inclined to
think t h a t these were terms applied arbitrarily to the person who
stood pro tenzpore i n loco mngistri." (See reference above.)
I can hardly agree with this conclusion, although i t may be t h a t the
evidence I have seen is only partial and other entries i n the Minutes would
contradict the opinion I am about t o express. W e find the meeting on Narch
19th, 1713, presided over by Geo. Bowes. as Deputy President: on J u n e 24t11,
1713, by Sir Walter Hawksworth, K n t . and B a r t . , President : on August 7th,
1713. George Bowes again presides as Deputy President. and on December 18th.
1713. Sir Walter Ilawksworth is again in the chair i n the official capacity of
President. This seems to point conclusively to the fact t h a t Sir Walter
Hawksworth was President, a t least from J u n e 24t11, 1713, to December 18th
of the same year. The fact t h a t a depnty presideut presided a t a n interin1
meeting seems t o show t h a t , as in the case of Alnwick, and Gateshead, there
was a Deputy to take the place of the President in his absence, although in the
other two cases cited the presiding officer is designated " Master." I should
not like to make the effort to trace this practice back to a more remote date,
a t least so far as i t ~ e r t a i n st o York. There are almost insurmountable
difficulties in the way because actual evideiice is missing. I t would seem,
however, that in the event there was some sort of a permanent organization in
l713 and t h a t the election was held on S t . John's Day in Winter, which was a
General Meeting Day. The records of the other Lodges seen1 to permit the
assumption t h a t there was a permanent, or a t least an annual head of the Lodge.
'The proviso t h a t Masons may not be made without the consent of t h e Master
and Wardens seems almost conclusive, to say nothing of the specific provision
for their election once each year. Alnwick carries us back to 1701, and we
really have no valid reason for not assuming. t h a t what was common practice
in this locality was not also in use a t York as well. The Scarborough Roll
carries us back t o 1705, since i t is seen to contain a reference t o a presiding
officer termed P r e s i d e n t . W i t h a lapse of only eleven years between the Alnwick
Orders and the first Minute a t York, together with the interim reference to a
President already mentioned, i t seems t h a t we might almost make a positive
assertion t h a t the nractice went back into the seventeenth centurv a t York and
Alriwick and inferentially, a t least. a t Swalwell or Gateshead, whichever one
of the two places was the seat of the Lodge a t the period under discussion.
The fact t h a t the presiding officer was not termed Grand Xaster until
a f t e r 1724, S t . John's Day in Winter. 1725. to be precise, would seen1 to
indicate that although the designation of the presiding officer a t York was
changed a t this time. the date of his election was not varied. b u t continued on
the traditional day. This assunlption is supported by the fact t h a t the Grand
Lodge of England (London) held its elections on J ~ m e24th and not December
27th. The York body must have been acquainted with this fact from the
Constitutions of 1723, which were, evidently the influence which caused them to
change the title of their chief officer. W h y did they not change the date of
208 Transactions of t h e Q u a t u o r Coronati Lodge.

the election ? No solution to this question suggests itself except the very obvious
one that there must have been some tradition which caused them t o elect on
December 27th, and i t was decided to adhere to the older practice.
I f we are entitled to draw any conclusions from this scattered evidence
we are presented with a picture of pre-Grand Lodge Freemasonry, a t least so
f a r as a goodly portion of the North of England is concerned, t h a t is somewhat
different from a n y I have heretofore seen. This picture is one of the aims i t
was our purpose t o accomplish. We have taken rather a n indirect route, and
have not yet clearly established the connection between private and assembly
t h a t was t h e immediate purpose of the search. It has been shown t h a t these
two words were used in conjunction with each other in four of the MS.
Constitutions. W e have shown that private and general were both used in
describing certain classes of Lodge meetings. T o coinplete adequately the thesis
nleiltioned previously t h a t the error was in changing diverse to private, we
must show some other instance in which the term private assembly was used.
Unfortunately, n o such case has come t o my notice. The only evidence t h a t
can be produced leads us t o the conclusion t h a t i t may have been, and probably
was, so used.
The term Lodge was not ill the late seventeenth and early eighteenth
centuries the fixed designation for a body of Masons t h a t i t has come to be in
the twentieth century. There are instances of meetings being called Lodges,
assemblies, companies, etc. It will not be denied, even upon the scanty
evidence which has been presented, that the terms Lodge and Assembly were
interchangeable. A t one time we find the meetings ternled private or general
Lodges. In other cases as the general or head meeting. W e find in some
instances in the Old Charges t h a t the Assembly is referred to as the general
assembly. I quote a few of these:-
R O B E R T S : " and give an Account of all such Acceptions, a t every
General Assenlbly.
. . . shall think fit to chuse a t every Yearly General Assembly."
G R A N D LODGE No. 2 : " and give a n accompt of all such acceptions
a t t every generall Assembly.
That for ye future ye Said Society, Company, and ffraternity of ffree
masons shall be regulated and governed by one Master and assembly
and Wardens as t h e said Company shall thinke fitt t o chuse a t every
yearely generall assen~bly."
H A R L E I A N 1942: " . . . t o give a n acct of all such acceptions
A t every generall Assembly.
. . . as ye said Company shall think fit to choose, a t every yearely
generall Assembly."
It may, perhaps, be said t h a t too many of these quotations date after 1716
to be of value. T h a t is true, b u t a t the same time they are sufficiently close
to the pre-Grand Lodge era to be either copies of earlier documents, or to follow
the custom which I think prevailed prior to 1721. This is a n indication of t h e
trend of the argument in a later section of the paper, and must be left only
as a suggestion a t this time. The Gateshead Minutes prove beyond the shadow
of a doubt the fact t h a t A s s e m b l y and Lodge were interchangeable terms.
They use t h e word A s s e m b l y in practically every instance: on t h e other hand,
York uses Lodge. I f , t o the majority of AIasons, Lodge and Sssenzhly were
interchangeable terms, a private Lodge would mean precisely t h e same thing a s
a ~ r i v a f eassenzbly. Perhaps those who are equipped t o make a more thorough
examination of the evidence will find references t o private assemblies in other
portions of the old documents. A t any rate, there is sufficient ground for the
expression of opinion t h a t the transcription in the Hope, Waistell, and other
Constitutions was due as much to a mental association of the words private and
assenzbly as t o any other cause.
 Thle Transition. S o m e Reflections 0,s E a r l y Grand Lodge History. 209

On the whole, however, the argument about private and general Lodge
meetings was only incidental to the main thread of our discussion. W e set out
to furnish a picture of pre-Grand Lodge Freemasonry. W e have done so,
indirectly to be sure, but as effectively as if we had adopted a more direct
method. We are forced t o discard the ureconcention t h a t the Asseinblv was a
national meeting, or t h a t i t was a meeting of many Lodges. It may have taken
in more than one Lodge in the early days of its history, but during the early
portion of the Transition Period we must accept the opinion t h a t i t was no more
than a meeting of one Lodge. It is no longer a n annual affair, though i t may
be such. I t has evolved t o such a stage t h a t i t may be held annually, semi-
annually, or quarterly. W i t h no more evidence t h a n is furnished by these three
Lodges, Alnwick, Gateshead-Suralwell. and York, i t is clearly seen that state-
ments previously made to the effect t h a t we would naturally expect t o find many
varying forms in use during this period, which I have termed one of decay, find
substantiation in fact. The Assembly seems to exercise jurisdiction over none
but the members of one Lodge, and t h a t in much the s&e way as Lodges do
to-dav. Of course. i t must be borne in nlind t h a t attendance a t General
AIeetings was compulsory, but i t must also be r e n l e n l b e ~ d t h a t it was only
compulsory when the member received due notice. W e still send out our
notices, but we do not compel attendance a t meetings. Perhaps t h a t is
unfortunate so far as American Lodges are concerned, b u t t h a t is aside from
t h s purpose of this discussion and we must onlit further comment. The stated
mee&<of to-day has the power to transact any business t h a t may come before
it. and there is amnle evidence to show t h a t the General Meeting of the earlv
eighteenth and, for t h a t matter, late seventeenth centuries, had the same power.
Apprentices were made &fasons a t such meetings, or a t the completion of their
term were admitted to fellowship in the Craft. The laws governing the Lodge
were passed a t these meetings, and disputes arising anlong the members were
settled. As has already been stated, attendance a t these nleetings was mandatory,
and it is in this sense t h a t the meeting was a general one. Doubtless the reason
for the designation general as applied to these meetings is to be sought in tile
fact that they were meetings of the Craft as a whole instead of small groups.
The legislative powers of these General Meetings can, I think, be traced
back ?o the latter part of the sixteenth century. To the best of my knowledgz.
the oldest reference to this law-making aspect appears in the Grand Lodge MS.
No. 1 of 1583 previously cited. The clause t h a t certain charges have been made
and ordained by the best advice of Masters and Fellows occurs almost uniformly
in all i \ l a n u s c r ~ t safter this one. These passages appear t o make it clear t h a t
legislative power was traditionally vested in t h e assemblies. W e need not
mention the Hope and Waistell MSS. which have changed the diverse usually
found to the word private. It is assumed t h a t they are simply erroneous
applications of the word prizrczfe brought about by a n incorrect reading of the
older Nanuscripts. The view of the Assembly as a legislative body is further
supported by the fact t h a t the Alnwick Orders were enacted a t a General Head
Meeting day (which, as we have seen, may be equated with the older Assembly.
- I t is more difficult t o reach any opinion relative to the powers of the
private meetings. There is a widespread variation between the three Lodges
under discussion, and the most t h a t can be attenlpted is t o point out these
differences and then t r y to formulate a general rule which would govern the
cases. There is a saying to the effect that all generalizations are lies. including
this one, which applies t o the present attempt with more than usual force.
A t York i t seems likely t h a t the P r t v a f e Lodge had no powers beyond nlalriilg
nIasons: a t Alnwick they seen1 to have been able to make AIasons free of the
Craft ; a t Gateshead they were able to nlalre Masons, in the sense of acknowledging
apprentices, but were prohibited from conferring the freedom of the Craft up011
men who had completed their apprenticeship. There is also a provision which
enables the private, occasional, or special meetings to settle disputes, etc.
Other variations are too numerous to mention, and there is already sufficient
evidence to warrant the assertion t h a t practices were anything but u n i f o r n ~ .
210 Trairsnctioirs of t h e Q~tritctorCoro7z~tti Lodge.

The only thing upon which we can base any generality is the fact t h a t the
AIaster or Wardens must have been acquainted with the fact t h a t a meeting was
t o be held. These meetings. I think, must be equated with the special coni-
inunications of modern Lodges. They were convened as occasion demanded
with the consent of the Naster, his Deputy, or Wardens as the case might be,
and under their order for some special purpose. The business to be transacted
nlust have been confined to the for which the meeting was called. and
no other matters could be brought before the Lodge. Anyone who cared could
attend these meetings, b u t there must be a quorum present. No special notice
was given as in the case of the general meeting. Aside from the above. very
little can be said in attempting to build up a unlfornl rule for the J'rlt9afe Lotl(/e
on the basis of the evidei& I have been a b l e to see.
The necessity for repeating the statements previously made to the effect
that generalizations are difficult and dangerous will. I think, become apparent
to anyone who attempts to find variations in practice which woulcl tend to show
the above statrments incorrect. It must be-borne in mind t h a t there was no
national organization. and t h a t what might be true in one locality is not
necessarily true in another. Where we find such wide divergence of practices
between three Lodges in a coinparat~vely restricted area we could not hope to
find a uniformity in a more widely distributed group. Neither could we h o ; ~ ~
to find such a national organization as some scholars would have us belie%
existed. I cannot too strongly emphasize the point t h a t all evidence to me seeins
to point t o a number of disconnected local organizations, each progressing, or
decaying, as the case might be, in its own w a y influenced by tlle others only
as the actions of one locality woulcl influence another, b u t not by any direct
organized connection. I n plain Americanized English, a natioAla1 -Masonic
organization prior to 1716 is clearly ' the bunk. l n further emphasizing this
pomt i t might be well to quote fro111 the Duinfries Kilwinning rules. I t is
there stated t h a t the Officers and Fellows bind themselves not t o enter or Dass
any persons within twelve miles of ye sd. lodge without the consent of the
Master. Wardens & fellowes." The implication t h a t eutering or passing outside
of the restricted area could take place under any conditions, but t h a t something
of the nature of a private ~ o d g emust be coilveiled within t h a t area. seems
apparent.
I t is impossible a t this time to enter into any discussion of the Scottish
custoins into which the last paragraph might naturally lead us. I shall only
say, in passing, t h a t there is inl~ch in the Scottish Craft which would be of
interest, -and chat I have been unable to find anything which would, in any
way, contradict the main trend of this argument. There are many things I
would like t o mention which would throw some rather interesting lights upon
what has gone before. Since anything t h a t could be said would amount to no
more t h a n a duplication of evidence, I shall omit them.
W e have now shown, and I think conclusively, t h a t the Assembly. in a
somewhat modified form, perhaps, but a t any rate as a type of meeting which
can be easily collated with the Assembly of the Old Charges, did exist in a large
portion of the North of England a t least as late as 1713. Inferentially these
meetings may be carried back to 1693, and i t seems to be definitely established
that they existed a t an earlier date. If the inlprobable view t h a t such meetings
were instituted after 1693 is adopted. we still have a chaiil of about twenty
years in which this practice was followed before the London meeting of 1716.
I t is hard to believe t h a t an institution of such standing aud existing over so
large a portion of North England was unknown in the capital after twenty
years' time. If the Minutes of York Lodge are studied i t is found t h a t private
Lodges continued to meet a t even later dates. u p t o 1730 a t least. The
I\Iinutes I have been able to examine do not show general meetings after 1716,
b u t that is no reason for supposing t h a t they ceased to exist. That an election
was held on December 27th. 1725, we know, and we also know of others. The
early Xinutes of the Grand Lodge of England .i\ould point to the fact that
General lleetings were uot unconlnlon even a t that clate. These records during
 T h e T r a m i t i o ? ~ . S o m e RefEectiotls 0th E a r l y Gratlcl Lodye Histot.y. 211

t h e first few years always refer t o the election as taking place a t a general
meeting, b u t we shall have more t o say on t h a t score i n its proper place. The
Gateshead Minutes show t h a t the Assembly continued to exist, and to be called
by the name of Assembly as late as December 27th. 1734, and, incidentally,
this Minute is confirnlatory evidence that the Assembly. Quarterly Meeting.
and the General Meeting were one and the same thing. The date, being t h a t
of a Quarterly Meeting. is significant :-
" December 27, 1734. I t is agreed by the Master and Wardens and
the rest of the Society, that if a n y brother shall appear in the
Assembly without gloves and aprons a t a n y time when summoned by
Xaster and Wardens shall for each offence pay one shilling on
demand. "
It seems evident t h a t all members were present, and t h a t i t was such
meetings as these to which the regulation applied. The provision of the Old
Charges relative t o attending Assemblies if ~ O T hnue
L warni?zg implies a summons
of some sort, and since the Assembly seems to be t h e oiily forinally called
meeting, there is no doubt b u t u h a t this Quarterly Meeting must be equated
with the Assembly as has been previously suggested.
Proof t h a t the Assembly existed. either i n survival, or revival, in a
considerable portion of England during the period imnlediately preceding and
following the organization of the Grand Lodge in London, seems almost co11-
clusive. It now remains for 11s to show t h a t the Grand Lodge was not a n
innovation, but a revival of the Assembly. It is not a p a r t of my scheme to
show that the Revival was due to any influence York may have had, but only
to show thab i t was an evolution and not an illnovation. Perhaps the evidence
t h a t has thus far been produced will be taken t o mean t h a t York was the
impelling motive: for the present I shall not t r y t o correct t h a t impression.
I have purposely avoided any reference t o London Xasonry during the pre-
Grand Lodge E r a in an effort to show t h a t we do not necessarily have to have
a strong Xasonic organization in London to make the evolution possible. When
we come to discuss London practices in a later portjon of this paper we will find
confirmation from t h a t source which will be added to the weight of what has
here been adduced. If London conditions were not such as to make the evolution
possible, conditions in the North of England were. W e have two possible sources
from wliich the evolutionary processes may have developed. It makes no
difference which was the correct one. or whether both were contributing factors.
Though this ending to the discussion may seem abrupt, we must, of necessity.
pass on to another phase of the question, returning t o this point a t a later time
when i t will be found more convenient to re-construct the whole picture.

11. (A). THE GRAND MASTER,.

We must leave t h e Assembly for a time to enter into a discussion of t h a t
earliest period of Grand Lodge history which begins with the meeting of 1717.
or more properly, its earlier forerunner of 1716, mentioned by D r . Anderson in
his 1738 Constitutions, and ends with the first recording of Grand Lodge IIinutes
in 1723. These limits must not be taken too exactly as we shall have occasion
to refer t o occurrences outside of these six years of Grand Lodge history.
From all t h a t has been said concerning this period one would be inclined to
judge t h a t all the resources of the scanty documentary evidence we now possess
have long since been exhausted. That definite and conclusive evidence relative
to this period is very scanty is a well-known fact. The Minutes of the Grand
Lodge now in our possession begin on J u n e 24th, 1723, and i t seems unlikely
t h a t there are any to be found of an earlier date. If some diligent and patient
searcher does succeed in unearthing docunlents of this nature for the period in
question, all of the speculation and thought of Nasonic scholars will find therein
212 T r c ~ ~ r s r t c t i o jof~ s t h e Q u a t u o r C'orotlati L o d g e .

either confirmation or denial. It would be interesting to know how near we

have come to reaching the correct conclusions concerning the happenings of
these six years. The situation remains. however, t h a t we have no records of
this period i n Grand Lodge archives. Anderson's first C o n s t i t u t i o n s \i7ere
published in 1723. and in these we have practically the only contemporary
document e s t a n t : though no little doubt may be cast upon their authenticity.
Payne's Regulations adopted by Grand Lodge on 24th J u n e , 1721, are included
in this work. F o r an account of the formation of the Grand Lodge we are
indebted t o Anderson's C'otistitutions of 1738. On this record is based
practically everything we have discovered relative to this period.
The shadow of doubt which lies upon the reproduction of Payne's General
Regulations casts its penumbra upon the account of early Grand Lodge history
given in t h e second edition of the C o n s t i t u t i o n s . The arguments t h a t apply t o
one have equal weight when applied to the other, and for this reason i t may
be as well to consider them together. The accuracy, or lack of it, of t h e
Reverend Janles Anderson is well known, and there is no reason for supposing
that he was any more precise i n one respect t h a n in another. H e may have
made emendations t o the Regulations when they were incorporated in his
C'onstztlctions of t h e F r e e n ~ n s o n s , 1723, just as he did when including
them in the 1738 edition, a,nd his account of t h e first meeting of the
Grand Lodge may have been coloured by his imagination. There is evidently
some ulterior motive running through both editions of the work. Anderson
seems t o have been obsessed with the idea t h a t the new organization (as i t has
come to be styled) needed t h e authority of the past to enable i t to survive. This
constitutes another instance of the conservatisnl of the Craft of which previous
mention has been made. I an1 consciously falling into a mode of expression
which has gained popularity in recent years; I wish, however, t o enter a
reservation which will enable me to change the tenor of these remarks after all
of the evidence has been considered. Doubtless Anderson has included names.
dates, and events which have no foundation in fact, but which may none the less
have some foundation of history to support them. That may sound like a
paradoxical statement, b u t there is a certain subtle distinction between actuaI
fact and some foundation in actual events which is well known anlong
ethnologists, and i t is this distinction t h a t i t is desired to express.
There is, however, no reason for supposing t h a t Anderson's reproduction
of the original regulations and the later account of the formation of the Grand
Lodge are n o t substantially accurate. Scholars have insisted t h a t Anderson is
not to be considered a reliable authority, but they have gone on believing
certain portions of his account and discarding others, seemingly without system
or regard for what may or may not have been true. The reservation in con-
nection with Anderson previously mentioned is now ready for elucidation. I
think i t absolutely certain t h a t the learned Doctor is not to be relied upon as a
scholar meticulously accurate as t o his facts, b u t i t is, I believe, equally certain
that his errors have some sufficient reason. A study of these errors in the light
of what preceded the time of his writing may enable us to come t o some
conclusions a s to his historic accuracy. I shall not attempt t o carry this analysis
farther t h a n t o apply i t t o his account of the formation of the Grand Lodge,
and I shall leave a more detailed statement of my position until the evidence
has been considered. The nlethod I choose to follow is something of a cross
between Biblical criticism and the comparative method which has been so fruitful
when applied t o ethnic religions : there are differences, of course, b u t
fundamentally t h e nlethod is the same.
Even if we grant t h e accuracy in every respect of D r . Anderson's accounts,
both as relating t o the Grand Lodge and Payne's Regulations, we cannot,
by any stretch of the imagination, find a basis for considering them con-
tenlporaneous with t h e events. Anderson's account of Payne's Regulations
bears the same relation to the original t h a t D r . Plot's version of the Old
Charges bears to the missing original. There is t h a t distinction in each
case whicll the scholar draws between second-hand infornlation and the
 The Transition. Some Reflections on Early Grailcl Lodge History. 213

original sources. W e are, therefore, without anything of a contelnporalleous

nature during the period from 1716 to 1723, aud as a result all of our
coi~clusious are based, not on first-hand inforn~ation, but on later accounts
of the happenings of the ~ e r i o d . This is t r u e with o d y one or two important
exceptions, and we shall have t o amend the assertion t o t h a t extent. Because
of our lack of contemporaneous records, additions to the present mass of opillioll
dealing with the early years of Grand Lodge history may be of some value in
throwing the light of knowledge on what is still one of t h e darkest periods in
17lasonic history.
I t has, for mauy years, been customary to refer to t h e Grand Lodge as
dating from 1716. There is no reason t o chauge the practice even now,
though I am of the opinion t h a t there is ample reason for changiug our
conception of the term as i t is generally used. Coutinuous existence call be
claimed for the Grand Lodge from this well-known date, b u t instead of thiuking
of the meeting which preceded the union of the Four Old Lodges as the birth
of the Grand Lodge, so styled, I believe we shall have t o think of i t as the date
of the revitalization of t h e Craft and the inception of t h e movement in which
the old organization evolved into the present Graud Lodge system.
There is one more point which stands i n need of clarification before we
can discuss the Grand Lodge itself. A s the title of this section of the discussion
indicates, i t has t o deal with t h e early Graud Masters. Aiithony Sayer is
generally referred to as t h e first t o hold this exalted station. This is one of the
cases where Anderson is implicitly believed, and so far as I have been able to
discover no one has ever doubted either t h a t Anderson was here t o be believed,
or t h a t Anthony Sayer was t h e first Grand Master. I n all probability the myth
has beeu promulgated upon the basis of the Second Edition of the Const~tutions,
a few references t o t h e gentleman i n the Grand Lodge U n q t e s . and a preconceived
idea t h a t the Grand Lodge itself was an innovation which took shape immediately
upon its supposed establishment a t the Goose aud Gridiron on J u n e 24th. 1717.
It may be said, with almost equal force, t h a t there are no conten~porary
refereuces to Sayer as Grand Master, a t least I have beeu unable to find any.
T h e same situatiou holds t r u e when we look for evidence i n relatiou to his
immediate successors. I n spite of this fact, AIasonic scholars have been insisting
t h a t we should accept Anderson's account of the formation of the Grand Lodge
in so far as i t applies to a list of the early officers, and disregard i t almost in
its entirety when it relates the events which took place a t t h a t time. A s I
have indicated, i t seems t h a t the time has come wheu we should eudeavour to
find just what we are to believe and what we are not t o believe in this story of
Dr. Anderson. Moderu critical methods will, I think, enable us t o reach some
very definite conclusions on this point.
The earliest reference to the office of Grand Master which I have been
able t o locate is t h a t found in t h e Rev. Dr. Stukeley's diary uuder date of
J u n e 24th, 1721, in which h e refers to the Duke of I\lontagu being installed
in t h a t office. This reference is one exception I had in mind when I made the
reservation t o the assertion t h a t there was uothing of a coiltemporary nature
dealing with the period from 1716 to 1723. There is one other exception which
will be cited in due course. D r . Stukeley's accouut is quite brief aud to the
point :-
" 1721. Mar. 10. I waited on S''. Chr. Wren.
" J u n e 24. The r\Iasons had a diuner a t Stationers Hall, present,
Duke of Nontague, Ld. Herbert, L? Stanhope, S'. A n d . Fountain, &c.
D ' . Desaguliers pronounc'd an oration. The Gd. M ' . N r . Pain
produc'd an old MS. of the Constitutions which he got in the West
of England, 500 years old. H e read over a new sett of articles t o
be observ'd. The Duke of Montague chose G% M'. next year. Dr.
Beal, Deputy.
' Nov. 30, 1721. Dr. Halley resigning his Place as Secretary to the
Royal Society I was sollicited by a great many members t o stand
 Trnnsnct iotis of fh e Quat uor C o r o ~ z ai f Lodge.

Candidate to succeed him, but the President, Halley. Dr. Mead, &
the whole Mathematical P a r t y opposed me. .'. W e were outnumbered
to the vast satisfaction & rejoycing of our opponents." ( A . Q . C . vi.,
130.)
I have cited the entries both before and after the one dealing particularly
with the case in question t o establish the date conclusively as 1721. There is
no actual mention of Grand Master in this quotation. but I think the
abbreviation ' Gd." is sufficient t o indicate t h a t i t is meant to be Grand and
not General as I suspect i t actually was prior to this date. It is sufficient
reason for Bro. Gould in his H i s f o r y of E'reemasonry, when he quotes the
passage, using the full word instead of the abbreviation. (Gould, History of
F r e e m a w n r y ii., 234.)
I n the hope t h a t there might be :ome mention of the office in the Old
Charges. I have examined transcripts or facsimiles of as many of these documents
as i t h a s been possible for me to locate, seventy-seven in all. B u t this
search has elicited nothing. There is a reference t o a ' Deputy Grand
Master " i n t h e Harris No. 2 MS.. but this must be discarded because of the
date of t h e document, as well as the fact t h a t i t is obviously a n attempt to
adjust t h e Old Charges to the new Grand Lodge system. ( Q . C . I . iv.) Since
it is such a n attempt, oue would naturally expect to find some allusion to the
order of things as they had changed during the eighteenth century. W e find
not only t h e above reference, but also a n account of t h e procedure in case of
funerals. a thing lacking, so far as I have been able to discover, from all
documents falling into the class of Old Charges or 1Ianuscript Constitutions.
The only thing in t h e Old Charges which could. b y any stretch of t h e
imagination be considered a reference t o a Grand Naster is the statement in
these documents t h a t the son of the King of Tyre was " Master of Geometry
and Chief Naster JIason." or some variation of this term. All of these
references are to be found in t h a t portion of the Manuscripts comnlonly termed
the ' Legend of the Craft."
While i t may be argued by some t h a t the chief master mentioned was.
or may have been. a presiding officer holding jurisdiction over wide reaches of
territoi-y, i t seems progable t h a t no more was %ant t h a n t h a t he was the master
in charge of a given piece of work. That such was not actually the case may,
in some instances, be true. The point t h a t i t is necessary for us to make is
that he was not called " Grtozd ilfnsfer." If he had been so designated there
may have been some reason for suppoeing t h a t the presiding officer a t t h e
Union of t h e Four Old Lodges was actually called G r m d Xctster. and t h a t t h e
organization itself was styled a G'raad Lodge.
On t h e basis of the available informatioll i t cannot be stated with certainty
that the results of t h e above partial investigation are conclusive so f a r as the
remainder of the MSS. are concerned. The case is almost as strong, however,
as i t would be if t h e barrier of three thousand miles which separates me from
the home of most of these documents could be overconle. If all known versions
had been examined, no more could be said t h a n t h a t none of them contained
any reference t o a Grand U a s t e r , and this would be of only a little more
assistance t h a n the study already made. It could not, i n any event, preclude
the possibility of such a designation appearing i n some as yet undiscovered
manuscript.
W e may, I think, be fairly confident t h a t t h e term was not in use prior
to 1716. Bro. Lionel Vibert has made a pronouncenlent on the point which
seemingly adds the weight of his opinion t o t h e ' o n e I have formed. Speaking
of Anderson and t h e Kings of Scotland as Grand Masters. he says:-
" H i s Kings as Grand Ilasters have no existence in fact. and no such
terms as Grand Master and Grand Warden were as yet known in
Scotland, the highest officer being the Geueral Warden : but i t is on
record t h a t in 1590 a Warden was appointed over the iUasons in
Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine, and under the General Warden for.
 Scotland by James V I . . and Anderson may also have been aware of
the St. Clair Charter which records the appointment of a Patron and
Protector, though the Aberdeen Lodge does not appear to have been
a party to this document."
We are forced to recall Bro. Hughail's statement with regard t o the list
of Grand Masters a t York in which he said t h a t there was no such officer a s
Grand Naster in this Lodge until after 1724. It is indeed strange that neither
of these scholars thought to investigate this point with reference to London.
Bro. Vibert falls into the same error once again when he says:-
" In 1716, or 1717. the brethren meeting a t these houses, and with
them in all likeliliood other individual Freeinasoils not associated with
any particular tavern, seem to have instituted a practice of an anilual
feast of the whole Fraternity in London and Westminster. This
was a custom they were familiar with as ail old Gild practice still
kept u p by the London Companies. T h y called i t the Assembly.'
which was the old term in use among the Craft centuries earlier, alld
a t the Assembly of 1717 they elected to preside over them a >fr.
Anthony Sayer. Gentleman, whom they styled the Grand 3laster. '
(Vlbert T h e S t o r y of the C r a f t , p. 45.)
If Bro. Vibert has any contemporary evidence to produce in support of
this assertion I should be very glad to have i t brought to light.
The discussion has wandered from the path, and we had best return.
If i t IS true t h a t no such terms as Grand Xaster and Grand Warden were
known in Scotland, and there is no evidence to show t h a t they were known
in England. i t seems safe to conclude t h a t t h e title came into being either with
the Union of the Four Old Lodges, or after i t . It has been generally assumed
that i t came into existence with the meeting of J u n e 24th, 1717. The authoiity
for this assumption lies d o ~ ~ b t l e sin
s the following well-known passage :-
' King George I. enter'd L o ~ i d o imost
~ magnificelltly on 20 Sept. 1714.
and after the Rebellion was over A . D . 1716, the few Lodges a t
London finding themselves neglected by Sir Chr~stoplirr TT'retl,
thought fit t o cement under a Grctt~tldfclster as the Center of Urliol~
and Harmony. c l - . the Lodges that met.
1. A t the Goose and C ; r ~ d ~ r oAle-house
n in S t . I'nitl's Ch ztrch-Yard.
2. A t the Cfroti~nAle-house in Parker's-7ane near Drziry Lane.
3. A t the Apple-Tree Tavern in C h d e s - S t r e e t , Cotlent Garden.
4. A t the Iltcmnaer a t d Grapes Tavern in Clrat~nc.7-Ir'o~. TT'estminster.
' They and some old Brothers met a t the said dpp7e-Tree, and having
put into the Chair t h e oldeat ;Ifaster (now the ,lInster of a Lodge)
they constituted themselves a GRAND LODGE pro Tempore in Due
Form, and forthwith revived the Quarterly C ' v ~ t ~ ~ ~ t z ~ ~ ~ofi c tahtei o ? ~
Oficers of Lodges (Call'd the Grand Lodge) resolv'd to hold t h e
dntzztnl Assembly ant7 Feast, and then to chuse a Grand Master from
among themselves, till they should have the Honour of a n'oble
Brother a t their Head.
Accordingly
'
On St. J o h n Baptist's Day, in the 3rd Year of K i n g George I. A.D.
1717, the ASSEMBLY and E'enst of the Free 0 9 ~ 7Accepted ilf(rsot~s
was held a t the foresaid Goose cind Gr~clzron Alehouse.
' Before Dinner, the oldest ilInster Mason (now the V n s t e r of a Lodge)
in the Chair, proposed a list of proper C a n d i d a t e s and the Brethren
by a Majority of IIands elected
" Mr. A N T I I O N Y S A Y E R Gentleman, Grn/ltJ ilftrstrr of 3/trsotts
who being forthwith in- Capt. J o ~ r p hE l l ~ o f \ Grmtd
vested with the badges 11r. docob L(~1ttbt~77.Carpenter TT7art7etcs
of Office and Power by the said o7dest Naster, and installed was
 duly congratulated by the Assembly who pay'd him the Homage."
( Q . C . A . , vol. vii., pp. 109-110.)
Although this mlght, upon its face, seem t o be a n authoritative though
brief account of t h e actual happenings, i t is not contemporaneous. W e have
every reason for doubting that an account of a happening w r ~ t t e ntwenty years
after the actual event was accurately reported. Doubtless the events did take
place, but not necessarily as they are recorded. It may be t h a t the convictions
which I have come to possess concerning this meeting have coloured my views
of the passage above quoted, b u t I cannot help b u t feel t h a t the whole fabric
is an attempt t o project backward the institution of Grand Lodges and Grand
Masters. The time is not yet ripe for a more detailed discussion of this point,
but after considering the balance of the argument I should like my readers to
give some thought to the opinion just expressed.
On the basis of a search of all material available to me I have reached
the conclusion t h a t there was 110 knowledge of the title of G r m d dlnsfer prior
to 1717 ; where, then, did the term originate, and w h e n ? The earllest definite
mention of the term is found in the previously mentioned citation from Stukeley.
and I think this furnishes a key to the difficulty. W e may, perhaps, go a bit
deeper into the matter before endeavouring t o arrive a t definite coilclusions.
A from the Alinutes of N a r y ' s Chapel may throw some more
llght upon this particular point :-
" A t t illaries Chapell the 24th of August 1721 years-James Wattson,
present deacon of the Masons of Edinr., Preses. The which day Doctor
J o h n Theophilus Desaugliers, fellow of the Royal1 Societie, and
Chaplain in Ordinary t o his Grace Janies Duke of Chandois. late
General1 Master of the ;\lason Lodges in England, being in town and
desirous to have a co~iferencewlth the Deacon. Warden, and ;\laster
Masons of E d i ~ i r . ,which wds accordingly granted and finding him
duly qualified in all points of llasonry. they received him as a
Brother into their Societle. (Murray Lyon. Freemnsonry in Scotland,
p. 151.)
W h y do the ;\Iasons of Edinburgh call D r . Desaguliers Generctll J f a s f e r ?
The answer to t h a t question is also the answer to the query as to what the first
presiding officer of the united Lodges was called.
There is need for more evidence before we can answer any of the problems
thus far presented to us. Anderson's C o n ~ f ~ t u t i o nboth
s the first and second
editions. will be of some little assistance.
I n t h e dedication of the work, presumably written shortly before its
publication, there are three references to Grand Masters and one t o a Deputy
Grand X a s t e r : the Grand Masters nielitioned being the Duke of Wharton,
styled t h e " Right Worshipful Grand Master." and t h e Duke of Nontagu,
termed " Grand Master last year." J . T . Desaguliers is t h e Deputy Grand
Master. Since the dedication was written by Desaguliers and signed by him in
his official capacity as Deputy Grand Master, the date is firmly established as
being between J u n e 24th, 1722, and the publication of the Constitutions in 1723.
Consequently, this reference to Grand Illasters is not quite as old as t h a t con-
tained in Stukeley's Diary.
Coining now t o the section of the work headed " The Constitution,
History. Laws. Charges, Orders, Regulations, and Usages, of t h e Right Worship-
ful Fraternity of Accepted Free i\lasons: collected from their general Records,
and their faithful Traditions of many Ages," which was evidently written by
Anderson after his authorization to compile a new Constitution, we find the
following interesting references:-Fifteen t o Grand Master, and three t o General
Xasters. The following persons are referred to as Grand or General Masters:-
Moses, termed both General Master Mason and Grand Master: King Solomon,
Grand Naster ; King Hiram, Grand Naster ; Nebuchadnezzar, .Grand Master
 T h e Transition. S o m e Reflect ions o n E a r l y Grcl~itl Lotlye H i s t o r y . 21 7

Mason : Zerubbabel, Prince and General Master-Nason : Ptolemeus Philadelphus,

General Master-Maso~l : Augustus Casar, Grand JIaster : Prince Edwin, Grand
Master; Kings of Scotland, being often Grand Masters and Grand Wardens:
Prince John, Duke of AIontague, Grand Master.
" The Charges of a Freemason " have a reference to a General or Grand

Lodge, but this has a more direct bearing upon a matter for later discussion,
and may be neglected a t this tinie. I n the ' General Regulations " there is 110
mention of a General Naster or General Lodge.
I n the second or 1738 edition of the C ' o i ~ ~ t ~ t i t t i othose
ns nlentioned as
General Masters or General Master 1Iasons are referred t o as Grand Nasters.
Was the use of the term G ' e ~ ~ e rad slip of the pen which went uncorrected in
the first edition, or was i t a n intentional use of t h e w o r d ? The fact t h a t i t
was changed in the second edition would seen1 to indicate that i t was not
intentional.
Attention must also be called to the fact t h a t the first section of the l723
edition was collected from their general Records." also the Payne Regulations
are ' General Regulations." Tf the term Grti1zt7 had come down from the old
Operative Craft, why would not these records he g r n ~ l t l records and regulations
instead of Ge~lerccl?
The reason is obvious. The word G r a n d was not in the technical
phraseology of the Operative Craft or a t least was not in general use among
AIasons. The word G ' e ~ ~ e r t twas l quite widespread in its distribution, general
meetings, general orders, general lodges, etc.
A brief summary of the evidence thus far will possibily clarify the
situation and enable us to draw some conclusions. First. there is no con-
temporary reference to any of t h e first four officers who presided over the newly
united Craft as Grand Masters unless Stukelev's reference to Pavne, as such,
be accepted. This same Stukeley citation provided the earliest reference we have
t o a Grand LIaster. The next reference in chronological order is t h a t cited from
Alurray Lyon which terms llesaguliers Gel~ercrl .I/tcater. After these two items
we have a gap of almost two years before the publication of Anderson's
C o m f 7 t u t i o n s of 1723, in which both General and Grand Master are used as
designations for t h e presiding officer. W e then find t h a t these have been
emended in the 1738 edition so t h a t the term General Master becomes Grand
Master. I t seems certain t h a t there is no reference to such an officer as Grand
Naster in any copy of the Old Charges earlier t h a n the Harris No. 2 Yanuscript.
A fairly logical and not too extravagant inference would be t h a t since
there is no evidence of the use of the term G m i d ixior to 1717. it must have
come into being after t h a t date. we certainly find no contemporary reference
to any of the first three presiding officers as Grancl Nasters, and the fourth
may, perhaps, be included in this list. since Dr. Stukeley's reference to him
as Grand Master comes not diiring his term, but immediately after it. W e may
safelv conclude t h a t the title orieinated after the terms of ofice of the first
U

three men, and either ininlediately upon the retirement of the fourth, or a t
some time during his term of office. Payne's Regulations, approved J u n e 24th,
1721, as printed by Anderson in his first C o n s t i t i t t i o ~ ~ scontain
, no reference to
any presiding officer but a Grand Master. Neither does this section of the work
refer to a General Lodpe or General Xaster as does the third c h a r0~ eof the
U

Freemasons in the section immediately preceding the Regulations, and the alleged
history of the Craft which forins the first portion of the book, both of which
were written by Anderson. Does i t seem possible t h a t these allusions to officers
as General instead of G r a n d may have been lapses t o the designation which had
been habitual to Anderson and which the short space of a year and a half or
little more had not entirely erased from his nleinory ? It would seem t h a t such
is, in reality, the case, because he frequently uses the designation General or
G m & as though the terms were interchangeable. It is a striking coincidence,
if nothing more, t h a t t h e first documentary reference we have to a Grand
Master coincides precisely in date with the approval of Payne's General Regltla-
 I . Added to this is the fact t h a t only two months later D r . Desaguliers paid
a visit to Mary's Chapel and was received as a former Genertrl allaster of English
Alasons. Where did t h e Scotch Masons get this designation? The answer is
obvious. either from D r . 1)csaguliers in person, or from some other source. I n
either case this incident seems to be conclusive proof t h a t the title of the earliest
presiding officer was not Grand Master but General Master. If the title was
supplied by D r . Desaguliers he was evidently using the designation familiar to
him. a nlomentary lapse of memory, or perhaps due to the fact t h a t h e did not
deem himself officially a Grand Illaster because t h a t term came into official use
after his term of office. If the source was other t h a n the former ' General
AIaster of Ellgl~sh3lason Lodges." it must have been one in coinnlon use. else
~t would not have found its way into Edinburgh. Perhaps some Scotch Nasons
had visited London d u r m g the period from 1717 to 1721 and had brought back
this new title, a t least 11ew to them, if we are t o accept Bro. Vibert's
statement. The h ~ ~ m aintellect
n has a way of retainnlg things that are
strange to i t , and i t is almost beyond belief t h a t such a simple phrase as
" General nIaster ' could have heen incorrectly traiismitted. Certainly the
Scottish Brethren would not make the mistake of tltniing the title Grand
Naster into General i\laster. ' palticularly since the term Grn~zdas applied t o
a Lodge officer would be more strange than ever. B u t even if they d ~ d we , are
still a t a loss to account for the ~ ~ ~ "l & ~ ~ references
i n o n s in Dr. ~ n d e r s o n ' swork.
If Bro. Vibert S opinion has any weight we must conclude t h a t
the use of t h e term G'et~erctl was prevalent in Scotland. The reference
to General lT7nrden comes to mind at once. W e rnust also note that there
seems to be no use of the word Grntzrl a t York. Alnwiclr. and Gateshead.
T h ~ spoint was stressed in the preceding sectloll of this paper. The widespread
use of t h e word G'erlerul in relation t o Lodge and Assembly was also noted.
Thus it seems poss~ble that here lies one of the strongest bits of evidence that
can be brought to bear upon the subject. If there was no use of the term
G m n d prior to 1717. and a widespread use of the term Genernl. would it not
be logical to assume t h a t the G'euertrl came over with many other customs? The
conservative n a t u r e of t h e nlasonic fraternity, t o which reference has been made,
would certainly be a sufficient reason t o advance such an assumption.
I think there can be no doubt b u t t h a t the first presiding officers were
General Masters and not Grand Masters as we have been led to believe.
Since there apparently was a change from the title of General Xaster to
that of Grccnd Ilfaster in 1 7 2 1 . there must be some reason for its being made.
Doubtless t h e fact t h a t the first "noble brother " was about to occupy Solomon S
chair is sufficient to account for such an innovation. The title General Xaster
is not particularly high sounding. and certainly does not smack of nobility.
Perhaps Payne in forinulating his Regulations had in mind the fact that he
was going t o propose the Duke as his successor, and felt t h a t a more fitting title
for the office should be devised. This presumption is substantiated by the fact
t h a t we do not find the term General J/asfer used in his Regulations. Neither
do we find t h e term Getierctl Lodge. To me this indicates t h a t where Anderson
was not so scrupulously careful, Payne was meticulous. Payne was proposing
the change and incorporating ib into his new rules of government. It would be
only natural t h a t he would be particularly painstaking to see t h a t the old tern1
did not find its way into the new legal code he was offering for the guidance of
the Craft. Aside from this, however, the number of chivalric orders prevailing
during the preceding centuries, many of them continuing down to the period
under discussion and to the present day, may accomnt. in some measure. for the
derivation of t h e title Grand Master. I n glancing over some old books on this
subject I have found a list of some thirty t o thirty-five such orclers governed by
Grand Nasters. Only one or two have bcen mentioned as being ruled by an
officer of another title. These orders were recruited from the nobility and in
most instances some Duke or King acted as Grand Master. The Duke of
Nontague was the first Grand BIaster of the revived Order of the Bath i n 1725
according t o a t least one authority, who says:-
 S B u t i t (the Order of the Bath) was never established on a solid
foundation until i t pleased his Alajesty, K i n g George the First, t o
renew and institute i t , according to the form, a t present subsisting.
" The Duke of ,llontague was named Grand Master. (since his Death,
t h a t Dignity has been reunited to the Crown) and thirty six Knights
were installed with inuch Solenlnity. in the Chapel of Kiug Henry
the Seventh." (Hansen, A n Acctrrute Hlstorzcal Account of All f h f
Orclem of li?ughtJ~oodat IJresent Existing In Ezwope, vol. ii., p. 18.)
The use of the word G'rcl~ltlwas not restricted to officers, b u t u7as frequently
used in reference to Capitularies. Commanderies. etc. Payne doubtless was
familiar with this practice. or perhaps he consulted those wlio were. At
any rate. this is a possible source of the designation as i t came to be used and
I do not offer i t as more t h a n a suggestion.
Bro. Wm. L . Royden, Librarian of the Scottish Rite Library a t Washing-
ton, D.C., has offered the following interesting c o r n n ~ c l ~on
t this subject :-
' I n the early days of llasonry in England, the King was oft times
the friend of the Craft, and as the word ' Grand s~nackedof nobility,
'

might not the masons of those days h a r e felt t h a t to use this word
as a title for the presiding officer of their Assembly. tread soniewhnt
on the sensitiveness of the King and incur his d i s p l e a s ~ ~ r e ?A s time
went on and men became more independent and less fearful of the
Icing. they might have thrown off this tendency, and when the Grand
Lodge was organized, assumed for their presiding officer the title of
' Grand Master.' ' ( A letter to the author dated 20th J u l y , 1927.)
Such a procedure is as possible as any other, and i t is here offered as an
additional suggestion of the possible derivation of the word in its present Masonic
sense.
There is much ill connectioil with the practice of the Assemblies that would
contribute to the conclusion t h a t the first, presiding officer of the revitalized Craft
was not a Grand Nastcr, b u t a General Master. W e shall leave this until 6.e
have completed the discussion from the standpoint of the Grand Lodge itself.

(B). THE G R A N D LODGE.

The final bit of evidence which might contribute to the preliminary
developnlent of the theory I wish to present ;S to be found in the so-called new
organization itself. This phase of the discussion may be passed over quite briefly
because in plan i t follows very closely the discussion on Grand Masters
inlmediately preceding i t , and, secondly, because there is even less evidence t h a n
in the case of the presiding oficer.
So far as coil%eml~ora~leous references to the Grancl Lodge are concerned,
we are in precisely the same position as in the case of the Grand Master, perhaps
even worse. Unless we accept Payne's Regulations as reproduced in Anderson's
Con.stitutzons as being a verbatim reproduction. we have nothing earlier than
1723. It is my opinion t h a t so far as this particular argument is concerned me
may take these Regulations for what they purport t o be. True as i t is that this
may seem to be an opinion based upon incomplete evidence. I cannot help but
feel that there is more t h a n an accident responsible for the fact t h a t neither a
General Lodge nor a General Master is anywhere mentioned in Payne's Regula-
tions. Nention of both is to be found in the portions of the Constitutions
avowedly written by Dr. Anderson. Whether or not this opinion is well
founded, i t remains t h a t we have nothing which could possibly be earlier t h a n
1721. If the acceptance of this view does not meet with gelleral approval, the
contemporaneity of the earliest reference is autoinatically brought down to the
publication of the Book of Constitutions in 1723.
When the Old Charges are cousidered we find t h e same lack of evidence
concerning a Grand Lodge as was found in the case of the Grand Master.
 Through this occurrence we are led to the co~lclusiont h a t was reached in relation
to the officer. I have been unable to find any expressions upon the part of
scholars such as was brought to bear in the case of Grand Masters, b u t i t would
not be too extravagant to assume that since the Old Charges do not make mention
of a Grand Lodge, and Grand Xasters were unknown, t h a t G r a ~ ~I L d c ~ d g were
es
also unknown.
A s in t h e preceding case, the evidence suggests one of two alternatives,
either the title G~LLIZCZ Lodge came into being with the inception of t h e revival,
or a t a later date. I am convinced that the latter alternative is the correct one,
though inference is practically the only evidence upon which such a conclusion
can be based. It is very difficult to understand why the presiding officer of
a G I Y I ILodge
~ ~ should be called a G'etrertcl Master.
The wide use of the word G'e~ceralin relation t o meetings of various sorts
a t Alnwick, Gateshead. and Yorlr has been discussed. It has also been shown
t h a t the word G'rcrncl was not used, or if i t was, I have been unable to find
whele. Are we t o suppose t h a t in this respect the London Masons u7ere different
from those a t Y o r k ? Perhaps the London Nasons Conlpany would account in
some measure for a change in terminology, but the records would indicate t h a t
their customs were similar. W e nlust not lose sight of t h e peculiar position in
which London found itself during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth
centuries. London was T O W N , and what was done there was the thin^ to do. 0

It would seem t h a t if there were changes in terms in use in London they

would have been adopted in the provinces in time. The force of this assertion
is emphasized b y the fact t h a t hardly two years had elapsed since the public a t'1011
of Anderson S C o n s t ~ t u t z o ~when
~ s the old Lodge a t Yorlr had adopted the title
G r m d X(rster i n preference to the older designation of P r e s i d e ~ z f . A Deputy
Grand Master and Grand Wardens apparently came into being a t the same time.
(Hughan, ilfasonic Sll.efc7~esaud Repri~rts, p. 57.) Another confirmation lies.
perhaps. in t h e fact t h a t we know of no Constitutions being published by the
Yorlr Grand Lodge. They seem t o have accepted those of the London Nasons
for their guidance.
W e are not so fortunate as to find any " Mary's Chapel " AIinute in this
instance; in fact, the only evidence to confirm the view t h a t the early name
was General Lodge instead of Grand Lodge is to be found in two references to
such a body i n Anderson's first Constitutions:-
" A n d because such Agreements were made a t the Genercil Lodges."
( P 35.)
" A n d by the Regulations of the General or Grand Lodge." (p. 51.)
A s would be expected, these references have been carefully erased from
the second edition. They point, therefore, to the same co~~clusions as were
reached i n connection with the similar mention of General Ilfa-stem.
The second of these two references seems to be conclusive. It specifically
mentions a Geqzeral or Grand Lodge as though they were one and the same
thing, as I believe they were after 1721.
W e can attribute the change to the same cause i n both instances and
probably trace i t to the same source.
The question of Anderson's use of the term G m n d Lodge as applied to
events which are supposed to have taken place a t an earlier date is one which
naturally arises. This substitution of terms is not inexplicable: there are two
quite simple answers-either or both may have contributed to the change. Dr.
Anderson may have wanted to attribute a n antiquity t o t h e term which was
not its just due. This action would be primarily for the purpose of preventing
the cry of " innovation " from the conservatives. The other explanation, and
doubtless the more important one, was t h a t he was writing for those who
understood the situation and wonld fornl no misconceptions on account of the
collfusion of terms. H i s readers w o ~ d d understand the evolutionary stages
through which t h e Grand Lodge l ~ a dpassed, and they would understand t h a t
 T h e Transition. S o m e Reflections on E a r l y Grand Lodge History. 221

the Grand Lodge, General Lodge, and General Assembly were synonymous terms.
It would not be necessary to be more explicit.
I n relation to the Grand Lodge, Bro. W . L . Boyden has made a n
interesting comment. H e says :-
" There is no doubt i n my mind t h a t there were equivalents of a
Grand Lodge before 1717, and t h a t the latter was a revival, or, if
you will, a new-fashioned continuation of t h e General Assemblies.
I n Roberts collstitution of 1722, reprinted in Cox-The Old Con-
stitutiow, p. 23, is a plain statement of ' Additional Orders and
constitutions made and agreed upon a t a General Assembly, held
at on the Eighth Day of December. 1663.' "

This is precisely what I have been trying to prove, though I must take
rather strenuous exception to his use of " equivalents of a Grand Lodge "
unless we are to accept this use of the term in a sense far different from its
modern connotation. The General Assemblies of t h e transition period bore no
resemblance to a Grand Lodge. They were not representative bodies: they were
not unions of Lodges. They were, as I have said before, stated or regular
con~munications of one given Lodge.
The General Warden for Scotland. and other indications to be found i n
Scottish records, would tend to show some governing body of more than locaI
jurisdiction. I still maintain, however, t h a t nothing of the sort existed in
England prior t o 1716, unless i t was the London Company which goveriled
London and the immediate vicinity only. This one exception may account for
the formation of the first General Lodge in London. Even this reorganization,
however, did not uresunle t o exercise iurisdiction outside of London and West-
minster until several years after its inception. The local nature of the re-
organization seems to make the position t h a t there was no change of titles in
the new plan even more certain. It was simply.
a revival of a previously
-

existing scheme of government.

111. T H E LONDON C R A F T
I t would seem t h a t the most natural procedure in any attempt to show
the evolutionary character of the Mother Grand Lodge would be t o search for
the earlier stages of its development in the particular locality which was
responsible for its birth. A p a r t of t h e plan of this paper has been to .refrain
from any comment upon the pre-Grand Lodge status of Freemasonry in London
and its environs. It has, I think, been fairly conclusively shown that i t would
not be impossible for t h e present system of government t o have arisen from t h e
decadent London organizations which were, to use Anderson's phrase, neglected
by Sir Christopher Wren. When an effort is made t o reconstruct the Craft in
London as i t may have been prior to the formation of the General Lodge. many
difficulties meet us. The most striking thing is the fact t h a t there seems to be
absolutely nothing in the form of records of old Lodges t h a t treats of the period
from 1675, or even earlier, to 1717. The only real evidence we possess is to
be found in the records of the Nasons Company. While i t is difficult to believe
Anderson's assertion t h a t Sir Christopher Wren had been guilty of neglecting
the Craft, it would almost seem t h a t someone had been responsible for the state
of decay into which the old Lodges had fallen.
It would be more reasonable, I think, t o place the blame upon the members
of the Lodges themselves, and not t r y to single out any one individual. The
Masons Company records have come down t o us, and in this we find, in my
opinion, the reason for the surprising lack of old Lodge documents so far as
London is concerned. Bro. Conder's work T h e Hole Craft nncl Fellou~slzip
of Xnsonry does much t o clear up this situation. If we accept the general theme
which pervades this book, we find t h a t there was doubtless a Lodge of Masons
222 Z'~ansectio~rs
of the Qtiofuor Coronati Lodge.

connected with. or attached to, the London Company. It is evident t h a t this

Lodge had no standing as a body controlling the actions of the Craft a t large:
i t seems to have had no valid legal status. The Nasons Company was the body
which operated under charter from the King and was responsible for all
regulation of the working Xasons in London. The Lodge would bear something
of the same relation to the Company t h a t is found t o exist in many large
commercial houses to-day. The business institution takes care of all matters
relating to trade and commerce. but frequently there are social clubs for the
employees which are identified with the Company, but which are, nevertheless,
merely social adjuncts having no power in connection with the affairs of the
Corporation.
The entries in the Diary of Elias Ashmole under date of March 10th and
Narch l l t h 1682, seem t o confirm this view of the situation :-
" March 10th. About 5 p.m. I received a sumn~onsto appear a t a
Lodge to be held next day a t nIasolls Hall. London.
'X a r c h l l t h . Accordingly I went and about noon were admitted into
the Fellowship of Free Masons:
" Sir William Wilson Knight, Capt. Rich Borthwick, M r . Will Woocl-

man.* X r . W m . Grey ,* Mr. Samuel Taylor," and M r . William Wise."

I was senior Fellow among them ( i t being 35 years since I was
admitted). There were present besides myself the Fellows after
named :
" Blr. Thos. Wise,* Naster of the Masons company this present year.

Mr. Thonlas Shorthose." N r . Thomas Shadbolt,* -Wainsford. *

Esq.. M r . Rich. Young.* Mr. J o h n Shorthose,* X r . William
Hammon,* N r . J o h n Thompson,* and Mr. William Stanton."
" W e all dyned a t the Halfe Moone Tavern in Cheapside, a t a Noble

dinner prepaired a t the charge of the New-accepted Masons.''

Bro. Conder adds the following note in explanation of the asterisk placed
after some of the names:-
" I n 1682 Thomas Wise was master of the Company: J o h n Shorthose
and William Stanton, wardens: also those names marked with a n
asterisk were members of the Masons Company. The others were
doubtless members of the hIasonsJ Hall Lodge of Freemasons, where
the old speculative part of masonry had been kept secretly alive
during t h e troubled state of the country since the Reformation."

Continuing with the comment of Bro. Conder upon the Diary entries we
read t h a t : -
" From these extracts i t will be easily uilderstood why ' A n old Book
containing the Constitutions of the accepted Masons ' was in the
possession of the Company a t the time of the inventory of 1665, and
also why the names of the accepted masons were enclosed in a ' faire
frame with a lock and key.' and also, perhaps, why the Company had
' One great Bible.' and ' oue Ivory Hammer.'
" Before leaving Ashmole and the Xasonic meeting a t the hall, i t is
well to note t h a t no mention of any such meeting is made in the
books of the Conlpany when they met for the protection of the
ancient landmarks of the Society of Free and Accepted Masons. This
dual condition certainly existed then, and had done so no doubt from
the time when every member of the Company who could set out
geometrical details, was also an initiated member of the Society of
Free Masons. then possibly embracing the whole of Europe." (Conder,
T h e Hole Craft, pp. 204-206.)
 T h e 7'r(iirsifron. Some Reflections OIL IY('ccrIy Gmtrtl L o d g e H i s t o r y . 223

Again referring to this Lodge, Uro. Conder says:-

' ' How long the speculative division, or accepted members. continued to
meet a t Nasons' H a l l after 1682, we cannot tell, as they no doubt
had separate nlinute and cash-books. Conseq~~ently we do not find
any further evidence except the entry in the inventory of 1722, when
the i\lS. Constitutions colltaining the old Masons' legend were again
noted as being still in the possession of t h e Company.
" I t is very probable t h a t a t or about this time some of the members
joined other Lodges of a more convivial character, such as those which
met in the vicinity of S t . P a u l ' s Cathedral, particularly the Lodge
held a t the Goose and Gridiron, now known as the Lodge of
Antiquity." (Conder, T l ~ eZ o l e C r a f t , pp. 229-230.)
The o d y thing T desire to point out in connection with these rather
lengthy excerpts is t h a t there was a distinction between the Lodges of Xasons
and the i&sons Company. These Lodge organizations having no part in the
business of the Masons Company, which was the legal entity for overseeing the
Craft in London, would have no need of records of t h e kind kept by the
Company. Perhaps they did not keep any records. There is another suggestion
which has come ~ n t omore or less general acceptance and t h a t is Anderson S
acconnt of the burning of nlany old documents. This feature of the question
is so well known t h a t there is no need to repeat it. Either or both of the
reasons given may account in some measure for the paucity of contemporary
evidence in relation to pre-l717 IIasoliry in London.
-1Iasonic scholars have been mourning the scarcity of these records for
many years. Bro. G. W . Speth has very aptly stated the case in the following
words : -
How these Lodges met, whence they derived their origin and right
of existence. and what they did are more or less matters of con-
jecture. It is equally unknown whether there was any bond uniting
them, other t h a n their esoteric secrets and customs or any coinmunity
of action. B u t in 1716 the preliminary steps were taken to forge
a link, intended a t first to affect only London and Westminster. but
to which link a f t e r link has been added until t h e resultant chain has
put a ' girdle around the earth.' " ( A .Q.C. ii.. 86.)
The fact t h a t we have so litt'le evidence relatilwD t o London doubtless
accounts in no small measure for the fact t h a t scholars have been quick to
ignore what evidence we do have. They have gone on for years basing
hypotheses upon opinions, simply because they could not see t h a t the events
which took place after 1716 did fit in with anything t h a t had gone before. The
resulting hodge-podge of thought with many blank spaces still remaining to be
filled in has brought them no nearer a solntion than they were when the
argument first started. They have been basing all of their work up011 one
system of criticism and have entirely lost track of the fact t h a t other methods
have borne much fruit in ~ t h e r ~ f i e l d s . Where history is lacking, and the data
for its formation is not forthcoming. scholars have learned to compare events.
t h a t is. known events occurring in one place, with the myths and legends of
another and thus ~ i e c eout a probable scheme of development.
The scattered information t h a t is available to us in relation to I ~ o n d o n
may take on a new significance when we apply the practices a t York. Alnwick.
and Gateshead to i t . The threads are meagre. b a t , even with the insertion of
much material of a hypothetical nature. sonlething worth while may evolve.
I n trying to reconstruct the organization of the London Craft we shall.
of necessity. rely almost entirely upon Bro. E . Conder's work for facts. drawing
upon the illustrations from Alnwick, York, and Gateshead for substantiation and
support. One of the first significant passages is as follows:-
 " We have seen in t h e foregoing pages that the gild of masons was one
of importance wherever building in stone was in progress: and we
cannot form any other opinion than t h a t , from the earliest times, t h e
city of London had its masons gild.
" According to Stow, ' The Company of Masons being otherwise termed
Free Xasons of antient standing and good reconing, by means of
affable and kind meetings a t divers times: and as a loving brother-
hood should use t o d o did frequent this mutual assenlbly 111 the
time of K i n g Henry the f o w t h in the twelfth year of his most
gracious reign.' ' (Conder, Y'iie Hole Craft, p . 53.)
I t is not necessary to accept every statement made in this quotation. but
i t does show t h a t a Craft organization was in existence in London a t a very
early date. Bro. Conder says. in the paragraph just following the above
quotation, t h a t the evidence that is to be found in the Corporation Records a t
Guildhall proves very clearly t h a t in 1375 the Xasons Company existed and
was represented on the court of Con~nlon Council."
The customs of the lllasons Company with reference to apprentices would
seem to indlcate a t least one line of similarity with those Lodges we have
examined ill the North of England. The regular system of joining the gild
was by servitude: t h a t is, a youth was bound apprentice for seven years to a
freeman of the Company.
" After signing his indenture, he was ' presented ' t o the Company by
his master, who paid a fee of 2s. 6d.. and he was then entered in
t h e books of the c o u r t ; in other words, he became a n ' e u t r r d
c ~ p p ' c nf ice. '
'. After seven years he was entitled to take u p the freedom of the
Company, when the following fees were payable: a gratuity of one
pound, a fine of three shillings and fourpence, and a small fee of
sixpence, for clerks' fees." (Conder. T l ~ eliole G m f t , p. 139.)
I n describing the Masons Hall, Bro. Conder says :-
" I n the parlour was the court table and a clerk's table. The plate
belonging to the Company, when not displayed in the hall, was kept
here, as was also the rest of the Company's goods and chattels.
" It was doubtless in this parlow t h a t the members of the Society of
Freemasons held from time to time their nleetings for the purpose of
initiating and passing new members." (Conder, The Hole Crtrff,
p. 182.)
The Society of Freemasons to which Bro. Conder refers is t h e Lodge
connected with AIasons' Hall. I t is not difficult to collate the initiatory meetings
in the parlour of the hall with the private meetings a t York.
W e find only two or three other items of particular interest :-
' Fined Thomas Stanley for coming to the Hall on a general quarter
d a y without his gown 0 1 0." (Conder. The Ilole C r n f f , p. 153.)
' . Fined John Gardiner for coming late on quarter day and being absent
from Pauls Church 0 0 4 . " (Conder, The Holr Crnft. p. 153.)
' ' Paid in discharge of expenses about the general feast when the Lord
Mayor was sworn 28 16 1." (Conder. The I I d e Craft. p. 1 6 5 . )
There are certain modifications in the .theme of organization as we saw
it in the North of England which are brought about by the peculiar situation
in which the London Craft found itself. During this period i t seems alniost
certain t h a t the London Con~panycontrolled the Operative Craft in its entirety.
The Lodges while they niay have beeu composed in large p a r t of operative
worknlen. had no inconsiderable percentage of speculative members. One of t h e
 T h e Trtolsitio/z. Some lie$ectio/zs on Early Gralzd Lodge History. 225

Four Old Lodges is often mentioned as being composed of speculative members

almost entirely. F u r t h e r t h a n this they personally were not operative bodies
of workmen. They represented the social side of Craft life, though they may
also have been the depositories for the secret ritual possessed by the early
Brethren.
There were evidently quarterly meeting days of the Company, and these
were termed geueral quarter days, not grand. There also seems to have been
some sort of a gerzerul feast on Lord Nayor's Day. Bro. Conder is of the
opinion that the Lodge governnlent in London was derived from that of the
Con~pany,although he makes i t quite clear that he does not believe the Company
had anything to do with t h e esoteric side of the Craft. It was for this purpose
t h a t the Lodge existed. H i s argument for similarity is based largely upon the
fact that Article 30 in the -Yeto Articles (as found in some of the Old Charges)
bears a striking resemblance to the system of government in use by the Company.
I reproduce Article 30 together with Bro. Conder's comment:-
" That for the future the sayd Society, Company, and Fraternity of
Free Masons, shalbee regulated and governed by one Master, an
Assembly, and Wardens as ye said Company shall think fit to chose
a t every yearly Assembly.
" Here we have the government of the nlasons Company reproduced
for the management of the Society. Master. Wardens, and Assembly
is merely substituted for Master, Wardens, and Assistants. Surely
the one must have had some bearing on the other ! (Conder, T h e
"

Hole C r a f t , p. 11.)
I am inclined t o t h e opinion t h a t there is more to this question than was
<een by Bro. Conder. The Northern Lodges were governed, apparently, by a
Master and Deputy, or a President and Deputy. The Wardens are peculiarly
gild officials. Of course Scotland had Wardens, b u t then i t must be remem-
bered that the Lodges in t h a t countrv seem t o have functioned more as gilds
than they did in Zngland. They sekn to have had a corporate standin; in
Scotland which did not belong to them in England and this would account for
the variation. If, as I believe to have been the case. these New Clauses were
written in London, and were actually outgrowths of t h e Masons Company, we
can clear up the matter of substitution of Assembly for Assistants. The Lodges
were simply holding closely t o the Old Charges, and were holding an annual
meeting in accordance with the tradition. The London Company had, by this
time. outgrown the old Craft Customs, if they ever were practised by it. W e
must call to mind the statement of D r . Anderson to the effect t h a t the Brethren
decided to retlizte the annual As-embly and Feast.
So far as certainties are concerned, about all t h a t can be said of t h e
London Craft is t h a t i t existed during this period. W e are sure that there
were four Lodges in existence for a t least a short period prior t o 1717. When
we go beyond t h a t , we indulge in speculation, b u t when consideration is given
to the practices in vogue in other portions of England, i t seems likely that we
may be enabled to reconstruct with more certainty than has hitherto been possible
the type of organization which prevailed in London during the transition period.
It is impossible a t this time t o go into all of the details and discuss them.
To do so fully would require a paper in itself. F o r present purposes i t is
sufficient to suggest the progress of events which led u p to the formation of the
Grand Lodge in a purely hypothetical manner, leaving i t to others to decide
whether such a development is sufficiently probable t o warrant further investiga-
tion. I have reached some co~~clusions relative to accounts of this period which
I believe will assist in clarifying the haze now surrounding the early years of
Grand Lodge history. and will perhaps account, in a manner of speaking. for
some of the stories which have been deemed impossible of acceptance. I shall
include these theories in the course of my hypothetical illustration without
attemptiug any substantiation. I n stating the purpose of the present inquiry i t
226 T r c r ~ ~ s a c f i oof
t ~ sf h e Qrtrctlror C o r o n a t i Lodge

was clearly mentioned t h a t there was no hope of reaching a positive and definite
conclusion. The time has come, I think, to modify t h a t statement somewhat.
The only definite conclusion it is possible to draw is to the effect t h a t the Grand
Lodge was a n evolution and not an innovation. The illustration with which I
wish to close shows only a possible application of this theory to the accounts
we now possess of this event.
I t is necessary to preface any discussion of the events after l717 with
some effort to reconstruct the years immediately preceding. I cannot lay too
nluch stress upon t h e fact t h a t such a reconstruction is purely hypothetical,
though I believe a n analysis of snch evidence as is available will show t h a t i t
fits the accounts in a literal sense. It accepts them for what they say. though
it does not take into consideration the fact t h a t a t the time Anderson's account
was written there was no one who could. misunderstand the use of the term
Grand Lodge as synonymous with General Lodge or General Assembly, whichever
i t may have been.
If we grant the theory of Bro. Conder relative t o a Lodge in connection
with the lllasons Company, and grant the existence of other Lodges in London
and Westminster, we have a basis upon which to build. Let us discard the
possibility of six Lodges in London as early as 1693, even though the author of
X u l t a P n l t c i s appears t o confirm i t , and fall back upon the usually accepted
four Lodges. No one doubts, seriously, the possibility of there having been
more t h a n four, but for our purposes we may as well accept the more conserva-
tive figure. The only other thing to be postulated is t h a t these Lodges
had a history dating from earlier than 1675. Even this is not absolutely
essential. b u t i t makes some things easier t o understand, and there is no real
reason for doubting i t as a possibility.
Continuing this line of thought. we find that conditions in the Craft were
somewhat different in London from what thev were in the nrovinces. Instead
of one Lodge in a locality, we have several: instead of the Lodge being the
operative government, we find the Xasons Company occupying t h a t position.
The London Lodges, then, instead of being organizations for the control of the
operative Craft, are really speculative in character. They have operative
Nasons as members. of course, but their functions are solely for the preservation
of the esoteric material which is the traditional heritage of the Craft. The
Lodges, then, occupy the position of a social adjunct to t h e Craft. Because of
the close proximity of the several Lodges, what would be more natural than that
they should unite upon the occasion of their A s s e n ~ b l y ? Instead of each Lodge
having its own annual meeting, i t would be a gathering of all the Lodges-this
would be the Annual Assembly and Feast of D r . Anderson or, if these Lodges
had been derived from the " Accepcon," directly or indirectly. as voluntary
associations, the tradition might have always existed, t h a t the Assembly included
all London Masons.
L e t us wander for a moment, and make some mention of Sir Christopher
Wren :-
" AIemorandum. This day, May the 18th. being lllonday. 1691, after
Rogation Sunday is a great convention a t S t . P a u l ' s Church of the
Fraternity of the adopted masons, where Sir Christopher Wren is to
be adopted a brother, Sir Henry Goodric of the Tower, and divers
others. There have been kings t h a t have been of this sodality."
(-4.Q.C. xi.. 10.)
The above quotation from Aubrey has been discussed frequently, but I
am inclined t o agree with Bro. D r . Chetwode Crawley, when he says:-
'. I n view of the more recent investigations. the case stands somehow
thus. Omitting Aubrey's testimony. we find in the course of the
Acception, in the stream of fanlily tradition. and in the obituary
notice of 1723, such grounds for inferring Sir Christopher Wren, like
others of his stamp and day, to have been connected with the Craft,
 T h e Trccttsition. S o m e Reflections on E a r l y Grtznd Lodge History. 227

t h a t we should be justified in feeling t h e liveliest surprise if i t could

be shown t h a t the fact was otherwise. Admitting Aubrey's testimony,
we find the probability turned into such a certainty as actuates men
in the conduct of their daily life. Rebutting evidence there is none.
I t is for t h e jury to determine the precise ainount of credibility."
(-1.Q.('. xi., 11.)
The famous architect was born in October of 1632. H a would. then, be
fifty-nine years of age a t the time of his acception. H e was not apprenticed to
the Alason's Craft, and therefore would be a speculative melnber of a Lodge and
the Company, though not a n operative Mason. The Craft would be on the
decline during this period, and perhaps it was t h e force of this notable person
who kept it together for some years after his admission. The mere fact t h a t he
was a member and attended Lodge with some regularity would be sufficient t o
guarantee a certain number of hero-worshippers following in his footsteps.
There would be others, loyal to t h e Craft, who would come, perhaps as a matter
of duty. As Sir Christopher grew older his attendance a t Lodge would naturally
become less frequent, until finally he did not attend a t all, X a y not this have
been the situation t h a t Anclerson sought to describe when he related t h a t the
Masons found themselves neglected by Sir Christopher W r e n ? By 1716 Sir
Christopher had reached the ripe old age of eighty-four. Doubtless he had
given u p attendance a t Lodge a number of years previous to this time. The
C r a f t , lacking the incentive to attend t h a t his presence afforded, would naturally
begin to fall away. The decay seems t o have reached such a state t h a t even
t h e annual assemblies had not been held for several years prior to 1716.
Let us glance for a few moments at t h e organization of the so-called new
body itself. Certain members met a t the Apple-Tree in 1716. They decided
t o revive the quarterly communications--not the quarterly comnlunications of
the officers, as Anderson puts i t with the evident intent of carrying a n ianvoa-
tion which took shape i n 1721 back into the olden days-but the quarterly
communications, such as we have met in the North of England, and seen
evidences of in the Nasons' Company. W h y did they not revive the Annual
Assembly and Feast a t the same t h e ? They did not, because Anderson
specifically states t h a t they R E S O L V E D to revive it. At the first revival they
met a t the Goose and Gridiron. W h y 'did they not meet a t the Apple-Tree,
where the first meeting was held ? This question becomes particularly perplexing
when the geographical distribution of the four old Lodges is taken into con-
sideration. They stretched along the North bank of the Thames from St. Paul's
t o Westminster, following the bend of the river which makes its sharpest angle
close to Charing Cross. They met a t the Goose and Gridiron, t h e farthest east of
the four taverns. It would have been natural for them to have met a t one of
the two intermediate ones, but there must have been some rcason for them
bringing their Westminster members to S t . Paul's. Remember, too, t h a t the
Nasons frequently worshipped a t S t . Paul's. On the whole, i t seems likely t h a t
the traditional place for holding the Annual Assenlbly and Feast was the Goose
and Gridiron, or in its vicinity, or else that the Lodge there was the " Accepcou "
removed from Masons' H a l l , and t h a t the Brethren who decided to revive the
Craft preferred to have t h e revival take place in the locality in which they were
accustomed to meet.
In the light. of what has gone before, let us endeavour to reconstruct the
story Anderson tells in his 1738 Constitutions. T am modernizing the typography
so that i t will be clear t h a t all italics are my insertions.

King George I. entered London most nlagnificently on 20th September,

1714. and after the Rebellion was over. A.D. 1716. the few Lodges a t London
finding themselves neglected by Sir Christopher Wren thought fit to cement
under a [Grand] Naster ( o r presideut) as the Center of Union and Harmony
(per7inps, wit7i f71e view of formitlg one Lodge ittstend of t h e secerr17 theu it^
exisf etlce), viz. the Lodges t h a t met,
228 Transactioils of t h e Qrtctt~torC o r o n n t i L o d g e .

1. At the Goose and Gridiron Ale-house in S t . Paul's Church-Yard

2. At the Crown Ale-house in Parker's Lane near Drury Lane
3. At the Apple-Tree Tavern in Charles-Street, Covent Garden
4. At the Rlumnier and Grapes Tavern in Channel-Row: Westnlimter
( T l i ~ a ~ c ~ a sperhcrys,
, pro snore t l m n a n i n f o r m a l m e e t i n g a t w h i c h t h e
p o s s ~ b i l l t y of ~ e v i v i n g interest i x t k e C r a f t wrcs cliscussed. T h o s e present
nyreeiliy t o m e e t , u s below, nnd b k g wit?^ t h e m (is nza71y m e m b e r s a s possible
fronl thetr respective L o d g e s , especic~lly t r u e does thrs seem since t h e t e r m pro-
tenlpore i s u s e d . )
They and some old Brothers met a t the said Apple-Tree, and having put
into the Chair the oldest Master IIason (now the Master of a Lodge) they
constituted themselves a Geuernl Lodge pro Tempore in Due Form, and forth-
with revived the Quarterly Comnlunication (call'd the G'enernl Lodge) resolv'd to
hold the Annual Assembly and Feast, and then to c l i u ~ ea [Grand] Master from
anlong themselves, till they should have t h e Honour of a Noble Brother at their
Head.

Accordingly
On St. J o h n Baptist's Day, in the 3d Year of King George I.. A.D.
1517, the Assembly and Feast of the Free and Accepted AIasons was held at,
the foresaid Goose and Gridiron Alehouse.
Before Dinner, the oldest Blaster Mason (now the i\Iaster of a Lodge) in
the Chair, proposed a list of proper Candidates; and the Brethren by a Majority
of Hands elected Mr. Antony Sayer, Gentleman, General Master of AIasons.
There must have been some ineetings prior to the Goose and Gridiron
Assembly for the purpose of making arrangements. I an1 inclined to t h e
opinion. i t must be confessed for no reason a t all, that a t some of these
preliminary meetings i t became apparent that there would be a considerable
gathering of AIasons present a t the Assembly and Feast. Someone thought that
in view of the fact that interest was becoming aroused i t would be a good plan
to carry on as four Lodges instead of one and that this idea bore fruit. I t was
then decided to elect officers to govern the whole Craft in London and West-
U

minster. This was the real innovation and i t was this innovation which
prompted t h e actors i n the drama to make every effort to conceal the fact that
any innovation had been made. I t accounts for the use of Grand Lodge and
Grand 3laster in a somewhat different manner t h a n we have been considering
i t heretofore, and adds its bit in contributing to the confusion of Anderson's
account.
W e can carry the matter just a step farther and then have done.
During the years 1717-18-19-20 the Craft prospered and grew. I t became
apparent that the quarterly meetings of all the lnelnbers was becoming unwieldy.
Therefore. Payne, in fornlulating his regulations, decided to make t h e Grand
Lodge a representative body. W h a t would be more natural t h a n that with a
Craft grown unwieldy in numbers. and with the example of Parliament staring
him in the face he should decide upon such a course P The Annual Assembly
and Feast would be maintained as a gathering for the Craft as a whole, b u t
i t would gradually lose all of its legislative and governmental functions.
Perhaps this idea is borne out by the Iilstallation Festival in the present United
Grand Lodge. a t any rate it is a possibility worth considering.
 Though the subject is far from exhausted a t this time, i t seems t h a t we
have ample evidence presented t o enable others t o carry the search into other
fields. It has been more t h a n two years since first this paper came into being.
During that time much material has come t o my notice which might have been
included in the discussion. Nothing t h a t I have seen has contradicted ally
portion of the discussion included herein. Everything has been in the nature
of confirmation of the theory so t h a t there was really no need for its being
included, as i t would only nlultiply evidence.
Before closing, however, I should llke to add a word of appreciation for
the courtesy shown me by many Brethren who have kindly interested themselves
on my behalf. Brothers A. L. Kress. N . W. J. Hayden, and W. L. Boyden
have read the manuscript and offered many comments of inestimable value.
The staff of the Iowa Masonic Library has been most courteous in placing the
resources of t h a t institution a t my disposal; Bro. Boyden has also loaned me
much material from the Scottish Rite Library a t Washington. D.C. I n speak-
ing of the Library Staff a t Cedar Rapids I should be particularly ungrateful if
I did not make mention of t h e many kindnesses shown rile by Bros. C. C. H u n t
and J . H. Tatsch. Both of them have read and commented upon the
document. The discussions with and co-operation of Bro. R . J . Meekren, who
deserves the title of co-author, but modestly declines to share i n this production,
were of such importance t h a t inere words of appreciation will not suffice to pay
the debt of gratitude I owe him.

A hearty vote of thanks was passed to Bro. Thiemeyer on the proposition of

Bro. G. Norman, secondecl by Bro. H. C. de Lafontaine, supported by Bro. Cecil
Po~vell: comments being offered by or on behalf of Bros. R. H. Baster. Rev. H.
Poole. Sir Alfred Rabbins. Geo. W. Bullamore, G. B. Brook. R . J. Meekren. W. J.
Songhurst. G. W. Daynes. TT'. J. TT'illiams ancl the Secretary.

Bro. W. J. WILLIAMS
writes:-
It was with great pleasure I joined in supporting the vote of thanks which
was moved in Lodge on the occasion of our Brother's paper being read. It is
gratifying t o find t h a t t h e appeal for papers from members of t h e Correspondence
Circle should have elicited from our Brethren in the United States such a
thoughtful and thought provoking paper dealing with subjects which are a t once
most interesting and a t the same time sufficiently obscure.
The extensive inductions collected in t h e paper are in themselves valuable
quite apart from t h e question a s t o the ultimate value of some of the deductions.
A s is usual in a paper of this magnitude there are certain o b i t e r dicta emitted
e n r o u t e which are provocative of dissent although they i n no wise affect the
argument.
Our author has prefaced his arguments by placing a n unusual limitation
upon the meaning of "contemporary reference." H e lays i t down t h a t he
means by t h a t " t h e first mention of a given man as Grand Master during his
" term of office."

Such a definition may be helpful t o our Brother's argument; but i t is

not in accordance with the usual practice of historians t o predicate such a
limited range, and t h e very fact t h a t our essayist does predicate i t appears t o
indicate t h a t some of his reasoning will not hold good unless we choose to accept
his verv narrow definition.
For most of us the evidence of intelligent contemporaries who were actively
interested and participants in the events under consideration is as good evidence
as we may expect i n any such enquiry.
230 T r a ~ ~ s a c f i o of
i ~ st h e Quatltor C o r o n n f i L o d y e .

The first p a r t of the paper seeks to establish the proposition " t h a t t h e

" Grand Lodge was not an innovation b u t a revival." I s there any livillg
Masonic student who holds any other theory? As f a r as I am aware, both fronl
what I have read and from my frequent converse with nly teachers in Masonic
history, the proposition is universally accepted, and there has never been ally
reasoned opinion t o the contrary. Indeed our Brother says t h a t " conlmon
agreenlellt among Masonic scholars is found to exist on a t least olle point,
" namely t h a t the present system of organized Freemasonry finds its roots in the
" Operative C r a f t which existed for several centuries prior to the meeting a t the
" Goose & Gridiron Tavern on 24th J u n e 1717 and t h e preceding one a t the
" Apple Tree in 1716." Here i t may be pardonable to digress in the hope that
a little light may be thrown upon the length of the interval between the Apple
Tree meeting and the Goose & Gridiron meeting. Preston (Edn. 1781) a t
p. 218 dates the Apple Tree meeting as February 1717. Now that was the
equivalent of February 1716 according to the old style in vogue up to 1752 in
respect of the Civil, Ecclesiastical and Legal year. That year began on
25th March, so t h a t the interval between February 1716 and J u n e 1717 was
only four months.
Brother Gould's interesting suggestion as to the connection between the
Sheriff S Tourn and the 3Iasonic Assembly is perhaps the least convincing of all
his contributions to Nasonic history.
Our Brother, in commenting on the conflicting theories of Bro. Dring and
Bro. Howard, affirms that we must accept either one or t h e other. I deny the
necessity. Both theories may be wrong, but we must not stay to discuss them
here.
Later i n t h e paper our essayist says: ' W e may presume I think that
" t h e Common Law and the Common Assembly are to be taken as referring to
" one and t h e same thing." They are and always have been very distinct
things, and i t is not easy to see how one can have been mistaken for the other
by any scribe. Any such variation in transcription must have been deliberate
in its inception and may have been occasioned by local or temporary reasons not
now manif est.
I n connection with the allegation that the period from 1650 to 1716 was
apparently a period of decadence in the Craft, i t is to be borne in mind that
so far as London is concerned t h a t period covers the year of the Great Fire of
1666 and t h e noble products of operative masonry consequent thereon.
A t a later stage our Brother refers to the MS. Grand Lodge No. 2, and
i t is probably m y duty to intimate a discovery which may account for the
peculiar wording of t h e quoted extract which states ( ' t h a t for ye future ye said
I Society Company and ffraternity of ffree masons shall be regulated and governed
" by one Illaster and assembly aud Wardens as the said Company shall think fitt
" to chuse a t every yearely general1 assembly." It seems to me abundantly
clear t h a t this phraseology is in effect a summarized version of t h e following
entry which I have found a t the Guildhall of the City of London in Letter Book
C.Cf. 235 under date 1607. (The date of Grand Lodge No. 2 is placed by
Bro. Poole, our present W.M., as the second half of Cent. X V I I . ) :-
'. Touching the conlpanie of Freemasons London I t is ordered . . .
t h a t from henceforth for ever after the said companie . . . shall
or maie yearelie assemble themselves together a t ye summons of ye
Comnlon Officer or beadle a t theire Common hall in ye feaste of t h e
holie trynitie or wthin Tenn daies then next ensuing and there
peaceably and quietlie make choyse of one sufficient person enfraun-
chised of t h e some companie and holdinge howse and householde that
h a t h been oftnest warden of the said Companie for one year then
next ensuing who may be a direction to t h e wardens for t h e better
government thereof and also in like manner make choice of 2 honest
hable and discrete persons enfranchised of ye sd. Companie and holding
house and household to be wardens of ye said Companie for the same
year then next ensuing. And yt. ye same 3 persons soe peaceablie
 elected and chosen shall wthin 20 days then next ensuing by ye
olde &Ir.and wardens with 6 suffict. persons a t y1 least of y"1othing
or liverie of ye said Conlpanie be presented in ye King's i\lat'e? Courte
to be holden before ye Lo. Maior and Aldremen of this Cittie" (&C.,
&C.).
I t is submitted for the consideration of students of the Old Charges that
the ordiiiance entered in the City Letter Book gave rise to the article quoted
in the paper and t h a t t h e inference is that Grand Lodge No. 2 MS. was shaped
by the Company of the Freemasons and may possibly be the " One book of t h e
Constitutions of the Accepted XIasons " referred to in the Inventory of t h e
Company dated J u l y 4, 1676. (See Conder, p. 195.) The 11s. is said to have
been found in the process of demolitioii or building operations a t a house i n
London.
The Letter Book entry is inlportant as showing the date when the govern-
ment of the Company was varied from Wardens to a Blaster and Wardens and
because it ordains a yearly assembly within a fixed period, which assembly was
to be convened by summons, and to be followed by a presentation of the Master
and Wardens Elect. The fact that there was some connection between the
London Company and the various local centres or assemblies seems to be
indicated by the Arms of that Company being used in various parts of England:
e.g., in the Gateshead or Durham Charter.
Proceeding to P a r t 11.. which deals with the title Grand Xaster, we come
to the most interesting section. So convinced is our Brother as to the validity
of his argument that he does not hesitate to say :-" I think there can be n o
" doubt b u t that the first presiding officers were General Masters and not Grand
" Masters as we have been led to believe."
H e arrives a t his conclusion by a consideration of an entry in the AIinutes
of Alary's Chapel dated 24th August 1721, in which Dr. Desaguliers is described
as late General1 Naster of the Mason Lodges in England: and of the designation
General Xaster llason being applied i n Anderson's 1723 Book of Constitutions
to Moses, to Zerubbabel and to Ptolonleus Philadelphus. H e suggests that the
use of the term " General " may be a n uncorrected slip of t h e pen. This;
however, can hardly be the case, because Noses is termed both General Xaster
Mason and Grand Master. Seeing t h a t , as our Brother informs us on t h e
authority of Bro. Vibert (whose statement on this occasion he adopts), the highest
Masonic office in Scotland was General Warden, t h e natural inference would
seem to be that the Minute writer in Scotland and our Scottish Brother, Dr.
Anderson, both used designations to which they were accustomed. It has been
a common-place of Masonic comment that Dr. Anderson imported into t h e
English Craft certain undoubted Scotticisms, such as Fellow Craft and Entered
Apprentice, and I see no reason for limiting him to those two instances. He,
in fact, binds them together by dubbing Moses with both titles.
There is no shred of evidence t o show t h a t the phrase General Master was
actually used by Desaguliers himself.
Having said (with b u t small apparent reason) t h a t we are without
anything of a contemporaneous nature during the period from 1716 to 1723,
our essayist then admits one or two important exceptions from his sweeping
assertion, and proceeds t o describe as a myth t h e allegation t h a t Anthony Sayer
was the first Grand Master. Y e t the references in the Grand Lodge AIinutes
to Anthony Sayer as Grand Master were entered u p in t h e lifetime of Anthony
Sayer, and a grant was actually made to him on account of his having been
Grand Master. (1730. 21 April.)
There is not from start t o finish during the lives ,of those who were members
of the Craft in the early days of Grand Lodge (or indeed a t any subsequent
period) the least reference t o so striking an eventi as t h e change of the designation
of the head of the Craft from General Master to Grand Master.
The satirists of the period make no reference to such a change. It would
have been fair game for them. The author of the Briscoe pamphlet also ignores
232 T r a ~ ~ s u c t i o nofs t h e Qlcnt~torCorotznti L o d g e .

i t though i t would have been a good point for him to make. The Author of
the Ode t o t h e Grand Khaibar (pub. 1720) seems to have been unaware of it.
The truly Masonic candour of our Author has led him to bring in two
items of evidence which seem to decide the case against his theory, namely :-
( l ) The item dated 24 J u n e 1721 in Dr. Stukeley's diary. and (2) the General
Regulations embodied in the 1723 Constitutions.
As t o the first the Doctor records: " The Gd. AI'. &I1.Pain produced an
" old MS. . . . H e read over a new sett of articles to be observ'd. The
" Duke of Montague chose Gd. M'. next year." The method i n which our
Brother approaches evidence which conflicts with his view is indicated by his
remarks:-' There is no actual mention of Grand Master in this quotation but
" I think the abbreviation ' G".' is sufficient to indicate that i t is meant to be
Grand and not General as I suspect i t actually was prior to this date. I t is
sufficient reason for Bro. Gould in his History of Freemasonry, when he quotes
' the passage using the full word instead of t h e abbreviation."
So Brother Gould is to be excused.
I submit t h a t the case for the title Grand Master is all the stronger
because of the abbreviation. Men do not start abbreviating until a word or a
phrase has by continued usage become " familiar in their mouths as household
words. ' The fact, then, t h a t Stukeley writes Gd. Mr. indicates t h a t the title
Grand Master had for a sufficiently long time passed into the current coinage of
Masonic speech t o warrant t h e abbreviation.
Turning to t h e General Regulations, i t is to be remembered t h a t these
were compiled first by Mr. George P a y n ~ ,Anno 1720, when he was Grand
Master, and approved by the' Grand Lodge on St. J o h n Baptist's Day Anno 1721.
Bro. Thiemeyer says t h a t we have nothing which could possibly be earlier than
1721, and, as far as I have observed, omits all reference t o the Fact t h a t Bro.
Payne's Regulations were compiled in 1720. some time before they were approved
in J u n e , l721 : b u t h e does point out t h a t the said Regulations are constant in
the use of the term Grand Naster so constant indeed t h a t our Brother finds
Bro. Payne to be nleticulous on the subject.
The dedication by Eugenius Philalethes t o Long Livers is dated
Xarch l s t , 1721 (no doubt=1722), and is interesting as emanating from one who
may not have been a Mason. That dedication is made to the Grand Master,
Masters. Wardens and Brethren of the Most Ancient and most Honourable
Fraternity of t h e Free Masons of Great Britain and Ireland. This certainly
does not sound as though the term Grand Master had only just been invented.
Furthermore, the term Grand Braster was a perfectly natural term to
apply to t h e head of such a n organization as t h a t into which speculative Masonry
had developed. Our Brother refers to the various Societies whose head was SO
designated. Aubrey, i n his memorandum of 1691, says: " There have been
Kings t h a t have been of this sodality." The Entered Apprentices' Song takes
up the strain and says:-
Great Kings Dukes and Lords
Have laid by their Swords
Our Myst'ry to p u t a good Grace on
And ne'er been asham'd
To hear themselves nam'd
W i t h a Free and an Accepted Mason.
The Brother who wrote this was Matthew Birkhead, who died before the 1723
Constitutions were published (his Will was proved 11th March, 172213). The
song may have been written some little time before his death. It did not need
the appointment of a Noble Master to incite the Bilasons of the revival to call
their Lodge a Grand Lodge or their head a Grand Master.
As there are in the Constitutions several references t o a particular Lodge,
it was only natural t h a t the Lodge comprising a number of Lodges should
occasionally be called a General Lodge, although t h e title of t h a t combination of
Lodges was Grand Lodge, and in like manner the term Grand Master might
aptly be explained, if occasion arose. as meaning a General Master. The term
Grand does not really imply Grandiose or iUagnificent any more than when we
speak of a Grandfather.
Although Dr. Anderson has been subjected to censure on the ground that
h e conferred the title of Grand Master upon persons (up to and including Sir
Ch'. Wren) who seem never t o l ~ a v eheard t h a t such title was theirs, there seems
no good reason for doubting t h e substantial accuracy of his account of the
meetings in 1716 and 1717 resulting i n the formation of a Grand Lodge and the
election of Anthony Sayer as Grand Master.

Bro. GILBERTTV. DAYNES

wvites:-
The Transitional period of Freemasonry is of great importance, and any
light that can be thrown upon one or more of the many obscurities which surround
those years is of t h e utmosb value. Even reviewing the ascertained facts of that
period from fresh view-points has its advantages, for by so doing the basis for
criticism is widened and a firmer and more complete superstructure becomes
possible.
Now Bro. Thiemeyer has given us an interesting paper upon a phase of
Xasonry which possesses great attractions for most students of Freemasonry.
However widely read a student may be i t is always useful t o have brought into
focus anv articular ~ o r t i o nof Nasonic historv. It is also useful to have the
i l

views of a Brother who has come fresll to the subject matter and the problems
involved therein. B u t this does not mean t h a t i t was necessary for Bro.
Thiemeyer to deal with each piece of known evidence as if i t was entirely
unknown to all except himself. ' Many of his quotations a t length could have
been left out. This would have shortened his paper very materially and enabled
the points that lie scattered throughout its many pages t o have been brought out
far more clearly.
I cannot agree with Bro. Thiemeyer t h a t he approaches t h e subject from
a new view-point. Bro. Speth had previously made suggestions-although not
perhaps in the same words-which Bro. Theimeyer considers novel and startling.
I doubt if many who have read this paper were startled, except perhaps a t the
optimism of its author. Personally I have every sympathy with the optimism
of youth. but I may remind Bro. Thiemeyer t h a t this soon gives way t o a steadier
judgment, and matters which to him a t present appear to be so startlingly clear
or abundantly proved may after further years study assume a less certain aspect.
Bro. Thiemeyer could have saved himself a great deal of time and trouble
if he had realized how much of his paper dealt with well-known facts. The
descent of the Grand Lodge of England from the Operative Masons is I believe
generally admitted, and t h e crux of one part of the paper is, whether the 1717
Organization was a General or Grand Lodge and t h e ruler of t h a t organization
a General or Grand Master.
Considering how much attention has been given by Bro. Thiemeyer to
t h e Assembly, and particularly to controverting the theory p u t forward many
years ago by Bro. R. F. Gould in vol. v. of A.Q.C., i t is more than a little
strange that he has not made himself familiar with t h e criticism which t h a t
theory evoked from Brethren a t the time. Apparently Bro. Thiemeyer has not
read t h e two excellent papers upon the Assembly by Bros. Begemann a n d Speth
respectively, together with t h e approving conlments thereon by Bro. Rylands, all
of which appeared in vol. vi. of A.Q.G. Bro. Gould's theory was sufficiently
strongly attacked by these three stalwarts t o have enabled Bro. Thiemeyer to
have accepted their opinions and so shortened his paper with advantage.
NO; is Bro. Thiemeyer correct in saying t h a t by almost universal consent
Anderson's account. of the early years of Grand Lodge has been discarded in its
entirety? Although i t has been found that Anderson is not very reliable, I do
not think that any Masonic student has gone to the length of condemning the
234 T~ansactionsof t h e Quatuor Comnati Lodge.

account in toto. To do so would be to ignore t h e MS. List of the Grand

&fasters, &C., contained in the first Minute Book of Gralld Lodge, as well as t h e
contemporary Press and other notices concerning the Craft which appeared
between 1721 and 1723. Although this MS. List is too late in date t o decide
anything as t o the term " Grand Master " which is used therein, i t does give
us an early authentic List of the Officers of the 1717 organization, and confirms
that Anthony Sayer was its first ruler. With regard to the contemporary Press
notices, these have been collected by Bro. Sir Alfred Robbins and appear in
A.Q.C. xxiii. A t present I see no reason to doubt t h a t if earlier contemporary
evidence could be found i t would show t h a t t h e term " Grand " was used in
relation to the ruler of t h e 1717 organization from t h e first, though perhaps the
meetings were not specifically termed Grand Lodges. Anderson termed these
meetings " Assembly and Feast. '
Bro. Thiemeyer refers to the change of tense by Anderson in his accounts
of Grand Lodge and states t h a t throughout he uses t h e past tense in reference
to the event. That is not correct. Anderson stated t h a t on the 17th January,
1723, he ~ r o d u c e d ' the new Book of Constitutions now in Print." This clearly
refers to the year 1723 and not to the time of writing the 1738 Constitutions.
I would refer Bro. Thiemeyer to my conlments on Bro. Vibert's paper on " The
Second Degree : a Theory," which appeared in A.Q.C., vol. xxxix.. in which I
have set out my reasons for believing that the word " now," used by Anderson,
was used in the sense of " then." To make the matter even clearer I would
point to Regulation X I V . of the l723 Constitutions. Here, obviously, is a
Regulation which Payne must have evolved from some previous Regulations, o r
from the practice of 1717 onwards, namely, t h a t the Master of a Lodge who had
been a Freemason the longest was to preside on certain occasions.

Bro. RODK.H. BAXTERwrites:-

I have read with much interest and pleasure the paper of Bro. E. E.
Thiemever. of S t . Louis. I think our Brother has to be coneratulated on
contributing one of the best papers we have had from any of our American friends
for quite a long time. Nevertheless, i t seems to me Bro. Thiemeyer has gone
to a n enormous amount of trouble and research to prove t h a t when t h e Revival
of 1717 took place t h e body was not a t first called a Grand Lodge nor t h e
presiding officer a Grand Master.
I cannot, of course, speak of what our great Masonic students actually
thought on these points, b u t my own mind has always been quite clear. I never
imagined t h a t i t was decided t o bring a Grand Lodge, by that name. into
existence nor t h a t the president was elected as a Grand Mlzster. B u t the
revived body did in a short time come to be called a Grand Lodge, and therefore
its presidents were entitled to be called Grand Masters even if they had not
been so designated during the occupancy of the chair.
My own position can perhaps be made clear by a quotation from my
Prestonian Lecture for the current year, which was prepared for reading a t
Brighton on the 28th of February last, but which, owing to a breakdown in my
health, was not delivered until t h e 29th of April :-
" F o r the time being I am not concerned with the date of the creation
of Grand Lodge, which is generally assumed in the authority of t h e
Rev. James Anderson-the author of the two earliest editions of t h e
' Book of Constitutions '-to have taken place in 1717. but which need
not have been the beginning of regularly organized Freemasonry.
Anderson, although I do not doubt his sincerity and honesty, was
never very reliable and i n fairness to him i t must be remembered that
h e describes the events of 1716 and 1717, as a revival."
Bro. H. POOLE
writes : -
I am sorry I shall not be present to hear Bro. Thiemeyer's paper read,
as I thereby lose my opportunity of being tha first t o congratulate him formally
on the able way i n which he has handled a very interesting subject.
N y own interest i n Craft History belongs very largely to just the question
which he has tackled-the precise relationship between our operative past and
our speculative present: and I think he has, on the whole, a t any rate, proved
his case, and shown t h a t there was probably considerably more of continuity in
organization than we have been a p t t o think.
I do not debate the general position which Bro. Thiemeyer is attenlpting
to establish, and the time a t my disposal is too short to allow me to turn t h e
whole paper over in my mind as I would have to do in order to express any
opinion as to detail. B u t I want to conlnlent shortly on one or two of his
conclusions drawl1 from the Old Charges.
First, as regards the Hope Branch NSS. I have put in more work on
the Sloane Family t h a n on any other group of these ;\IsS. : and I have, of
course. noticed t h e reference to ' private ' assemblies many times: but i t never
occurred to me to ask myself how i t got there. I a m not inclined to accept
Bro. Thiemeyer's first explanation of i t , as a mis-reading, as I find considerable
difficulty in rewriting the word ' divers ' in seventeenth century script in such a
way as to make i t a likely one. Much more reasonable, I think, is the
alternative-that i t was deliberate. There can. I think. be no doubt a t all
that the word lwhicllever i t was) was in the orieinal of t h e H o ? ~ eBranch. as i t
appears in the >avid Ramsey h!&. . and the f a z t h a t i t does nbt appear in the
3'orli N o . /t &IS. is accounted for as Bro. Thiemeyer suggests by the probability
that the copyist of t h a t MS, had another 11s. beside him-a conclusion vhich
is forced on the critic by a large number of variatioils throughout the text.
There is one consideration which might suggest t h a t the variation ' private '
was due to a mis-reading; i n the Thistle N S , t h e reading is " at private
assemblies, there hath been private Charges added." Some years ago (A.Q.C.
xxxv.) I tried to show t h a t the Thistle and Dunzfrzes K O . 4 NSS. were largely
influenced by a contact i n late seventeenth century with the Hope Bra?tch
Original. Thus, although t h e Dzrnafrzes 4 in the same passage has the norinal
' divers ' in t h e second case, i t might still be argued t h a t t h e IIope Branch
Oviginul was written i n such a way as to allow of t h e mis-reading in the s ~ c o a d
case, and therefore also in the first.
B u t , as Bro. Thiemeyer points out. i t makes very little difference: t h e
appearance of t h e word ' private ' retains its significance however i t got there.
And I do not think Bro. Thiemeyer has realized that its significance is enhanced
by the fact t h a t the Hope Branch is definitely a Yorkshire group
- - of 3ISS.
Another matter on which I would like-to comnlent is t h e " New Articles "
of the Roberts Family. Bro. Thiemeyer quotes from the Roberts print and t h e
Grand Lodge X o . 2 and Harleian 1942 MSS. H e adds a remark calculated to
discount the value of their evidence, because some appeared after 1716. B u t
we must not forget t h a t t h e value of such evidence is vested entirely in t h e
Family Original, which i n this case can have been very little later than mid-
seventeenth century. According t o Hughan (O.C., 1895), experts have placed
the Harleian IQ,@ a t t h e beginning of the seventeenth century, and the Grand
Lodge 2 a t about t h e middle; but. in the former case he adds, " b u t from
internal evidence several of us are inclined to fix the period of its transcription
about 1650, or rather later." I am inclined to doubt t h e weight of the
' internal evidence,' whatever it was: but this is beside the point. which is, that
the Original of the whole group must belong to a date earlier than any of its
family, and thus can be. a t t h e latest, very little later than 1650. This makes
the c u ~ t o mpointed to quite definitely one of the pre-Grand Lodge period. As
to the locality, we may perhaps hazard more than a mere guess. Of the Roberfs
Family, neither of t h e earliest texts can be associated with any locality: the
Roberts Itself is a London p r i n t : the Rawlinson is a late compilation largely
236 Trnnsicctiot~sof the Q ictit /tor Coronuf i Lodge.

from printed sources; but both JIlltzozab (of 1722) and the earlier Drinkzaater 9
come from South Lancashire, the latter having a definite association there. That
the " New Articles " may very well belong to t h a t p a r t of N.W. England is
rendered by no means unlikely by their association i n the Roberts Family with
the " Apprentice Charge," which I have grounds for believing to have had its
origin in t h a t neighbourhood.
I a m surprised t h a t Bro. Thienleyer makes n o allusion to the first of
these ' New Articles " :-
" That no person, of what Degree soever, be accepted a Free Mason,
unless he shall have a Lodge of five Free Masons a t the least, whereof
one to be a Master or Warden of t h a t Limit or Division where such
Lodge shall be kept, and another (to be a workman) of the Trade of
Free Masonry. " (Composite version.)

No doubt he has seen something of the further problem to which this regulation
leads t h e way-to what extent the local Assemblies had jurisdiction over wide
areas. and so on; or, t o p u t i t in more or less modern terms, to what extent
t h e ' local ' Leodge also carried out the functions of a Provincial Grand Lodge.
I raise this point because i t struck me when reading this paper that the contrast
between ' private ' and ' general ' assemblies might be one rather of ' scope ' than
of ' function '-a suggestion implied rather than explicitly stated by the writer.
I do not, however, propose to pursue this matter a t present: i t will be time
enough for t h a t when we have assinlilated the material which Bro. Thienleyer
has nlaced before us.
I n conclusion, may I congratulate him on his refusal to take the traditional
view for granted, and on the coilviilcing way in which he has used the material
available ?

writes :-
Bro. GEO.W. BULLAMORE
I am glad to see this paper. I believe t h a t advance in our knowledge of
Xasonic history must depend 011 the full and free discussion of hypotheses based
011 the material at our disposal. Some of the arguments used to discredit this
material are very weak.
I t has been urged against the Athelstan tradition t h a t Athelstan was never
married and therefore had no son Edwin. B u t Athelstan, a n illegitimate son,
succeeded his father on the throne instead of a younger son born of another
mother in Christian wedlock. It could be urged, therefore, on somewhat similar
grounds, t h a t Athelstan's father had no son Athelstan.
The polygot nature of the charges standardised by Athelstan was such as
would arise from t h e re-conversion of the Saxons by foreign missionaries who
proceeded t o erect churches. The rules of t h e guild or fraternity of church
builders would be brought with them and would be all t h a t was necessary to
establish a branch of t h e fraternity. It appears to have been t h e method of
forming a branch of a nledisval guild and the members were sometimes admitted
on a copy of t h e Charges.
A similar standardization to that of Athelstan seems to have brought about
the Strasburg Brother-book in Germany and the Schaw Statutes in Scotland. but
just as t h e English Old Charges came to Scotland and replaced t h e Schaw Statutes,
so a t a a earlier date the French and Italian Masons and Freemasons invaded the
territory of the Athelstan Charges and eventually amalgamated with the English
fraternity. The Old Charges suggest t h a t the mistery of stone preparation
remained for a time distinct from the mistery of laying and setting, but in 1356
they were authoritatively declared to be one mistery.
The last invasion was probably a t the re-building of Westminster by
King Henry I I I . , when a branch of an Italian fraternity of church builders was
established.
 The three degrees I regard as the ceremonies of the London Company of
Freemasons (1537-1655) and to represent the membership of the Fraternity of
Yeomen, the Fellowship of iflasons and the Guild of Freemasons.
Attempts t o control the Yeomen of London in other trades took the form
of supplying their guild with a master from among the fellows, and for this
reason I believe t h a t t h e Anderson-Payne Regulations were framed to control
a movement among the journeymen or yeomen. This movement gradually
absorbed the higher degrees which could not be transmitted t h r o ~ c y hthem b u t
were passed on by t h e Fellowship and Nasters' Lodges. Control by the Company
took the form of authorizing the issue of copies of t h e Old Charges carrying the
power to form a Lodge of Journeymen. or, when held by a warden or assistant,
the power to admit to the fellowship. The great innovation was the change of
organization so t h a t t h e Master with power to form a Lodge was replaced by a
Lodge with power to elect a Master. Following this, three distinct Lodges of
AIodern Xasons, Fellows, and Masters were replaced by a Lodge of three degrees.
The BIasters' Lodge appears to have had the power always t o confer the lower
degrees but was usually content under the 1\Ioderns to work in unison with a
Fellowcraft Lodge.
The nlultinlication of Masters' L o d ~ e s was another innovation.
0
The
masters of the craft were originally t h e master, wardens and court of assistants
of the Company of Freemasons of the City of London. IIelnbers of their livery
or fellowship would have power to preside over a lodge of journeymen and such
lodges I assume t o have had the power to admit to the fraternity of the journey-
men. But the call t a the fellowship and election to t h e Court of Assistants was
the special privilege of t h e assistants themselves. W i t h a loss of the operative
basis came a loss of this method of control and the Payne-Anderson Regulations
were an attempt to regain i t . They contemplated one body only with power to
make masters or fellows.
The term Grand Master was perhaps a n old term without grandiose
meaning and signified t h e master of the masters' guild just as the sons of sons
and parents of parents are called grandsons and grandparents. I I e would be
the general master of the craft governing through his wardens, assistants and
fellows those who were accepted masons by the journeymen lodges.

zwites:-
Bro. R . J . NEEKREN
While I am naturally very closely in accord with the conclusions reached
by Bro. Thiemeyer, yet there are a few minor points upon which I am inclined
to disagree with him, and some others which I should have expressed differently.
The thesis might seem to have been better divided into two, one dealing
with the question of the persistence or survival of t h e Assembly, and its trans-
formation into the present Grand Lodge form of organization, and the other
dealing with the origin of the term " Grand." as part of t h e style of the chief
official of the Fraternity and of its supreme legislative and executive organ.
Really the chief interest and importance of the latter question appears to me
to be its bearing upon t h e former, which I should regard as the main one.
There is one source of confusion that presents itself a t once in any
attempt to interpret t h e evidence, and t h a t is the multiplicity of loosely used
terms and phrases. A s I understand him, Bro. Thienleyer is not primarily
concerned with these names b u t with the thing or things designated by them.
I n order to follow the course of events we evidently have to get below the surface
of verbal expressions. The institution spoken of most frequently as the Assembly
was. I believe, precisely the same thing as the General Lodge of York and the
General Head Neeting of Alnwick : and i t might just as well have been
described as, congregation, conventicle, coven, or any other term of like import.
I n other words, there was n o fixed universal name for i t . It was a traditiona1
institution, or organ, of the Craft, essentially the same everywhere, but every-
where marked by local variations and with local designations.
 I would suggest t h a t in every instance where we have a record of corporate
i\Iasonic activity of the pre-Grand Lodge type, i t can be best interpreted as an
organization t h a t in embryo is of the same kind as that existing to-day. The
difference is mainly one of size, and fixation or standardization of procedure.
The old Scottish Lodges, as also those of York and Alnwick, were to all intents
and purposes tiny Grand Lodges. Their territory was limited. their membership
small, but they were sovereign and independent. Their members formed them-
selves into " private " Lodges, a t their convenience, to enter and make 3Iasons.
and this by a n acknowledged right, limited only by the traditional requirements,
and the duty of transmitting fees and reporting the names of those '. made "

to the ' general " Lodge. So far as indications remain, t h e Masons made in
such private (and temporary) Lodges were nornlally " passed, " or " made free, "
or " accepted," only a t the general meeting, or assemhly, or Lodge. Our
machinery of dispensations. warrants, charters, and so on, does nothing more.
The private, particular or (in America) subordinate Lodge has itself become
u e r n ~ a n e n t : b u t all the chances are the natural and inevitable result of increase
U

in numbers. and the consolidation and expansion of territorial units into a

' Jurisdiction, ' Constitution " or ' Obedience.' as i t is variously called in
different parts of the Nasonic World. Indeed. I should go further than to say
t h a t the first Grand Lodge replacecl the Assembly. I should prefer to say t h a t
the Grand Lodge, so-called by Anderson, of the period between 1716 and 1720,
was the Assembly, whatever term may actually have been used during those
years to designate i t . Whether i t had survived, or was revived, cannot be
definitely determined. Anderson's account suggests revival. B u t . if so, i t was
revival in one circumscribed locality of what was a living usage elsewhere: and
probably ( I should think) one t h a t had only fallen into desuetude within the
IIasonic lives of t h e senior anlong those concerned in its revival.
Bro. Thiemeyer's analysis of the phraseology in the first and second
editions of the BooJi of C o ~ i ~ t i f u t i mto ~ s ,my mind, shows conclusively that a
definite and fixed usage of the word " Grand " in 1738 had only been a wavering
and uncertain one in 1723. I cannot bring myself t o think t h a t this change or
progression was a deliberate, or even a conscious one. New words and phrases
seldom come t h a t way. Witness, for example, the history of the term
Jlodernism." It has quite definitely changed and crystallized in meaning
since, not many years ago, i t was first used in the Papal condemnation of liberal
scholars in the Roman Church.
The term " Grand " was evidently in use in 1721. Dr. Stukeley's Diary
proves that. The dedication of the L o n g Livers of Eugenius Philalethes published
in 1722 is a n additional indication; but Anderson in 1723 proves t h a t i t was not
yet fixed or exclusive, though i t would appear t h a t i t was even then fast
becoming so.
While i t is tempting to think that the election of the Duke of Montagu
as head of t h e Fraternity may have been the occasion for the change, yet i t was
very probably in use before t h a t : i t may even have been used, alternatively with
the term ' General," as early as 1717. W e cannot say, for there is nothing to
show definitely. It is always safe to assume that the first recorded instance of
the use of a -term is subseiuent to its introduction. I should, therefore, feel
the safest conclusion would be that " Grand " may have been used occasionally
in the period 1716-1721, and that " General " had become obsolete by 1738.
As I have said, there is not the least need to assume any conscious intention to
drop the older epithet on anyone's part. The careful deletion of the term in
the second edition of the C o m t i t c t f i o 7 ~ s meant no more than that Anderson
revised his phraseology i n accordance with what had by then come to be the
general usage: a most natural thing to do, especially as the work was a Code.
and not a source book for history.
%11en t h e earliest Minutes of Grand Lodge are considered in the light of
these conclusions there emerge a number of indications t h a t changes in organic
structure mere taking place a t the same time, and these are confirmed by
Anderson's account of the first, years of the revived institution. We are forced
 Discussion. 239

t o the conclusion t h a t not only was the term Grand Lodge used as synonynlous
with General Lodge, b u t t h a t i t received a second meaning, in which i t was
applied to a sort of Executive Conlmittee (or Board of General Purposes)
con~posedof the blasters and Wardens of the private Lodges. It is this t h a t
we are definitely told is t h e Grand Lodge in Regulation X I I . , and this use is
consistently followed throughout the subsequent articles.
If this was all we had to go upon, and if we could feel assured t h a t they
were printed exactly as Payne proposed them, i t would have t o be admitted t h a t
a Grand Lodge. constituted as we know them now, was in existence by 1721.
But the inconsistencies found elsewhere in the C o ? ~ s t i t u t i o n smake this highly
doubtful, and in any case Regulation X X X I X , makes i t clear t h a t the final
court of appeal was still the Assembly. the Congregation of t h e whole Craft,
Apprentices and Fellows as well as the officers of particnlar Lodges. The
conclusion is. therefore, indicated t h a t what is now a Grand Lodge, exercising
the " sovereign " power of t h e old Assembly, was originally what I have just
called i t , an executive committee, responsible to the Assembly, even though i t
was from the first inclined to arrogate all power to itself.
The transition state appears in the guarded account of the difference of
opinion in the first entry i n t h e Grand Lodge Minute Book. The Grand Lodge.
in the restricted sense of t h e Regulations, strongly favoured the publication of
the Roofi of C o ~ ~ s t ~ t ~while ~ t ~ oa nmajority
~, in t h e Assembly evidently did not.
There may. with this particnlar cause of cliqpute, have also been a dislike of the
growing power of t h e active Executive Committee of officers on the part of the
Craft at large. B u t the development was inevitable, and the conservatives had
t o make the best of i t .
I should hardly describe t h e alternative use of the word " General " in
the 1723 C o n s t i t z ~ t i o n sas a " slip of the pen." The two terms, as I should
take it, both being in common use, i t was perfectly natural that this should be
reflected in the new Masonic Code. The older term having fallen into disuse
later on quite satisfactorily accounts for the revision of these passages in the
second edition.
Equally I am doubtful if Payne had any intention of changing the
terminology of t h e Craft. If we assume t h a t t h e Regulations as printed are
substantially as he presented them, we could suppose t h a t he intended to erect
a definite executive body responsible to the Assembly, in something the same way
t h a t the Cabinet was related to Parliament, or perhaps as the House of Lords
was related to the Commons. I t might then have been possible that he did
use the term Grand Lodge to distinguish this new organ from t h e General Lodge
(or Assembly). A n d the similarity of the two terms would then have operated
as a powerful reason for the disuse of the latter term, merely for the sake of
avoiding confusion. The new executive body could not properly be called a
General Lodge in t h e old sense, and if the term Grand Lodge had previously
been alternatively used t o designate the Assembly, then its being adopted for
t h e meetings of Masters and Wardens would be a n added motive for dropping
the other term, especially if we supposed i t had not been much used in the
L~ondon area. The London Masons may have been quite able to understand
what the Brethren a t York, for example, meant by a General Lodge, while yet
seldom or never using the term themselves. W e are all familiar with many
words and phrases we hardly ever employ.
The really exceptional feature of London Masonry was the fact that there
were a t least four permanent Lodges instead of only one. This may be ascribed
~ a r t l yto the size and of the place, and partly to the great influx of
operative craftsmen after t h e Great Fire. It seems probable that not only
would this have led to t h e entrance of many operative apprentices, b u t also to
t h e affiliation of an abnormal number of gentlemen or honorary Alasons, too.
But whatever was t h e actual course of events, i t is plausible to assume t h a t the
tradition would ~ e r s i s tthat the government of the Craft i n the area belonged
to a general assembly of all Masons. The preliminary meeting of 1716 was
held at the most central locality, b u t that of 1717 was held a t the meeting place
240 T r m s n c t i o n s of t J ~ eQucctuor C'oronati Lodge.

of that Lodge, which was either the original one of London or the one which
by its locality was held in some sense to represent i t .
The whole discussion brings out the important thing, sonletimes forgotten
i t would seem, t h a t Masons have always been conservative, and t h a t no more than
they would to-day, did they break out into a course of illnovations two centuries
ago. The organization evolved; and while a t some periods evolution was possibly
much accelerated, t h e process was always so gradual, relative t o the life of
individuals, t h a t no break of continuity was felt. A n d i n this case we would
have only another instame of a normal law in constitutional development. by
which a smaller executive body, through sheer convenieuce and practicality,
supersedes a larger and more unwieldy one. The process has ilot stopped a t the
second stage, in which the " Grand Lodge " of Regulation X I . , usurped the
powers aud functioils of the Assembly, but in every part of the world smaller
and more conlpact bodies still have (as we all know) practically usurped the real
power of the Grand Lodge. The oldy difference being t h a t the Grand Lodge still
continues to exist as a check, whereas the Assembly simply had t o cease with the
growth and centralization of the Craft.

Bro. W . J . SOSGHURSTw r i t e s :-
While admitting t h a t an Author must be deemed t h e best judge of t h e
manner of presenting his own work. I callnot help thinking t h a t it would have
been more convenient for his critics if Bro. Thiemeyer had given us in three
papers the three subjects with which he has dealt. They are not necessarily
related t o one another, though each is of definite interest, and is based upon the
tradition of general Nasonic Assemblies or meetings for purposes connected with
the trade or craft.
The only direct evidence we possess of these Assemblies of Mason-whether
National or Local-is that which is contained in the various copies of the Old
Charges. and we may include the Regilts and C'oofie MSS.. for although their
form differs in several resuects from that of other MSS.. i t is evideut that all
are derived from a common but unknown original, though doubtless through
different lines of descent. The multiplication of copies must not be taken as
increasing the evidential value of any one, b u t allowance may be made for the
possible adaptation of t h e text to local conditions. These documents state that
Assemblies of Masons were first ordained by Euclid, and were afterwards con-
firmed by Patrons of AIasonry or employers of labour, such as Solomon, Nimrod,
Charles Nartel, Athelstan, and St. Alban. It was also ordered that every
Nason should attend the Assembly if h e was within a certain distauce of the
place of meeting, and had received proper notice. Bro. Gould made diligent
search amongst the many original official records that exist dealing with English
life and customs in Medieval times, aud he found no reference whatever to any
Assen~blieshaving been held, nor, in fact, to any special privileges or immunities
granted t o Masons.
Furthermore, i n a paper printed in the Trn~~aclctio~zs of the Humber
Installed llasters Lodge No. 2494 in 1895. Bro. Gould said :-
c t
. , . the 15th Century, the date which has been attached to the
earliest group of the MS. Coustitutions, is about the most unlikely
period in late medizval times for a General Meeting of the 1Iasons.
or indeed of any English artisans, t o have taken place. Such a
meeting would have been, I won't say less improbable. but less
miraculous during the first half of the 14th Century. Afterwards
came the 100 years war with France, the Black Death, the Statutes
of Labourers, and the long and sanguiuary W a r s of the Roses.
During the reign of Henry V I . (15th Century) the bulwarks of social
order seemed crunlbliilg away, private wars. riots. open highway
robbery, murder, abduction, armed resistauce to the law, prevailed on
 a scale that h a d been unknown since the troublous times of Edward II.,
one might almost say since the evil days of Stephen. About the time
of Edward I V . ' s accession to the throne in 1461. a date which may
be regarded as a little later than the B e g i u s and a little earlier than
the G'ooke IISS., there mere ruined villages. uncultivated fields, and
decayed towns and cities. The population of Britain had sunk to
2 000,000 of all ages, and all men from 16 to 60, the Clergy not
excepted, were every moment liable t o be called into the field.
" That a t such a period the Masons employed a t t h e cathedrals, abbeys,
castles, cities. towns, and villages throughout the country, abandoned
their work and repaired t o some very mysterious rendezvous in order
to settle differences connected ~ i t h
their handicraft, no one will credit
for a n instant. and whether in the more tranauil times which nrevailed
prior to t h e 100 years war, the black death, and the other convulsions
I have referred to, the holding of such a meeting would have been,
let me say, less impossible, m41 become the subject of [further]
enquiry. ' '
I have quoted from this paper of Bro. Gould because i t is somewhat later in
date than those to which Bro. Thiemeyer has referred. I t shows that after
further consideration of the subiect Bro. Gould saw no reason to alter the
opinions which he had earlier expressed. B u t , of course, i t will be realized t h a t
this evidence is entirely negative-no mention of meetings has been found, and
the social conditions of the neriod seem to make such m e e t i n ~ simaracticable.
0

We can, however, date a considerable amount of work on the reconstruction or

restoration of ecclesiastical buildings in England as between, say, 1380 and 1450.
Bro. Thiemeyer is not inclined t o accept Bro. Gould's conclusions, and
would appear to treat t h e mythical history contained in the O l d C h a r g e s as
being absolute fact, or perhaps one should rather say, as f o u n d e d on fact. H e
calls to his aid the testimony of Plot i n his Sntural Histomy of Stnforrlshlire,
1686, and. by the way, t h e accuracy of the statements therein contained is not
in any way increased " because this learned man was a friend of Elias Ashmole."
B u t what did Plot s a y ? H e 'derived all his informtaiou from a copy of t h e
Old Charges to which he had access, and held the legendary history up to
ridicule. H e had heard of meetings or Lodges being held all over the country,
of course including Stafiordshire, as otherwise he would have had no excuse for
dragging the Masons into his History of that County. H e was evidently under
the impression that these Lodges, of which he h a d heard, were the Congregations
or Confederacies against which t h e Act of Parliament was passed in the reign of
Henry V I . And so he advised t h a t they should be examined to see if they
nlighi not be doing such mischief as would warrant action against them.
Bro. Thiemeyer argues t h a t Assemblies must have been held, otherwise
Acts of Parliament would not have been needed i n order-as he assumes-to
suppress them. B u t Bro. Gould has shown t h a t these Acts were passed for t h e
purpose of preventing t h e holding of illegal meetings in contravention of the
Statutes of Labourers. They seem to have been directed in the first instance
against the Building Trades generally, and not against Masons in particular.
and it is curious t h a t they do not mention the word a s s e m b l y or its equivalent
in their original Latin or Norman French, b u t speak of covins or conventicles or
chapters or congregations. There seems to be a suggestion of something under-
hand or secret in such meetings, while if the O l d C h a r g e s are to be accepted,
the Assemblies were perfectly legal, and, in fact, enjoined by proper authority.
When we can say with certainty why, when, and by whom, the original
legend of the O l d ChnrCles was compiled, and for what purpose the various copies
were made. we may be able to answer many questions t h a t a t present are a
puzzle to us.
And yet I do feel that some of these docunlents need further close
exam~nationin connection with this particular subject. There is, for example,
the IT7d1~r~m.T T 7 u t ~ o ~illS.
z (dated 168i). with its statement that the "charges
242 Trnnstcctions of t h e Quntztor C'oronati L o d g e .

have been seen and perused by our late Sovereign King H e n r y t h e Sixth and
the Lords of t h e Honourable Council and they have allowed them well and said
they were right good and reasonable." Henry VI. reigned from 1422 to 1461.
If this is a record of actual fact, the Act of 1425 against Congregations yet
remained on t h e Statute Book. Then there is t h e Coolie JIS. (written czrca
1450), which nlentions the word ' Assembly ' ( s e m b l t ) , as does t h e R e y i u s illS.
(written circa 1390). B u t the Cooke text is followed by the Book of Charges,
which is admittedly a compilation of earlier date than the Cooke original, and
in this Book of Charges t h e word ' Assembly ' does not appear, b u t ' Congrega-
tion ' takes its place. W e would like to know t h e reason for this change. I
do not think t h a t any argument can properly be based upon t h e R o b e r t s Prznt
of 1722. I t is t r u e t h a t we do not know the actual n~anuscript from which the
print was made, b u t none of t h e known nlembers of the Roberts family (they
possibly date from 1650 to 1670), which contain the New Articles, mention a
General Assembly a t which these were agreed upon. The P r i n t says t h a t it was
held on the 8 December, 1663, but i t is remarkable t h a t the place of meeting is
left blank. Anderson-if he copied from the p r i n t h a s with his usual
perversity made the date 27 December, b u t even he thought i t better not to
suggest the locality of the Assembly. Still, for what they are worth, we have
these Additional or New Articles, which, by whonlsoever compiled, seem to have
been based on conditions which permitted non-operative Masons t o be associated
with operatives in the Assemblies of which they speak, and there appears to be
the distinction between Society and Company, to which I will refer later. If
the distinction is as I suggest, then one might imagine London as the place of
compilation of the R o b e r t s original.
My own particular difficulty is in trying to imagine what organization or
governing body existed which could issue sumnlonses to a general meeting of
3Iasons. The Assembly must have been something beyond t h e meeting of a
particular Lodge, for i t is not to be suggested t h a t the Master would have been
unable to call his men together without special regulations being drawn up for
the purpose. I n t h e City of London there was t h e i\Iasons Company or Guild,
which could deal with its own members. B u t outside London separate Guilds
of BIasons were practically non-existent, t h e Masons being frequently associated
with other trades not necessarily connected with building construction, and in
some places ' Hammermen ' were grouped together. I should therefore be
interested to know what theory Bro. Thiemeyer has to p u t forward about a
governing body which a t any time or a t any place could give the Masons notice
about a n Assembly then to be held. Further evidence may be forthcoming,
but a t present I am unable t o accept Brol. Thien~eyer'sview t h a t Masons were
actually called together in the manner suggested by t h e Old Charges.
To some extent Bro. Thiemeyer has expressed his opinions on the point
in the third part of his paper, though this deals mainly with what he designates
" The London Craft." That a Lodge or Society of Freemasons was in
existence within, b u t distinct from, the London Masons Company or Guild,
from the beginning of the seventeenth century, and inferentially from an
earlier date. has been well known to hIasonic students since the History of the
Company was written and published by Bro. Conder in 1894, and evidence of
one meeting of this Lodge (in 1682) is furnished by Ashmole in his Diary.
There is other evidence of a S o c i e t y as distinguished from the C'ompnuy in the
d n t i q i r ~ t ? yZS. of t h e Old Ch/zrges which was written in 1686 by " Robert
Padgett CIearke to the Worshipful Society of the Free Masons of t h e City of
London." On this Bro. Conder writes: " The Padgett fanlily belonged to the
Xasons Company, b u t B o b e r f Padgett's name I cannot find." This clear
distinction between the Society of Freemasons and t h e 3Iasons Company or
Guild is important, and does not seem to have been noted by Bro. Thiemeyer,
although he realizes that ' there was a distinction between t h e Lodges of Masons
and the 3lasons Company. "
Bro. Thiemeyer is quite aware that " conditions in the Craft were some-
what different in London from what they were in t h e Provinces," but he goes
on to say: ' Instead of one Lodge in a locality we have several; instead of the
Lodge being the operative government, we find the Masons Coinpally occupying
that position. The London Lodges, then, instead of being orgauizations for the
control of the operative craft, are really speculative in character. They have
operative IUasons as members, of course, but their functions are solely for the
preservation of the esoteric material which is the traditional heritage of the
Craft."
This train of thought would lead to the conclusion t h a t speculative "
or non-operative Lodges existed only in London, while we know, for example.
t h a t of the recorded members of the Lodge a t Warrington in 1646, not one was
a n operative Mason. W e may be entitled t o assume t h a t possibly the London
Company exercised some kind of control over the Lodge or Society which met
on its premises, although of this there is no evidence: and we do not know of
any other Lodge or Society which existed in the City of London. Such Lodges
may, however, have been formed amongst the Nasons engaged on any large
building operations, and, in fact, Anderson mentions ( C o n s f ~ t u t i o 7 71738.
~, p. 107)
one other Lodge within the City limits--on Tower Hill-in 1693.
I t seems almost a pity t h a t Bro. Thiemeyer has dragged into his paper the
oft-discussed question of Sir Christopher Wren's connection with the Craft.
Anderson states quite clearly t h a t Wren was appointed Grand Warden in 1663,
t h a t in ' 1685 the Lodges met and elected Sir Christopher Wren Grand Master,"
t h a t a few years aftcrwards-perhaps 1693-King William 111. ' approved of
their choice of G. Master Wren," and t h a t in 1695 t h e Duke of Richmond
l
was chosen Grand Master and approv'd by the King. Sir Christopher Wren
was his D.G. AIaster, who acted as before a t the head of the Craft. and was
again chosen Grand Master, A.D. 1698." So Anderson states that Wren was
first appointed Grand 3Iaster in 1685. after acting as Grand Warden in 1663.
while Aubrey says t h a t he was to be " adopted a brother " in 1691. Which of
these statements is to be discarded if both refer to the same organization?
Aubrey's book was not printed until 1844. One wonders how Anderson would
have described Wren if he had known of the reference. Bro. Thiemeyer speaks
of " the fact that [Wren] was a member and attended Lodge with some
regularity." Where does he find any evidence of such nlenlbership and
attendance? The Lodge of Antiquity claims to be the present representative of
what has been termed the Old Lodge of St. Pauls, b u t i t has no records con-
temporary with Wren. Notes which purport to date from 1721 were evidently
written not earlier than 1768, and " all that can be said is t h a t historically they
are of no value whatever.' (Rylands, Records of t h e Loclye Origiual S o . I . )
Bro. Thiemeyer raises a novel and very curious point in regard to the
actual description made use of in 1716-7 by the founders of the central governing
body for London and Westminster. I t is, of course, quite within the bounds of
possibility that they desired to extend the jurisdiction of a n existing organization
by including under its powers the three (or more) Lodges that were meeting
outside the boundaries of t h e City of London. B u t of this there is no evidence.
The question is-what did they call the new Body? W a s i t from the first called
a ' Grand Lodge ' with the almost certain Grand Master.' or were the terms
' General Lodge ' and ' General Master ' ? I do not think any argument can be
based upon the use of ' General Assembly ' in some versions of the Old Chnrgrs,
nor upon the ' General Lodge ' i11 York and elsewhere. If the word ' general '
was intended to have any particular meaning, i t was probably used to
differentiate between the Annual or stated and the ordinary or casual meetings.
The old Lodge a t York undoubtedly copied London in adopting the term
' Grand ' in 1725. I n Ireland the word was in use in that same year, though
we know nothing about the earlier period of organization there. I n Scotland
the Grand Lodge was formed in 1736, evidently on the lines of England. But
these are all after the publication of Ailderson's C o ~ ~ s trtrons
tit of 1723. wherein
the word had become crystallized, and i t is necessary to look for earlier evidence.
Even if we disregard the testimony of Stukeley-and I see no reason to doubt
that by Gd.' he really meant ' Grand -we can refer to the dedicatioli of Long
Livers (dated 1 March. 1721) which is ' To the Grand Master, Masters,
U7ardens, and Brethren, ' etc. This is actually nearly four nlonths earlier than
Stukeley's reference if we assume that the writer was using the Civil or Legal
date of the period. We may. a t all events. take i t that the term was well
established in 1721. and yet in that very year Desaguliers on a visit (24 August)
to the old Lodge of Mary s Chapel in Edinburgh. is described in the Minutes
as ' late General1 Master of the Mason Lodges in England," and so Bro.
Thiemeyer is inclined to believe that Desaguliers was appointed G e n e ~ n lMaster
of the Genera7 Lodge on 24 J u n e 1719, and t h a t Payne. who succeeded him i n
the Chair o n 24 J u n e 1720. was called Gmud Master of t h e Grand Lodge.
Though not impossible. this does not sould quite reasonable. The entry in the
3Iinute Book in Edinburgh has certainly one mistake when i t describes Desaguliers
as General Master of E I I J / I N I Z C I .IS i t going too f a r to suggest that in an
attendance book he wrote after his name ' late G.M.' and that the Scribe, not
having heard of a Grand Master, used a word which seemed to him to express
the idea he had formed of hls position?
I am really quite sorry that at present I an1 not able to accept Bro.
Thiemeyer's theories. H e has evidently given a considerable amount of time to
the study of the various points which he has placed before us, and it is a great
advantage t h a t they have been presented from a fresh point of view. For myself
I shall certainly look with keener interest for any scraps of evidence which may
help to a definite conclusion in regard to the -event; t h a t culminated in the
formation of a governing body for the Craft in 1716-7, even though I may still
continue to call that organization the GrawI Lodge.

Bro. L. VIBERTwrites:-
Bro. Thiemeyer has been able to bring to the consideration of a familiar
series of facts a n entirely open mind, and he has succeeded in regrouping then1
in a very interesting manner. I do not think that his suggestions involve us in
any structural changes in our theories of the general question of the descent of
the modern Craft, b u t he has, as i t appears to me, invited us to make modifica-
tions of detail which deserve careful Eksideration.
The paper really deals with three distinct subjects. There is first the
question of the Assembly and the possibility that i t actually had a contiiluous
existence b u t with an altered function. and subsequently a change of name.
There is next t h e question of the change of termillology from General Lodge
and General 3Iaster to Grand Lodge and Grand 31aster, and Bro. Thienleyer
makes quite a new suggestion, which is that these latter terms were not in use
till Payne's second term of office. These two questions are to some extent
connected. Finally there is the question of the London Company, which is
quite a distinct matter and really requires to be treated more fully in a separate
naoer
I I
W i t h regard to the Assembly, a t the very outset we are confronted by
the fact that of any actual meeting of the Craft, whether local or for a larger
area, before the middle of the seventeenth century, there is no evidence. That
is not to say t h a t the existence of the practice is to be denied. We have the
rules for it-in several forms-but of the practice itself no record whatever.
Bro. Thienleyer lays great stress 011 the general agreement of the later
texts in saying t h a t Edwiil held an assembly a t York. B u t this merely means
that this statement occurs in the original from which they all derive. That
original can hardly be of earlier date than the sixteenth century. and the most
probable explanation of the assertion about York was p u t forward as long ago
as 1891 by Bro. W. H. Rylands. (A.Q.C. iv.. 214.) I t is t h a t the compiler,
who found Edwin in his original, confused him with Edwin of York who did
in fact hold a parliament near t h e r e b u t t h a t was i n A . D . 627. And
Begemann says that while a n explauatiou that will satisfy everyone is not easy
to give, yet one thing is certain and that is that the statement does not
 Disc ussion.. 245

represent any contenlporary tradition : these docunlents were put together simply
to glorify the Craft and support its claims to antiquity, and the question of
their historical accuracy was one t h a t i t would occur to no one to raise.
H e does not allude to the three texts of the Lansdown Branch which
speak of Edwin as being made a mason " at Windsor." However, as was
pointed out long ago, this is merely a scribe's error for the word " himself," and
i t can be disregarded. The statement of the Roberts, itself a print of :722,
that the Additional Orders, the New Articles as they are usually called, were
,cgreed upon " A T a General Assembly held a t -on the eighth December
1663 " is one on which i t is not safe to base any deductions, until the actual
text which the Roberts editor was reproducing turns up. Possibly this date was
given in his original, with a place-name which was illegible: iu that case there
was a General Assembly held, somewhere, in 1663, of which no other record
exists. B u t all one can safelv sav
d ./ a t this stage is t h a t in l722 Roberts was
0

familiar with the tern1 General Assembly.

Bro. Thienleyer endeavours to take his assemblies back altogether too far,
and really so extreme an antiquity is not needed for his thesis. Assenlblies of
the Fraternity, whether general or local, cannot antedate that Fraternity itself,
still less go back t o a time before there was any sort of organization in any craft
whatever i n this country. And notwithstanding the statement that it was
d t h d s t a n who reformed t h e Craft in England. i t is most unlikelv that there was
0

anything in the nature of a gild or fraternity among t h e building trades until

the art itself had become one requiring special technical skill, which is equivalent
to saying until the masons were building Gothic.
And since i t is clear, I think, that the Charges General and Special
continued to be reproduced and indeed enjoined long after they had ceased to
have any real relation to existing Craft custom, we are left without ally indication
of when the custom fell out of use, and are wholly unable to say to what extent
i t in fact functioned a t any given time. That i t rose and fell with the Gothic
archittviure to which i t was ancillary is, I imagine. on general principles a
fairly safe assumption. That i t was, as a trade custom, already being riut to
improper uses by the early p a r t of the fifteenth century by the Craftsmen
themselves, we have the evidence of the Statutes and of the Norwich Gilds
(3.Q.C'.xv.. 197), as well as t h a t of Wycklif as quoted by G. G. Coulton
(,Soczn7 Life i n B r i t a i n , p . 490). and more fully in illiw. Lnt. ( X I I I . . 31) by our
late Bro. E . H . Dring. B u t Bro. Thiemeyer's suggestion is that i t was a regular
incident of Craft life and t h a t i t never in fact fell into complete desuetude.
The nolitical machinerv of t h e nation itself had o r ia~ i n a l l v included a
d

General Assembly. This was a n inheritance from tribal days when it was a
practical proposal. It very soon became an affair of representation, but for
the local assemblies of the town or leet t h e attendance of every freeman who
had not got an exenlption was still technically obligatory as late as the days of
Henry 111. The Gilds being almost without exception local bodies, had no
difficulty in perpetuating the custom. The Freemasons, from their very incep-
tion-whenever t h a t may have been-were a body of men not confined to any one
locality. They can only, therefore, have reproduced t h e custom in some modified
form. There are instances of members of Gilds travelling fairly long distances
to attend annual meetings, or rather, i t would be more exact to say, there are
gild-laws which contemplate t h a t they should do so. One reference, for which
I am indebted t o Bro. Douglas Knoop. will be found a t p. 134 of Lambert's
Two Thozcanncl rears of Gild Life. The Gild of t h e Beverley Minstrels com-
prised all minstrels between Trent and Tweed, and they were all ' accuston~ed
yerely to resort unto this town and borough of Beverley, a t the Rogation Days "
to choose the officers of the year and conduct t h e other business of the Gild.
Then according to t h e regulations of the Peltyers of Norwich, as printed by
Toulmin Smith (E.E.T.S. xl., 30), no man shall be excused of absence at the
yearly mass but i t be for (among other causes) twenty mile dwelling from this
site. So that we here have in East Anglia twenty miles and in Yorkshire
anything u p to 120 as the distance within which attendance was considered to
246 Trciirsactions of t h e Q U L E ~ ~C( (Oo Tr o n ( ~ t Li o d g e .

be a duty. The Old C h n ~ g e smostly give fifty miles as the distance, b u t i t

would be quite unsafe to make any assertion as to what the original distance
was when they were first compiled. Still, in view of t h e instances just given this
does not seem to be a n excessive mileage for the members of a Fraternity which
was undoubtedly widespread and accustomed to travel. I t would, in most
dioceses, more t h a n cover the whole area. They would travel on foot and t h e
distances t h a t craftsnlen were prepared so to travel in those days are certainly
surprising to our modern notions. The Conlpagnon who wished to complete the
Tour de France. a task that was still being frequently accomplished as late as
the beginning of last century. had to travel in all 1.500 miles. (A .Q.C. xxxiii..
200.) B ~ z tI quite agree that for any gathering of t h e craftsmen over a wider
area t h a n a diocese there was, apart from practical difficulties, no need: a diocese
mould be the natural area for which a craft so closely associated with the Church
nould tend to arrange its organization. B u t once more there is no evidence
anywhere of anything of the kind. Indeed, the fact t h a t the Fabric Rolls at
York and Exeter have no reference to any absence of the AIasters and Fellows
for the purpose of attellding Craft meetings is to some extent evidence in the
opposite direction.
All we have is the descriptions of the Rep'118 and Coolce, which may be
taken as fifteenth century accounts of an institution perhaps already in i t s
decline, accounts which are themselves transcripts of, or a t least based on, much
earlier records. W e can understand that the Craft. while ready to recognise
the official connection with the Sheriff and " !Mayor of t h a t cite ' (however that
came into existence), when i t served their purl)bse. would always tend to keep
their Craft gatherings and the discussion of their Craft concerns in their own
hands, and as their own organization developed would drop t h e association with
the law officers of the Crown entirely. here must ha<e been some form of
internal discipline, as also some orgamization for t h e c o i ~ ~ i ~ ~ u ~ ~ iof
c a tthe
ion
discoveries i n architecture-a rapidly developing science-but just what form
these took we cannot glean from the texts, and there is practically no other
evidence.
Bro. Thiemeyer has, I think, failed to notice an important indication of
development between the date of the Book of Charges and t h a t of the Grand
Lodge forin of the Charges. The Book of Charges is definite t h a t the first
business of t h e Assembly (or rather the Congregation) is to admit new men and
c h a r ~ ethem. I n t h e later fom1 we are merelv told t h a t t h e brethren must
0

come to t h e Assembly and there stand to the award of their fellows, 2nd we get
a wholly new provision, the Fifth Special Charge, which indicates t h a t suitable
persons can be made masons a t any time or place provided a quorum is present
and consents. This means t h a t the admitting of masons is now being done in
the Lodges. The tendency would be for the Lodges, especially those of a more
or less permanent character a t the larger cathedrals, to get all this business into
their own hands and to be in fact independent societies, b u t with full recognition
one of another.
That there ever was a General Assembly of masons of the whole nation
we will surely be safe in denying: such a meeting could not have escaped t h e
notice of the chroniclers. Bro. Thienleyer devotes a good deal of space to this
point, b u t I do not think anyone will disagree with his conclusion t h a t whatever
meetings there were can only have been local. Nevertheless, as he has pointed
out. me get t h e clear statement that the Charges were agreed on at divers
Assemblies, and these Charges are accepted as binding by the whole Fraternity,
and. notwithstanding differences in wording between one text and another. they
are all clearly derived from a single original. I n t h e absence of any evidence
of a central organization or a governing body, i t is very difficult to understand
how the Charges General and Special came to be enacted, how they were
promulgated, and why they should comnland general acceptance. as it would
seem t h a t they did. It must be remembered that they were not put into shape
until Gothic architecture had almost ceased to develop and had become formalized
and largely stereotyped.
 Discussion. 247

Bro. Thiemeyer bases some of his arguments on mere clerical errors i n

certain texts, clerical errors which naturally all the texts of one Branch repeat,
since their occurrence in a series of texts was precisely the ground for making
those texts a Branch. Probably the masons, like the gilds, had general meeting
days on fixed dates, and occasional private meetings, convened nrl hoc, although
i t would be unsafe to assume that the terminology in this respect was always strictly
adhered t o ; and in t h e absence of sufficient evidence we cannot be certaiu as to
what exactly the distinction in function was: i t no doubt varied in different
localities. But the distinction that he draws between the meeting prescribed by
law,-whatever its title-which met on a fixed day, and the meeting summoned
whenever the occasion required one, is probably valid: i t is supported by Gild
analogy. A Gild or Fraternity t h a t had no Gild-hall would necessarily require
to notify its members of t h e place of meeting, even if the date was fixed before-
hand. The Freenlasons would probably often be in this predicament.
I n the case of the ordinary Craft Gild i t is obvious t h a t when the trade
disappeared the organizatio~iwould all go too. B u t the view is held by many
that the Freemasons were not an ordinary Craft Gild and t h a t our Freemasonry
to-day derives from them in unbroken descent, because they had the special
feature of an esoteric element, independent of trade affairs, and able to continue,
when the trade itself was extinct. This is after all no more t h a n a hypothesis.
b u t there is a continuity in respect of the text of the O l d C h m y e s which appears
to bridge the interval. Bro. Thienleyer seeks to make out a continuity for the
annual meeting. H i s review of t h e evidence leads him to the conclusion t h a t
when Freemasonry reappears in the seventeenth century i t is following t h e
custom. familiar in t h e Gilds, of annual meetings. I n t h e absence of evidence
as to the conditions in t h e days of the building Fraternity this does not amount
to continuity. B u t so f a r as i t goes i t may be considered as evidence in favour
of the unbroken descent hypothesis. But all terminology a t the period was so
loosely used t h a t any discussion as to what exactly these various meetings were
called. and what the names meant, is bound to be somewhat sterile.
The most t h a t Bro. Thiemeyer's n~arshallingof the evidence amounts to,
as i t appears to me, is t h a t t h e docunlents preserve t h e traces of a time when
there were Craft Assemblies, or Congregations, and the individual Lodges had.
in common with all Gilds and the Companies t h a t were their successors, t h e
custom of an annual meeting, which had now become a meeting restricted purely
to the individual Lodge, with the possible exception of York. Gild custom is
itself a sufficient explanation for the adoption by the Craft of the system
originally, without there being any necessity to derive i t from Norman or pre-
Norman builders, and ultimately from foreign sources. Moreover the develop-
ments t h a t took place in and after 1717 are quite independent phenomena, and
are not a t all affected by the question of how t h e Craft a t t h a t time came by i t s
Assembly, except in so far as tradition, or actual survival determined t h e
terminology that was found to be in use. I n any case the word Assembly had
within a very few years dropped out altogether.
A t the commencement of his second section Bro. Thiemeyer suggests t h a t
there is no reasoil for supposing t h a t Anderson's reproduction of the original
Regulations is not substantially accurate. I hold an exactly contrary opinion,
as he will see if he looks a t the Bicentenary reproduction of the 1723 Comtitutions
(vicle also A .Q.C. xxxvi.. 56 : xxxix., 249) : and1 I have given what I think are
valid reasons for t h a t opinion. Later on he asks me if I have any evidence to
support the statement t h a t they styled Anthony Sayer the Grand Master, other
than Anderson himself. The question is, I think, only rhetorical : Bro.
Thiemeyer knows quite well t h a t there is none. A t t h e same time he has, I
suggest, hardly given sufficient attention to the contemporary evidence for this
whole period brought together by Bro. Sir Alfred Robbins and others and re-
produced a t various times in A .&.C.. for instance, in vols. xviii., xxii. and xxiii.,
which really does add to our knowledge and incidentally serves as a check on
Anderson.
 Bro. Thiemeyer calls the statement t h a t Anthony Sayer was the first
Grand Master a myth. B u t by this he can, I think, only mean, not t h a t Sayer
did not preside over t h e new body, but merely t h a t his designation was not
Grand Naster. H i s phrase is ambiguous, but surely Sayer's position cannot be
doubted, although what the contenlporary designation of i t may have been is,
as Bro. Thiemeyer has shown us, a matter for which we have in fact no
contemporary evidence. B u t i t is too soon to speak of his title of Grand Master
as a myth.
The question of the assumption of the title Grand by the new body was
referred t o a t d.Q.Cf. xxxix., 240, and a reason for i t suggested to which he
has no allusion. And he overlooks one point, which is that, as he himself has
shown, the term geneml meetit/!/ or assembly was in use in the private Lodges
a t the time, or i n some of them. When, therefore, the Lodges in London and
Westminster came together to form a joint organization, whatever may have
been its precise nature. they would be almost bound to give t h e meetings of the
united body a new designation, and the president would have a title to
correspond.
That Grand Master does not occur before 1721 (Samber and Stukeley)
is true. B u t neither does General Master occur, with the single exception of
the Edinburgh l l i n u t e , and that that is susceptible of more than one explanation
Bro. Thiemeyer has himself admitted. The confusion in Aiiderson's terminology
as to his alleeed v
earlier General or Grand Masters is ~reciselv characteristic of
a transition period. If i t is the case t h a t previously there was such a title as
General Master, then there was no doubt a change made, which by 1721 was
well-established. B u t t h a t the desi~nationGrand Master was unheard of before
1721 is by no means clear. and i t is a t least as likely t h a t the change was made
quite early i n the history of t h e new Grand Lodge, b u t did not become common
knowledge or gain general acceptance till t h a t body for t h e first time was
associated with a quasi-official publication in 1723. Anderson in 1738 was
concerned, as Bro. Thiemeyer says, to make out t h e antiquity of everything
connected with t h e Craft, and all his statements are vitiated by that bias. I n
1723 he knew much less about things. But Bro. Thiemeyer has very usefully
reminded us t h a t nothing in Anderson can be taken on trust, that even his most
familiar assertions as to the origin of Grand Lodge remain entirely uncorroborated,
and are liable a t any time to be contradicted by the discovery of contenlporary
evidence.
I have elsewhere suggested that the meetings of 1716 and l717 may have
had as their object t h e formation of a society in imitation of a City Company,
but with a wider territorial jurisdiction, and, that the movenleiit was due to the
fact t h a t the actual Masons Company had discarded its speculative inner circle.
Whatever the original motive i t is fairly certain t h a t i t was t h e unexpectedly
rapid development in Payne's second year as Grand Master t h a t led to the
formation of New Lodges, the framing of the R e g u l a t i o n e i n their original
form-and t h e development of Grand Lodge as a n actual controlling body and
not as merely t h e Lodges met in assembly. B u t the evidence is not as yet
sufficient t o enable us to work out the process in detail, or to establish its
chronology.
B u t i t is all t o the good that Brethren like Bro. Thiemeyer should make
their own estimates of such evidence as there is. evidence which is so familiar
to some of us t h a t we have, no doubt, got into a habit of taking i t always i n
one way and are liable to forget how very little we can be absolutely confident
about when discussing this very obscure transition period.

Bro. TRIEMEYER
writes, i n reply :-
The patience of my Brethren in Quatuor Coronati Lodge must have been
sorely tried by the length of m y paper. A t least, those who have forwarded
criticisms have commented upon this point with such unanimity that. i t gives this
 *
Discussion. 249
impression, and if this is correct my debt of gratitude to those who heard the
paper is even greater than i t would otherwise have been. But I might retort
that those who thus prefaced a n o r e detailed criticism did uot show quite as
much perspicacity as one would expect of the niembers of the most august body
of AIasonic students that the world a t present knows. The length of the paper
is so self-evident t h a t i t might seen1 that much valuable time and space is
wasted in coniinentiug upon t h a t fact, especially when i t is known that the
author himself considered i t in nluch the same light. Nevertheless. I am
willing to add to the reader's burden by commenting briefly upon this point
because i t is about the only one raised in which I find it possible to concur with
my critics. IIowever t h a t may be. I am inclined to take refuge in the remark
made by Bra. Songhurst, ' t h a t an author must be deemed the best judge of
the manner of presenting his own work."
But, jesting aside. and getting down to real business, much as I am
tempted to respond in detail to all of the criticisnls raised. I feel t h a t I would
only be repeating what I have already said, thus adding still more to the length
of the paper with no coinnlensurate gain. Besides, everyone seenis to agree with
the main points of the discussion and i t is only on matters of detail or personal
opinioli that differences appear. Then, too, I am not now i11 a position to re-
examine all the evidence I had before me nearly three years ago. when this paper
was first being written. W e in America are not so fortunate as our English
Brethren in having material readily accessible. The nearest worth-while
1Iasonic Library is 370 miles fronl S t . Louis, and the next nearest almost 1,000
miles away.
To only one of the conments am I going to make any specific reply, and
that is to Bro. Davnes. I n the first nlace this erudite scholar savs t h a t I have
not approached t h i matter from a ne; point of view. H e says &at Bro. Speth
had previously made similar suggestions. I might add t h a t so had Bros. Vibert,
Gould, Rylands and others: b u t , in my opinion. none of them quite followed
their suggestions through to their logical conclusions. That my paper dealt with
well-known facts is perfectly true-I said so in the paper-but those facts were,
I thought, brought together in a somewhat different connection than had ever
been done previously, so far as I have been able to discover. When Bro. Daynes
intimates that I might well have been satisfied with the treatnlent of the subject
by Bro. Rylands, Begeman and Speth in controverting the theory of Bro. Gould
regarding the Assen~blies. I am inclined to agree, I might have done so with
nrofit to all concerned. o d v I have noticed t h a t other authors have been verv
frequently criticized for a similar reliance on the work of their predecessors,
and I felt i t better t o make my own estimates of the evidence. But more
important than this, perhaps, is the fact that these earlier discussions of the
subject are in a volunle of the Transtcctions which is probably inaccessible to
three-quarters of the members of the Correspondence Circle. The wisdom of
the course I adopted is clearly shown by the comments of Bro. Songhurst.
It must be said in justice to the former Secretary of the Lodge that he does
not in any place state positively t h a t he agrees with the conclusions of Bro.
Gould, but only that Bro. Gould had seen no reason to change his views, which
is quite a different matter.
I have, of course. read the comnellts by the three Brethren above-
mentioned in vol. vi. of -4 .(J.Ci.. but I found nothing in thenl which would
cause me to change my views in the least, and what is more iinportant I also
find that while they have gone along the path a certain distance they stopped
short. I have endeavoured to follow the trail more nearly to its end than they
did.
I n regard to the valuable material collected by Bro. Robbins in vol. xsiii.
of the Z ' ~ C L I ~ S C ( IC ~can
Z O ~ only
S . say that the earliest reference there given is
too late to have any bearing upon the question. I did not want t o still further
lengthen my paper by bringing i t in.
Perhaps some of those who so kindly responded are ignorant of the fact
that my paper was in the hands of t h e Secretary for nearly a year before i t
250 T r a t z m c t i o n ~of tli e Q i u z f r t o ~C'oromiti Lodge.

was read, and i t was written more than a year before that. As for Bro.
Daynes's comments upon Bro. Vibert's paper 011 the Second Degree, I could not
have referred to them for the simple reason that they had not been published
a t the time.
I11 conclusion I would offer a defence of the length of the quotations
given in the paper. I have so often met with brief quotations whose divorce
from their context tends to give a wrong impression t h a t I felt i t better to
err on the side of length rather than brevity. Further than t h a t , however.
is the fact t h a t members of the Lodge may not quite realize the difficulties that
many members of the Correspondence Circle, especially in America, labour under
in regard to obtaining first-hand information. I t is because so many students
on this side of t h e Atlantic might value the added material that I quoted so
freely.
I n reviewing the criticisms, I cannot see that any really new point has
been raised. W h a t has been brought forward are things t h a t have all, or
nearly all, been treated in the paper. So far as there is difference of opinion.
i t is a basic one of our understanding the evidence. The plaintiff rests and
the case may go to the jury.
 T r n ~ ~ s n c t i o nofs t h e Quntuor Coronclti 1,odge.

NOTES AND QUERIES.

ONSTITUTIONS O F 1723 WITH AN INSCRIPTION BY

AND ERSON.-Recently, a t Messrs. Sotheby's, there was sold
the copy of the l723 Conetzfutions presented by Anderson t o
the Duke of Richmond in March. 1724. It was a magnificent
copy, handsomely bound and in perfect condition, and i t
fetched an appropriate price. I t s most interesting feature was
a dedicatory inscription taking u p a whole page, and through
the courtesy of the present owners of t h e book, Messrs.
Tregaskis, we are able t o reproduce this for A.Q.C. The Duke was not made
Grand Master till J u n e . 1724, being put in nomination a t the meeting of
28th April. No doubt those in touch with Grand Lodge, or the Duke himself,
would be able t o anticipate the nomination. A t this time the Duke was Master
of the Lodge a t the Horn, Westminster, of which Anderson was a member.
The good Doctor's L a t i n is somewhat pedantic and involved, b u t the sense of
i t seems to be as follows:-
To the most illustrious Prince, Charles Duke of Richmond, descendant
of kingly ancestors, holding the first place anlong the brethren a t
Westminster of the select society of free masons and stone-cutters,
most worthy to be regarded by all nlasters. Wardens, Fellow-Crafts,
and Apprentices of the renowned and most ancient Fraternity, the
delight and ornanlent of the human race, its most skilful and prudent
Master, a t all times furthering its interests, in token of gratitude, its
Author most llunlbly presents this book.
L.V.

The Rev. William Dodd (from a Paper by the Rev. Canon J . W.

Horsley, rl .(;).C. xix.. p. 182).-The Rev. William Dodd was born at Bourne,
Lincs., in 1729, and took his degree of B.A. a t Cambridge i n 1750, and became
N . A . in 1759 and L L . D . in 1766. H e was ordained in 1751 (while still under
the age legally required), and a t once commenced his clerical work as a Curate
a t West H a m , where he acquired some reputation as a popular preacher. I n
1758 he was one of the founders of the Magdalen Home a t Streathanl for fallen
women. For some reason not very easy to understand, in 1'763 he was appointed
Chaplain in Ordinary t o the King (Geo. I I I . ) , and in 1764 he was made a
Prebendary of Brecon. Two years later he was inhabiting a town house in
Southampton Row, with a country residence a t Ealing, and running two
proprietary chapels in London; but his assiduity in cultivating aristocratic and
fashionable society led to extravagance and the folly of living beyond his means.
I n 1772 he was made Rector of Hockcliffe and Vicar of Chalgrave. both in
Bedfordshire. A n unsuccessful attempt to secure by bribery the presentation t o
a third living-that of S t . George's. Hanover Square-in 1774 procured for him
an unenviable notoriety in the public Press and even on the stage. A t the end
of the same year or early in 1775 he was in the Bankruptcy Court, and his
name was removed from the list of Royal Chaplains. I l e now sought the aid
of his friend and former pupil. Lord Chesterfield. who presented him to a third
living, namely. Wing, in Bucks, t o which he was duly instituted, but there is
no record that he ever officiated a t the Church.
I t is somewhat remarkable that he was Initiated into Freemasonry
(St. Alban's Lodge, 3rd April) in 1775, after the trouble about $t. George's.
 T r a ~ z s n c t i o i ~ofs t h e Qrrcci'ltor C o r o n n t i L o d g e .

C'onstitutions of 1723. I ~ i s c r i p t i o nby Anderson.

 .Totes and Qz~eries. 253

Hanover Square, and i t is certainly surprising t h a t only one month after his
entrance into our Order he was chosen to be Grand Chaplain of England, the
first to hold t h a t office. The appointment was made a t the Grand Lodge held
on 1st May, 1775, ini the face of the notoriety of the ventilation of the scandal
in the Press and on the stage and the removal of the offender from the list of
the King's Chaplains. The Minutes record that t h e appointment met with
I the unanimous approbation of the Brethren present. ' And Dr. Dodd was
reappointed to the same high ofiice a t the Grand Lodge on 3rd June, 1776.
The Oration he delivered a t the Dedication of Freemasons Hall (23rd May,
1776) was ' published by general request, under sanction of the Grand Lodge"
and is well known.
But in the month of February, 1777. he was arrested and brought to
trial, and on 26th May convicted and sentenced to death for forging a bond for
4.200 from his patron, Lord Chesterfield: and on the 7th April, 1777, he was
expelled from the Order a t an " Extraordinary Grand Lodge.' and his name
obliterated from all contemporary copies of the BooX of C'onsfrtutlons.
Efforts to obtain a reprieve, led by the celebrated Dr. Samuel Johnson.
failed. although more than 30.000 persons signed the Petition. I t does not
appear that his Masonic Brethren did very much, if anything, to help their
unhappy ex-Grand Chaplain in his hour of need, and this seems to discount the
truth of the statement which has from time to time been made t h a t the reprieve
would have been granted but for a fear entertained by the autliorities that i t
would have been popularly construed as a special favour shown t o the hIasonic
body. The Privy Council on 15th J u n e ordered the execution. and Dr. Dodd
was hanged a t Tybunl on 27th J u n e . 1777.
A sensational story t h a t after the execution he was cut down, revived and
hurried out of the country is not credited.
Dr. Dodd was a man with great gifts and a kind and generous disposition
and the power to charm others: worldly, extravagant, dissipated. unworthy of
his high vocation, but still a man who was not really bad a t heart. A man to
be blamed. b u t even more t o be pitied.
The printed pamphlet ( v d e p . 138), although perhaps not quite a rarity.'
is certainly scarce, especially if complete and in good state.
I n A.Q.C. xix. (p. 182) there is an excellent and exhaustive account of
the unfortunate Dr. Dodd. from which most of the information in this short note
has been taken. The account occurs in our late Bro. Canon J . W . Ilorsley's
paper, " The Grand Chaplains of England." J.E.S.T.

James Gib.-I have read with great interest t h e Lecture entitled " A
Masonic Pilgrimage through London," by Bro. W . J . Williams, in P a r t I. of
volunle xlii. of the Transactions, and my attention was arrested by the reference
to J a n ~ e sGib on pages 80 and 81. I had met this name in reading the h i s t ~ r y
of the noble family of the Erskines of Mar. W i t h the object of securing further
information, I solicited a n interview with the present Earl of I r a r and Kellie,
whos-: seat is at Alloa House in t h e County of Clackn~annan. I was received
most graciously. and was shown an Oil Painting of James Gibbs, Architect, which
harlps in the Gallery. I was also privileged to inspect a printed Book of
double foolscap folios, entitled " A Book of Architecture containing Designs of
Buildings and Ornaments by James Gibbs 1728." I had not time to make more
than a cursory examination. However, the library and book were placed a t my
disposal. The book is dedicated to John, Duke of Argyll, and contains the
nanles of some 500 subscribers, all high placed persons. There are 150 plates
of varied designs of Pavilions, Country Houses, Monuments and Churches. I
was not able to discover any mark or reference which would determine Gibbs'
connection with the Craft. I found the designs for the two churches. St.
Nartins-in-the-Fields and St. Xary-le-Strand, mentioned in the Trcmsrrctior~s.
Concerning S t . Martins-in-the-Fields. Janles Gibbs writes in his introduction as
follows :-
 Transactions of t l ~ eQuatuor Coronati Lodge.

" The Church of S t . Martins-in-the-Fields Westminster being much

decayed and in danger of falling, the parishioners obtained a n Act
of Parliament for rebuilding i t at their own charges. The Com-
missioners appointed therein were pleased to make choice of me for
surveyor of t h a t work; and several plans of different forms being
prepared and laid before them, they fixed upon the following as most
proper for t h a t site. There were two designs made for a Round
Church which were approved by the Conlnlissioners b u t were laid
aside upon account of the expense of executing them. though they
were more capacious and convenient than what they pitched upon.
The Commissioners having signed the plan agreed upon, gave me
orders to begin the work and everything being ready H i s Xajesty was
pleased to direct the Right Rev. Bishop of Salisbury, then Lord
Almoner, attended by Sir Thomas Heyst, then Surveyor General, to
lay the first stone of this fabric upon which was fixed the following
inscription. "
(Here follows the inscription printed on page 81 of
T ~ a n s a c t i o n s ,bnt therein " Hewet " appears for " Heyst "
above.)
The Introduction continues : -
" This ceremony being over I proceeded with the building and finished
i t in five years, which, notwithstanding the great economy of the
Commissioners. cost the Parish upwards of 32,000 Pounds. '
I asked the Earl of Mar and Kellie, who is himself a member of the Lodge
of Alloa No. 69, whether he had any Masonic records of the time 1690 to 1730.
H e told me he had now no Masonic records of his family, because in a disastrous
fire in 1800 the Old Allo'a House was burnt to the ground, destroying many
precious relics, amongst them priceless mementos of the Stuart Sovereigns.
The Erskines of Afar were, of course, custodians of the Royal children of the
Stuarts. King James I . , Prince Henry and the tragic King Charles I. were
educated under their care. I t is interesting to note that i t was through the
patronage of the first and second Earls of Mar t h a t William Schaw of Schawpark
(just two miles from Alloa Tower) was introduced to the Royal Household,
afterwards to become Master of Works to King Janles V I . and author of the
famous Schaw Statutes of 1598 and 1599. The Erskines are a noted Nasonic
family of which the Earls of Kellie. Earls of Buchan and Earls of Rosslyn are
cadet branches. All of these have provided holders of the Chair of Grand
Master Mason of Scotland. It is interesting to speculate whether their interest
in Masonry was aroused or stimulated by association with William Schaw and
James Gib.
To return to James Gib, I find the name severally spelt Gib, Gibb and
Gibbs. I am assured t h a t Gib with one ' b ' is correct. H e was undoubtedly
one of the nlost famous architects of his time, and the Bodleian Library a t
Oxford is his work. On conlpleting his studies a t I\Iarischal College. Aberdeen,
Gib solicited the interest, and was taken under the patronage, of J o h n , sixth
Earl of Mar. This Earl in earlier history is described as the eleventh Earl of
his line, b u t after the Mar Peerage case was decided in Parliament in 1885, the
Alloa Branch of the Erskines were ordered to count from the creation by 1Iary
Queen of Scots only. Thus J o h n (1695 to 1732) is now styled sixth Earl.
A t t h a t time the district of Mar or Braemar in Aberdeenshire was attached to
the title, and this would bring Gib in contact with t h e Earl. The sixth Earl
of Mar was one of the most powerful and far-seeing statesmen of the reign of
Queen Anne. H e was one of the Commissioners appointed to treat for the
Union of the Scottish and English Parliaments. H e spent n ~ u c h time in
Edinburgh, where he had a town house. H e brought Gib there and introduced
him to business. On the consummation of the Union t h e Earl of Mar was
appointed Secretary of State for Scotland and a Privy Councillor to Queeil Anne.
 Notes and Queries. 255

H e saw unrivalled opportunities for building ventures in L'ondon and he induced

James Gib to come hither. H e set him in the way of his many p b l i c commis-
sions and introduced him t o t h e Court party and nobility generally. Gib had
the ability to profit by his opportunity.
This is the Earl of Mar who, on the death of Queen Anne and the decline
of the Tory party, made offer, along with other Scots Highland Chiefs, of loyalt,y
and service to K i n g George I. (invited from Hanover t o assume t h e throne) ollly
t o be coldly repulsed by the King, on the advice of jealous Whig enemies,
commanded to deliver u p his seals of office and informed t h a t His gracious
Mabsty had no further use for his services. Mar felt t h e rebuff keenly, and,
smarting under the indignity of his dismissal, allowed himself t o be persuaded
into leading that ill-fated venture, the Rebellion of 1715. H e was attainted.
deprived of his estate and title, and died in exile-see Murray Lyon's Eisto,r!/
of the Lodge of Edinburgh !170. l, page 177. The tit'le was not restored t o the
family until 1824. James Gib was sorely distressed a t the misfortunes which
had befallen the X a r Family, and i t is mid t h a t out of gratitude he left his
fortune to Thomas Lord Erskine, son of the attainted Earl. However that
may be i t is undoubted t h a t Lord Erskine and Gib were close acquaintances.
The fact is referred to in letters from the exiled E a r l to his son. It is natural
t o assume t h a t both would be interested in Masonry.
Now about t'his time Dr. Desaguliers was a t the zenith of his fame, and
in 1721 he made his visit to Edinburgh. Freemasonry i n Edinburgh received
a notable impetus on the speculative side, and one result was t h e formation of
Lodge Kilwinning Scab Arms in 1729. According t o Murray Lyon, page 190,
Lord Erskine was a member of this Lodge. H e became Grand Master Mason
of Scotland in 1749. W i t h his friends and patrons so closely interested i t is
inconceivable t h a t James Gib could have remained outside t h e Craft, though
whether to look in the London or Edinburgh Lodges for his coilllection is
uncertain. Personally, I incline to a Scottish connection before he proceeded
to London, mainly because he practised his profession in Edinburgh, and would
be bro'ught into contact with t h e members of the L80dgesthere. Of four possible
Lodges in Edinburgh, two are now dormant. viz.. Kilwinning Scots Arms and
Leit,h Kilwinning, leaving Mary's Chapel No. 1 and Canongate Kilwirlnillg No. 7,
but Aberdeen No. 1 ter, must not be ruled out of count.
JAMES W. SAUNDERS.

OBITUARY.

T is with much regret t h a t we have to record the death of the

following Brethren : -

Gerald Arthur Augustine Bradnack, of Barton-on-

Humber, in 1929. Our Brother was a member of S t . Matthew
Lodge No. 1447, and was elected to membership of our
Correspondence Circle in 1924.

C. A. Carter, of P o r t Elizabeth. S. Africa, on 11th May. 1926. Bro.

Carter held the rank of P.Dis.G.W., and P.Dis.G.H. I l e was one of the early
members of our Correspondence Circle, having joined in October, 1888.

John Edward Danes, of Hawthorn, Victoria, in 1929. Our Brother

was a member of Lodge No. 300 and of Chapter No. 9. H e was a Life
Member of our Correspondence Circle which he joined in 1923.
256 Tramactiom of the Quatzcor Coronati Lodge.

Ernest Davidson, of Liverpool. on 6th May. 1929, at the age of 58 years.

Bro. Davidson held ofice as Grand Inspector, Gold Coast. and attained the rank
of Past Assistant Graud Director of Ceremonies and Past Gralld Standard Bearer
(R.A.). H e was elected to membership of our Correspoadcnce Circle in March.
1922.

Dr. John Howe, of Alanchester. in 1929. Our Brother was 59 years of

age. H e was a P.BI. of Lord Stanley Lodge No. 2891, and had been a member
of our Correspondence Circle since 1924.

Andrew Jackson Jordan, of Sheffield, on 3rd J u n e , 1929, a t St. Louis.

X o . , U.S.A. Bro. Jordan was a P.31. of Royal Brunswick Lodge No. 296.
H e joined our Correspondence Circle in March. 1905.

Charles Edward Keyser, M . A . , F . S . A . , of Reading, 011 23rd May, 1929.

Uro. Keyser was Pr.G.ILI. of Hertfordshire. and Dep.Pr.G.M. of Berkshire. H e
was also Past Grand Warden, and Past Grand Scribe N. was a generous
supporter of the Charities, and also a distinguished arch~ologist.having been
President of the British Archaeological Association and Vice-President of the
Royal Arch~ologicalInstitute. H e joined our Correspondence Circle as far back
as January, 1893.

Herbert Pledger, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in May, 1929. Our Brother

held the rank of P . P r . G . D . , and was elected to membership of our Correspondence
Circle in May, 1928.

Edwin James Reid, of Bexley Heath, on 17th May, 1929. Bro. Reid
held office as Assistant Grand Superintendent of Works and attained the rank
of P.Pr.G.D., Middlesex. H e had been a member of our Correspondence Circle
since October. 1910.

Henry Thomas Smith, of Toronto, on 29th May, 1929, in his 70th year.
Our Brother was P a s t Grand Registrar, Past Grand Superintendent and Grand
Scribe E. H e was elected to nlenlbership of our Correspondence Circle in
October, 1909.

Alfred Solomons, of London, N., 011 1st April, 1929. Our Brother was
a P.M. of Thornhill Lodge No. 3163, and had attained L . R . H e joined our
Correspondence Circle in May, 1910.

Walter Stubbings, of London, S.W., in April, 1929. H e was a member

of Bolingbroke Lodge No. 2417. and of the Rose of Denmark Chapter No. 975.
Our Brother was elected to membership of our Correspondence Circle in 1924.

Frederick Robert Charles Surplice, of Worthing, on 6th J u n e . 1929.

Bro. Surplice held the rank of P.Dis.G.St.B., Hong Kong, and he became a
member of our Correspondence Circle in January, 1928.

Robert Corser Montfort Symns, I.C.S., of London. W., on 6th April,

1929. Our Brother held the rank of P.Dis.G.W., and P.Dis.G.J.. Burma.
H e was a Life Member of our Correspondence Circle which h e joined in illarch,
1901.
 PUBLICATIONS.

A R S QUATUOR CORONATORUM.
C O M P L E T E S E T S OF T H E T A . - l S A C T l r A Sew complete Sets of Ars Quntilor C'oronaforc-LI~,
Vols. i. t o xli.. have been made n p for sale. Prices may be obtained on application t o t h e Secretary. E a c h
volume will be accompanied a s f a r a s possible, \\.ith t h e S t . J o h n ' s Card o f , t h e corresponding year.
ODD VOLUMES.-Such copies of Volumes a s remain oCer a f t e r completing sets, a r e on sale t o
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Scarborough MS.. a n d t h e Buchalian MS. Lithographed 011 vegetable vellum, in t h e original Roll form.
P r i c e , One Guinea each.

OTHER PUBLTCATIONS.
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Brethren of t h e Correspondence Circle a r e elltitled t o wear a membership. Medal, t o be procured of
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 NO. 2076, LONDON-

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CIRCA 1500 A.D.

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VOLUME XLII, PART 3.

CONTENTS.
PAGE PAGE
Proceedings, 4th October 1929 ... 257 Exhibits . . . . . . . . . .'.. ... 292
Exhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Inaugural Address . . . . . . . . . 293
Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Gild Resemblances in the Old MS. Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Obituary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Proceedings, 8th November, 1929 ... 291 St. John'n Card . . . . . . . . . . . 316

W 1. PAEEETT, LTD., PEIRTIRS, MARGATIP

1931
 THEt QUATUOR CORONATl LODGE No. 2076, LONDON'
was warranted on the 28th November, 1884, in order
l.-Tb provide a centre and bond of union for Masonic Students.
%-To attract intelligent Masons to its meetings, in order to imbue them with a love for Masonio
8.-To submit t h e discoveries or conclusions of students to t h e judgment and criticism of their
means of papers read in Lodge.
&.-To submit these coinmunications and the tliscussionb arming therefrom to the general body of th
publishing, a t proper Intervals, the Transactions of the Lodge In t h e ~ rentirety.
5.-To tabulate concisely, i n the printed Transactioni of the Lodge, the progress of the Craft through
World.
6.-To make the English-speaking Craft acquainted with the progress of Masonic study abroad, by
(In whole or part) of foreign works.
7.-To reprint scarce and valuable works on Freemasonry, and to publish Manuscripts, &c.
8.-To form a bfasonic Library and Museum.
9.-To acquire permanent London premises, and open a reading-room for the members.

The membership is limited to forty, in order to prelcnt the Lodge from becoming unwieldy.
No membess are admitted without a high literary, art~sfic, or sc~entificqualification.
The annual subscription is two guineas, and the fees for i n l t ~ s t i o nand joining are twenty guineas
guineas respecti~ely.
The funds are wholly devoted to Lodge and literary purposes, and no portion is spent in refreshment. T I , -
members usually dlne together after t h e meetings, but a t them own individual cost.
welcome, enjoy the option of partaking-on the bame terms-of a meal a t t h e common table.
Visitors, who are cordially ' -
The stated meetings a r e the first Friday i n January, March, May, and October, St. John's Day (in Harvest),
and the 8th November (Feast of the Quatuor Coronati).
At every meeting a n original paper is read, which is followed by a discussion.

The Transacfions of t h e Lodge, Ars Quati~oi Coronatorum, are published towards t h e end of April, July,
and December in each year. They contain a summary of the business of t h e Lodge, the full text of the papers read .t
in Lodge together with t h e discussions, many essays communicated by the brethren but for whidh no time can be
found a t the meetings, biographies, historical notes, reviews of Masonic publications, notes and queries, obituary. :
and other matter. They are profusely i l l u s t ~ a t e d and handsomely printed. \ '
The Antiquarian Reprints of t h e Lodge, Quatuor Coronatorum Anfigrapha, appear a t undefined intervala. 7
and consist of facsimiles of documents of Masonic interest with commentaries or introductions by brothers well informed
on the subjects treated of.
The Library has now been arranged a t No. 37, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's I n n Fields, London, where Member8
of both Circles may consult t h e bool<s on application to the Secretary.
To the Lodge is attached a n outer or

CORRESPONDENCE CIRCLE.
This was iuaugurated i n January, 1887, and now n u m b e ~ sabout 3500 members, comprising many of the most ,
distinguished brethren of t h e Craft, such as Masonic Students and Writers, Grand Masters, Grand Secretaries, and
nearly 300 Grand Lodges, Supreme Councils, Private Lodges, Libraries and other corporate bodies.
The members of our Correspondence Circle are placed on tip following footing:-
l.-The summonses convolring t h e meeting are posted to them regularly. They are entitled to attend all the
meetings of the Lodge whenever convenient to thesnselves, but, unlike t h e members of t h e Inner Circle, their attendarmt_-
is not even morally obligatory. When present they are entitled to take part in the discussions on the papers read before
t h e Lodge, and to introduc'e their personal friends. They are not visitors a t our Lodge meetings, but rather associates
of the Lodge.
2.-The printed T~nnsnctions of the Lodge are posted to them as issued.
3.-They are, equally with t h e full members, entitled to subscribe for t h e other publications of t h e Lodge, such
as those mentioned under No. 7 above.
4.-Papers from Correspondence Members are gratefully accepted, and as f a r as possible, recorded in t h e
Transactions.
5.-They are accorded free admittance to our Library and Reading Rooms.
A Candidate for Membership in t h e Correspondence Circle is subject to no literary, artistic, or scientific
qualification. His election takes place a t t h e Lodge-meeting following t h e receipt of his application.
Brethren elected to the Correspondence Circle pay a joining fee of twenty-one shilIings, which includes t h e
subscription to the following 30th November.
The annual subscription is only half-a-guinea (108. fid.), and is renewable each December for the following year.
Brethren joining us late i n the year suffer no disadvantage, as they receive all the Transactions previously issued i n
t h e same year.
It will thus be seen t h a t for only a quarter of the annual subscription, the members of the Correspondence Circle
enjoy all the advantages or^ t h e full members, except t h e r ~ g h tof voting in Lodge matters and holding office.
Members of both Circles are requested to favour the Secretary w i t h communications t o be read in Lodge end
subsequently printed. Members of foreign jurisdictions will, we trust, keep us posted from time to time in t h e current t,
Masonic history of their districts. Foreign members can render still further assistance by furnishing us a t intervals
with the name8 of new Masonic Works published abroad, together with any printed reviews of such publications.
Members ahould also bear i n mind t h a t every additional member increases our power of doing good by
publishing matter of interest t o them. Those, therefore, who have already experienced t h e advantage of association
with us, are urged to advocate our cause to their personal friends, and to induce them to join us. Were each
member annually to send us one new member, we should soon be in a position to offer them many more advantager
than we already provide. Those who can help us in no otTier way, can do so in this.
Every Master Mason in good standing throughout the Universe, and all Lodges, Chapters, and Masonic
Libraries or other corporate bodies are eligible as Members of the Correspondence Circle.
 BEING TlIE 'I'I<ANSk1CrI'IONS O F TTrlE

QUATUOR CORONATI LODGE NO. 2076, LONDON.

.r-------------
P.
3.

F R O M T H E ISABELLA M I S S A L ii

BRITISH M U S E U M ADD. MSS., 18,851

C I R C A 1 5 0 0 A.D.

VOLUME XLII.

W 3. PABBETT, LTD., PRINTERS, MARGATE.

1931.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

LODGE PROCEEDINGS .
PAGE .
Friday . 4th January. 1929 ... ... ... ... 1
Friday. 1st March . 1929 ... ... ... ... G8
Friday. 3rd May. 1929 ... ... ... ... 137
.
Thursday 20th J u n e . to Sunday . 23rd June. 1929 . S u n m e r Outing :
Leeds . ... ... ... ... ...
.
Monday 24th June. 1929 ... ... ... ...
Friday. 4th October . 1929 ... ... ... ...
Friday. 8th November 1920 . ... ... ... ...

NOTES AND QUERIES .

Jlatthew Birkhead . Author of the Apprentice's Song
Oddfellows ... ... ...
Engravings of t h e P o r t r a i t of Anthony Sayer
A Possible Identification of T a r r a n t No . 45. I.C.
Provincial T a r r a n t s ... ...
C o n s f i f r c t i o r r s of 1723 with a n Inscription by Anderson
The Rev . William Dodd ... ...
James Gib ... .. ...
Randle Holme and Freemasonry .. ...

OBITUARY .
Allen. B . H . B . ...
Armitage: Edward ...
Baildon. James Owen ...
Barrow. Henry ...
Bradnock. G . A . 8 . ...
Brooking. Wm . ...
Rurfield . Thos . ...
Burrell. Lionel C . ...
.
Campbell Guy Marshall
.
Carter C . A . ...
Caslon, Harold Arthur
Cockburn. Sir John ...
Cockey, F . G . ...
Coulson . J . M . ...
Councell . .Dr. l?.. W . ...
,.
Danes John Edmard ...
Davidson Ernest . ...
Dobson. A . E . ...
Domson. J . J . ...
Drummond, C . J . ...
.
Frost Joseph ...
Gurr . Caleb George ...
Hewitt. David L . ...
Higgs. Charles James ...
Hobbs . J'oseph Walter ...
.
Howe Dr . John ...
iv. Table of Contents .

PAGE .
.
James F . Hubert 315
Jordon. Andrem Jackson 256
.
Keyser Charles Edward 256
Lyall. I l l a j o ~Edward 315
.
Jfartin. J F . Glenfield 136
Natheson. Henry A . 136
Mawson. George Thomas 136
Nelson. Horace 315
Noar. Charles Percy 315
Osborne . H . J . 136
Pledger. Herbert 236
.
Protheroe J a m = Smith 315
Ray. Arthur Robert 315
Reid. Edmin James 256
Reinganum Percy E . . 315
Scott . Thonlas Edward 136
Simpson. X7m. George 136
Smith . Henry Thomas 256
.
Smith Joseph Collett 136
Solomons. Alfred 256
Stubbings. Walter 256
Surplice F . R . C . 256
Sutherland George . 136
Swannacli. John 136
Symns . R . C . RI . 266
Tappenden Sydney . 315
Turnbull. Charles E . 136
Walter . A . C . 136
White. Dr . Herbert 316
Wienand . F . TV . A . J . 136
Wildy . C apt Edmund . 136
T17illiams. J o h n Richard 315
Wilmot. Henry 313

PAPERS AND ESSAYS .

Provincial Warrants ( P a r t 11.). By T . 31 . Carter ... ...
.
Provinces i n particular 4 ; No Provincial Constitutions i n four
groups of Counties 4 ; The remainder can be classified as (a)
.
miscellaneous (b) the Dunckerley Provinces. (c) Lancashire. (d)
Yorkshire. (e) Cheshire. 5 ; Norfolk Lincolnshire. Suffolk. 6 : .
Leicestershire . Nottinghamshire. Derbyshire. 13 ; Warwiclishire.
.
Shropshire. Staffordshire Flintshire and Denbighshire. 13; South
.
T a l e s 1 5 ; Kent. Surrey. Sussex. 16; Devonshire. Cornn-all and
Scilly Isles. Channel Islands. 18; The Dunckerley Provinces.
Hampshire (and Isle of Wight) Essex. Wiltshire. Dorset. .
Somerset. Gloucestershire (and Bristol). and Herefordshire. 22;
Lancashire. 34 ; Yorkshire. 42 ; Cheshire. 52 ; Conclusion. 60 .
Comments by Ivor Grantham. 61; Geo W Bullamore. 62; J 0. . . .
Manton. 63.

Gild of Masons a t Lincoln . By W . J. Williams ... ...

Canon TT7estlake's ~ o r k .64; Certificate of the Gild of 1313. 65;
Translation. 66.
 Table of Contents. V.

PAPERS AND ESSAY S.-C'outinuetl.

PAGE.
A Masonic Pilgrimage through London. By W. J. ITilliams ... 70
British Xuseum, 71; Lambeth Church, 72; Westminster Abbey,
76: S i r Robert Xoray. 77; John Woodward, 77; Martin Folkes,
77 ; St. Margarets, Westminster, 79 ; St. James's, Piccadilly, 79 ;
The S t r a n d Churches, 80; St. Paul's, Covent Garden, 83; The
Savoy, 84; Temple Church, 84; St. Dunstan i n t h e V e s t , 85;
St. Bartholomew the Great, 87; St. Paul's Cathedral, 88; St.
Ifelen's, Bishopsgate, 90; St. Olave, H a r t S t r e e t , 91; Bunhill
Fields and Dr. J a ~ n e s Anderson, 91; S t . Magnus and Henry
Yevele, 92; The Monument, 95; The Mason's Company, 96;
3Ieeting Places of t h e early Lodges, 97; S t . John's, Clerkenrrell,
99; The Record Office, 100; Kensal Green Cemetery, 101; The
Soane Museum, 103; Conclusion, 105. Comments by Gordon
P. G. Hills, 106: Gilbert W. Daynes, 108; Geo. Elkington, 110.
Reply by TV. J. Williams, 112.

Some Notes on the ' l Freemasons' Magazine or General and Complete

Library." By George Elkington ... ...
... 140

Titles and Title-pages, 140; Proprietors and Editors. 141;

Association with Preston, 142 ; Patriotic Sentiments, 143 ;
Vol. I., includes Institution of Royal Cumberland School, Life
of Dunckerley, etc., 145; II., Ceremony a t Funerals. 147; III.,
Sketchley Tokens, 148; IV., Note on Preston, and Anniversary
Meeting of the School, 148; V., Plans of Girls' School, 149;
W . , Provincial G.L. of K e n t , 150; VII., The Cipriani Jewels,
150; V I I I . , Prestonian Lectures, 150; IX., Oration by Dr.
Perfect, 151; X., Symbolic Masonry, 151; XI.. Thomas
13radshaw, l 5 1 ; fiIiscellaneous non-Masonic items. 152 ; The
Temeraire, 155. Comments by H . Poole, 155; W. J. JKlliams,
157; Gordon P . G. Hills, 157; Levis Edwards, 158; TT.
Jenkinson, 159; B. Telepneff, 160; J. Stokes. 161. Reply
by G. Elkington, 162.

Summer Outing: Leeds. By E. Hamkesworth ... ... 164

S t . John's Church, 165; Temple Nemsam, 167; Reception by
Installed 1Iaster's Association. 168 ; Kirlrstall Abbey, 169 ; Adel
Church, address by Ool. Kitson Clark, 170; Bolton Priory and
Ilkley, 172 ; Knaresborough, 174 ; Isurium, 175 ; Fountains
Abbey, address by C. H. Moody, 176; Address by H. Poole, 177;
Service i n Parish Church. 182; Bppendix, Prov. G. Library, 183.

The Transition. Some Reflections on Early Grand Lodge History. By

E. E. Thiemeyer ... ... ... ... ... 188
I. The Assembly, 188: Grand Lodge not a n innovation, but a
Revival, 189; The N a t u r e of t h e Assembly. 190; Not National.
192; The Early Organisation of the Building Trade, 195;
Assemblies still held in seventeenth century, 197: Their functions,
200: General and P r i r a t e Lodges, 203: Presiding Officers, 207;
Pork and Alnwick, 207; Probability of actual survival. 210.
11. The Grand l l a s t e r , 211. The first appearance of the phrase,
213; Snyers not so styled a t his election. 216: The earlier term
\\.as General, 2 1 7 The Change made in 172, 218; The Grand
Lodge 210 : The Nomenclature similar, 220.
vi . Table of Contents.

PAPERS A N D ESSAY S.-Coiatinued

111. The London Craft, 221; Lodges of Masons distinct, 223;
S i r Christopher Wren, 227 ; Conclusion, 229.
Comments by W. J. Williams, 229; Gilbert W. Daynes, 233;
Rodk. H. Baxter, 234; H . Poole, 235; Geo. W. Bullamore, 236;
R . J. Meekren, 237; W. J. Songhurst, 240; L. T'ibert, 2A4.
Reply by E. E. Thiemeyer, 248.

Gild Resemblances in the old MS. Charges. By Douglas Knoop ...

Comparison of the Charges with Gild Ordinances, 259; Reading
the Charges and taking the Oath, 260; The General Charges
considered seriatim, 261; The Charges Singular, 263; Rules as to
Apprentices. 267; Piece Work and Day Work, 266; Quarrels,
267: Attendance a t the Assembly. 268; Going to Law. 269:
Strange Fellows. 270; Gild Rules with no Counterparts in the
Charges. 271; Residence, False Work, Marks, and Charity, 273.
Conlments by H. Poole, 275: T. 11. Carter, 277; TV. J. TS'illiams.
280: L. Vibert, 281; C. F . Sykes 284: Geo. TV. Bullamore,
285: Gilbert W. Daynes. 287. Reply by Douglas Knoop, 289.

Inaugural Address. By H . Cart de Lafontaine ... ...

The Toast of the W . M . By Rev. H. Poole

REVIEWS.
The Transactions of the Lodge Research,
No. 200, I.C., for t h e gear 1923 ... J. Heron Lepper ...
Freemasonry i n the Thirteen Colonies. By
J. Hugo Tatsch ... ... J. Heron Lepper ...
Two Hundred Years of Freemasonry; a
History of the Britannic Lodge, No. 33.
By TT'illiam Sanderson ... ... W. J. Songhurst ...
The Lam and Custom of Freemasonry. By
Lenis Edwards .. . .. . Lionel Vibert ...
Cagliostro and his Egyptian R i t e of Free-
masonry. By Henry Ridgely Evans ... B. Ivanoff ...
Some Thoughts on Masonic Symbolism. By
C. C. H u n t ... ... .. . Lionel Vibert ...
 INDEX.

PAGE.
ilcatlemie of di.rnory ... Degrees :-
Adel Church ... ... Babylonian P a s s ... 116
Aldborough ( I s u r i ~ ~ r n ) ... Installed Master ... 117
A l n ~ i c kOrdcrs ... ... Jordan Pass ... 116
Anderson, Autograph Inscription K n i g h t of t h e E. & TT'. ... 116
by ... .. ,
...
K n i g h t of t h e S ~ o r d ... 116
Andcrson. ~ u n e r a lof D r .
Apple Tree Tavern ... ...
K n i g h t s Templar ... 145
K n i g h t s Tenlplar a t
Ashmole. Tomb of Elias ... Sheffield (1797) 162
Assemblies i n t h e Gilds ... M a r k a t Sheffield (l79fj 163
Assembly. The ... P r i n c e -\lason ... 116
Audit Committee ~ t e ~ b l - i ... Prussian Blue ... 116.
R e d Cross of Babylon ... 116. 292
Barden Tower ... ... Rose Croix (Ireland) ... 292
Batalha Abbey ... ... R.A. (Ireland) ... 116: 292
Beverley 3linstrels ... H . B . in Germany ... 160
Rirkhead, Will of ~ a t i h e n . ... Royal Order (Ireland) ... 118
Bolton Priory ... ... Scotch K n i g h t of S t .
Bookplate of Dunckerley ... and re^^ ... ...
British Jluseunl ... ... Scots JLaitre E l u ...
C ~ s a r ,Monument t o S i r J . ... Deuutations issued t o form
Chaloner. T i l l of Daniel ... Lodges ...
Channel Row ... ... Desaguliers a t dinb burgh ...
Chapel of t h e S a r o y ... Dispensation a s Lodge W a r r a n t
Dodd : Biographical notice of D r .
Chapters referred t o : -
Exhibits :-
Fidelity. Leedj. KO. 26g... 181
Junior Engineers. No. 2913 69 Apron, Gardeners ...
S t . J a m e s . No. 2 113 Apron a n d Sash. R.A. ,
S t . J l a r y , Ralham. ~0'."3661 69 Ireland ... ...
Zion. Hanover ... 160 Certificates :
C r a f t . Lodge on board
" Cloathing" of Consecrating
dimable I ' i ~ t o i r e
Officers ... ... ... 8 French R.A.
Common Assembly ... ... 197 Scotch K n i g h t of ~ t :
Andrew ...
Scots M a i t r e E l u
Constitutions, 31s. : - Clothing : G r a n d Warden
Collar a n d Jewel, Irish
A t Leeds ... Rose C r o i s ...
Boyden ... Crests, Collection of
Cooke ... Masonic ...
D a r i d Ramsey Embroidery, Brnlenian
Dumfries. No. 4 Jiitre
G.L. No. 1 ... Engravings: L i i n b e r t %
G.L. No. 2 ... Lintot ... ...
Haddon Freemason's 3lngn:inr.
Harleian No. 1942 1793-1798 ... ...
Harleian No. 2051 Goblet, engraved glass ...
H a r r i s No. 2 ... ... 214 I r i s h lllasonic J l ( ~ ~ / c c ~ i n e
Hope ... ... 197 Jewel. Centenary. G.JI.'s
Newcastle College Roll ... 192 Lodge. Ireland ...
Rawlinson ... ... 235 , J o h n Gale, No. 184,
Regius ... ... 71, 240 C r a f t , l~iercecl
Roberts ... ... 208. 235 Silver ..: ...
Scarborough ... 201 .. M a r k , metal gilt ...
Sloane No. 3323"'
Sloane No. 3848
...
...
72
72
.... M.M. ...
Master's, b Romer
...
Thistle ... ... 199, 235 , Master's, by Batson
Waistell ... ... 197 P . 3 1 . ' ~ ... ...
York No. 4 ... ... 197, 235 , R e d Cross of
Babylon
Cox, Tablet t o Rev. J. E. ... 113 .. H . A . . pierced metal
Crown. P a r k e r s L a n e ... 97 gilt . . . . ... 258
viii . Index .

Exhibits .-
Pamphlet Dying Words
of D r . Dodd
.
PAGE

138
.
L o d g e s referred t o : .
13ristol
Britannic . No . 33: h n d &
PAGE

33
121
.

TT'atchcock 171th ~ ~ a s o n ' i d 18

emblems ... ... 3 Burnley ... ... 34
Bury ... ... 38
Forty-seventh P r o b l e m ... 312 Cambridge ... ... 137
Fountains Abbey ... ... 176 Carlisle ... ... 37
Freemason's Ha11. London ... 10-1 Chard ... ... 31
Chelmsford ... ... 25. 145
General Assemblv ... ... 200 . 246 Cheshire Militia ... 52
.. Lodge ... ... 203 Chester ... .. 52
Warden ... 218 Chesterfield ... ... 1.?
~ i d. sTablet t o ~ a m e s ' ... Chichester l7
Glld admission custonls City of ~ o n d o n ' " ~ a t i o n a i
.. Certificates ... ... Guard. No . 3757 ... 308
.
. regulations ... ... Cockennouth ... ... 181
restrictions a s t o residelice Colchester ... ... 25. l d 5
.
Gilkes 3Sonument t o Peter ... Colne ... ... 34
Goose and Gridiron ... ... Congleton ... ... 52
Graceman of a Gild ... Cork ... ... 115
.
Grand Lodge Membership of ... Cowbridge ... ... 15
Grand Lodge of Portugal ... Crown. Parker's Lane ... 97
Grand Master The t i t l e . Crusaders .
No . 1677 .
G r a n t as Architect of ~ i n d s & London 99
Castle t o Joshua Marshall ... Dante. No . 370j': ond don 308
Dartford ... ... 16
Haroclim . Order of ... ... Dartmouth ... ... 18
Denton ... ... 41
Ilkley . prehistoric markings a t Derby ... ... 142
Irish 3Iasons i n Lonclon ... Devon Militia . ~ G c o n d ... 18
Deronport ... ... 19
Jones . Monument t o Inigo ... Diss ... ... 6
Dominica ... ... 28
Hirkstall Abbey ... Doncaster ... ... 45. 47
K i r ~ v i n .Tomb of ~ i l l i a ' m ... Dorchester ... ... 29
ICnaresborough ... ... Dublin ... 1 1 5 ~ 118. l59
Knights Templar device : Dukinfield ... ... 34
L)uackerley's use of ... Edinburgh ... ... 255
Exeter ... ... 18
Lambeth Church ... ... Fakenham ... ... 6
Landmarks ... Faversham ... ... 134
Leathley Church- .. Fazely 14
Library. TT'est lorkshi& ... Fortitude and did cumber-
Lodge. meaning of tern1 ... .
land No . 12. London
Lodge. Private ... ... Foundation (1795). London
Lodges of instruction ... French Prisoners. Leeds ...
L o d g e s referred t o : . Frame
.
...
.
Friendship No . 6 London
...
Garston ... ...
Aberdeen ... Glanford Brigg ...
Aberystwith ... Gloucester ... ...
Alcester ... Gosport ... ...
Alloa ... Gray's ... ...
Almonbury ... Great Yarmouth ... 6 .
Antiquity . No . 2. Grimsby ... ...
Halesworth
dshford Halifax 42. 48. ji . l
Ashton-under-~ynk Handsworth ... ...
Barnsley ... Haslingden ... ...
Barnstaple ... Hastings ... ...
Batley ... Haworth ... ...
Bath ... Helston ...
Beccles ... ~enle~-in-Arden" ...
Beverley ... Keptonstall ... ...
Bideford ... Highbridge ...
Birmingham ... H i g h Town. ~ 0 2. s. . .
Birr ... ... Holywell ... ...
Blackburn ... ... Horn. Westminster ...
Blandford ... ... Huddersfield ... ...
Bolton ... ... Hull ... ...
Bournemouth ... ... Ilford ... ...
BrndFord-on-Avon ... Inverness . . . . ...
Braclford . Yorks . ... Ipswich ... ...
Braintree ... ... Isle of Wight ...
Brecon ... ... Jersey ... ...
Bridgenorth ... ... Jerusalem .
No . 197.
Brighton ... ... 17 London ... ...
 Index .
PAGE .
L o d g e s referred t o : - L o d g e s referred t o : .
Keighle? ... ... Stockport ... ...
Bilwinn~ng ... ... Stoclrton ... ...
.
Kingston Herefordshire .. Stonehouse ... ...
Kingston-on-Hill ... Stratford-on-Avon ...
Knaresborough 47 . S t r o n g Man,, K O. 45 .
Lancaster . London ... ...
Leeds 49: 50 . 5'i: Sn-affham ... ...
179. S ~ ~ a l ~ e l l ... ...
Leicester ... Tnm\~orth ... ...
Leigh ... ... Taunton ... ...
Leith ... ... Tavistoclr ... ...
Leominster ... ... 'reignmouth ... ...
LelCes ... ... T h i r t i e t h F o o t . No . 535
Lisbon (1735) ... ... (1.C.) ... ...
Liver ool ' ... ... Toclmorden ... ...
~oneFord ... ... Truro
Louxh ... ... 11 Cnion of ~ r e e j ' o m a1;
Lymington
Lynn liegis
...
...
...
... 6. 9
23 .
Ease London ...
Vnitecl S t r e n g t h . London
llacclesfield ... 39. 53. 57 U n i t e d Traders. London .
Sladeira
Jlanchester
...
...
...
...
307
36. 38 Walrefield
.
Vrban No . 1196. Lonclon
... ...
Margate ... ... 16 W a l t h a m Abbey ...
3Ielford ... ... 11 TVarrington ... ...
JSiddleham ... .
44 46 Warwick ...
Slottram 111 ~ongdencla'l'e 55 . TT'ellington (Sale) ...
Nantwich ... ... Si Vells ... ...
Newcastle-under-Lynie ...
Newfoundland ...
15 TYestminster a n d Keystone .
... 28 No . 10. Lonclon ...
Newport ... 26 Wetlierbr ... ...
N e v (Royal) . Ldndon ... 121 MreSmouth ... ...
Nine Muses. London 146 Whitby ... ...
Normich ... 61-8. 10. 133 TT'hitchurch ... ...
Nottingham ... ... 63 Wigan ... ...
Oldham 41 Wincanton ... ...
Old K i n g ' s Arms; ond do;; 98 ... ...
Ormskirlr ... ... 39
Oxford ... ... 18
Paris ... ... 302
Pately Bridge ... ... 51 Lusind . T h e ... ...
Pemyn ... ... 21
Piccadillr . No . 2550 . Marks of Craftsmen ...
London ... ... 69 Jlarshall. Monument df' Ecl . . . .
Playgoers . No . 270.5, Jlason's Company ...
London ... ... 308 Master's Lodge i n 1 8 1 i '
Poole ... ... 29 J I e e t i n g Places of G r a n d ~ o c l &
Portsmouth ... 24 AIonument The I a n d o n
Portugal ... .
29f 300. 30-t
Prescot ... ... 34 Jlonuments t o : .
Ramsgate ... l6 Sir Julius Cesar ...
Richmond . Surrky ... 16 P e t e r Gillres ... ...
Richmond . Yorlrs ... 43 Tnigo J o n e s ... ...
Ringnoud ... ... 23 F d w a r d Slarshall ...
Ripon ... ... 44 Nicholas Stone ...
Rotteram ... ... 185 J o h n TT'oodn-ard ...
Royal Lancs . Fusiliers ... 11
R.oyal Somerset House a n d J l o n u m e n t s i n Westminster
Inverness . No . 4 . Abbey by : .
London ... ... 42. 97
Janies Gibbs ... ...
Salford 34 . 38 . 139
S t . Albans. No . "9. London 251 Roubiliac ... ...
S t . SIargarets. Westminster 142 Nicholas S t o n e ...
.
S t J I a r y Balham . Lonclo~l 69
Nelson B a n n e r a t York
Salisbury ... ... 26
Nelsonic Crimson Oakes medal'::
Scilly ... ... 20
N i g h t work in t h e Gilcls ...
Selby ... ... 51
Shaftesburg ... 29
Sheffield .
43. 49 . 161 18.3 Oddfellows' Rules of Aclmission
Shepton SIallett ... 24. 31
Sherborne ... 29 Persecutions of Masons in
Ship behind t h e Royal Portugal ... ...
Exchange ... ... l15
Shrewsbury ... ... 15 P e r s o n s referred t o : .
Skipton ... ... .
44 48 Aberdour . Lord ...
Southampton ... ... 21 .4dams. J l n j o r C . C . . . .
Stainclrap ... 148 Alcoclc. Thonlas ...
Stewards'. ~ 0 1 1 c i d A ... 146 Alexander . Dona ...
 PAGE .
Persons referred t o : . Persons referred t o :.
Allen . R . H . B . Rradshaw Thos . .
M e n . John ...
. .
R r a d y John
Allerton Lortl Bretland . J o e l
Alley. i s ... Brewer . -
Anderson . D r James Bridgn-ater. E a r l of
Rrocli W
Andrieus. B . . . . rook: G B . ..
Bpps. F r e d k . . . . Brooking Wm . .
Arbnthnott. D r. Broome. J o h n
.Irgyll. J o h n . Duke of Brothers. Richard
A r m ~ t a g e . M. N . A . . Bron-11. J a s .
Arnold. Lea
Ashnole. E l i a s
Ashnorth. John
...
..
Brown I f a t h e r
Rron-n P a t r i c k
Brunswick . Duke of
Astley . S i r Edwd . Brusl6 . J . T .
dthelsta n ... ... .
Rryan V i l l i a m
.
Athol D u k e of ... B u c h a n . E a r l s of
Atkinson. Thos . ... Buck. Samuel
A t t n e l l Small Rev . J . . . . . Buckley. J o h n
Aubrey, J o h n Bullamore Geo . TT'. .
Bacon. E d w a r d P.G.;~: .
Norfolk ... ... .
Bunney J . W .
Badcleley ... ... Runyan. John
Raildon . J . 0 . ... Rurfield. Thos .
Rajley. N a t h a n i e l ... B u r g h v a s . Bishop
Bam. E . ... ... .
Burns Robt.
Baiazet ... ... Burrell. L . C .
Balier. E . ... ... B u t t e r n o r t h . Bro .
Balcon. P . C . . . . ... D u t t i r a n t . J a s.
Ball . TV . E . . . . ... Byrlrhede. J o h n
Balsalno ... Rys TT'illiarn
Rampfylde S i r C.' TT'. ... Cabrelra. 6'c?ieml
Bampfylde. S i r Richard . Csesar. S i r J u l i u s
Darker . Rev . R o b t . . . . Cagliostro
Barnes . H e n r y ... Caie. TV . J .
R a r n e t t Matthem . ... Calrert . A. F .
Rarron. Henry ... Camoens
Rartolozzi ... Camidge. J o h n
R a t h u r s t Charles' . Campbell. Dr . ,41es .
Baxter. R . H. 33."51 . Cami~bell.G . 31. ...
Readles R o b e r t . Carclen. Rev . Corne lius ..
Beal. D r . ... Cardigan . E a r l of ...
.
Bean TT'. H .
Beaufort. D u k e of ...
Carisford . Lord
Carleton . Dudley
...
...
.
Reckett Thos . A b p . . . . Carlile . Richd . ...
Reclrnith. 31. Caroll. Charles ...
Bell. A u b r e ~ Carter. C. A. ...
Bell. S t e p h e n C a r t e r . T . 31.. D r . 1
Relzoni . G . B . Carvalho. S i l r a ...
Renson. ; Irch b p . Carysfort Lord ...
Reresford. Xnjor-Gen . Cnsanbon. D r . Isaac ...
Derkeley. R o r l a n d Caslon. H . A . ...
Ringley. Lord Cataneo. Horace ...
Birkenhead . J o h n Carendish. Lord Fredlr .
Birkhead 3Iatthen . Can-thorn. J . Elston ...
.
Riss R i c h a r d Chadn.icli. J o h n ...
Risset Jarnes . Challoner . Thos . ...
Blackerby . N a t h a n i e l Chaloner Daniel . ...
Rlackett. TT'm . Chaloner . Jacob ...
Blackman George . Chnloner, Thomas ...
Dladon. H a r r y Chandois. n u l i e of
Rlake . R i c h a r d Chantrell. R . D . ...
Rlalre. Rev . TTm . Chesterfielcl Eni.1 of . ...
Blaney . Lord Chicheleg. .-l1 ) p . ...
Bodley. G . F . Cibber. Gabriel ...
Roggis Thos . . Clnnsey . J n o . ...
Bolton . W m . Clarence. n u l i e of . . . . . .
Bolton. P r i o l TT'illian~ Claudins . E m p e r o r ...
Bond. Joseph .
Clifford J o h n ...
Roreham. J a n l e s Clifford. Hellry Lortl ...
Borthn-ick, Capf . R . Clutterbuck. Thomas ...
Bon-es . Geo .
Dowles. J o h n
Cockburn .Sir J o h n
Cockey. F . G .
. ...
Royce . J a m e s ... Cocksholt . Jlczjor A . 31:':
R o ~ d e n .TT'm . L . ... Codrington. J o h n ...
~ r a d b o c k .Chas . ... Coello. J u a n ...
Bradnack. G. A . A . . . . Caleclongh Daniel . ...
 xi.
P.\GE.
Persons referred t o :- Persons referred t o : -
Colborne. Saluuel ... d e Saldanha. J. C.
Collins. J o h n ... d e Salo. Denis
Columbine, Col. F r a n c i s . d e Sampajo. S . J.
Combermere. Lord ... d e SA P e r e i r a . J. A.
Compton, Lord ... Denlignot
Conder, Ed. 96. Denham. Rev. J. F.
Conder. J o h n ... Dent. John
Cook. Bro. ... D e r m o t t . Laurence
Cooke. 3latthew ...
Cbokson, Oliver E. .. . Devon, Michael
Cope Enos ... Devonshire. D u k e of
Cordley, J o h n ... Dickey, TYm.
Corro, J. d e A. ... Dillon, Charles
Costa-Santos, - Dobree. Thonlas
Cotton, S i r R . s a l u s b u r y Dobson, A. E .
Coulson. J. V '. ... Dobson. Joseph
Coulton, G. G. ... Dodd, Rev. Wnl.
Coustos. J e a n ... Donne. D r . J o h n
Councell, D r . R . V. .. . Douglas. J a m e s
Coutanche, Charles D o n n i n g , George
Covey-Crump, Rev. W.T$:' Downs. S t a n l e y
G1A Dowson, J. J.
Cowley, Thos. ... D r i n g . E. H.
COX, n r o . ...
Cox. D r . J. E . ... Drummond. C. J.
Coxe. S i r R i c h a r d ... Drummorid. Wm.
Craggs. J a m e s .. . Duncan. Philip Bury
Crane. Thomas .. . Dunckerley. 'I'hos.
Cranfield, Lionel
Cranley. D r . Chetnode "i. Dunning, John
Crook:. J a m e s ... Dye. -
Cro>sle. Philip .. . Earwalrer. J. P.
Crowley, ,9ir Ambroie ... Eccles. Rev. 11. H.
Cumberland, J).uchess of .. Fkl~uonds.Thos. ...
Cumberland, Vulte of 13. Ed\r-ard 1-11. ...
Edmard. P r i n c e , G.M. ...
Cure. Cornelius ... Edn-arcls, Lewis ... 126,
Cure, William ... Eclnin of York ...
d a Costa, H . J. .. . Effiugham, Lord ... 14,
da Silva, Joseph ... E g e r t o n . Rev. F. H y . ...
Dagge. H e n r y ... Rlkington, Geo. , .. 110,
Dagge. Jaines ... Ellames, P a t t i s o n ...
Dalton. Rev. C'. B. ... Elliott. Crrpt. Joseph ...
Danes. J . E . .. Elliott, Cnr~onV. Thompson
narcx-, ,Yir J o h n ... Ellis, J a m e s ...
Darnley. L o r d ... E n t ~ ~ h i s t l eE,d n a r r l ...
1)assign.v ... Ep 11s. W m . ...
Davey. Robert ... Errington, John ...
Davey. T h o ~ n a s ... Erslrine, Thornas. Lord .. .
Dayidson. E . . .. E s t e r a m . Joseph ...
Daynes. Gilbert W. 61. Engenius Philalethes ...
134, 150, 189, E r n n s , H. R . ...
d'Alincourt. F . .. . Escestre. 3 I a r t i n ...
de h n d r a d e . General G. F. Eyre, John .. .
d e C a n t u a r i a , T. ... F a i r f a x , Charles ...
d e Castro, D r . Joseph ... F a i r f a s , Robert ...
de Char.milly, N n r q u i s ... Farbrnce, George ...
do Cobehain, J o h n ... Fenton. Wm. ...
de H a r i l l a n d , J o h n ... Ferrers, L o r d ...
de Hedonville. S i e u r ... Ferrinr. John ...
tle C o r n ~ ~ a l Rirl . R o b t . ... Figg. James ...
de .Terumenha, T'icomtesse F i g u e i r a , A . F. ...
d e Labely, Charles ... F i r m i n g e r . R e v . TT. I<. ..
de Lacy. H e n r y ... Fitzjohn, Eustace
Flather, Darid 6i. 162.
de Lacy, Tlbert .. .
de Lafontaine, H. C a r t Flelning, Jfajor-General
229, 275, James ...
d e LoulB, Marquis ... F l t ~ d d ,D r . ~ o b t . " ... 135,
rle 3laccdo. A h b b J . ... Follres, M a r t i n ...
d e lleniloqa, d h h i . J. F. . F o r r e s t e r , Lord
de 3fendonqa. H i p p o l r t e . F o u n t a i n . S i r A. ...
d e 3Iombray, Abra .. . Fowlres, .Sir Thos. ...
d'Origny, J e a n ... FOX,C. J . ...
d e P a r a t y . Comfe ... Frank. Frs. ...
Desaguliers, Rev. J . T. F r a n k l i n . Benjamin ...
147. 213. F r a z e r . S i r J. G. ...
De S a i n t Eloy ... Frederick. C a p t . Chas. ... 18
xii . 111,

P.\GE. PAGE .
Persons referred t o : - Persons referred t o : -
Freind. D r . J o h n Harrington . L o ~ t l ... 296
Freire. F . R . d'A . Harrison. John ... 165
French. Geo . Fl asnell. Charles ... 32
French. Thomas Hatch. John ... 101
Frost. J o h n Haverfield . P r o f . ... 175
Frost. Joseph Fla~vlresn.orth. 13: . ... 164
Gallaway . J a m e s Hawkes\r-orth, S i r W a l t e r 178. 201,
Gardiner . J o h n 107
Garland. Richarcl
Gatrell. J o h n .
Heiron A r t h u r ...
Gautric . L . Ifeinp . W . J . ...
George. J o h n ... Henchman. C . D . ...
George. Prince of Wales ... H e n r y of Reyns ...
George I11. ... Henry 111. ...
Gibbs (Gib) . Jaines Hepworth b'ro . . ...
H e r b e r t . Lord ...
Gibbons. Grinling Herlond Hug11 . ...
.
Gibbs R i c h a r d Heseltine Janles . 28 .
Gibson. Anthoney
Gibson. Jaines H e n e t . S i r Thomas ...
Gilburt. - H e w i t t . I ). L. ...
Giles . Godfrey Heyst. h'ir Thos . ...
Gilkes. P e t e r Higgs. C . J . ...
Gill. Richard .
I-lillersdon R e v . F . H . . . .
.
Gilles Franqois Hills . Gordon P . G . 61:
Girdler. Thornas Hippolyte . B r o . ...
Glover. D . R . Ifobbs. J W a l t e r . 69 .
Godbold. B r o . Hoclgson. TTin . ...
Goddard. Edn-ard Hogan. Denis ...
Godfrey . P a g e H o g a r t h TT . . 81
Gofridus Holland. D a r i d ...
Gold . TTilliam Holles . F r a n c i s ...
.
Gomes G e n e w l
Goodric. Sir H e n r y
Holles. S i , George
Holloway. V7illiam
...
...
Goodridge . Thos . Holme. R a n d l e ...
Good\vin. R i c h a r d Holsteiu . Dam. A . ...
Gordon . George Holt . Rowland ...
Gordon. J a m e s Hooker. S i r TTm . J . . . .
Gordon. J o h n
Gould . R.. F .
Hooper C . F . . ...
Horsley . C a n o n J . W . . . .
G o t t . Robert Hossack. Colin ...
Graefe . C o u n t August Houlding . TT . 1.'. ...
Graham. Lord George Iloward. C . C. ...
Grainha. E . B . Hon-e. D r . J . ...
Granthanl I r o r
Graves . Charles
. Howlett . E . Holcpnlbe ...
Howley. dvcltbp . ...
Gray. San1. Hudson. Richd . ...
Greaves. Win . Hughan. W . J. 31.
Greenbury. Caleb 206 . 233 .
Gregory . William H u n t . C. C.
Grey. TTm . Hulse . G e n e ~ a l .Sir sanii:
.
Griffith J o h n Ingram. S i r A ~ t h u r ...
.
G u r r Caleb G . I n n e s . J . C. ...
G n s t n r u s Adolphns I r e l a n d . Geo . ...
Hacquet Irnin. L o d ...
.
H a l i f n s T7iscount Trnnoff . B . ...
Hall. Geo . Ives, C h a p m a n ...
Hall. D r . J o h n
Hall. T m .
Hallett. H . H i r a m
.
Jackson. N a t h a n
J nclrson. TT . Lawies
James. F . H u b e r t
...
...
...
Halley. D r . J e a n s . Thomas ...
Halliclay. R . T . .
J e n i n s Robert ...
H a l l i \ ~ e l l .J . 0 . J e n k i n g s . Tohias ...
Hamilton. A . Jenlrinson. TT . ...
Hamilton . Charles .Tenner, D r . ...
Hammon . TYnl . .Tocelyn. Col . ...
.
~ a m m o n d William J o h n of G a u n t ...
Hancock. n'illiain J o h n of Gloucester .:.
Handel. G . F . .John of R e n c l ~ n g ...
Hardcastle. 3r . G . dolin V . of P o r t u g a l ...
Hardniclr . P h i l i p .John V1. of P o r t u g a l ...
Hardwick. Thos . ... Johnson . E d w a r d ...
H a r p r a r e . Lieut.-6 'enl. .Tohnson. R.obt. ...
TTilliam ... ... . . Samuel
. T o h n s o ~ ~DT ...
Hargreaves J o h n
H a r r i s o n George
. ...
...
.Johnson. JYm .
.
Jones Inigo 8?. 103,
H a r n a g e . SiT G . ... .
Jones Lieut.-COl. l n ~ g o
 Z i ~ r la..
e

Persons referred t o : . Persons referred t o : .

Jones, Iticharrl
g ... 3lcUonald . Patricli
Jones . Steplien ... ALaclrworth . Sit, H .
Jones . Theophilus . . Alaior . Cunhn
.
Jones Thos . ... Jlarcos. l b b b
Jones. Timothy ... 3I.ardel1, Charles
Jonson. Ben ... 3 l a r i a I . of P o r t u g a l
.
Jordon A . J . ... X a k i n s , W . 13 .
Josephus ... Alalcolm . J . P .
Jolvett. Albert
J o n o t . Nt~rshccll
...
. . . .
3lalclen H . E . .
Alanchester. D ~ t l i eof
Iiellie . E a d s of ... 3 l a n n i n g h a m . 11.. .
1ielly. E a r l of ... 3lanique . P i n a
.
Iielly Christopher ... ]\[anton, J . 0 .
Iielly. H .
helly. W m .
...
...
.
N a r Ear? of
J l a r c h . Chas .
Iiemplay . .John ... 3larlrs. Thos .
.
K e n t Dltke of
lierney . Charles
...
...
Jlnrshall . ICd\vard
Jlarshall . J o s h u a
liershaw . J n m e s ... 1\1arshall . I i a t h a r i n e
.
Iieyser C . E . ... Jlarson . E . TV .
K i n ston. Lord ... J l a r t i l l . J . F. G .
.
~ i i ~ F i &I - ~ e n r y ... J I a r t i n . Stephen
Kirlvin . IVilliam ... 31ary . Queen of Scots
Kitchener. Lord Jfatheson . W . A .
Iiitso_n Clark . ~ i e ~ ~ t.-~oi: 3la\vson, G . T .
.!l . ... \las\vell . Wni .
Iinoop . Douglas Jlayhew. .John
liorff ... Alayler . X7illimn
l i r a m e r . Stella 31ead . T)r .
liress. A . L . 31 eclilenburgh-Strelitz.
Jla R u d e . Jfatlrrme 1)ulie of 130.
.
h b e l y e Charles Jleekren . R . J . lii . 229 .
Lalicnhethe. Willinm Jlennell. AI . ...
Lamhall. Jncob Jlerlaw. Richard ...
Langridge. 13alcon1be 3lesborough. E a r l of ...
T~angwith.J o h n 3legriclr . TV . ...
Lanlrford . Samuel Rlicldleton . Wni . ...
L a d e n . John 3liguel. I n f a n t e D o m . . . .
Lascelles. T'iscoun f 3Iilman Denn . ...
1,atour AIauburg .
hlilnes Richard Slater ...
Laud. Ahp . l l i l n e s . R o b e r t Pemberton
Laughton. Bro . Alines . Charles ...
Lawrence. Rev . J . T . Jlinsliull. F r a n c i s
I~an.son. i i ~ ~ d r e G w. .
3Ioira E n r l of 20. 147.
Lawson-Tnncrcd . Lndy 3lont.rgu . J o h n . l h l i e of i O.
Laycoclr . Joseph .
Le S t r a n g e . H a m o n J l o n t a g u . Ralpli . Duke of
213 .
Leake. Rev . \V 31. . l l o n t e i r o . .bbk
-l ...
Leboris. J o h n
.
.
Jfonteiro J . 31. d e S. . . .
T.ec . Chas .
Lec . G . Trevelyan
AIoody I)r. C . H .
31ora\- . S i r llobert
... --
... I I .
Lee. Dr . Sanlnel ~ t o u t b .n- ~ a c ~ u e s
Lee. W i l l i a n ~ ?IIullineaus. Edn-ard
Legh . J o h n 3 l n r r a y . Alcsander
Lennos T. ortl . 3lylll1. J o h n e
.
Lepper J . TTeron Napoleon
Lethaby. TT . R .
Lexvis . .J . C a r t e r e t
.
N e ~ i e .4b p.
Nelson. Horace
Lenis. John 11. Nelson . Lortl
Legnan. Frrfher Neu.11ald. G .
Liherato. Toseph
Lily. n r o .
. Nen-bery . Thos .
Nenman . John
.
1,ima Jlngalhaes Nichols J . G . .
Lisle. Bra. Nicol. Bro .
Lister. Thos . Nightingale . J . G . . . . 79
Londeneys William . .
Noar C . P . ... 31.5
Tmrance . .ToS. Norfolk . D u l ; ~of 101. 122
Lo111xt. Presiilcnf .
Norman. Tlr George 2 . ' 2 9 34 . 229
Lovell. H n m f r i d Norrison . F r a n c i s ... 202
Tfivell. Thos . T,on l Norrison . Jno . ...
TAW. Williani N o r t h . Col . J . T . ...
T,on.e, Tsnac Northonclr. J . ...
Tlonther J . A . . Nuthnll . B e n j a ~ n i n ...
SJultis. Rev . W . C . O'Iiellr . Fnt11e1. P a trick ...
.
Lrall Slc~jorE d x a r d
3TaCYure. R o h t .
O'Tielly, Charles
O'Kelly . H u g o
...
...
3lncliey. 1)r . O'Kelly, Janles ...
s i v. Index .

Persons referred t o : . Persons referred t o : .

O'Kelly . Michael Richard d e Stow .
Olres . Thomas .
l t i c h a r d J . I3 .
Oldrord . J . H .
Olive; -- . Richardson J a m e s .
I t i c h m o ~ .~ dD ~ t l i e of
Olirer . D r Geo . . Richmond. A . E .
Ordway, H e n . Ricliard . Col .
Or6 . C n p t . P a u l H i r e r s , Errrl of
.
Orme E d w a r d Itobbins . S i r A .
Ormerocl . D r . Robert of Beverley
Osborne . H . J . Robinson . S i r W m .
Osborne. Thos . .
Roe Charles
Osborn . Wm . Ilogers . R e v . R .
Oxford . R e v A . ItT . . Itosa, 1 ) o n a
Padgett, Robert Iiosewarne . H e n r y
Page John . .
ltosslyn E n d s of'
Palmella D u k e of ltoubiliac L . F .
p a p w o r t h . \t7yatt Tto~rley.W .
P a r k e r . Sir P e t e r Ilonsell E TT . . .
Pxrk$r Thomas . .
l l u d d R e v . D'Arcv S . . . .
l'nrlrlnson . Alexander l<uspini. C Aevclliei ...
P a r l i p s . Thos . B . Russe. J o h n ...
Parmentier . James Rilssell . George ...
Partridge. Robert Itussell . J n o . ...
Passos . J f a n u e l d a S . .
R y a n Thoinas
P a y n e . Geo . I t y h n d s IT. H . 90: l
Penrson . D r . llysbrach
Peckitt . H. Saclleir. R . J .
P e d r o . Ilorn S d l e r . Henry
Peck . Rev . Richd Sadler. 11..
Penn. Springett S t . J o h n . Rev . H . F.
Penriell . Joseph Salt. Henry
P e n n i n g t o n . Thos . Salter . J o h n
Pennington Rev B i d . Sainber. Robert
Pepys Samuel
Perfect . D r . Win .
Sxlrn~aio Luis .
Sandby . Thos .
.
Pc.rier.1 . F . d : ~S i l r a Sanderson . TTm .
Peters. R e v . Win . Sargnison . W a l t e r
Petre. Lord Saunders. J m n e s TT'
Phillot. Charles Sawbridge. Col . Jxcob
Pierce . - Sawyer . -Chris .
P~llans- . ... Sayer. Anthony 84 .
Pine d. ... Schaw. V i l l i a m
PIUS IS. ... Schn.n~ifclder.C. H .
Pledger H .
Plot . D v .
. ...
...
Scott. T . E .
Seaman . B r o .
P l u m m e r , Charles ... Seman . J l a r t i n
Pollinpton T'isco~cnt
Pombal Allllnrnuia de
. ...
...
Seti I .
Shadbolt . Thomas
Pomfret . -~ ITnd l17 Shepherd . J n l i u s
Pool;. R e v . H . 61. 1%. 174. Shipton . Thos .
. 1

230 . 236 . 275 . Shirreff . X n j o r C .

Postlethwaite . .John ... Shorbridge . R e v . H .
Postlethnaite . Cnnon ... Shorthose. J o h n
Poutrain. l l a s. ... Shorthose. 'Thomas
Powell . Cecil ... 138. Shren-sbury End of
P r k o u r t . C. L . N . L . Sidebotham. P e t e r
1'reston:William .
87 . !% . 142 S i l r a Bra .
P ~ i c e .H e n r y ... l23 Silrersto~l R . .
Prior. Jlatthew ... 78 S i m l ~ s o n. Thomas
Protheroe. J . S .
Pryce. Willinin
. ...
...
31 5
21
Simpson . J o h n
Sinlpson . W . G .
.
P u e TT . ... F
Sitnell, N . S. H.
Rahere ... 87 Sketchley, J n m e s
R a n d . C. ... 17 S m i t h . Tlenjamin TVilil
Rawclon. Lord ... 14. 1-11 Smith. Cornwell
Fi.1~. . R . A\ ... 31;; S m i t h . F . TT'. F .
R a y m e ~ ~ Bt .r o . ... 19 Smith . Cnpf . George
Eeadg . J . ... 54 Smith, H. T .
Redmm1 . H e n r y ... 76 Smith. n r . Jarnes
Redman. Thomas ... 76 Smith. James
Reicl. E . J . ... 236 .
Smith S i r John
l t e i ~ l ~ a n .i ~Percy
m E. . . . 31 .5 S m i t h , J o h n . 3T.P.
Renkin Frnnqois . ... 1B7 Smith, John
R e v ~ s .J o h n ... 6. 42 S m i t h , doseph
Ribbons T . I3 . . ... 1.5 .
S m i t h J . C.
R.ice. - ... 29.5 S m i t h . Richard
 Index. sv.

PAGE.
'Persons referred t o : - Pet
Smith, Robt. ... 54
S m i t h , Toulmin ... 204
S m i t h , William ... 91
Smith, William ... 122
Smithson, J o h n ... 181
Soane, Sir J o h n ... 103, 108
Solomons, Alfred ... 256
Songhurst, W. J. 2. 61. 117,
125, 138, 240
Sorrell, J. E. A. ... 133
Soult, Narshall ... 299
Souza, C a d i n a l ... 301
Spencer, R. .. . 71
Spencer, Samuel ... 6,42
Spencer, D r . Wm. ... 43
Spenser, E d m u n d . .. 78
Sperling. B r o . 22
Speth. G. W. 71. 134, 189. 223
Spottigwoode. J. . .. 148
Springer. J o s h u a ... 32
Springett, Bernard ... 115
Srawley. C a n o n ... 64
Stanclifi. J . .. . 174
Stanhope, Lord ... 98. 213
Stanley, Thos. ... 224
S t a n t o n . William . .. 222
Starkey, George ... 75
Staveley. R i c h a r d ... 47
S t e a d . Thomas ... 55
Stephenson. S . ... 142
Sterne, Ljurence ... 102, 146
S t e a a r t , Col. Sherborne ... 25
Stewart. W m . ... 141, 159
Stoate. F. C. ... 61
Stodhard 1-10
Stokes. Dr. J o h n 6i; 139, 161,
258, 292.
Stone. J o h n
Stone. Nicholas
Ston-ell. R o b e r t
S t r a h a n , William
Stubbings. W a l t e r
Stukelep, Dr.
Styles, Thomas
Surplice. F. R . C.
Sussex. Ditke of
Sutherland. Geo.
zjuthes, '(T'illiam
S u t t o n , Bro.
S n a n n , Thos.
Swannack, J o h n
Swift, J o h n
Swindells, P e t e r
Sykes. C. F.
Symns, R . C. M .
Talman, -
Tamerlane
Tancred, Thomas
Tappenden. Sydaev
Tntin
Tatsch, J . H u g o
Taylor. Saml. V h i t e , 1h.o.
Taylor, J o h n W h i t e , W m . . G.Sec.
Tnylor, Thom. ... 106 TTl~ite,1 ) ~ H. e r b e r t
Taylor, Thomas ... 183 TT7hitehead J n o .
Taylour. Saml. ... 96 Whitelock. J . L n p t o n
Telepneff, Boris 160. 291 V h i t t a k e r , Lawrence
Telling, Dr.. W. H. 1laxu;ell 161 W h i t t i n g t o n , George
Tempest, Szr G. ... 201 W h i t t l e , C n p f . Daniel
Tempest. J o . . .. 202 W h r t e h e a d , T . B.
Tew, T. W. ... 1P3 W i e n a n d , F. W. A. J.
Thackray. Thos. .. . 43 TViep. Frnncis
Thelwal. E d . .. . 54 TTTilbrahanl. J o h n
Thiemeyer, E. E. ... 188, 2-18 \Vilbrahain. R .
Thirsk, J o h n ... 76 Wilcock, J.
Thomas, E. F. ... 301 Wildy. C n p f . E.
svi. Index.

P.iGE.
Persons referred t o : - Persons referred t o : -
Wilkinson. TT'. S t . U u n s t a n in t h e V e s t ...
Williain de TT'ynford S t . Heleo's. Bishopsgate ...
TT'illiam of Colchester S t . J a m e s ' . Piccadilly
X i l l i a m IT-. S t . J o h n *t h e Evangelist, ~ e e d s ' :
Williams, J o h n Richai S t . J o h n S . Clerlienn-ell ...
IT'illiams, W. J . 64. S t . 3lngnus. London Hridge ...
1 5 i J 229, S t . J l a r g a r e t ' s Westminster ...
Willis, J a n ~ e s Et. RIartin's in t h e F i e l d s ;
TT'illoughby. J I a r l i Inscription on F o u n d a t ~ o n
JT'ilmot. H e n r y Stone- ... ...
Wilson. Chrisr. S t . Olare. ~ a ; : ; S t r e e t ...
JT'ilson, S i r Clins. H. S t . P a u l ' s Cathedral ...
Wilson , R,d. S t . Paul's. Covent Garden
TT'ilson. Szr K m . Sanhedrim Society i n p o r t &
Scottish R i t e i n P o r t u g a l
Slietcl~lev'sTokens ... ...
Skipton 'Castle ...
S m i t h . Jleinorial t o i?;n. ...
Soane RIuseunl ... ...
Society of Freemasons ...
Steinmetz Ordinances ...
Sterne Tomb of Laurence ...
Stone. AIonnment of Nicholas ..
Stone, Will of I\'icholas ...
Sussex, Tomb of D u k e of ...
T\Tooclwarcl. J o h n Suthes, Tonlb of !T"iljian~ ...
Woolfe, - Snthes. Y i l l of 11 illiam ...
TT'orth, J o h n
K r e n . S i r Christopher Temple Church. London ...
Temple Newsam ... ...
TVright, T m . Toast List i n 1794 ... ...
Wycklif
Yerele. H e n r y Tomb of : -
Tork. Duke o f Elias Ashmole ...
T o u n g . Sii. C. G . TYillian~K i n r i n ...
Toung. Edmuncl Laurellee S t e r n e ...
Young. George Duke of Sussex ...
Toung. Richard. William S u t h e s ...
Piece work i n t h e Gilds ... Sir C. W r e n ...
Plot's account of t h e C r a f t ... Tracing Boards, Browne ...
Pontefract. T o r k Lodge meeting
at ... ... Uniform in a Lonclon Lodge ...
Population of E n g l a n d in 1801
Portugal. Freemasonry i n ... W a r r a n t s issued by P r o r i n c i a l
Preston ancl t h e Freemtcsons G r a n d Rlasters ... ...
Xagazine ... Westminster Abbey ., .
Preston ancl t h e ~ G g eof
Antiquity ... ... Will of : -
Processions of Freemasons a t
Sheffield. 1797 ... Rratthen I3irklleacl ...
Prorinclal G.>[. fir rants Daniel Chaloner ...
issuecl by ... ... Nicholas Stone ...
William Snthes ...
Relief in t h e Gilds ... ...
Royal Arch derice : Dmlclierley's Tl'oodnarcl, 3lonul,nent of J o h n
use of ... ... TTren. Tomb of A'cr C. ...
Royal Cumberland School,
I n s t i t u t i o n of ... , . P Cymm,.odor ... ...
Yerele. Documents connected
St. dlban ... ... ~ i t h ... ...
S t . Bartholomen-. Snlithfield ...
 Index. svii.
CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE. I'IGE.
Ilaxter, Rodk. H. ... ... 234 Lepper. J. H e r o n 115, 120. 132
Bean, TV. H. ... l83
Bullamore. Geo. TV. ... 62. 236. 285
Carter. T. 31. ...
Clark, Colonel Kitson
Poole, R e z . H. 155. 177. 235. 27.5, 305
L ) a p e s , Gilbert TV. 108;
-de Lafontaine. H. C a r t S : ~ u n d e r s .J. W . ... ... 235
Songhurst. TT. J. ... ... 121, 210
Eclnards, Lemis ... Stokes. Dr. J. ... ... 161
Elkington, Geo. Sylres. C. F. ... ... 111, 284
G r a n t h a m . Ivor ... Telepneff. B. ... ... 160
...
Thiemeyer. E. E . ... ... 188. 218
H a n k e s v o r t h . E. Tucliett. J. E. S h u m ... 251
Hills. Gordon P. G.
Vibert. Lionel 123. 132. 133, 244.
Iranoff. B. ... 251. 281. 311
Williams. W. J. 61. 70, 112, 130, ,

137. 229, 280, 313

h o o p . Douglas ...

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Adel Church : S o u t h P o r c h ...

P.iGE.
l76 I Bnaresborougb ; general view .,.
Eolton Priory ... ... 164. 176 Leeds : Screen, S t . J o h n ' s Chul.ch
Temple Newsam ...
176
176
Fountains Abbey ... 176
K i r k s t a l l Abbey ... li6
Frontispiece t o ~ u n ~ a ~Solomon's i's 3Ionnment t o E d n a r d Marshall:
T e m p l e S p i r i t u a l i s e d . l736 E d n . 92 S t . D u n s t a n ' s , Fleet S t . ... 85
Inscription by Anderson i n copy P o r t r a i t : H. C a r t de
of 1723 C o n s t i t u t i o n s ... 253 Lafontalne ... Fronfispicce
Jewels: R A . and Jlaster ... 258 Ripon ... ... ... 168
Ars Quatuor Coronatorum
 FRIDAY, 4th OCTOBER, 1929.

H E Lodge met a t Freenlasons' H a l l a t 3 g.m. Present:-llros.

Re\-. H. Poole. B.A., P . P ~ . G . C ~ ITVestmorland
.~ ancl Chmberlancl.
lV.31. : George Nornlan. P.A.G.D.C.. I.P.31. : H . C. cle Lafontaine.
P . G . D . , S . W . : SIT-.J. Songhurst, P.G.D., Treas. : Lionel lTibert.
P.A.G.1I.C.. Sec. : G o ~ d o nP . G. Hills. P . A . G . S u p . W . . P.31.. 11.C. :
W . J . Williams. J . D . . as J.W. : Thos. 11. C a r t e r , P . P r . G . S t . B . .
Bristol, I.G. : J o h n Stokes, P . G . D . . Pr..I.G.31.. T e s t Torks.. P.31. :
J . H e r o n Lepper. P . G . D . . Ireland. P . 3 I . : a n d D a r i d F l a t h e r .
P.A.G.D.C.
.Ilso t h e following members of t h e Corresponde~lceCircle : -Bros. Douglas I<noop.
A . F. S t r e e t . J . P. H u n t e r . J . Gaskill. G. Vere Slontague. P . d . G . S t . B . . H . F.
IIawbey. W . T. .l. G u n . H. Thornto11 Gunner. A. I-.dlsagoff. Robt. Colsell. P.A.G.D.C..
L. G. W e a r i i ~ g : George E l k i n g t o ~ ~P. . A . G . S n p . W . . IVm. Taylor Russell. :Lt. W.
Strickland. J. J. Nolan. P . G . S t . B . , H. Johnson. C. E. N e w n ~ a n .Alfred K e l l s . G. V.
South. M e - r i c k TT'. H e a t h . D a r i d Rice. Allan l l a m s a y . D. Drysclale Anderson. B.
Telepneff, B. Tranoff. F . F r e e m a n . T\-m. Lenis. d. F. F o r d . .l. I). Bowl. C. F. Sylies.
l ? . T h e a t l e y . Heliry G. C~old.W. Emmerson. E r n e s t war re^^. TV. nrinlrn-orth, G. A.
W r a t t e n . A . Sice. L. S h a w . S r t h u l . Qniclr. Geo. E. IToare, F. Lace. P.A.G.D.Ct.. H . J.
Saclleir. F. I<. Jenson. Wallace H e a t o n . G.St.B.. a n d J. F. \-esey Fitz-Geralcl.
Also t h e follon-ing T7isitors :-Bros. 8. K. Saunders, llecnlrers Lodge No. 1123 ;
F. E. Shillam. Imprimere Loclge No. 4734; M '. P e n u ~ ,L.11.. Christ's Hospital Lodge
No. 2650: F. TV. B a n n i s t e r , Bisley Lodge No. 2317: W , G. Clarlic. Grove Lodge
S o . 410: J. C. H a r r e y . P.11.. F a r r i n g d o n M-ithout Lodge No. 1743: R.. Sandland.
I,.Tl.. Golden S q n a r e No. 2837; a n d C. G u ~ l n .lleclnoocl Lodge K O . 3411.

L e t t e r s of apologv t o r non-attendallce were reported f r o m Bros. S. T. Klein,

L.R., P.31. : F. J . TT. Crowe. P.A.G.D.C.. P.31. : J. , T. T h o r p , P.G.D.. P.31. ;
I l e r . W. W . Col-ey-Crump, A.G.Ch., P.11. : S i r Alfred Robbins. P . G . T . . Pres.B.G.P..
P 31. : Cecd Powell, P . G . D . . P . J I . : a n d Gilbert TV. Daynes. J . V .

I%ro. H. C. cle L a f o n t a i n e P . G . D . . \ \ a s elected 3 l a s t e r of t h e Lodge for t h e

c ~ l s u ~ t iyge a r ; Dro. M'. J . Songhurst. P.G.D.. n a s re-elected Trcnsurer, a n d Hro.
J. H. AlcK~1~iglltonn-as re-elected Tyler.

I'pon Ballot t a k e n : -
B r o . T h e R e v . WALTER KELLPFIRMIXGER, D D . . F.R.G.S. Residing
a t t h e P a l a c e . H a i n p t o i l C o u r t . Nicldleses. C h a p l a i n t o H.M. t h e
King. F o r m e r l y A r c h d e a c o n of C a l c u t t a . P.Dis.G.W., Bengal.
P.i\l. L o d g e H u m i l i t y w i t h F o r t i t u d e N o . 2 2 9 . 3 I e i n b e r of L o d g e s
Y e a t m a n B i g g s N o . 2672. C o i ~ c o r d i a3 1 0 2 . e t c . A u t h o r of T h e Ecrrly
Hlstot,y of I J r e e i n n s o i ~ r yr i b Beugrtl criltl t h e P u l l j a b , 1906. 3 ,Short
I l i s t o r y of Lotlye H z l t ~ l l l i t y IC 6th IlortItztde, 1 9 0 3 . A l s o p a p e r s i n
-4 .(?.C., Fre.s7r1 L i g h t 0 1 1 t h e old 13e11gctlLoclyes, x v i i i . (1905). S t r ~ d i e s
02 Eig7jteetztk C e n t u r y Coiztinei~trrl illnsonry, s i x . (1906) ;

and
B r o . ARTHUR HEIRON, L . R . Residing a t 67, Twyford Avenue. W e s t
Acton. London. W.3. S e n i o r P.M. of O l d D u n d e e L o d g e N o . 1 8 ,
a n d P.11. of Sir T h o i n a s W h i t e L o d g e N o . 1 8 2 0 . A u t h o r of A t i c i e ~ ~ t
I~'r(~,~~tlti,sotiry rrtccl t h e 07t7 I))ictdec, L o d g e . A l s o p a p e r s in -4.Q.C..
T A P ('rlift 112. t h e 2 8 t h L ' P I I ~ U ~x!x/ s. v i i . (1924). Alfc~sters' Lodges,
x x x ~ x . ( 1 9 2 6 ) . A l s o " I['as D r . . 7 o h 1 ~ 0 1 1U l'reev~nsotz? " p u b l i s h e d
i n .IL(tsotilr K r r o r d :
were regula~.ly elected .Joining Members of t h e Lodge.
 One Prorincial Grancl Lodge, one Lodge mld fifty-four Brethren m-ere elected to
memberihlp of the C"orrespondence Circle.

The SECRETARY
drcn- attention t o the follon.ing

E X H I B I T S :-

By Bro. R . T. HALLIDAT:
-
Pierced JETT-EL,silver. An ornate G., with sqnare, compasses and other e~nblems
within a rayecl oral border. On the square: Kous vivons sur le Quarre.
011 the oval border: RT. S o h Concordia Fratrunn John Gale No. 184.
Ob. : Amor Honor e t Justitia. Virtute e t Silentio.
(The Lodge i n question appears t o lie S t . Albjan's, I3irminghan1, nhich took this
n ~ u u b e ra t the Vnioa. B u t Jalthougl~there is a very full list of the inein'oer~
before the Gnion in the G.L. Registers, i t does not nlention John Gale. The
Lodge sent u p no returns under its new number. Old Tuscan was No. 184
before the L-nion and we also h a r e a full list of t h e mend~ersa t t h e time, hut
John Gale is not among them.)
d r ~ o sand Jewel of t h e Ancient Order of Gardeners. The Apron is about
16in. square, v-it11 circular flap. Dark blue cloth. and flap dark blue
velvet: both with gold lace and braid edging. On flap irradiated eye.
and the S . ancl C. with the Gardener's Knife. On Apron three inter-
laced triangles n-it11 S . N A . and in centre 0. Belon-. a n ark. rainbo~v
a n d dove. On either side : left. P. above H. : right. G. abom E. The
Jewel is in white metal. The S. and C. with t h e Gardener's Knife
above the C.. and belon., a crown of fire points and two half points.
No r i n g or any other ineails of suspension.
Formerly t h e property of John J r . Easton of Helensburgh.

By Bra. JIajor C. C . A n m s :-
J I a r k JETEL, metal gilt, in shape of a keystone. Ob. within the circle n-it11
letters a n arm holding a cross crosslet fitchQ. Tnscribed: Alexr. D.
JTacDougall Hiram Chapter 12th May 5851. No. 733. RT. Emblenls:
Sun. moon. stars and irradiated eye. Above a tessclated pavement t h e
pillars ancl arch r i t h Iicystone. from which the G. depends. At foot
t h e S. and (31.

B - Bro. Dr. J o ~ S s T O I ~: -
S
J E ~ - E ~ , . Pierced metal gilt. R . A . eighteenth century, b u t no hall-mark.

Jlaster's JEWEL. Silver, compasses, arc and s u n type. Maker P a t . Rooner.

Hall-marlr d a t e 1783.
A second specimen similar. 1Iaker T. Batson. Hall-mark clate 1790.
(Trick t h e illustration.)
-
By Bro. R. J. SADLEIR:
ESGRAVISGS: A series of Lambert de Lintot engrarings.

Through the courtesy of t h e Librarian t o Grand Lodge. Bro. Gordon P. G. Hills,

t h e original H n d d o n ACS.. ill the Library of Grand Lodge, n-as placed on t h e
table for inspection.

A cordial r o t e of thanlrs n.as passecl t o the Brethren who had kindly lent these
objects for exhibition.

Bro. D o c ~ ~ aI ~
s YOO P . read t h e Eolloring paper:-
M.A.,
 GILD RESEMBLANCES IN THE O L D MS. CHARGES.
--
BT BBO. D O C G L A S liLVOC)F'. Alf.d.

S U X J f d K T : Comparison of ' General Charges ' and ' Charges Singular ' of
Eaddon MS. with Gild ordinances.--The reading of t h e Charges and the taking
of the Oath.-The 9 ' General Charges ' considered seriatim.-The 17 ' Charges
Singular ' considered seriatim.-Conclusion : nothing important in ' General
Charges ' or ' Charges Singular ' which is not contained in Gild ordinances.-The
reverse proposition t h a t there is uothing important in Gild ordinances which is
not contained in the Charges is not true-e.g., enrolment of apprentices, search
for false enticing away of workmen, the use and counterfeiting of marks.
relief of poverty and distress.

VERY Freemason who has some acquaintance with the organisa-

tion and functions of the medizval gilds and fraternities must
realise t h a t there exist many siinilarities between these bodies
and the Craft with which we are associated. X y object in
this paper is not directly to describe the leading characteristics
of the gilds, b u t to consider how far gild features are reflected
in the Old Charges. I t is with the later parts of the Old
Charges-the ' General Charges ' and the ' Charges Singular '-
t h a t we shall be concerned; the legendary matter with which the Old Charges begin.
has no exact counterpart among Gild docunlents so far as I am aware. Neither
do I propose to touch on the ' Apprentice Charges,' those colnparatively modern
additions to the Old Charges. I thus limit myself to t h e Charges proper. and
for the sake of simplicity I follow one MS. throughout. viz.. t h e Haddon N S . ,
which is fairly readily accessible and has the further advantage of presenting a
more correct text t h a n usua1.l
I n the N S S . t h e Charges are divided into two classes (i.) General and (ii.)
S i n g ~ ~ l:a rthe former, as the name suggests, consisting of general advice and
precepts, the latter chiefly of technical 01- trade directions and instructions. I t
is not poqsible, however, to draw a hard and fast distiuction between the character
of the two sets of Charges: i n both the Mason is instructed to serve the Lord
well; in both he is warned against fornication and adultery. On the other hand.
i t is only in the Charges Singular ' t h a t he is warned against games of chance
and against visiting alehouses a t night-time.
Anlongst the ordinances, regulations or articles of t h e Craft Gilds i t is
possible to distinguish two types of rule: the one is concerned primarily with t h e
social or religious activities of the gild, the other with t h e trade activities; t h e
former have sometimes been described as ' fraternity ' regulations, the latter as
' nlistery ' regulations. Or, putting the matter i n another way, there were some
rules which required the sanction of the Crown or of a Muncipality if they were
to be enforced, whilst there were other rules which m-ere more or less the private
concern of the gild alone. It is likely t h a t most Craft Gilds had rules of both

lTV. J. Hugllan, OlcT Charges .of Rrifish Freemasons (1893), p. 167. The
Hadclon MS. is reproduced by Hughan 111 this edition.
 types. Sometimes, probably generally, in the early days, the fraternity regula-
tions were kept distinct from the nlistery regulations. Thus in the case of the
H u l l Bricklavers' Gild the former were embodied in the ' Book of Orders ' (which.
i t may be noted, were approved by the Mayor), whilst the latter were contained
in the Bricklayers' Composition, which was an indenture between the Mayor and
Burgesses on the one p a r t and representatives of the Bricklayers, etc., on the
0ther.l A t a later date fraternity regulations and mistery regulations were often
embodied in one set of ordinances which had t h e authority of the municipality.
I n London, according to Professor Unwin, nlunicipal ellforcement of fraternity
regulations is not found much before 1460; in York the Marshals and Smiths
had their fraternity regulations acknowledged by the Mayor as early as 1443."
The ordinances of tlie Gild of Tailors a t Exeter, 1476,:' and the ordinances of
the Gild of Carpenters a t York, 1482.' are other examples of mixed fraternity and
nlistery regulations. I n some cases the only ordinances which have come down
to us are the mistery regulations which have been found amongst municipal
records. Fortunately, a fair number of fraternity regulations are still extant,
including several which were sent u p t o London in response to writs to the
Sheriff of every shire issued in 1389. calling for returns by gilds.' I t is with
these various gild ordinances of both types t h a t t h e ' Charges ' have to be
compared. Roughly speaking, i t is true to say t h a t the ' General Charges'
correspond with the ordinances of the religious and social gilds or with the
' f r a t e r n i t y ' ordinances of the Craft Gilds, where these are known, whilst the
' Charges Singular ' correspond with the ' mistery ' ordinances of the Craft Gilds.

Before beginning a detailed examination of the ' General Charges ' and
the ' Charges Singular,' we may briefly consider t h e conditions under which they
x-ere read and t h e oath which was taken to observe them.

T H E R E A D I N G O F T H E CHARGES A N D T H E T A K I N G O F THE OATH.

According t o the Haddon AM.. whilst the person who was to be made a
Nason laid his hand on the Book held by one of t h e oldest Masons, the Charges
were read out, introduced by the following exhortation:-
Every m a n t h a t is a Nason, take good heed unto these Charges, if
a n y man find himself guilty of any of these Charges t h a t he amend
himself towards God: and in principal ye t h a t are t o be charged take
good heed t h a t ye may keep these Charges right well; for i t is great
peril for a m a n to forswear himself upon a Book.
The Gilds appear to have adopted a very similar procedure. Thus the
ordinances of the Gild of the Blessed Virgin N a r y a t H u l l state t h a t " the
ordinances shall be read over t o every newcomer, so t h a t ignorance may not be
pretended, and t h a t a n oath shall be taken by everyone coming into the gild to
observe all t h e ordinances.
The ordinances of the Gild of St. Katherine a t Stamford were re-affirmed
111 1494 - and the oath to be taken by newcomers is set out in full as follows:-

I shall be a true man to God Almighty, to Saint N a r y and to S t .

Katherine, in whose honour and worship this Gild is founded: and
shall be obedient to the Alderman of this Gild and t o his successors,
and come t o him and to his Brethren when I have warning and not
absent myself without reasonable cause. I shall.be ready to pay scot
and bear lot and all lily duties truly to pay and do; the ordinances.
1 Lambert. 2.000 ,!letrrs of G i k l Life. pp. 272-?81.
2 Rook. 11. (Surtees Society. T-01.120. 1011), x s s i v . note.
Y o r k JIe~r~.orcrncl.~irr~.
3 Toullnin Sinith, E~wllish G i l d s (E.E.T.S.. d.),p. 312.
?l-01.1,. X e n ~ o .Bli., 11.. 279.
Some of these n-ere repnntecl ill Toulmin Smith's l~ook.
W. Smith, p. IS?. I11 all cases through this papcr where Gild ordinances a r e
.quotecl, n. modern English rersion is giren.
7 T. Smith, p. 188.
 constitutions and rules of the Gild, to keep, obey, pcrform, and t o
my power maintain, to my life's end, so help me God and holydonl
and by this Book.
The ordinances of the Gild of Tailors a t Exeter L include the oaths of
(i.) the craftsman; (ii.) the Master of the occupation: (iii.) the free brothers,
and (iv.) the beadle. The craftsman's oath, which is long, may be summarized
thus: H e is to swear t o be true t o the fraternity and t o obey the Master and
Wardens: not to disclose the affairs of the brotherhood or of the craft: not to
encourage strangers: to show the indentures of his apprentices and to bring them
into the craft a t the end of their terms: not t o hire or entice away any worker
or apprentice of another m a n ; not to take a shop until admitted as a freeman:
not to entice away customers from a brother of the craft; not to leave the gild
but to uphold i t according t o his estate, and on dying t o bequeath i t a legacy:
not to sue a brother of the craft without licence from the Naster.

GENERAL CHARGES.

G'euerul C'lircrye 1.-The first Charge is t h a t he or thou shall be true to God

and Holy-Church, and t h a t he use no errour or heresy by your under-
standing, or discreet or wise nlens teaching: and also t h a t he shall be
a true liege-man to the King of England, without Treason or any
Falshood, and t h a t they know no Treason, nor Traytory, but to amend
i t privily if i t may be or else warn the King or his Councill.
G'enerul Charge 2O.-And also you shall be true each one t o the other, t h a t is
to say, every Mason of t h e Craft of Masonry t h a t have been Masters
allowed you shall do to them as you would they should do to you.
Whilst I have n o t been able to find a n exact parallel for these two Charges,
three extracts somewhat similar in character may be quoted. The first three
~rdinancesof the Gild of the Blesked Mary a t Chesterfield are as follows2:-
First, all shall swear t o uphold the due rights of the Church.
Also they shall swear t o take care for the rights of the lord of t h e
place.
Also they shall swear t o guard all their liberties within town and
without town, and t o give trusty help thereto wheuever it may b e
needed.
An ordinance of the Gild1 of Tailors. Exeter.:' states:-
" This i n t o be end t h e four quurter d a y s " :
Ye shall pray for all the brothers and sisters of this fraternity and
all benefactors of the same, and especially for our sovereign Lord,
King Edward IV., first founder of this gild and fraternity and for
the Queen and for the Princes aud for all t h e King's progeny and
for all the lords of t h e King's Great Council . . . (and for sundry
individuals) . . .
The ordinances of the Company of Weavers a t H u l l lay i t down " t h a t
the Warden and his brethren shall be loving, gentle and friendly one t o
another."
G ~ t r e r dI'hnrgr 3O.-And also that you keep truly all the Councils of Lodge,
and of Chamber, and of all other Councils, t h a t ought to be kept by
way of Masonry.
Probably all gilds required t h a t their secrets should not be disclosed. The
oath of the craftsman tailor a t Exeter lays i t down t h a t " ye shall not disclose
the counsel of the brotherhood or of the crafte, t h a t ye have knowledge of, t h a t

1 T. Smjth, pp. 316-19 2 T. Smith, p. 165.

T. Smith, p. 318. 4 L n m l ~ e r tp.
~ 211.
262 Trtrxsactioi~eOf tlie (;)lccctrror C'oronati L o d g e .

should be secret within ourselves." I n some gilds the offence of disclosing secrets
appears to have been regarded as a nlucll more serious matter t h a n in others.
Thus. xhilst the ordinances of the Shipman's Gild. Ly11n.l provide t h a t :
Whoever discloses the counsel of this gild t o any strange man or
woman, and i t may be proved, . . . shall pay 2 stones of w a s
or leave the fraternity until he may have grace" :
the ordinances of the Gild of the Blessed Mary, Chesterfield,? state t h a t :
" whoever makes known the affairs of the gild, and it is proved by
two brethren, shall be put out as perjured, and his example shall be
held u p t o everlasting scorn."
General C l ~ a ~ g4O.-hd
e also t h a t no Mason shall be a Thief, nor thievishly
given for as forth as he may witt or know. ( H o l y w e l l U S . : No
nlason shall be a thief nor in company as far as h e doth know.)
Various gild ordinances state how a thief is to be punished: two may be
quoted by n a y of example. The Gild of Fullers a t Lincoln "1297) provided
that :
if any of the brotherhood be justly charged with theft t o the value
of a penny, he shall be put out of the company.

The ordinance of the London Glovers (1349) laid i t down that:

if any servant in the said trade shall make away with the goods or
chattels of his master to the value of 12d. more or less. the same
default shall be redressed by the good folks who are Wardens of the
said t r a d e and if such servant who shall have offended against his
master. will not allow himself to be adjudged upon by the Wardens
of t h e said trade, he shall forthwith be attached and brought before
t h e Mayor and Aldermen, and before then1 let t h e default be punished
according t o their discretion.
General C h a r g e 5O.-And also that ye shall be true t o the Lord, and t o this
Xaster ye serve, and truly see his profit and his advantage.
A common formula in an indenture of apprenticeship requires the
apprentice ' ' well and faithfully to serve A . B . as his master." B u t I have come
across no similar injunction explicitly embodied in Gild ordinances in the case of
journeymen.
General C h a r g e 6O.-And also you shall call Masons your Brethren, or else your
Fellows, and no other foul Names.
The terms brother and brethren occur in the ordinances of practically all
the social gilds, and no doubt the members referred t o each other as brothers.
With regard to the use of abusive language, the ordinances of both t h e Gild
of Garlekhith. London, and the Gild of SS. Fabian and Sebastian. London.
provided t h a t ill-behaved brethren should be put out of t h e gild,' whilst the
Gild of Conception a t Bishop's Lynn had a rule G t h a t if brothers or sisters used
foul words amongst one another, a fine should be paid or membership of the
gild be lost.
General C ' h ~ r g eTo.-And also t h a t ye shall not take your Fellows wife in Villany.
nor desire ungodly his Daughter, nor his Servant, nor p u t him to any
disworship.
This Charge closely resembles No. 11 amongst the Charges Singular (" No
Xason shall use Lechery or be adulterous whereby the Craft might be slandered ").

1 T. Sinith. p. 55 T. Smith, p. 167.

3 T. Smith, p. 180.
4 Iiiley. M e m o r i a l s of L o n d o n , p. 213.
5 T. Smith, pp. 4 and 11. G T. Smith. p. 87.
These two Charges have a parallel in the followiiig ordi~lancesof the Gild of the
Holy Trinity and St. Leonard, Lancaster (1377) :- '
No one of the Gild shall wrong the wife or daughter or sister of
another, nor shall allow her to be wronged so far as he call hinder i t .
No one of the gild shall take into his house anyone knowii to be an
adulterer, nor shall himself live in adultery; and if i t be shown t h a t
he has done either, and after two warnillgs he will not amend, he
shall altogether be p u t out of the Gild.
G'enernl Chc~r,Ve 8O.-And also t h a t you pay truly for your Xeat and Drink,
where you go to board.
Genernl Charge go.-And also t h a t you .hall do no Villany in that place where
you go to board, whereby the Craft might be slandered. These be
the Charges in general t h a t belong to every true l\Iason t o keep.
These Charges bear witness to the migratory character of the &lason's
occupation, t o which further reference will be made l a t e r : as most gilds were
e.sentially local institutions i t is very doubtflil whether any counterparts of
these particular precepts exist amongst gild ordinances.

C H A R G E S SINGULAR,.

Cl~cirgesSi?zgztlnr 1.-That no Master shall take in hand any Lord's work, nor
any other m a n ' s work, escept he know himself abie, and sufficieiit of
Cuilnilw', to uerform and end the Lord's work. so t h a t the Craft have
1

no slander, nor no disworship. b u t t h a t the Lord may be well served,

and truly with his own good, and the Master to live honestly. and t o
pay his Fellows truly their . pay,
.
as the manner is.
I n the first place this c h a r g e may be conlpared with two of the " Regnla-
tions for the trade of Masons " which were approved by the Mayor and Aldermen
of the City of Loildoi~in 1356 ' :-
t h a t good folks of the said trade shall be chosen aud sworn every time
t h a t need shall be, to oversee t h a t 110 one of the trade takes work t o
con~plete,if he does not well and perfectly know how t o perform such
work, on pain of losing . . .
that no one shall take work in gross, ( i . e . by contract) if he be not
of ability in a proper manner t o complete such work: and he who
wishes to undertake such work in gross. shall come to the good nlan
of whom he has taken such work to do and complete, and shall bring
with llim six or four ancient men of his trade sworn thereunto if
they are prepared to testify unto the good man of whom he has taken
such work to do, t h a t he is skilfnl and of ability to perform such work,
and t h a t if he shall fail t o complete such work i n due manner, or not
be of ability t o do the same. <hey themselves who so testify t h a t he
is skilful and of abilitv to finish the work. are bound to conlnlete the
same work well and properly a t their own charges in such nlanner
as he undertook . . .

Somewhat similar rules from two other trades may be quoted. t o show t h a t
such provisions were not peculiar t o Nasons. The Articles of the London
Furbishers. 1350.? lay i t down t h a t :
no one of the said trade shall take any manner of work for worlring
a t , from any great lord or other persons, if h e be not a perfect lllal~
and a man knowing his trade by testimony of the good folks of
the same trade , . .
 Amongst the Ordinances of the London Plumhers. 1365.1 we find:
t h a t no one of the trade of plumbers shall meddle with the works
touching such trade within the said city or take house or apprentice
or other workmen in the same, if he be not made free of the city and
t h a t b y assent of the best and most skilful men in the said trade,
testifying t h a t he knows how well and lawfully to work and to do his
work, t h a t so the said trade may not be scandalised or the conimonalty
damaged and deceived. by folks who do not know their trade.

The regulations quoted appear in each case t o relate to masters; ia the

case of the London Founders, whose ordinances were renewed in 1389,' there is
a similar provision with regard to no one keeping house or shop until he has been
esanlined as to whether he is ' able and sufficient and skilled,' but there is also
the following ordinance with reference to journeymen :-
No man of the said trade shall receive any person to work therein
as a journeyman before he shall have been tried and proved by t h e
Masters aforesaid, as to whether he is able to work in snch trade as
a journeyman or not and i t shall have been adjudged by the said
Masters how much he shall take by the day . . .

C'iinrgec S 7 n q z ~ l n r2O.-And also t h a t no Master nor Fellow shall *upplant another

of their Work ( t h a t is to say) If he take a Work, or else stand Master
of the Lord's work, ye shall not put him out, except he be unable of
Cunning for ending of the Work.
The oath of the craftsman Tallor of Exeter, referred to above states that
ye shall not stir, procure, nor excite by yourself nor by other mean., t o with-
draw from y m r master, nor from any brother of t h e craft, any of their
customers . . ." A more exact counterpart, however, appears to exist in
that ordinance of the London Plumbers ' which states:
t h a t no one of the said trade shall oust another from his work under-
taken or begun, or shall take away his customers or his employers, to
his damage, by enticen~entthrough carpenters, masons, tilers or other
persons: as h e would answer for the damage so inflicted, by good
consideration of the Masters of the said trade.

The regulations of the Fraternity of Minstrels in Beverley (1555) provide

that no brother " shall take another brother's castle from him."

('hnrges Singular 3O.-And also t h a t no Master, nor no Fellow take an Apprentice

within the term of Seven years, and that the Apprentice be able of
birth ( t h a t is t o say) free born and of Limbs whole as a man ought
t o be.
This condition with regard t a the seven years' apprenticeship is contained
in the London ilIasons' Regulations of 1356 ' :-
no one of the said trade shall take a n apprentice for a less term than
seven years, according to the usage of the city . . .

It appears in almost the same words in the London Cutlers' Articles of

1 3 4 4 . V 1 a the Articles of the Lolldon Spurriers. 1345, a further condition with
regard to enrolment is attached ' :-
No one of the said trade shall take an apprentice for a less term than
seven years and such apprentices shall be enrolled according to t h e
usages of the said city.

Riley, pp. 321-2. Riley, p. 513.

Riley. p. 322. 4 Lambert. p. 136.
l Rile.. p. 282. "iley, p . 217.
7 Riley. p. 227.
 I n the case of the London Plumbers a still further condition is attached
resembling t h a t contained in the oath of the Exeter craftsnlan Tailor referred t o
above :
that no one of the said trade shall take a n apprentice for less than
seven years and t h a t he shall have him enrolled within the first year,
and at the end of his term shall make him take u p his freedom
according to the usage of t h e said city.
By other ordinances it is provided t h a t no Cutler, Spurrier, or Plumber
who is not free of the city is entitled to receive a n apprentice. Regulations as
to free birth or the physical conditions of apprentices are found among the
~ the York Bowers.& The especially
London Cutlers.' the London F o ~ n c l e r s ,and
strict reyuirenlents of the York Bowers are deserving of quotation in full :-
That no master of the said craft shall take any apprentice before he
shall have been brought before t h e aforesaid searchers to be examined
and approved by them if he be honest and capable, t h a t is to say, if
he be English born, born a freeman, neither deformed nor lacking
any limb and well known as of loyal and faithful character.
C'hurges ,Ti12glll(~r4.-And also that no Master, nor no Fellow take nor allow
any to be made DIason without the assent and t h e counsel1 of his
Fellows, and t h a t hath served Six or Seven years a t the least.
(Hol!/tuell XS.: No Master nor Fellow shall take an Apprentice
without the consent of at least 5 or 6 Fellows and Masters.)
The Articles of the London Furbishers of 1350 ,' provide that :

no one of this trade shall be admitted to t h e freedom of the said

city without the assent of the wardens of the said trade sworn, or of
the greater p a r t of them . . .
The Furbishers' rule is not quite analogous to t h e Charge as i t relates
to freedom of the city and not freedom of the gild. The following ordinance,
however, passed by the Gild of Tailors. Exeter, i n 1516 G appears to be entirely
on all fours with t h e Charge:-
The Master and five Past Masters a t least and two a t least of the
Wardens must assent to every admittance to the gild.
Charges S i n p l a r 5O.-And he t h a t shall be made Mason, be able in all manner
of degrees, that is to say free-born, and to come of good kindred.
and true ,and no bond man, and that he have good Limbs, as a man
ought t o have.
This Charge would appear to be covered by what has been said immediately
above with reference to the 3rd Charge Singular in respect of apprentices.
C'l~argesS i n g u l a r 6O.-And
also no Mason shall take a n Apprentice, except he
have sufficient Occunation for two Fellows, or else three a t the least.
Many gilds imposed restrictions on the number of apprentices which a
master might employ. The restriction might be prinlarily i n the interest of
the apprentices, as c.y.. the ordinance of the London Braelers7 (1355) that
" no one shall take a n apprentice if he be not testified by the good folks of the

said trade sworn, t h a t he is a man proper and sufficient t o keep, inform, and
teach his apprentice . . ., ,
The ordinances of the York Girdlers (1307) R provided that no master
should take more than one apprentice, whilst a York Glazier could not take a
second apprentice until the first had conlpleted four years of his seven years'

1 Riley. p. 322. 2 Letter Book, I.. 250.

3 Letter Book. I<.. 375. * Y o r k X c m o . Rk., I., 61.
.>Riley,p . 255. 8 T. Smith, P. 3%.
7 Riley, p. 278. 8 Y o r k J I e m o . R k . , I., 181.
ter1n.l If the proportion of journeymen to apprentices was fixed as in this
Charge, i t was presumably t o protect the journeynlen from the competition of
cheap labour. The ordinances of the Gild of Tailors a t Exeter illustrate this
type of restriction:-
It is ordained by the Master and Wardens and all the whole craft
t h a t from henceforth no man of the said craft shall hold but 3
servants and 1 apprentice a t the most without licence of the Master
and Wardens for the time being."
The Statute of Apprentices, 1563, no doubt had the same object in view
when i t laid down in sec. 26 t h a t :
Every person t h a t shall have three apprentices in any of the said
crafts of a clothmaker, fuller, shearman, weaver, tailor or shoemaker,
shall keep one journeyman and for every other apprentice above the
number of the said three apprentices one other journeyman . . .
I t is probable t h a t in the later days of the Gilds the limitation on the
number of apprentices was imposed not so much in the interests of the
apprentices or of the journeymen b u t in the interests of t h e masters who wished
t o restrict t h e number of potential rivals to share the gild monopoly; or possibly
in the interests of the small masters to protect them from the competition of
larger capitalists.

Charges Si~zglulccr 7O.-And also t h a t no Naster nor Fellow p u t any Lord's work
t o task, t h a t was wont to go to Journey, and also t h a t every Master
shall give pay unto his Fellows, b u t as he may deserve. So t h a t ye
be not deceived by false workmen.
Wage regulations of various kinds are not uncommon amongst gild
ordinances; sonletimes they prescribed the exact payment to be made for a task
or by the week, in other cases they were general in character. The Regulations
for the trade of Masons approved in London in 1356 provide:
t h a t the said Masters so chosen shall oversee t h a t all those who work
by the day shall take for their hire according as they are skilled and
may deserve for their work and not o ~ t r a g e o u s l y . ~
I n 1350 t h e Master Shearmen of London presented a petition to the
Mayor and Aldermen which, after rehearsing t h a t their men had been paid so
much per day in old time, stated t h a t now " the said men will not work other-
wise than by the cloth and then do so greatly hurry over the same t h a t they do
great damage to the folks t o whom such cloths belong . . . The masters in
the same trade do therefore beg , . . that it will please you t o order . . .
the said men . . . t o work according to the ancient usage."
Whilst this Charge relates to the substitution of piece work for day work,
t h e petition of the Shearmen relates t o the reverse occurrence. W i t h regard
to paying a Fellow " as he may deserve," the following rather lengthy ordinance
of the London Cutlers (1380) bears on this point ' : -
111. To provide against the excessive wages of the journeymen of
the said trade, be i t ordained that no journeyman working in the
same, who is not free, or who has not been apprenticed in the trade
and has not completed his term in the said city or otherwise served
seven years within the city in such trade, shall be admitted to work
i n the same if such journeyman have not first been tried by the
overseers sworn in the trade as to his knowledge therein, to ascertain
how much he is deserving to take by the day, by the meek or for a
whole t e r m : and as they shall find. according t o their consciences,

1 Y o r k J l e m o . Ill;.. 11.. 200. T. Smith. p. 315.

3 Riley, p. 282. "iley. p. 260.
5 Riley, p. 439
 that such journeyman can well serve. let tlienl a n a r d him what he is to
take : and t h a t he who shall give t o such journeyman in excess of the
valuation so made by the said overseers sliall incur the penalty. A n d
after the said overseers shall have so reasonably set such journeyman a t
his value. as is before stated, that for no reason the wage of such
journeyman shall be other than the snm so assessed, either higher or
lower, on the pain aforesaid. until he shall have Icarncd to deserve
more.
( ' h a r y e s ,S'ingcil/er 8O.-Ancl also that nolie slauder another behind his back, to
make him lose his good name or else his wordly Goods.
9.-And
Chctrges .S'i~z~/~i?~er also t h a t no Fellow within the Lodge or without
mis-answer another ungodly, nor reproveably. without a reasonable
Cause.

f'lenrges S'zngztlrcr 10.-And also t h a t every I\lason shall reverence his Elder,
and put him t o worship, and also that no Nason shall be a Conloll
player a t Hazard. Dice. or other unlawful1 plays. whereby tlie Craft
may be slandered.
These three Charges seem rather out of place here, as they are much more
closely akin to those general adnlonitions and precepts which are enlbodied in
t h e General Charges t h a n t o the trade rules which usually characterize the
Charges Singular. Counterparts to these Charges can be found in the fourteenth
century gild ordinances, with the exception of the reference to ' hazard ' and
other unlawful games whicll, for t h a t period, can only be illustrated from an
indenture of apprenticeship. A n ordinance of the Gilcl of the Blessed 17Iary.
Chesterfield (begun in 1218), runs as follows:-
If any brother shall have wronged another in any way, by violence,
either with malice aforethought or through ignorance. or by back-
biting or by foul words: or shall have sxorn a t his brother. or evil
spokLil of him or in any other manner wronged h i m . and if this shall
bc proved by two of the brethren, and he is unwillillg to make fitting
amends for the wrong, on the friendly suggestion of his brethren,
then he who has been wronged may seek redress howsoever he like.
and tlie other for his rash presumption shall be p u t out of the gild
or punished in such other manner as t h e Alderinan and his brethren
shall think we1l.l
The Gild of the Smiths of Chesterfield also had an ordinance in 1387
which provided t h a t :
should i t happen (which God forbid) t l ~ a tany brother is contumacious,
or sets himself against the brethren . . . or does not obey the
Elder Father when he ought nor show him due respect . . . he
shall pay a pound of wax . . .2
The Composition of the Hull Weavers. 1490. also embodied a clause
providing for the punishnlent of a brother fomlcl guilty of slandering - an0ther.j
With regard t o hazard, dice, etc., a York Bower's indenture of apprentice-
ship of 1371 has been preserved which definitely forbids the apprentice to
play with dice or t o frequent inns, gaming houses or brothels." The reference
to hazard, etc., in the Charge is probably a comparatively modern addition
copied from progressive legislation on the subject.' The only reference t o the
subject I have come across in gild ordinances (as distinct from apprentices'
indentures) is a relatively modern one in the Book of Orders of the Fraterllity
of Bricklayers a t FIull (1599) :-

l T. Smith. p. 166. T. S ~ ~ i i t p.
h , 170.
Lambert, p. 205. l*orl; J I c t ~ o .ljk., I . , 54.
See nro. 17ibert. .l.Q.L'. s x s i ~ . .216,
 If any of this brotherhood being a t work with any man. do in t h e
time of his work, resort to the ale house, or do play a t dice, cards,
or any other unthrifty game (and duly proved) he shall forfeit and
pay for every time so doing 8d.l

C'lrrrrges S i r ~ g z ~ l t rllO.-And
r
also that n o Illason shall use Lechery, or be adulterous
whereby the Craft might be slandered.
This Charge was referred to previously when considering the seventh
General Charge.

Charges S ~ t l g u l n r 12O.-And
also that no Fellow go into the Town by night.
whereas a Lodge is of Fellows. except he have a Fellow with him,
t h a t he may bear him witness that he was in honest place.
This, as has been suggested previously, would appear to have more affinity
to the General Charges, than t o tlre Charges Singular. I have not beeu able t o
discover a n y very exact counterpart among gild ordinances, but various gilds a t
Lynn had rules t o the effect (i.) t h a t no man shall stay in the gild-house after
the Alderman has left ' and (ii.) that whoever enters the ale-chamber without
leave of the officers of the gild shall be fined.' which very probably had a some-
what similar object in view.

C'hnrges Sii/!juc'ccr 13O.-And also t h a t every Master and Fellow shall come t o
the Assembly, and if it be within fifty miles about him, if he have
warning and if he hath trespassed against the Craft. t h a t he abide
the Award of Master and Fellows.
Various gilds had annual meetings or assemblies t o elect officers and very
possibly t o transact other husiness, and stress was frequently laid upon the
importance of attendance. These points are well illustrated by t h e ordinances
of the London Cutlers (1380) ' :-
V I I I . Be i t ordained and assented to by all the reputable men of
t h e said trade, for their good and honest governance, t h a t each year
t h e overseers chosen and sMorn of the trade, shall warn all the good
folks of the trade to be assenlbled in some befitting place in the city
to choose their overseers for the following year . . .
I X . Also, if any nian of the said trade will not come by reason of
his own waywardness, a t the warning of the said overseers for the
time being, to such assemblies befitting and necessary as well as for
the common profit of the c ~ t yas for the good rule of the said trade,
or if he will not submit to the ~easonableaward of the said overseers.
or the greater p a r t of the good and substantial persons of the said
trade, such persons shall incur the penalty.
A n illustration of an Assembly to attend which a considerable journey
might have to be undertaken is provided by the Fraternity of Blinstrels in
Beverley ' : -
Whereas it is and has been a verv ancient custom . . . that all or
the most part of the niinstrels playing any nlusical instrunlents and
thereby occupying their honest living . . . or serving any man or
woman of honour and worship of any city or town corporate or other-
wise, between t h e rivers of Trent and Tweed have accustonled yearly
to resort unto the town and borough of Beverley a t the Rogation
Days and then and there t o choose yearly one Alderman of t h e
Ninstrels with stewards and deputies . . .
Therefore . . . the Governors of the said town A . D . 1555 . . .
do grant unto the said brotherhood of Llinstrels the renewing of all

1 L a m b e r t , p. 2 3 . 2 T. S m i t h , pp. 66. 79. 81.

". S m i t h , pp. 59. 70. 81. 4 Riley. p. 440.
5 L a r n l ~ e r t .p. 134.
 godly and goodly orders concerning the said science . . . in
manner as followeth : . . . that all the brethren within the
science shall come a t the co~llmandinent of t h e Alderman or his
stewards to what place within Beverley as he shall assign them and
there to choose the Alderman and Stewards and t o keep the hour to
them assigned in pain of every offence 12d.
Also if there be any brother t h a t not come i n or being come will
depart without licence before the new Alderman . . . be chosen,
and other honest orders there t o be taken, for the profit and
comnlodity of the said science and brotherhood, shall have for his fine
2s. 4d. without forgiveness.
So far as the distance of fifty miles is concerned, a similar provision is
hardly t o be expected i n ordinances of gilds which. with very rare exceptions,
were local in character. A p a r t from the case of the Beverley Xinstrels, the
nearest approach I have found t o this type of provision is contained in the
ordinances of the Gild of Peltyers, Norwich,l which provide . . .
. . . t h a t no man shall be excused of absence a t that mass (on
the Sunday next after the feast of St. Peter and S t . Paul) but i t
be for t h e Kings service or for serious sickness or dwelling 20 miles
from the city, under the penalty of paying three pounds of was.
The last part of the Charge is referred t o along with the consideration of
the next Charge.

Charges Singular 14O.-And also t h a t every Master and Fellow that h a t h

trespassed against the Craft, shall stand there a t t h e Award of the
Master and Fellows. t o make them accorded and a ~ r e e dif thev 0

may, and if he may not agree then to go t o the Common-Law.

The Regulations for the trade of Jlasons in London, approved 1356. have
a clause along somewhat similar lines2:-
If any one of the said trade will not be ruled or directed in due
manner by t h e persons of his trade sworu thereunto, such sworn
persons are t o make known his name unto the Mayor, and the Xayor,
by assent of t h e Aldermen and Sheriffs, shall cause him t o be chastised
by imprisonment and other punishnlent t h a t so other rebels may
take example by him, t o be ruled by the good folks of their trade.
If i t is a question not so much of a member defying the gild authorities
or breaking their gild ordinances, b u t of one brother being a t variance with
another, then the rule of the Gild of the Holy Cross a t Bishop's Lynn that no
brother or sister of t h e gild shall go to law with another without leave of the
Alderman may be quoted by way of illustration. A Craft Gild ordinance of a
similar type existed amongst the London Shearmen in 1452 :
t h a t no man of the said craft shall take action by the law upon
another where the matter may be ended by treaty or compromise,
unto the time t h a t he h a t h asked the Warden's leave . , . and
t h a t the same Wardens shall truly examine both parties and that each
of them shall choose a man or two within the said craft and they for
to set them a t accord if they can.
(If their efforts failed, the parties could then go t o the common lam.)
The craftsman's oath of the Gild of Tailors a t Exeter stated that " he
should sue no man of this craft without licence from the Xaster for the time
being. ' '

T. Smith, p. 30. Riley. p. 282.

T. Smith, p. 84.
L Loncl. $ Midd. AI-cheol. Soc.. i v . . 40. quoted by Lipson. p. 307
C'haryes S'itlgulnr 15O.-And also that no Master nor Fellow make no Xould, nor
Square, nor Rule t o no Layer, nor sett no Layer within the Lodge
t o hew Mould-Stones.
Various crafts from time to t h e framed ordinances to prevent what they
regarded as encroachnlents on the art of other crafts. and the n l u n i c i ~ a lrecords
U

show t h a t demarcation disputes were by no means uncommon. Thus t h e

ordinances of the Joiners a t Hull (1598) provide t h a t no carpenter, housewright
or other wright within this tow11 shall make any joiner work whatsoever,l whilst
the Carpenters had a corresponding rule.' There can be little doubt that the
work of the building crafts overlapped considerably. The records a t York show
t h a t the Tilers and Plasterers were frequently a t loggerheads; in 1413 the
municipality approved a new ordinance which provided t h a t if a n y Plasterer
undertook any tiling work he was t o pay 3d. t o the Tilers' pageant and the
work was to be supervised by the searchers of the tile^-s.~
A n illustration of a technical regulation concerning a trade process, and
the attempt to exclude a category of workers, is provided by a n ordinance of
the Gild of Fullers a t Lincoln. l337 & :
t h a t none of the craft shall work in the trough (i.e., full cloth by
treading i t with the feet) and none shall work a t the wooden bar
(used for beating t h e newly-made cloth) with a woman, unless with
the wife of a master or her handmaid.
C'hccrges SznguIc[r 16O.-And also t h a t every 3Iason receive and cherish strange
Fellows, when they come over the Countries, and to set then1 t o work
if they mill as the nlanner is, t h a t is to say, if he hew IIould-Stones
i n his place, ye shall refresh him with JIoney unto t h e next Lodge.
This is another Charge which relates prinlarily t o a n occupation of a
migratory character and i t is difficult, therefore, to find a n exact counterpart to
it amongst the ordinames of the local gilds. I t may be noted, too, t h a t whilst
the ordinances of most of the Londoli Gilds definitely state t h a t no one of the
said trade shall keep shop or follow the trade if h e be not a freeman of t h e
city, or words to t h a t effect.' the Regulations for t h e trade of lIasons approved
by the Mayor and Aldernlen of the City of London in 1356 state " t h a t every
man of t h e trade may work a t any work touching the trade if h e be perfectly
skilled and knowing i n the same." G which would a t least make i t legal for
strange masons t o follow their calling in London.
The York Carpenters had various ordinances which provided for strange
carpenters being set t o work. One ordinance approved in 1462 runs:-
It is ordained t h a t if any strange carpenter come within . . . this
city and occupy himself as a master in any point pertaining to the
said craft, he shall pay yearly . . . t o the charges of their
pageant and light on Corpus Christi Day 4d.
Two ordinances of the York Carpenters of 1482 bear on the same point S:

Also i t is ordained t h a t if a journeyman t h a t is not cunning in work

come to this city to learn the said occupation better, if he be hired
i n t h e said occupation for meat, drink and 20s. a year or above, then
his said master t h a t so hire him, within the next quarter of a year
shall pay 20d. . . .
Also i t is ordained t h a t none of the said occupation shall set any to
work within the said city over fourteen days except t h a t he be
bound servant for the whole year. or bound apprentice, under pain
of 40d.

1 Lambert. p . 255. Lambert. p. 260.

3 York J l e m o . Bli..I., sliii. T. Stnitl;, r . 180.
5Cutler3. Riley. p. 218. Spurriers, p. 227. Fnrl~lshers, p. 258. Plu~nbers.
p. 322. Habedashers. p. 364. G Riler. p. 281.
7 York Jlemo. Rk. II., 193. sY~l'li O . 11.. 281.
M C I ~Bk..
 Gild Resenablnnces irz the Old V S . C'lraryes.

A supplementary ordinance approved in 1510 provides l.-

If any strange carpenter come to this city and occupy the said craft
with any man in the said city . . . by t h e space of a week h e
shall pay 4d. and so many as there be to pay 4d. apiece. And if
they work by the space of a month, then they shall pay 2s. apiece
and so to work the whole year if i t be on one man's work . . .

('harries S i n a r ~ l w17'-And
.
l
also t h a t everv Mason shall trulv serve the Lord for
his pay, and every Master truly make a n end of his work, be i t task
or journey, if ye have your Covenants and all t h a t ye ought for t o
have. These Charges that we have now rehearsed to you and all
other that belong to Masons you shall keep. So help you God: and
by this Book unto your Power.
This Charge does not appear to contain any new precepts b u t repeats i n
different words some of the admonitions given previously.
Sufficient has now been said to -show -how very closely the ' General
Charges ' and the ' Charges Singular ' of the Old &IS. Charges follow along
the lines of Gild ordinances, articles or regulations. With the exception of
small, and I think I may say, unimportant matters-due mostly to the migratory
character of the Mason's calling-there appears to be nothing in the ' General
Charges ' and the ' Charges Singular ' which is not contained in Gild ordinances,
articles or regulations (or in indentures of apprenticeship). B u t i t still remains
to be considered whether the converse proposition is true, i.e.. whether there are
matters of importance dealt with in Gild ordinances which do not appear to be
touched upon in the Charges. There undoubtedly are such matters, and I
propose n o b to set out soms of the most iinportant &der eight heads.

GILD R U L E S W H I C H I l A V E NO COUNTERPARTS I N T H E
CHARGES.

There are certain matters contained in Gild ordinances which are due t o
the local character of the gilds and their intimate association with the Nunicipal
Authorities. This type of rule is naturally missing from the Charges in view
of the fact that Masons belonged to a migratory trade. Various features of
Gild ordinances can be quoted to illustrate this contention, and the first three
heads are of this character ; in two cases the features have already been illustrated.
or referred to, in other connections:-

(i.) Xasters to be freemen of city or borough.-In commenting upon

Charges Singular No. 16. " that every Mason should receive and cherish strange
Fellows, reference was made to the fact that the Ordinances of most London
'

Gilds definitely state t h a t 110 one shall keep shop or follow the trade in question
if he be not a freeman of the citv. or words to that effect. A s lllasons were not
usually associated with any particular city or borough, no similar restriction must
be looked for in the Charges.
(ii.) Enrolment of appre7ztices.-Various gild regulations call for t h e
enrolment of apprentices within a certain period, generally a year. I t has
already been stated t h a t the craftsman's oath anlongst the Exeter Tailors required
him ' to show the indenture of his apprentices " : a n ordinance of the gild
definitely calls for the enrolment of the apprentice's indenture before the Master
and Wardens within twelve nlonths and a day, and for the master to pay 12d.
for the enrolment.'
The regu!ations of the London Spurriers and of the London Plunlbers
quoted to illustrate the seven years' apprenticeship required under Charges

1 T o r k Illemo. Bli.. 11.. 283. 2 !C. Smith, p. 316.

Singular No. 3. both call for the enrolment of thz apprentices. The Lolldoll
Furbishers required the apprentice ' to be enrolled in the chamber within
the first year of the term; the I-Iull Shipwrights had a rule that apprentices
were to be enrolled a t the Town Hall within three months and in the books of
t h e Compally.' A t York the municipal register of apprentices commences in
1461 and with certain onlissions contiuues to 1502.:'
I n so far as apprenticeship was a qualification for citizenship, the
Municipal Authorities would no doubt favour registration, but t h a t motive for
enrolment would not exist in the case of Nasons. Reeistration
m
might
m
also
facilitate municipal control over the gilds, but t h a t consideration, too, would I - 7 t
apply t o 31asons. On the other hand, the gild authorities might desire enlol-
ment to enforce their own regulations and t o facilitate the collection of any
fees imposed. The subject bf enrolment of apprentices, however, is not
mentioned i n t h e Charges, nor are the apprentices ever referred to as ' entered '
apprentices:'

(iii.) R e s t r i c t i o n reynrcling resid~nce.-Gild ordinances sometimes required

members t o live in particular streets, with a view t o facilitating visits of inspec-
tion by the officials. Thus the ordinance of London Pelterers (1365) provide
that " all freemen of the said trade shall dwell in Walbrok, Cornhulle and
Bogerowe and not in other foreigil streets of the city; t h a t so the overseers of
the trade may be able t o oversee them." Obviously no corresponding regulation
could apply to a migratory trade like t h a t of 3Iasons.
A t this point I wish to say a few words with regard to the use I have
made of the term ' migratory' to describe the mason's trade. I do not wish t o
imply thereby t h a t masons were continually on the move looking for new jobs,
but merely t h a t , compared with most occupations in medieval England, which
were highly localized in the sense that an artisan commonly remained all his life
in the town where he served his apprenticeship, the mason's trade was one which
dld involve movement from one locality to another. There were other lnediaval
cccupations which no doubt involved travelling i n search of employment. The
fact t h a t t h e York Carpenters introduced ordinances concerning strangers in 1462,
in 1482 and again in 1510, strongly suggests t h a t Carpenters to kome extent
moved about the country in search of work. The Beverley Minstrels, who
claimed t o serve any man or woman of honour " between the rivers of Trent and
Tweed," must have moved about the countryside in search of employment almost
continuously. I conceive of the position of the Masons in the matter of mobility
as lying between t h a t of the Carpenters and of the 3Iinstrels: they moved about
more t h a n the Carpenters but less than the Minstrels.
. It is well known t h a t houses in medieval times were constructed mostly
of wood i t follows, therefore. that there must have been permanent employ-
ment for Carpenters in the towns, so t h a t the number moving about would
probably form only a small proportion of the whole. It also follows t h a t there
would be practically no regular work for Masons in t h e towns except perhaps
in the very largest. The principal employment of stone nlasons was on
Xinsters, Abbeys and Castles. A s one of these great buildings was completed,
the need for Nasons in that particular spot n7ould almost if not entirely disappear.
Thus from time to time Masons would have to move from one locality to another.
following the tide of building: on this account the mason's trade is described
as migratory.

XRilep, p. 258. Lam1)ert , p . 346.

lvi.
31-orli 3Ien1:. Bli.. I:..
*The term entered apprentices xvonld obviously imply registration, but it is
n modern one, first introduced into the English Craft bp Anderson in the eighteenth
century.
J Riley. p. 330.
=The specification for huilcling a home in London in 1308 " by Simon de
Canterbury. Carpenter." will be found in Riley. p. 65. The builder's name suggests
migration amongst carpenters. his description suggests that the house was t o be built
chiefly of wood.
 (iv.) Search for , fnlse work.'-Many craft gilds had regulations with
regard to so-called ' false work.' These regulations generally provided for the
appointment of " searchers," for false work to be brought before the Mayor and
Aldermen, and not infrequently for the prohibition of night work. This type
of regulation may be illustrated as follows:-
The Articles of t h e London Cut'lers (1344) provide:
that certain persons of the trade of cutlery shall be chosen . . .
so t h a t they may search and make assay of all manner of cutlery t h a t
they shall find both in houses and c u t of houses . . . and so
often as they shall find ally false work, touching t h e said trade, they
shall cause the same t o be taken and brought before the Xayor and
Aldermen of the said city . . .
The Articles of the London Furbishers (1350) ' state :
t h a t no one of the said trade shall make in his house or allow t o be
made, pomnlels or hilts of swords, if they be not of good pattern and
steel; and the scabbards nlust be made of good calf-leather : and if
any one be found doing t o the contrary thereof, let him lose such
false work and be punished a t the discretion of t h e Xayor and
Aldermen.
According t o the ordinances of the Gild of Fullers of Bristol, 1406 3 :
i t is ordained and agreed t h a t each year four men of the craft shall
be chosen a s masters to search every house of t h e said craft, twice
a week and oversee all defects in the said cloths, if any such there be,
and present them before [the ;\Iayor] a t the Court.
With regard to night work, the ordinances of the London Pewterers (1348) '
provide " that no one shall be so daring t o work a t night upon articles of pewter
seeing . . . t h a t the sight is not so profitable a t night or so certain, as by
day-to the profit t h a t is of the community." The London Hatters (1347)
had an article " t h a t no workman in the said trade shall do any work by night
touching the same, b u t only in clear daylight, t h a t so t h e aforesaid Wardens
may openly inspect their work " : whilst t h e London Bowyers laid i t down in
1371 G " that no bowyer of London shall work a t night from henceforth."
The particular kinds of false work which this type of ordinance had in
view, such as thc use of poor materials or of inferior processes or actual fraud,
all of which would be facilitated by night work, would perhaps hardly apply to
the mason's craft. Furthermore, these are regulations imposed upon the gilds
by the 3Iunic1pal Authorities in their endeavours t o control the gilds and
consequently similar rules should not be looked for anlong the Charges. I n any
case " searchers " and " false work " are not referred to in t h e Charges, although
i t is quite likely t h a t craftsmen had t o submit their work t o overseers for
approval or rejection.
(v.) Enticing away of worX.n~en.--X very conlnlon gild regulation forbids
t h e enticing away of workmen. This matter was n~entioned in the craftsman's
oath of the Exeter Gild of Tailors, but other examples may be quoted. Thus
t h e London Glovers (1349) lay i t down that " no one of this trade shall take or
entice the serving nlan of another away from the service of his master, so long
as he is bound by covenant to serve him " ' : whilst the ordinances of the London
Founders (1389) provided t h a t " no one of the said trade shall be so daring
a s to entice the serving nlan. journey~nan or apprentice of another away from
t h e service of his master, before the covenant between them made is completed."

1 Riley, p. 218. , 2Riley.p.259.

3 T. Smith, p. 285. 4 Riley. p. 243.
" Riley, p . 239. Riley. p. 348.
7 Riley, p. 245. Riley, p. 514.
 I n one form of wording or another, this particular injunction crops u p
again and again i n Gild ordinances. I t should also be noted that i t is included
in the Regulations for the trade of RIasons approved by the Mayor and Aldermen
of the City of London in 1356:-
That 110 one of the said trade shall take the apprentice or journeyman
of another, to the prejudice or damage of his master, until his term
shall have fully expired . . .L
The Charges are entirely silent on this subject.
(vi.) TT'orkitlgr in presettce of A1fctsfer.-In most crafts where masters.
journeynlen and apprentices worked together i n small workshops, the men and
youths were always under the master's eye whilst performing their tasks. In
the building trades, however, i t might easily happen t h a t the workers were not
under very close supervision. To meet this case, special ordinances were
occasionally drafted. Thus the York Plasterers (1422) had a regulation that
the masters should be fined if they allowed either apprentices or servants to work
escept i n the presence of their masters. unless with the consent of the searchem2
There was a similar provision in the Regulations for the trade of AIasons
approved by the liIayor and Aldermen of the City of London in 1356:
That no one shall set an apprentice or journeyman to work except in
the presence'of his master, before he has been perfectly instructed
i n his calling: . . . 3
Again the Charges are entirely silent on the subject.
(vii.) r s e and cottnterfeifing of ' marks.'-In various trades ordinances
relating to ' marks ' exist; they generally r u n in pairs, the one directing a
master to put his mark upon his work, and the other forbidding the counter-
feiting of a mark. The London H e l m e t n ~ a k e r s .B1acksmiths.j
~ Bladesn~iths.~
and Brasiers - are examples of such gilds: i t will suffice to quote one pair of
ordinances, viz.. those of the Blacksmiths (1372), by way of illustration :
T h a t every master in the said trade shall p u t his own mark upon his
work, such as heads of lances, knives and axes and other large work:
that people may know who made them in case default shall be found
i n t h e same; on the pain aforesaid.
T h a t no one in the said trade shall counterfeit the mark of another
person, or p u t the counterfeited mark of another upon his own work,
b u t he shall use and put his own mark upon his own work on pain
aforesaid.
Although nlasons undoubtedly made use of ' marks ' the Charges do not refer
to them.
(viii.) Relief of Poverty nucl Distress.-Many gilds i n their ordinances
made provision for the relief of brethren who had fallen into poverty or distress.
I shall content myself with giving two examples. The Gild of the Tailors of
Lincoln (founded 1328) provided t h a t :
If anyone of t h e gild falls into poverty (which God forbid) and has
not t h e nleans of support he shall have every week during his life,
sevenpence out of the goods of the gild . .
The ordinances of the trade called " Whittawyers," to which the Mayor
and Aldermen of t h e City of London assented in 1346 include the following:-
Each person of the said trade shall p u t i n t h e box such sum as he
shall think fit. in aid of maintaining the said candle.

I-071; X e ~ n o .Book, 11.. lis.

"iler, p. 238.
6 ~ i l e ? ,p. 569.
a T. Smith. p. 182.
 If by any chance any one of the said trade shall fall into poverty
whether through old age. or because he cannot labour or work, and
have nothing with which to help himself, he shall have every week
from the said box 7d, for his support. if he be a man of good repute.
And after his decease, i f he have a wife. a womail of good repute.
she shall have weekly for her support 7d. from the said bos, so long
as she shall behave herself well and keep sing1e.l
On the subject of relieving poverty and distress the Charges are also
silent, but just as we know that the masons had marks ' although the Charges
'

do not refer to them, so it may quite well be, that i n spite of the silence of the
Charges on this subject. the craftsmen of those days carefully maintained i n
their fullest splendour those truly AIasonic ornaments: Benevolence and
Charity.

A hearty vote of thanks x i s ullanimously passecl to Bro. D. I<noop for his

interesting paper on the proposition of Bro. H. Poole. seconded by Bro. H. C. d e
Lafontaine; conunents being offered by or on behalf of Bros. W. J. Williams C. F.
Sykes. Geo. W. Bullamore, G. W. Daynes. T . M. Carter, and Lionel Vibert. Secretary.

Bro. H. POOLE,
W . N . ! said:-
Any Brother present who knows the lines along which my chief llasonic
studies have moved, or who heard my Inaugural Address. will be ready to
believe me when I say how pleased I was to hear t h a t a paper on such a subject
as the one we have just heard was coming along. I have long felt that such
a comparison as Bro. Knoop has made might yield valuable results.
And now I must start by confessing that a t my first reading of the paper
I was disappointed-not a t anything for which Bro. Knoop is to blame; but
a t the scarcity of close verbd resemblances which his wide range of quotations
must have brought to light if they existed. If we compare the orders of the
different Gilds in one Borough, we are apt t o be confronted a t once with a
remarkable similarity between thenl: and to a certain extent this is true when
we compare the ordinances of Gilds of different localities. And so I was
surprised and disappointed t o find how few really close resemblances Bro. Knoop
was able to bring forward.
B u t on reflection I think that the very absence of such close agreements,
if studied carefully, may yield positive results of some interest. Bro. Knoop
has pointed out how several of our ' Charges,' being specially devised for a n
itinerant Craft, have no counterpart among the Gild regulations of localized
Trades, and vice versa. I s i t possible that the Mason, being more or less cut
off from local Gild activities, was comparatively uninfluenced by the forms of
words used in their codes, except in sd far as these were due tb legislation on
such matters as the taking of apprentices? A very careful scrutiny and
comparison of Gild regulations over a wide area might very well reveal the fact
that our Charges stand rather apart from the rest: and Bro. Knoop's paper
may well stimulate some other student to an attack on the records on those
lines.
Bro. Knoop has certainly earned our thanks by calling attention to the
migratory character of the Beverley Alinstrels. No one who has ever visited
St. i\IaryJs Church, Beverley, can have failed to notice and enjoy the quaint
little group on the ' Minstrels' Pillar ' ; but I, a t any rate, was quite unaware
t h a t they provided us with a rare instance of a n itinerant Gild. A n d I venture
to suggest t.hat i t might be worth while printing fuller extracts from their

1 Riley, p. 232.
ordinances, even though they may not be quite apposite here. If the custonl
of an annual gathering a t Beverley is anything like as old as the Gild itself,
which appears t o date from the tenth century, then we must be careful how
we cast doubts on t h e possibility of similar gatherings of Masons, as enjoined
in the Old Charges.
The mention of Beverley gives me an opportunity of bringing forward
a curious coincidence of phrase between Gild records and Old Charges, on which
I would be glad of a n expert opinion. Bro. Knoop has confined his attention
almost entirely t o the concluding portion of the Constitutions--the Charges
General and Singular. B u t other codes were p u t into the mouths of Nimrod
and Euclid; a n d i t is in one of these-the Euclid Charge-that the Wren N S .
has the very curious reading :-
" t h a t they should come assemble theyre and t h a t they should have
counsel1 in their castle how they might work the best t o serve the
Lord for his p'fit. . . ., ,
For ' castle ' the normal reading is ' craft.'
Now in Beverley the ' castle ' figures in the ordinances of every Gild
from a t least as early as mid-fourteenth century, as a p a r t of the outfit for
the processions on Rogation Monday. Exactly what form i t took, and what
purpose i t served, I am unable t o say. I propose to quote a few of the
references, slightly departing from strict chronological sequence, so as to give
the best idea I can of their status and functions:-
1411 : From a general order as t o the Corpus Christi plays:-
T h a t all and singular of the crafts who were wont t o have and erect
wooden castles to the honour of God and St. J o h n of Beverley, or
in f u t u r e should have them hereafter for ever, should erect and
ornament their castles every year in accustonled fashion under penalty
of 6s. 8d. . . .
1416: From the ordinances of the Tanners:-
I t e m , y t ys ordeyned and statuted yerly for evermore t o be kepte,
T h a t the presayd crafte of Tanners shall raise upe on castle of tree
upon Monday in the Rogacion weeke, in the honor of Gode and
t h e glorious confessor Saynt J o h n : and the sayd brethren of Tanners
t o sytt in the same castell a t the hour of prime and the tyme of
processyon in clothynge all of one suyt, as nygh as y t maye be hade
and gotten.
A n d also the brethren shall ryd a t afternoyn in t h e saynle suyt,
a s other crafts doo, after ther old auncyent and laudable custom.
A n d what brother as ys,absent and conlys not t o sytt in the castell,
nor rydds not a t afternoyn, as ys aforesayd, h e shall forfett and
paye t o t h e comminaltie of the towne of Beverley xxd, and to the
charges and expenses of the sayd occupaycoa of Tanners other xxd.
for ether default.
1 4 2 8 : From t h e ordinances of the Bakers (trans, from Latin) :-
Inprimis. i t is ordained and decreed, and by the assent and consent
of the 12 Keepers confirmed, t h a t there be of the same Bakers one
CO-Brotherhood to nlaintain a certain wooden castle to be erected on
Rogation i\Iondays next the castle of the Fullers . . .
1375 : Shoemakers :-
t h a t none of the Gild of the Cobblers of Beverley be clothed anew
i n any other clothes except of the suit of his CO-brethrenon the day
in which they assembled in their castle against the conling of Blessed
J o h n of Beverley . . .
1494 : Merchants and Mercers (translated) :-
Every one elected justly for the honour and good governance of the
craft and castle, and not in mere derision, elected Alderman and
refusing t o serve, to pay 6s. 8d. t o use of community, light and
castle . . .
Every brother outside the castle on Nonday in Rogation Week after
prime, or the same day or afternoon not riding with the brethren,
if in health and able t o ride, shall pay 3s. 4d.
1493 : Drapers-a newly-formed Gild : -
That the Drapers shall have a confraternite emong thame self, and
a Castell as other crafts hafe . . .
t h a t in worship of God and of our Lady and Saynt J o h n of Beverley
yerly on Cross Xonday the sayde drapers shall have a castell honestly
coverd as other crafts hafe, sette by twyx the castell of the merchaunts
and the castell of wryghts . . .
I have never come across any similar reference among Gild records; and
I trust that they may be deemed of sufficient interest to justify the somewhat
lengthy extracts I have given. B u t my object in introducing the subject is
to suggest t h a t here we have matter within the scope of Bro. Knoop's paper;
and t h a t the substitution in the W r e n MS. of ' castle ' for ' craft ' mav not be
merely a case of ignorant mis-copying, but rather the accidental intrusion of
a word which, while not unlike the word copied, might (to t h e copyist) be
reasonablv exoected there. If i t could be shown t h a t t h e Gildsnlen assembled
d L
in their ' castles ' employed their time in discussions of Craft ' ways and means,'
then we should have a good case for the t m t h of my suggestion; and-and this
is what I have chiefly in my mind-a broad hint as to t h e provenance of the
original of the Wren MS. B u t I cannot offer ally proof t h a t business was talked
or transacted in t h e ' castles' ; Rogation Monday was not, so f a r as I can find,
a ' Prime Gild ' day for a n y of the Trades, though the following day was the
annual election day for t h e Tanners and later for the Drapers.
I would like t o add, in this connection, t h a t I am inclined to think that
Gild resemblances i n the Old Charges which take t h e form of just a word or
two embedded in the text, especially if they represent peculiar variations from
the normal-and I think i t is probable t h a t many such exist-might furnish
the most valuable material towards determining t h e dates and localities t a which
the XSS. belonged. B u t i t would be a stupendous task to search for them.
Bro. Knoop has this evening broached a big subject and an interesting
one; b u t one which cannot lead t o results of the fullest value until many more
sources are tapped on both sides-I mean among both Gild records and Old
C h a r g e e a n d I hope t h a t further contributions will be brought forward in the
discussion of this paper.
Brethren, I have great pleasure in proposing a hearty vote of thanks
to Bro. Knoop for a paper which must have cost a good deal in industry and
research.

Bro. T. M. CARTERsaid :-
I am glad to add my thanks to Bro. Knoop for his very interesting
relation of the Old Charges t o the life of the operative Mason and to other
mediaval conditions.
I n glancing through the Bibliography which Bro. Knoop has cited, no
mention is made of Stella Kramer's work, English Craft Gztilcls, published in
America about a year ago. This is a very comprehensive conlpilation from
almost all available sources, of documentary evidence of t h e conditions and
regulations of these Guilds from the earliest times, and i t would be interesting
to see whether the points of resenlblance and difference which Bro. Knoop has
noted could be amplified or modified by going carefully through her data for
that purpose. B u t I have had no opportunity of doing this. and, maybe, some
other brother will do so.
Many interesting matters arise from this paper and it may not be
considered quite irrelevaut if I appeud a few stray notes on two of t h e m -
(1) The Search for false work, and (2) the 1Iasons' Marks.
While i t is t r u e t h a t on neither of these points have the Charges anything
to say, both were undoubtedly the custonl of the Craft.
Though late in date, the evidence adduced by Bro. Conder in his standard
work on the JIasons' Company, Tlre Hole C'rnft atid F e l l o u d 7 p of ilfnsonry,
shows that this survival in London of the Operative and Speculative Masonry of
the past p u t actively into operation the Right of Search for Stone given then1
under their Charter.
I quote from Conder's book:-
p. 147. Item of Expenditure. 1620.
Spent by the Wardens a t the search for Purbeck Stone 1. 3. 8.
p. 149. 1622.
Fined Thonlas London for taking stone unsearclled 6. 0.
Bro. Conder adding the note: . ' When stone arrived in the river, the Company
sent searchers to see if i t was of the required tllickness before it ~ 7 a sallowed to
be landed. A n y stone found not t o be of the proper size was forfeited to the
Company, and sold by them for small work."

I n April of this year we find the Company exercising its powers, granted
by the Charter, of making a general search in order to discover any persons
working as Masons within the seven nliles radius who were not free of the
Company. All the works then in progress were visited and the nanles of all
the workmen taken down.
I n the year 1679 the right of searching for ill-wrought stone, and the fees
arising therefrom, were farnled out to 3Ir. Willianl Hammond, a member of the
Company, for t h e sun1 of 27 for the year.
p. 231. I n 1683. the profits arising from the Company's right of search were
farmed out to the renter Warden a t 20 per a m .
p. 242. The following particulars occur this year of a " search " made of stone
lying in t h e River Thames:-
Landed on Hanlnlerslys Wharf for 3Ir. Woolfe as followith, viz:
Of Pnrbeck 2900 foot, and 200 of channel: Broke 30 foot as bad and
deficient.

A general search was ordered to be made.

The district covered was to be divided into three divisions: a nunlber of
members under a Warden was ordered to meet at t h e Rainbow Coffee House in
Fleet Street to search the TTestminster district and t h e West E n d : at 7 a.m.
another party was ordered to meet at Martin's Coffee House, near Guildhall, to
search t h e City: and a third party was to meet a t the George a t Bridge House
to search Southwark and the ships in the river.
The following week the Conrt met to receive particulars of the general
search.
I n the following J a n u a r y (1702) ~ i find
e the Court order that the Clerk
do write to Mr. Wood. N r . Dye, also to the Narblers a t Swanage, to Mr. Gilbert
and Mr. Tobey at Portland, relating to the badness and undersized stone sent
by them. and of t h e Company's resolution to break the same whererer they find
i t . &C.. &c.
their stones, and possibly such were paid by piece work rather than by journey:
and i t may well be that a highly skilled craftsman coming to a new work where
he was unknown might still have to prove his worth there.
I n this way, too, we may have some explanation of the comparatively
small number of varieties in the marks used. Though in Scotland, and
particularly in the border counties, -&ere defensive castles were supplying con-
tinuous work for generations of craftsmen, and where, therefore, the mason was
less migratory, a central system of registering marks may have early developed,
i t is unlikely t h a t the travelling nlason always used t h e same mark; one might
be registered for him a t the particular Lodge when he signed on, and he would
use i t as often as required when working at that job; but i t is very likely,
a t any rate in the earlier centuries, that the same man might use quite another
mark when going elsewhere. This would account for t h e very wide distribution
of similar marks.

Bro. W. J. WILLIAMS
said :-
The paper we have before us to-day deals with a n interesting branch of
our history, and we are in debt to our Bro. Knoop for bringing before us the
results of his comparison between the Old >IS. Charges of our operative Ancestors
and the various Gild ordinances. This conlparison has shown us among other
things that Fraternities existing side by side with our ancient Brethren proceeded
much upon the same lines and were organized i n the same general way, saving
always the special adaptations which were necessitated by the distinctive
characteristics of the particular body for whose government the legislation was
ordained.
The following observations occur to m e : -
I n addition to the few authorities referred to in the paper, those Brethren
who decide to follow the matter of Gild history further may be safely recom-
mended to read the late Canon H . F. Westlake's book, entitled Parish Gilds
of Medieval England, London Society for Pronloting Christian Knowledge
(1919). This contains a list and an analysis of t h e 507 Gilds who made returns
to Richard 11. in 1389, which are preserved in the Public Record Office, and
so i t supplements Toulnlin Smith's work in that and in other respects. Only
a few of these relate to Craft Gilds, and if the Masons made any return i t has
not survived. Those returns which do survive include Whittawyers, Barbers.
Cutlers, Glovers, Painters, Pouchmakers, Carpenters. Girdlers, Saddlers, Blinstrels
and Brewers (all London Gilds).
Under the heading " Charges Singular 6' " t h e paper deals with the
question of restriction on the number of Apprentices. How far the Masons
Charges were actually observed is a matter which may be open to question.
Probably they were supplemented or varied according to local or other conditions.
I n the City of London Letter Book N , fo. 175b. are certain ordinances
made for the Masons, including one dealing with this very point. I t is dated
24th October in the 13th year of the reign of Henry V I I I . (1520).
This I hope to be able in a later contribution to set out in full, but i t
must for the present suffice to say that i t provides t h a t the AIaster of such
Apprentice must first present him to the Wardens and six Liverymen of t h e
Fellowship, so that they may perceive whether he has good capacity to practise
and learn the Mistere and have also his right limbs. The Master was to pay
a fee to the Fellowship, and fines were incurred for non-compliance with t h e
ordinance.
Only one apprentice was allowed until the time the Master was admitted
into the livery. and then the Master might have two and no more. When t h e
Master had been tnyice a Warden of the Fellowship he could have three
apprentices and no more, however auncyent or substantial1 he might be.
 Changing conditions of labour were inevitably affecting the rights and
nlonopolies of the Company, and in 1719 the opinion of AIr. Sergeant Pengelly
was sought and given t h a t t h e Charter could not be operative in compelling all
those who worked as Nasons to become members of t h e Conlpany, and that
" persons who are not nlembers of the Con~paay,although they do exercise the

trade of Masonry within the limits of the Charter, are not subject t o the view or
search of the Company, unless they do voluntarily submit therennto."

(2) J1nrX.s. As Bro. Knoop says, although I\Iasons undoubtedly made

use of marks, t h e Charges do not refer to them.
I n the case of the Blacksmiths and Bladesmiths and Helnletnlakars and
such like. t h e articles thev made and were ordered to mark were for common
use and interchange, and i t was a reasonable requirement, in the interest both
of the craftsman and of the public, that an approved mark should be p u t upon
them as a guarantee of eood work.
0 0

B u t the stone mason's work was not for common interchange, his stone
provided material for the building of which i t became a permanent part.
Marks upon i t would, therefore, merely be private concerns between himself
and his masters, and there was no need for such a trade custom to be matter
for a Charge.
The subject of Masons' Marks is a very interesting one, but still some-
what chaotic.
Nuch interesting matter relating to i t is to be found in Prof. Coulton's
book, A r t and the Reformation, which all Masons should read.
H e clearly distinguishes between the banker-mark (or bencher-mark, or
mark made to pass the bencher or foreman), the position mark, and the personal
mark occasionally-indeed, rarely-made by the Mason proud of his achievement.
Indeed, these last more often put their full name rather than a mark,
and this most frequently to some sculpture, of which there is a good example
in the finely-executed historiated Capital in the twelfth century Church of
St. Pierre a t Chauvigny, near Poitiers, representing the adoration of the Xagi,
where the sculptor has p u t a large scroll beneath the abacus, and the inscription
GOFRIDUS M E F E C I T : just as also one of the Capitals in the fine Narthex
of the old Benedictine Abbey of Fleury at St. Benoit sur Loire has the inscrip-
tion U N B E R T U S M E F E C I T .
The idea t h a t all these marks so freely found on the face of stones in the
medieval building were of this kind must be abandoned; as Prof. Coulton says:
" The banker mark was a business voucher imposed upon t h e Mason from above,
i t was not originally ' I will sign my stone,' b u t ' You must sign your stone.' "
And yet we know t h a t t h e &eat majority of stones were not so signed.
Recently I saw, in t h e short length of outside wall between two buttresses
at the S.W. angle of the twelfth century Church at Corbigny, near Nevers,
some score or more stones just above the lower basement drip course, i n four
or five courses of large ashlar, all of which were clearly marked with the well-
known types of &Iasons' Marks--three marks were frequently repeated on
contiguous stones, a few others were single exan~ples; a n exanlination (no more
casual than t h a t bv which these marked stones had been revealed) around the
rest of the church a t walking level only showed one or two nlarked stones here
and there.
Such is the experience frequently met with. I n the fine fourteenth century
tithe barn a t Bradford-on-Avon, on the inner wall between the two small porches
on the South side, a large nunlber of i\Iasoas' Marks is to be seen, and b u t few
elsewhere: and in the broad triforiuln walk behind the Choir a t Gloucester i t
is only a t one part on the North side that they are found together in any great
number.
If the craftsman, then, was under the order, " You must sign your stone,"
i t is clear t h a t all were not all the time under t h a t order.
Possibly, newconlers to a Lodge, strangers whose work had to be proved,
before they could be accepted without further question, were required to mark
 As to Charges Singular 15'.
This regulation appears to relate to the maintenance of the division of
the very distinct processes of hewing the stone (which was done in the Lodge)
and setting it in its place in the building.
Both classes were i\Iasons, but there were Masons who were Hewers and
Masons who were Layers or Setters.
Our Brother in quoting the Regulation made in 1356 t h a t " every man
' of the trade may work a t any work touching the trade if he be perfectly skilled
" and knowing in the same." proceeds to the inference t h a t this would a t least
make i t legal for strange Llasons to follow their calling in London.
I t seems to me t h a t this inference is not sustainable. The question to
be decided was one between these two sorts of Masons in the City of London,
and the Regulation had reference only to llasons of the City, and certainly not
to any outsiders or foreigners as they were called. The clause must be read
and construed in connection with its context. It sinlply means t h a t the Masons
of the City could do any kind of Alasonic work if really capable of doing it.
Referring to " Gild Rules which have no counterparts in the Charges"
it is quite clear t h a t in the City of London the Masons Conipany mere fully
empowered to search and examine and approve or condeinn stones brought into
the City. This appears from Bro. Conder's book on the Llasons Company and
from the Letter Books of the City which I hope hereafter to bring before this
Lodge.
The inference appears t o be t h a t the Old Charges were not looked upon
as providing for every question which might arise, b u t were capable of being
supplemented, and were in fact added to, by such ordinances as those appearing
in the City Letter Books.
I t seems reasonable t o suppose t h a t neither Masons nor any other trades-
men could without authority from the Rulers of their locality assume to thein-
selves the right t o forfeit condemned stones or other articles. Hence such
matters would not come within the anlbit of the MS. Charges which had to do
with the history and internal nlanagenlent of the Craft.

Bro. VIBERTsaid :-
By confining himself t o the text of one version of the Old Charges. Bro.
Knoop missed one or two points which are raised by the variant readings in
other manuscripts. One of these is the reference in Toy,$ 1, which directs that
the appreutice shall be no alien. I discussed this in my Inaugural Address
(A .Q.C. xxxiv., 212-217). I then stated that I could not find any warrant for
the restriction in the Statutes, except for the single instance of the worsted-
workers of Norwich, b u t t h a t i t is laid down in an Act of Elizabeth that the
apprentice in certain specified callings may only be the Master's son or the son
of a person with the property qualification. I n practice this excluded the alien,
but the Freemasons were artisans t o whom the restriction did not apply. I
have not come across this provision in Gild law, and I would like to ask Bro.
Knoop if he has met with i t anywhere except among t h e York Bowers whoin he
quotes. It is suggestive of the conditioils in the Craft itself in the days of
the Stuarts when aliens were ousting the indigenous artist. This is consistent
with the date of YorZ. 1, which belongs to the early p a r t of t h e seventeenth
century.
The Charges as they are presented in the Barldon 31s. are not free from
corruptions, and the nunlbering is differeut t o t h a t usually found.
It combines the First and Second Charges Singular of the standard form.
The First Charge ends with " truly served," which in the Hodclon MS. is
" well served." The Second Charge colninences with the words:-
That no master take no work but he take i t reasonable so that the
Lord may be well and truly served with his own good (etc.).
The Hnrltlot~ MS. runs straight on ' well served and truly with his own good,"
making one selltence of the two Charges. by leaving out a number of words.
I take the sense of the two Charges, read together. t o be not merely that he is
only to charge a fair price, b u t also t h a t he is not to charge a n unduly low
price, trusting t o recoup himself a t the expense of his workmen. I have not
found anything quite similar in such Gild rules as I have been able to consult.
Bro. Knoop has found no precise parallel to the First General Charge.
B u t the first point. ' as i t is termed, of the Articles of the Gild of Garlekhith
(T.S., 3) is t h a t " he love God and Holy Church and his neighbours." and the
Gild of the Hanunermen of Ludlow (J.Q.C. xii., 108) lays down, as the cecond
Charge, t h a t you shall be true t o our Sovereign Lord the Icing [etc.].
I am very interested in his discovery of provisions in Gild law corresponding
to the injunction in Charge Singular Three t h a t the apprentice shall be whole
of limb. I have for years been trying t o find any, and the nearest I had to i t
was a statement by D r . J o h n H a l l , Chyrurgyen, who in 1565 wrote a treatise
entitled : ,l H7storzcall E r p o s t lt7at7otz , n p z n s t t h e b e a d y e A ~ ~ L S C both
S of
C'llyrnrgrrie trnd P h y c y k e I ~ Lotcre izmr [etc.]. This was preceded by a letter
addressed to the lovlng readers, in which he says: ' W h a t availeth the goodly
orders taken by our forefathers and ancient authors t h a t none should be
admitted t o the arte of chirurgery t h a t are nliscreate or deformed of body? "
B u t of any such rules I had found no record.
The F o u r t h Charge of the H o d d o n MS. is corrupt. The words and
t h a t h a t h served six or seven years a t the least ' are out of place, as Bro.
Knoop suggests, by his printing of the IIolyzoell text as well.
The Sixth Charge of the Iltrddon MS. is one t h a t is peculiar t o the G.L.
Family. T h a t is t o say, t h a t a t some date subcequent to the first framing of
the code i t was inserted in the text (now missing) from which the G.L. Fanlily
generally derives. Accordingly, i t is interesting t o note t h a t the provisions are
found all over the country in the Gilds, a t York, Exeter and London, and also
a t a very early date. B u t yet i t was not in the Charges as we have them in
the TT7zl17nnl It-ntsoib, which purports to give us the code approved by Henry V I .
and his Couacil. This suggests t h a t an emendation was carried o u t t o brmg the
Craft into line with Gild legislation generally, but t h a t only certain localities
in fact became aware of it.
The Seventh Singu1;lr. The text is not clear. The rule, as me see from
other versions, is to the ef~ectthat the Master shall give pay to his Fellow but
as he may deserve i t so t h a t the Loid may not be deceived through false workmen.
This zeal for the interests of the cmployer is not a con~nlonfeature of G ~ l dlaw.
indeed I wonder if i t can be paralleled in any other trade.
The Tenth Charge is really a combination of two, and the Eighth, Ninth,
and the first p a r t of the Tenth are all connected.
W i t h regard to the prohibition of hazard, etc.. I have dealt with this in
detail a t 8 . Q . C . xxxiv., 216, and, as Bro. Knoop observes, the many variations
of i t in our Old Charges reflect the progress of the legislation on the subject.
Twelve is of interest because it exists in t v o, forms, the H ~ l r l o nt e s t being
an intermediate and distorted version. The simpler form as me have i t in the
1Vood text i s : " That no nlason walke abroad in the night from his lodging.
except one or two of his brethren or fellowes go with him. that they may testify
t h a t h e was in no evil company. ' This is straightforuard and is indeed a rule
in monastic orders to-day. B u t if we t u r n back to the TT-/77iam TT7(ttgon. we
find t h a t there the rule onginally hacl. after company " the words For if he
so doe there [is] a Lodge of fellows to punish the sin." This is interesting as
i t suggests some tribunal of fellows as dlstinct from Masters. I n the H n r r 1 ~
Form we have: ' If you be in a Tonn or Corporation where there is a Lodge of
sufficient fellows you shall not go [etc.]." This is apparently a late attempt a t
improving sonle text. which, as we see it in the Eictt/doiz, read as though the
Lodge of Fellows was in the town. B u t the Hnrris version of the rule is in fact
nonsense.
 The Fifteenth Charge has perhaps a son~ewhat wider significance than
Bro. Knoop gives t o it. It prohibits the comnlunication of trade secrets to
Layers, the unskilled workmen. W e meet with a sinlilar injunction among the
Swordmakers ( A .Q.Ci. X . . 15, and Riley, 547 j. " T h a t none of the said craft
shall teach his journeyman t h e secrets of his trade as he would his apprentice.''
The practice here enjoined may have a very important bearing on the develop-
ment of the Craft a t a later date.
Sixteen again is defective. The rule enjoins t h a t if you have moulded
stones in place you are to set him a fortnight a t least in work, but if you have
no stones for him to work then refresh him to the next Lodge with money, etc.
The Hrtdrr'o?~11s. leaves out everything between 111spluce ancl ye ahtrll refresh.
TVdliam TVatson. T e w and Dazozteseu have six more Charpes which dis-
0

appear in the later forms. They enjoin the Mason: (i.) t o work truly upon
the working day so t h a t he may live honestly upon the holy day; (ii.) to receive
his pay contentedly; (iii.) t o endeavour to compose the quarrels of his brethren :
(iv.) when acting for the Master t o be a true mediator between him and the
fellows; (v.) when steward in the Lodge t o give a true account of his steward-
ship; (vi.) when he sees a less skilful fellow in danger to spoil the stone, t o
inform and teach him honestly so t h a t the Lord's work be not spoiled.
This last injunction can be paralleled from the Articles of t h e Whittawyers
as given by Riley, p. 232. Brentano says i t is specially frequent among the
JIasons, no doubt with this Charge in his mind. (T.S. cxxx.). The first of
these additional Charges suggests t h a t the illason is not t o work on holidays:
this we find laid down i n the Gild of the Fullers of Lincoln. t o which Bro.
Knoop refers in this paper. They shall not work after dinner on Saturdays
or on any church festival. ( T . S . . 180.) The provision as t o t h e Steward, in
the Lodge, which we also find much more fully in t h e Regizcs P o e m , is one I
have n o t found in any Gild ordinances, and it-seems t o be appropriate only to
the special conditions of a Lodge.
It would be possible to add a number of illustrations to those given by
Bro. Knoop, of Gild regulations on such points as using bad language,
quarrelling, attendance a t the annual meeting and so on. B u t they would add
nothing to the argument. H e has brought out quite clearly t h a t , except for the
Eighth and Ninth General Charges. these Charges can all be paralleled in Gild
legislation, and i t is t o be observed t h a t there are no p r o ~ i s i o n sin them for
which we have t o go outside the Gilds of our own country. nothing suggesting
importation from French or German builders' organizations. The one feature
that did distinguish the Freemasons was t h a t they travelled. and accordingly
their ordinances ~ r o v i d erules on the subiect which other Gilds were not called
on to furnish. I n some Gilds the nlembers provided funds for those going on
pilgrimages, as a t Lincoln, for instance. (T.S., 177). B u t nothing is said as
t o the conduct of the pilgrims themselves on their travels. The majority of the
Craft Gilds knew nothing of travelling.
Fallou alleges t h a t a regulation was in force in early German building
Fraternities enjoining silence while a t work. ( G o l d I., l l l ) This is monastic
and quite foreign t o the Gild spirit. Our Old Charges know nothing of any such
regulation, nor did our Gilds, I imagine. B u t the rule would have been in
force in monasteries in this country a t the time. The German Steinn~etzrules
in 1563 direct that t h e workmen are not t o r u n together 111 Lodge to chatter.
(Gould I . , 128.)
Although i t does not come strictly within the scope of this paper, reference
may be made to these Steinmetz Ordinances, the first of which are dated 1459
ancl are therefore probably closely contenlporary with our own Charges General
and Special. They are quite distinct although as they are strictly operative
they naturally include a number of similar provisions. B u t the two codes are
independent production.. The opening Invocation of the German texts refers to
travelling Nasons and instructions as t o what they are t o do in strange Lodges.
There is a definite provision for t h e help of brethren who are in distress or sick.
The apprentice free of his indentures is entitled to his mark, and no craftsman
may alter his mark without the consent of all his associates. Apprentices are
to be formally enrolled and obligated. They may not be enticed away.
So t h a t these Ordinances have several of the points of Gild law that Bro.
Knoop notes as absent from our Charges. But some of them can also be found
in Lodges i a our own c o ~ n t r y . in legislation which we can speak of as
suppleinentary to the Charges themselves. Bro. Knoop hinlself quotes t h e
London Regulations for the trade of JIasom of 1356 in this connection. At
Swalwell the annrentice
I I
had to be enrolled within fortv davs.
4 .
I

A t Alnwick i t is expressly laid down that the apprentice must be entered

and given his Charge within a year. (Gould I I . , 262.) The Alnwick rules
also provide for assistance to brethren in difficulties and for grants to their
widows and children. I n this Lodge the brethren sign with their marks in the
Scottish fashion.
The position in Scotland is, of course, quite different. The Lodges are
thenlselves Trade Gilds or closely associated with t h e m ; they know nothing of
our Old Charges until their importation in the reigns of Elizabeth and James.
But in England i t is almost certain, not only that marks were carefully recorded.
and strictly adhered to, b u t , as Bro. Knoop himself concludes by suggesting, that
the Lodees looked after their distressed brethren and their denendants without
D

needing any specific injunction on the point. The other o~nissionshe nlentions
can be accounted for simply by saying that the conditions of the Fraternity were
such t h a t regulations as to residence, freedom of the city, search for false work,
and working i n the Master's presence, were not applicable to a society which
was always external to city organizations, and did much of its work as a body
in a conlnlon workroom, the Lodge. I t is fairly evident t h a t the Craft custom
was t h a t t h e work in the Lodge-only began wiih daylight and ceased at d a r k :
obviously i t could hardly have been carried on by artificial light. The conmoll
Gild rule prohibiting working by candlelight was therefore provided for by trade
custom, which we see specifically recited in the York Orders, for instance, as
given i n vol. xxxv. of the Surtees Society.
Bro. Knoop refers t o the enroln~entof apprentices. and the term " enter'd
apprentice." This was introduced by Anderson, from the Scottish Lodges, and
these we find over and over again to be Gilds and Incorporations, in which the
apprentice was definitely " buiked " and the term " enter'd " was a record of
that fact. Whether there was such a system in England or not I am uncertain.

Bro. C. F. SYKESsaid :-
Bro. Knoop's paper is full of interest. I hope when it is published in
the Transnctiotz.s he may consider it advantageous to include the Regulations
for the trade of Masons, sanctioned by the Nayor and Aldernlen in 1356.
I t is curious that not one of the General Charges can be supported by
a resenlblance in the London Regulations for Masons. The Singular Charges
are supported in five instances.
On the other hand, the spirit of the General Charges is reflected to a
greater extent i n our ritual than is that of the Singular Charges.
I n the introduction to the paper Bro. Knoop says:- ' I n London
according to Professor Cnwin municipal enforcement of fraternity regulations
is not found much before 1460."
I find in 'CTnwin's book a t page 47: " The Whittawyers is the only craft
that we find bringing a full set of fraternity ordinances to be sanctioned by the
Nayor and Aldermen, and the reason for their doing so probably was that they
were pieceworkers to the Skinners, and that unless they got authorization for
their fraternity. i t would be liable to denunciation as a n unlawful combination."
These ordinances were assented to by the Mayor and Aldermen in 1346, which
is 114 years before 1460.
Among t h e Gild rules which have uo counterparts in the Charges, Bro.
Knoops quotes (vii.) " T s e and counterfeiting of marks."
 Bro. Gould in his H;llstory. chapter ii.. ' The Old Charges of British
Freemasons. writes : Another peculiarity of the Blelrose ' text i t its addition
t o the third of the special charges, viz. : Also that no 11'. nor fellow supplant
on other of his mark."'
On the subject of the relief of poverty and distress, Bro. Knoop says,
" the Charges are silent." The co~lclusion of Charges S i n g ~ l a r 16 in the
present paper reads, " ye shall refresh him with money unto the next Lodge."
Other of the Old Charges contain similar expressions. The illelrose says, " if
lawful members cannot be given work they must be furnished with money."
The Uuclzci~inii. ' and if he have noe stones for him hee shall refresh him
w t h moiley to the next Lodge." The Holytc~ell, " If there be no stones to work
he shall Supply him with 3loney to Bring yu' to ye next Lodge."
Does not this imply a form of rehef for the needy? The next sentence
in the H o l y w r l l 31s. is suggestive, too: " There shall Every Mason Serve his
distress wheather i t be task or Journey & from ye fund you shall be repayd. '
If, however, we allow both these, i t does not appear t h a t the Old Charges
made any considerable provision for relief. This may be capable of explanation.
The predecessor of the Craft Gild was the trade religious fraternity, and i t was,
indeed, the latter which provided the power of securing t h e recognition of the
Craft Regulations, Articles or Ordinances. I n the Fraternity Ordinances i t was
definitely stated t h a t certain alms were to be contributed by the members. As
early as 1271 the Fraternity Ordinances of the Cordwainers were sanctioned by
the BIayor. Apprentices had to contribute 21- to the poor box. A stranger
wishing to enter the trade had to pay the same " for the relief of the
impoverished." A little later the Painters' Ordinances provide that fines for
offences should go half to the city and half to the trade. Every newcoiner
should give 21- to the ' confrarie.' every one who keeps house by himself to
give 8d. in four quarterly instalments, journeymen taking more than 181- a
year to give 4d. and each piece worker 4d. The lnoney to be collected by the
wardens was to be spent in whatever manner they and other good men of the
Fraternity considered best for the honour of God and the Fraternity.
The extract which Bro. Knoop quotes is from the Fraternity Ordinances
of the Whittawyers. They also provided for funerals of indigent members.
l And if any one of the said trade shall depart this life and have not where-
withal to be buried, he shall be buried at t h e expense of their common box:
and when any one of the said trade shall die, all those of the said trade shall
go to the Vigil and make offering on the morrow."
All the evidence we have of the Fraternities points to the importance of
t h e alms box as a great feature in their activities.
Fraternities grew u p and gathered influence under the protection of the
Church, and as Masons were peculiarly closely associated with the Church. they
had their Fraternity also. This, Bro. Williams brought out in his paper on
" Archbishop Beckett and the Masons Company," showing t h a t a Fraternity of
31asons in London existed a t St. Thonlas of Acres, and t h a t members bequeathed
money to the Fraternity.
The Fraternity and Craft Gild or Mystery went side by side. I s i t not
possible that as the Fraternity legislated for the relief of poverty and distress,
t h e r e was no need for the ' Mystery' to do s o ? And may not this apply to the
Old Charges, too?

Bro. GEO. W. BULLANORE

writes:-
The Gilds had a religious bond and the Craft Gilds were originally
fraternities of masters who were also workmen banded together to burn candles
to the patron saints of the crafts. The Gild and the Mystery or Craft were
therefore the same. Later, however, the entrance fee was raised, costly master-
pieces were demanded, and as a result a body of journeymen grew up outside
the Gild and often formed a fraternity of their own. When the Nasters of
&he Gild were sworn to govern the mystery, they either had to suppress or control
this journeymen gild. The religious bond of t h e 3Iasons was. perhaps the work
itself. viz., the erection of sacred buildings, but with the development of domestic
architecture, the Masons would fornl candle gilds to the patron saints of
Xasonry which would practically resemble the other Craft Gilds. If we take
the Pewterers as a n example of the organization of a mystery we find that there
were two Gilds, the Brotherhood of the Assunlption of our Lady and the
Fraternity of S t . AIichael the Archangel of Bachelors of the Craft of Pewterers.
The Master and Wardens of the latter were chosen from the former. but thev are
described as " A fraternity or perfect guild of one or two wardens and connnonalty
of the yeomen of the nlistery of Pewterers, of the brothers and sisters of the
Fraternity of the same mystery and of others who of their pleasure are willing
to be of t h e same fraternity or guild within the city of London."
The Brotherhood that Anderson had in mind in l723 was of a similar
character. I t s master was to be among the fellows, and masters and fellows
were only to be made in the superior gild.
I t is obvious that such a system must lead t o three sets of ordinances, viz.,
ordinances for the gild. ordinances for the journeymen gild issued by the same
governing body, and general ordinances for the whole of the mystery. It must
be borne in mind, therefore, that Bro. Knoop's comparisons are between a post-
Reformation reduction used for ceremonial purposes in secret, and certain
ordinances issued by pre-Reformation gilds under varying conditions. If we
augment our knowledge of bIasonry in infornlation from sources other than the
O.C., i t is very difficult to hit upon any specific difference which distinguishes
i t from other crafts.
Like the Pewterers. most of the Gilds admitted non-craftsmen and the
government of t h e Craft or hIystery was sometimes in the hands of non-members
of the Craft.
The City ordinance which permitted men free of one Gild t o follow another
Mystery would tend to produce this. ( A curious example of the difference
between t h e Gild and the Mystery is shown by t h e case of the Swordmakers.
They were of the Gild of the Armourers, but to avoid dispute were adjudged
to be of the Mystery of the Cutlers and the Nystery of the Arnlourers in
alternate years.)
A n Installation ceremony is suggested by a passage of Xorley's History
of the Armourers. ' The crowning of the master and wardens with garlands
kept for the purpose was a constant practice and attended with a good deal of
singular ceremony."
About 1475 the Pewterers were using the expression Brethren of t h e
Country " sworn to t h e King and the Craft."
The most difficult point on which to trace an analogy is t h a t of a secret
ceremony. The Gilds usually pledged their members to secrecy, b u t i n only one
instance t h a t I know of is there a suggestion of a secret ceremony of admission.
One of the Cambridge Gilds laid i t down that the objects of the Gild were to be
explained publicly to the candidate before admission. This implies, I think.
t h a t the entrance itself was a private ceremony. Perhaps t h e secrecy as so
general t h a t mention of i t other than with Gild business was not necessary.
The dispute of 1356 was between Yeomen Layers and Yeomen H e ~ ~ e of rs
L o d o n , and the decisions could only refer to them. and would not entitle
foreigners to work in the clty. The city ordinances were sufficient protection.
I t was probably different for ecclesiastical building, and the Nasons Charter of
1677 did not ernl lit then1 to interfere with the building of S t . Paul's and other
churches.
The size of building stone was standardized. and the Masons Company of
London had the right of search with forfeiture of unsatisfactory material. In
this they resembled other Craft Gilds.
The Gilds seem to have passed from religious to municipal control, and
this may have taken place about 1460: but before that date they were not qnite
helpless as regards t h e enforcement of ordinances. In addition to the n~unicipal
enactments as regards the mysteries we have the following in the Rnles of
the Shearmen:-" If a brother break his oath he shall be punished by t h e
law of our mother Holy Church." and " t h a t the said wardens shall make
certification unto the Officers of the Bishop of London to the intent t h a t they
by the lam spiritual conlpel t h e said person so being rebel and disobedient for t o
pay and satisfy the said fine."
A similar provision was made in other instances. A notary was some-
times admitted to administer t h e oaths and thus ensure proof that the oaths
were properly administered.
Bro. Knoop's paper gives rise to some very interesting questions, but, in
the absence of the Ordinances of such Gilds as t h a t of the Quatuor Coronati
and of St. John, which probably existed a t some time as a Yeomen Gild, it
will be very difficult to make a complete study of the subject.

Bro. GILBERTS. DAYNESwrites :-

Bro. Knoop is, I consider, to be congratulated upon the subject-matter
he has chosen for his paper. H e has brought together many quotations from
various Gild Ordinances and has used then1 in a manner both interesting and
instructive. Clearly, a close comparison between the MS. Constitutions-or as
they have been familiarly termed Old Charges-and the many Gild Ordinances
that are still preserved may possibly throw further light upon the precise use
to which the Old Charges were n u t and who exactlv came within their laws.
Before discussing the details of the paper there is one general point in
relation to it upon which I should like to have some definite body of opinion.
Which came first-the Old Charges or the Gild Ordinances? Craft Gilds were
i n existence in towns certainly by 1260 and probably earlier, while the Social
or Religious Gilds mere still older. W e know t h a t the building of ecclesiastical
edifices and castles became continuous after the Norman Conouest. so mav we
say that the Old Charges came down to us Eron1 originals older than any of t h e
Gild Ordinances? I n effect, did the Gild Ordinances-Social or Craft-derive
any assistance from t h e Old Charges when being drawn up, or vice versa, or was
i t that each class was framed independently of the o t h e r ?
I n his paper, Bro. Kaoop has quoted from many of t h e Gild Ordinances,
which appear in Toulmin Smith's English Gilds, as if they all appertained t o
Craft Gilds, although some of them appear to be Social or Religious Gilds, and
there is no indication that they were in any sense Craft Gilds. Of course,
later Craft Gilds map have used some of the older Social Gild Ordinances as
precedents, but i t is a little confusing to have comparisons made from both types
without drawing any distinction.
With regard to the oath, which the Old Charges as well as the Gild
Ordinances required should be taken, we learn from the Coventry Leet Book that,
in 1457, the Court Leet a t Coventry alleged t h a t :
Great discord daily falleth in the city anlongst the people of divers
crafts because t h a t divers masters of crafts sue in spiritual courts
divers people of their craft, affirming t h a t they have broken their
oaths made in breaking divers their rules and ordinances, which rules
oft-times be unreasonable and the ~ u n i s h n l e n tof the said masters over
excess; which if i t continued by liklihood would cause much people
to void out of this city.l
From this i t would appear t h a t where an oath to keep any Ordinances or
Charges was broken the offender could be brought before t h e spiritual courts and
penalties imposed. It is therefore quite easy to see why the imposition of t h e
oath was such a common stipulation amongst the Gilds.
A doubt has been cast, I believe, as to whether i n some cases the oath
given in the Old Charges was taken on the Bible. I t has been suggested t h a t

1 C o v e n t r y Leet R o o k ii.. p. 302.

the oath was taken upon the roll or book containing the Old Charges. I t would
be interesting to find out whether there is any evidence of the oath prescribed
by the Gild Ordinances being taken on the Book of Ordinances. If the object
of the oath was to briilg any offender before one of the spiritual courts, then
clearly the oath must have been taken in such a manner as would be recognized
as binding by t h e court.
The number of apprentices that a Master might have was the subject of
continual controversy during the medizval ages, and mu cl^ depended upon whether
the matter was being considered from the point of view of the apprentice, the
journeyman, or the master. I n 1519, York, and in 1524, Coventry, removed all
limitations as to the number of apprentices a craftsman might take. As might
be supposed, the deciding factor in the policy of t h e Gilds was what was best
for the masters.
Bro. Knoop seems to have gone astray in his conmlents upon Charges
Singular 12. The ale-chamber is the cellar or place where the ale of the Gild
was kept, and did not mean the Tavern or Ale House. Surely t h e Brother was
forbidden to enter the ale-chamber because the officers of t h e Gild felt that a
Brother entering alone would be subjected to too great a temptation, and might
consume more than his share! The object of Charges Singular 12 would
appear t o have been designed t o enable a Brother to prove a n alibi, if necessary.
W i t h regard to Charges Singular 16 we may note t h a t in the Boke of
Ordinances of the Carpenters of the City of London there was a clause as
follows :-
If any brother go idle for default of work and another brother have
work whereon he may work his brother, and t h a t work be such t h a t
his brother can work in, then shall he work his brother before any
other and give him as another man would take of him for the same
work. l
This, no doubt, refers to fellow workers in the same Gild who are not perhaps
comparable to the ' . strange fellows," but still, having regard to t h e migratory
character of the Masons, we can see some similarity.
Bro. Knooa refers to the enrolment of aaarentices. It would be L 1

interesting to know more concerniilg what actually happened. Have any records
of enrolment survived i n Gild archives, as distinct from AIunicipal archives?
W e have records of the enrolnlent of apprenticeship Indentures in York, Norwich
and other places, b u t I cannot recall any records of a similar nature emanating
from t h e Gilds themselves. Clearly the Gild Ordinances provided for the enrol-
ment of t h e Indentures in their own records, b u t were t h e Municipal records
considered as a n equivalent ?
I t was by means of the Gilds t h a t much of the poverty of the craftsmen
was relieved. The Carpenters of the City of London had this provision:-
If any brother or sister fall into poverty by God's hand or in sickness
. . . so that he may not keep himself, then shall he have of the
brotherhood each week fourteenpence during this poverty, after he
h a t h lain sick a fortnight . . . and t h a t he shall be so timely
visited and holpen t h a t he shall not for default of help be brought
to nought, nor be undone of his estate ere he be holpen.1
Bro. Knoop has given us eight headings in which the Gild Ordinances find
no counterpart in t h e Old Charges. There are at least the following five t h a t
may be added :-
i. Provision for the periodical election of officers with fines for not
serving.
.ii.
,.
The wearing of a Livery by certain members of the Gild.
111. Attendance of the Brethren a t Nass on certain specified days a t a
certain specified Church.

1 The . Bolic ' of t h e O t d i n a i t c ~ sof f h c C n r p e n f ~ r sof L o n d o n , by C. Welch, p. 13.

 iv. Periodical Feasting by the Brethren.
v. Rules as t o the Burial of deceased Brethren and the compulsory
attendance thereat by the other Brethren.
I have chosen a few points a t random as i t would take too long to deal
with each charge in detail, b u t I cannot close my notes without expressing my
regret that Bro. Knoop has failed to make his comparisons sufficiently thorough.
Except for an occasional quotation from the Regulations of the London Xasons
Company, approved in 1356, he has made no attempt t o compare the Old
Charges with such other Gild Ordinances of t h e Nasons as have come down to
us. particularly those of the lllasons of the City of London (1481), Norwich
(1572), Durham (1657) and elsewhere. If this had been done i t might have
enabled some of the many differences between the 3Iasons Gild Ordinances and
the Old Charges to be more fully appreciated. Again, the Ordinances of the
Trade Gilds a t Lndlow and the Charges of the Hainnlermen might have been
compared with the Masons Gild Ordinances of, say, Norwich and the Old Charges.
This might help towards the solution of the problem of whether t h e Old Charges
belonged to all Xasons, and were in addition t o the Gild Ordinances of the
Towns, or whether such Old Charges represented the Ordinances of any special
class of Xason who were not subject in any way t o such Gild Ordinances. In
this connection I would draw attention to the absence of all penalties for dis-
obedience in any of the Old Charges, whereas failure t o obey any of the Gild
Ordinances was invariably attended with a monetary penalty. This is a matter
for some thought and may be an indication t h a t the Old Charges were not
complete laws by themselves, b u t were in addition to Gild Ordinances. However,
as Bro. Knoop has not brought this aspect of the matter into focus, I do not
nrowose to discuss i t further. I howe. however. t h a t what I have said in the
1 L L 2

concluding portion of these notes may induce Bro. Knoop, or some other Brother,
to prepare a further paper on those lines, as I am sure ib would form a very
useful addition to this present one.

Bro. KKOOP,in reply: writes :-

I have to thank the W.M. and Brethren for the kind way in which they
have received my paper and for their helpful and suggestive comments. The
reason I made no reference t o Stella Kranler or H. F. Westlake was t h a t , unlike
Riley and Toulmin Smith. neither sets out Gild Ordinances i n full. With
regard to Bro. Sykes's suggestion, I may say t h a t the London Xasons Regula-
tions, 1356, are printed in Gould's History. vol. ii.. as well as in Riley's
Memorids. I am obliged t o Bro. Sykes, too, for reminding me t h a t the
B f e l ~ o s etext forbids a Mason t o take another's mark. B y linliting myself to
one version of the Old Charges, I have obviously missed some points.
I accept Bro. Daynes's view that I have gone astray i n my comments on
Charges Singular, No. 12, with regard to a Fellow going into town by night.
I also recognise t h a t my intepretation of the London Regulations for the Trade
of ,1Iasons, 1356, made in comnlenting upon Charges Singular. No. 16. is
probably wrong and t h a t Bro. Williams and Bro. Bullamore are right. The
Regulations were to allay disputes between Mason Hewers on the one part and
Mason Layers and Setters on the other part, and when they state t h a t ' every
mason of the trade may work a t any work touching the trade, if he be perfectly
skilled. " they permit a Layer or Setter t o do the work of a Hewer, if competent.
b u t do not grant authority t o strange Masons to work in London.
I n reply t o Bro. Daynes, I have not come across any Gild Register
recording the enrolment of apprentices, though such registers did exist. E.g.,
a t Coventry the Capper's Ordinances required the names of apprentices to be
entered in " the Craft book " and provided that every Master once in his year
was to go through the whole Craft to every nlan's house and by the register
to call for every apprentice before hi1n.l I n reply to Bro. Vibert. with
reference to the exclusion of aliens as apprentices, the Bristol Hoopers required
apprentices t o be " no rebels of Ireland, nor aliens, but English and liegemen
to the King, our Sovereign Lord.' The York Tapiters were forbidden t o
take any apprentice who was not born under the allegiance of our lord t h e
Kii~g.~
Two other examples of the injunction that a n apprentice shall be whole
of limb occur among the London Cut1ers"in 1420 and anlong the London
Foundersz i n 1456. The Regulations of 1420 ordained that no one was t o
become an apprentice who was not handsoine of stature and had not straight
and proper limbs.
I n m y paper, in conlnlentiilg upon Charges Singular. No. 10. I stated
t h a t I had been unable t o find a reference to hazard or dice in a fourteenth
century Gild Ordinance. and had to content myself with quoting a n Indenture
of Apprenticeship of 1371. I have subsequeiltly found such a reference in t h e
Ordinances of the Gild of the Assumption a t Cambridge, established in 1384
and returned in 1389 :-
$8. If any of the brethren be wont to wander in the streets a t
night without good cause, or wont t o play chess, dice, or be caught
in suspect conlpany or conducting himself improperly. wherefor the
fraternity inay be disturbed or defamed, and if after two warnings
from the rectors lie will not amend, he shall be expelled for ever
and lose all benefit of the gild.G
I n what concerils the W . X . ' s interesting observations regarding the Castles,
I feel t h a t the Castles of the Beverley Minstrels were t h e actual dwelling places
of the nobles: each i\Iinstrel had his own circuit.
I n conclusion, may I thank Bro. Daynes for his valuable suggestion of
comparillg the Old Charges, not with Gild Ordinances in general, as in my paper.
but with Ordinances of Gilds of I\Tasons in particular. I do not know whether
sufficient material is available, but I shall endeavour t o explore the field to see
what I can find.

:, C o v e n t r y
L e e t B o o k i i i . . 1111. 670 673.
- Litfle R e t l Bool; o f B r i s f o l ii.. p. 163.
Y o ~ l i3Ie1no. RI;., 11.. 190.
4 Cnlenclnr of Letter Rooks of the City of London. Letter Book I.. p. 230.
5 Letter Book. L.. p. 379.
G Bateson. Cnntbriclge Gilc7 R e c o r d s , p. 73.
 FRIDAY, 8th NOVEMBER, 1929,

HE Lodge met a t Freeinasons' H a l l a t 5 11.m. Present :-Bros.

R e r . H . Poolc. P . P r . G . C h . , Cumberland ~t n'estmorland, 1T.J.L.:
George Norman, P . G . D . . I.P.11., ; H . C. d e Lafontaine. P.G.D..
S . W . : Gilbert IT. Daynes. J.TT'. : T T . J. Songhurst, P.G.D..
T r e a s u r e r : Lionel Vibert. P..t.G.D.C.. P.31., Secretary : Gorclon
P . G. Hills. P.B.G.Snp.W.. P.31.. D.C. : W. J. Williams. J . D . :
Thos. 31. C a r t e r . P . P r . G . S t . B . , Bristol. I . G . : J o h n Stokes. P . G . D . ,
Pr.A.G.11.. West Torlis.. P 31. : .T. H e r o n L e p p e r . P.G.D.. Ireland,
P.31. ; A r t h u r H e i r o n : D a r i d F l a t h e r . P.A.G.I>.C.: a n d R e r . W a l t e r K. Firminger,
1J.D.. P.Dis.G.W., Bengal.
Also t h e following members of t h e Correspondence Circle :-Rros. P. Cle~nens.
C. d. Newman, >rajor N . S . H. Sitwell. H. Spencer, TV. T . Dillon. E. Eyles! G. T.
EIarley-Thomas. P.B.G.S.R.. Geo. F. P n l l e t t . E d . H. Jliller: Robt. @olsell. P.A.G.D.C..
E d . B . Holmes. H. T h u r n t o n G u r n e r . A. G. H a r p e r . Jos. J . Nolan. P.G.St.B., L. G.
Wearing. Wallace H e a t o n , G . S t . B . . B . Telepneff, Ecl. 31. Phillips. S. W. Roclgers.
P.B.G.R.. A. TV. H a r e . H. G. H e n n e t t . J . 1;. H . Gilbaril. A. H. S m i t h , V a l t e r R.
Brown. P.G.Stew., F. Lace. P.A.G.L).C.. E. A. r t t l e y , P . G . D . . A . E. Gurney. I.
Nesteroff. TT. l'. J. G u n n . J. J. Tesoriere. C.. E. N e ~ v m a n . TT. Rrinkn-orth. A. F.
F o r d , A. P. Salter. F. J. Boniface, J . L. S m a r t . 11. TVheatley. L e n i s Edwarcls. A.
Quick, and A . Ellis W y n t e r .
Also t h e following Visitors: -Bros. H e r b e r t TT. L a m h e l t JV.31.. La Belle Sauvage
Lodgo No. 309.3. T. $1. C h i t t y Thomas, Lodge of Fellcity No. 5 8 : C. L a m b e r t Petelson
S t . Andrews Lodge Gothenberg. R . TT. I<niphtley Goddard P . N . , Gihon Lodge S o . L9
P . G . S t . B . : G. C. A . Kassen Blfrost Lodge S u e d e n : S l a t t h e w W a r r e n . P.11.. Sonth
N o r r o o d Lodge No. 1139. a n d F r a n c i s C. Polden P.11. Anglo Colonial Lodge No. 31i5.

L e t t e r s of apology f o r non-attenclancc v e r e reported f r o m Bros. R. H . B n s t e r ,

P.A.G.D.C., P.3T. : S. T . R l e i n , L . R . , P.3r. : Rev. W. W. Covey-Crnmp, d.G.Ch..
P.31. ; J . T. Thorp, P . G . D . . P . 1 I . : Cecil Powell, P.G.D.. P.31. : F. J . TT. Cron-e.
P.A.G.D.C.. P.11. : S i r Alfrcd R.ohhins. P . G . W . , l'~~es.R.G.l'., P . 1 I . : a n d TVm. Watsoii.
P.A.G.D.C.

Upon Ballot t a k e n : -
B r o . BORIS TELEPSEFF. R e s i d m g at 10, P r i n c e ' s P a r k A v e n u e ,
G o l d e r s G r e e n . L o n d o n . N . W . D i r e c t o r of C o l n p a m e s M e m b e r of
L o d g e H a r m o n y N o . 600. B r a d f o r d . Y o r k s . . a n d of T h e A l d w l c h C l u b
L o d g e N o . 3794. L o n d o n . Master Xason. A u t h o r of p a p e r s in
B .Q.C.. F r e e m a s o n r y In R u s s ~ a , x s x v . (1 922). Some Aspect .: of
T / reign of t J ~ eJJttiperor =L ~ ~ ~ ( l t l Id. e r
R ~ i c c i a n F r e e ~ t z o ~ o n( rI ~U ~ I I ?tJic
x x x v l i l . (1925). feu prrqts from t h e Hi*.tor!/ of Ci~etli.7r I ' l e e -
nlnronry in R~c<.icr,x x s ~ x . (1926). J o J i n t ~ n d ~ i g r t c t ,VtczrcX, crt~tl J r ~ r
Rztr of S p i r i t u a l J f n s o n r y , x l i . (1928).
n.as regularly elected a joining member of t h e Lodge.

One Lodge, one L i b r a r y a n d Twenty-fire T3rethren n e r e aclmitted t o melnhership

of t h e Correspondence Circle.
 W. Dro. H. T. C a r t d e L , i f o n t a i ~ ~ cP.. G . D . . t h e llaster-Elect. n-as presented f o r
Illstallation. ancl regularly initalled in t h e Chair of t h e Loclge by Bro. H. Poole,
assisted by Bros. J o h n Stolies. George Norman. a n d Gordou P. G. Hills.

The follon-ing D r e t l l r e ~ ~were appointed Officers of t h e Lodge for t h e ensuing

r e a r :-
Bro. G. V. Daynes S.W.
.. TV, .J. W i l l i a n ~ s J .W.
:. l\'. J. Songhurst Treasurer
.. Lionel Vibert Secretars
1? G. P. G. Hills D.C.
.: T. l[.C a r t e r S.D.
., Dal-id F l a t h e r J.D.
.. A . TV. Oxford dlnloner
,, IV. K. F i r ~ n i n g e r I.G.
:, A. H e i r o n Steward
,: B . Telepneff Steward
.. J. H. l I a c N a u g h t o n Tyler

T h e W . l I . proposed a n d i t was duly seconcled a n d carried : -,' T h a t K. Bro.

H. Poole. B.A.. P . P r . G . C h . , Cumberland L% Westlnorland. h a v i n g completed his year
of office a s Worshipful Master of t h e Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076, t h e t h a n k s
of t h e B r e t h r e n b e a n d h e r e b r a r e tendered t o h i m f o r his courtesy i n t h e Chair a n d
llis efficient management of t h e affairs of t h e Loclge. a n d t h a t t h i s Resolution be
suitably engrossed a n d presented t o him."

The SECRET.~RT
dren- a t t e n t i o n t o t h e following

B y Bro. D r . J o n s STOKES.
F u l l Dress allcl r n d r e s s C:lothitlg of S e ~ ~ i oGr r a u d TVarden of E n g l a n d : date
about 1820.

B y Bro. H A R R Y1 3 ~ . i o o s .
Apron ancl Sash : R . . l . Irelancl.
Collar nncl Jewel : Hose Croix. Ireland.
,Jewel of l l a s t c r l l n s o n : fire-pointed s t a r set xvith brilliants.
Jewe1.s of G r a n d Officer a n d ~nenlber, l i e d Cross of Babylon.
Centenary Jewel. G r a n d .\laster's Lodge, G r a n d Loclge of Ireland.
A11 formerly t h e property of Col. Jocelyn.

B y Bro. CARTDE LAFOSTAISE.

Oriental Embroidery : Armenian Mitre.

-1 h e a r t y r o t e of t h a n k s was passed t o t h e B r e t h r e n who h a d kindly lent these

objects for exhibition.
--
T h e TTORSHIPFUL~ ~ A S T Et hR e n delirered t h e following
 T w r t s c t c f i o n s o f f h c- Q~tcitztorC ' o r o n n f i L o d g e .

INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

FREEMASONRY IN PORTUGAL.

T has been said by nlore than one occupant of tlle Master's Chair
in this Lodge t h a t it is a difficult matter to break fresh ground
on these occasions. The force of such a statement 1 1 0 ~appeals
to me 111 a somewhat overwhellning manner. So I have cast
about in nly mind how I could excite interest in presenting
what to many may be a new subject, in order to awaken
attention. ancl to direct your thoughts to what may be termed
one aspect of international Freemasonry. I therefore have
selected as the subject of this my Inaugural Address, a consideration of 3Iasonry
in Portugal.
Portugal, compared to other European countries, is snlall in size. and
somewhat insignificant in the polity of nations, but we have only to look back
to the past to see what a mighty influence she, in t h e days of her glory. wielded
both on sea ancl land. Though sonletinles involved in acrimonious diaputes with
the Governments of our country. we must never forget that she has on more than
one occasion been to us a faithful ally. And there are certainly strong ties
between the two peoples. This may be evidenced by some quotations from a
modern work written by George Young. entitled Porfzcgnl Old a n d I-otcng. I n
the early pages of t h a t book 3Ir. Young tells us t h a t : " I n the agricultural class
of Portugal there are still obviously English t y p e s as. for instance, in certain
villages of the T a p s valley, where Crusaders, anlong them yeomen from Devon
and -apprentices fFom ond don, settled centuries ago: ~ o v d s .a village on the
Tagus, was until the seventeenth century known as Coruoalha, through its having
been a Cornish settlement dating from the time of the taking of Lisbon from the
Noors with the help of an English esped~tion. I n the same way the House of
Lancaster now onlv survives in Portueal as a not unconlnlon surname. Lencestre.
0

whose bearers show 110 trace of their origin: whereas some red-headed, long-legged
' Saloyo ' ( Saloyo ' is the Portuguese for ' peasant ') that you may meet riding
after the fighting bulls over the water meadows of the Tagus may talk to you in
the same soft voice, and with tlle same sly humour as h e would in the meadows
of the Tavy." Mr. Young, i n another passage, renlinds us that the Portuguese
have left a deeper linguistic impression i n their short regime over a few districts
in India than we have in our centuries of rule over the whole country, while
' Pidgin English.' the ' Lingua franca ' of the F a r East, is in structure and
vocabulary as much Portuguese as English. As to the literature of Portugal,
ample testimony is given to the fact that i t is most copious and characteristic,
though few of us English know of its existence. To most of us Portuguese
literature probably suggests the ' Letters of a Portuguese Nun.' which are in
French. or the ' Sonnets from t h e P o r t u ~ u e s e . ' which are in Enelish."
U m
I t is
extraordinary t h a t these Letters should have produced such a sensation as they
undoubtedly did a t the time of their appearance, but they fell upon a world that
was iust as eaeer for scandal and for raking over the social muck-hean as is the
0 0

world to-day. I have read the Letters recently, and I can assure you t h a t they
fade away into insignificance when contrasted with the fervidly erotic character
of some publications of present date. I suppose the ground for a curious delight
was that they were written by a ~ I L of I ~ good fanlily to a young soldier. who
arentually became the Marquis de Charmilly, and who actually seduced this
young lady in one of the houses attached to the convent. The AIarquis had
every facility for such an escapade, for at that time the end of the seventeenth
century, the rigid seclnsion which was in force with regard to Portuguese women
and girls did not extend to lnembers of a religious body. The nuns of that day
enjoyed more liberty in the way of receiving visits than did the married women in
the towns. A s a French wrlter remarks, " The pleasure of conversation was not
the only pleasure t h a t was allowed the visitor."
To return to Mr. Young. When he is writing about the Abbey church
of Batalha i n Portugal he remarks: We are reminded when we look at Batalha
Abbey " (a tern1 which corresponds to our own Battle Abbey) " t h a t the battle
of Aljubarrota was won by the help of English bowmen and that t h e Treaty of
TT'indsor a n d t h e marriage of John of Gaunt's daughter established the glorious
national dynasty of Aviz aud inaugurated the golden age of Portuguese
nationality. '
I reinenlber well that when I first saw the wondrous Abbey. which is
justly called the Westalinster Abbey of Portugal. I was astounded to find in
that comparatively small country anything so grandiose, so awe-inspiring. so
desolately magnificent in its surrounding circle of unfinished chapels. I t is here
that one sees in the highest perfection that elaborate style of architecture known
as the Xanoelesque. I t is to iny mind yery curious t h a t there are traces of this
ornanlentation in parts of the inner stlucture of Rochester Cathedral. This does
not seeni to have been generally observed, but there i t is. and clearly to be seen.
I h a r e alluded to iinperfect chapels ' -whether they were left in this condition
purposely or whether for want of money to finish them does not seem to be
satisfactorily explained. but ilothi~lgmore has ever been done to them. This is
strange espec~allywhen oile reads that a certain king of Portugal. John V . ,
being posessed apparently by that love of magnificence which characterized le
grand 310na~clue." Louis X I V . of France, made a wonder-house of t h e monastery-
palace-barrack of 3Iafra. I t is said that it took thirteen years to build: fifteen
to thirty thousalld workmen xvere employed: i t possesses 866 rooms and 5 000
doors: 10.000 men could drill 011 the roof. and i t cost over 20.000.000 crowns.
This lnucll by way of introclnction. TT7e now come to our main subject.
I think i t may be said in brief that the history of Freelna-onry in Portugal is
the history of political intrigues ancl relentless persecutions. I t is difficult to
build u p any continuous accouilt of the various events. and that is largely owing
to the want of reliable material. and in many instances the bricks are made of
straw. B u t I think we call make a beginning by talking about what is
apparently the genesis of the -7lasonic movement in Portugal.
I11 the Xinutes of Grand Lodge for April 17th. 1735, when Lord TVeymouth
was Grand Master. we read about A Petition from several Brethren now
resichg in and about the City of Lisbon in Portugal hulnbly praying that a
Deputation may be granted to -7Ir. George Gordon for co~istitutingthem into
a regular Lodge.' Then follows. The Prayer of vihich Petition was
granted." and Orderecl . . . that the Secretary make out proper Deputa-
tion accordingly.' George Gordon x a s a mathematician, and he m o t e the
inathematical part of Nathaniel Bailey's Dictionarium Brittanicum. an
etymological English dictionary that was published in 1730. I n Vol. I V . of the
' 31asonic llagazine ' (1876-7) there is an open letter from Bro. W. T. Hughan
to the Grand Lodge of Ohio, and in this he reproduces the following item of
news from an issue of the St. James' Evenirzy P o s t for the year l736 and this
is the item :-" They write from Lisbon that by authority of the R t . Hon. the
Earl of Weymouth, the then Graucl Master of all 3lason's Lodges. Mr. George
Gorclon. Xathematician, has constituted a Lodge of F. and A . Xasons in that
city, and t h a t a great many nlerchants of the Factory " (probably a wine
establishmeat) and other people of distinction have been received and regularly
made Freemasons. That Lord George Graham. Lord Forrester. and a great
many gentlenlen belonging to the English fleet. were present at constituting the
Lodge. and it is expected t h a t in a short time i t will be one of the greatest
abroad." Bro. Dring (and how much we miss his visible presence) alluded briefly
to this notice in his inaugural address, or a t least in the appendis, which he
was pleased modestly to style. " A tentative list of English references to. and
works on Freemasonry, published before 175 1. "

A Portuguese writer. Emnlanuel Borges Grainha, in his book on the

history of Freemasonry in Portugal. to which I shall frequently refer, says t h a t
Gordon was the one who introduced Freemasonry into Portugal. and that there
were two Lodges a t Lisbon, one composed of Catholics. the other of Protestants.
I11 1738, a high official of the Inquisition, having heard of the presence of
3Iasons in Lisbon, summoned several people to furnish further information.
The first to give evidence was a Dominican, Charles O'Kelly, professor of theology
a t the College of Corpo-Santo. H e confessed t h a t in a restaurant of the street
called Renlolares a Masonic Lodge was held : t h a t i t was attended by several
brethren: that the restaurant was kept by an Irislnnan called Rice. H e then
gave the names of the members, a t the same time saying t h a t he considered
them all t o be excellent Catholics, judging by their frequent attendance at the
services in the church of the Corpo Santo. These nlembers were in turn
sumnloned to appear, and they confessed t h a t they were 1Iasons and that they
attended the meetings of the Remolares Lodge. t h a t nothing was done contrary
to religion: t h a t they were good Catholics and obedient servants of the Holy
F a t h e r . but that they would give u p Jlasonry, seeing t h a t i t was condemned
by the Pope. Ainollgst those thus sulnmoned by the Inquisition were the
following:-1Iugo 0 Kelly. a retired Irish colonel: Denis Hogan. lieutenant in
a cavalry regiment : Thomas French. merchant : Patrice (evidently meant for
Patrick) Brown, a captain. James O'Kelly. dancing master t o the Royal family;
JIichael 0 Kelly, his brother, proprietor of a glass-factory; Charles Caroll.
merchant: Charles JIardell, sergeant-major and German engineer (a curious
combination): and three Dominican monks, Father Patrick O'Kelly. Father
Tilan, and Father Leynan. The latter did not appear. he being abroad at this
time. The Grand >laster (that is the title given him) confessed that he had
been a Xason for two years; t h a t he only attended the Catholic Lodge, wl~ich
was called ' Royal House of Freemasons of Lusitania " : t h a t this Lodge was
quite distinct from the Protestant Lodge, of which he knew nothing: that they
held their meetings on the first Wednesday in each month, and occupied them-
selves with subjects t h a t were instructive. economic. or recreative : that there
were three grades in the Lodge. Apprentice. Companion. and Master, besides
two others. Excellent Xaster and Grand Master. t h a t he had been elected on
S t . John's Day, 1738. but t h a t in obedience to the Papal interdict the Lodge
had ceased to exist, and t h a t its members had for the most part given up
Masonry. After this explanation, the Inquisition abandoned its enquiries, so
far as these lIasons were concerned. but i t began t o make e n q ~ ~ i r i eabout
s the
Protestant Lodge. Not being able to get hold of anything incriminating, it
desisted from further effort, but not with its eyes shut. for five years later. in 1743.
J e a n Coustos. the Naster of a Lisbon Lodne. " was arrested on comine out of a
0

cafe a t night-time, and hurried off to the prison of the Inquisition. Jacques
Nouton and J e a n Thonlas Brusl6 were also arrested. Gould. i n his History.
says that Coustos, the son of a Swiss surgeon. was born a t Berne, hut
emigrated in 1716, with his father, to England. where he followed the trade of
a gem-cutter. and was admitted into the Fraternity. After spending 22 years
in London he went to Lisbon with the intention of shipping for Brazil. but
failing to obtain a permit from the government, he settled down to his trade in
the Portuguese capital. There. with two French jewellers. Xonton and BruslB.
he founded a Lodge. where they were .urprised by the familiars of the
Inquisition." I rather question this last statement-it is much more likely
that Coustos was taken when he had emerged fro111 the cafe, as the Inquisition
officials generally made their arrests a t night-time, in the dark, secretly, so that
the unhappy victims were spirited away. and in many cases never seen again.
It is not unlikely t h a t Coustos was a Huguenot, and therefore a Protestant.
3Iouton and BrnslQ followed the same trade as Coustos. A Spanish writer tells
us that the ~ i f eof a Frenchman. L a Rude, wishing her husband to have a
monopoly of the trade, conceived with a friend. Dona Rosa. the idea of getting
the other lapidaries expelled. Dona Rosa, with an almost infernal malice.
denounced these unoffeilding tradesmen to the familiars of the Inquisition.
3Iouton's wife first began t h e trouble by telling Rude's wife t h a t 3Iouton was a
3lason. I shall not refer t o the horrible sufferings these individuals endured.
I daresav a
d
you have read about them. so far as Coustos is concerned. in the book
which gives a n account of his imprisonment. W e will briefly say, as does Gould,
that Coustos was again and again subjected to the r a c k t h a t he was scourged.
branded, and otherwise tortured. A t long last. in 1744. there was celebrated in
the church of St. Dominic the first ' auto-da-fe ' in which Freenlasons were
punished. Twenty-two men and eleven women figured in that ghastly ceremony.
and the king. J o h n V.. his children. all the Court. the Papal Nuncio. and the
ambassador of Castille were amongst the spectators. Coustos was sentenced to
four years a t the galleys. but the other two, owing to their being Catholics, were
condemned to five years' exile. BruslQ died. in consequence of his sufferings, in
prison. Coustos in some way was able to cominunicate with Lord Harrinqtoa.
and i t is said t h a t that nobleman brought the matter to the notice of our king.
George 11.. who through our ambassador in Portugal. Lord Compton, after much
contriving, secured Coustos' release. Coustos and Xouton -iirere smuggled on to
a Dutch vessel, the D n n l i e t t n . and brought back, landing a t Portsmouth, and
afterwards proceeding to London, where, as Gould remarks. ' they were we11
received and cared for by the Fraternity."
About the time that Coustos received his sentence, or a little later. a friend
of his. J e a n Baptiste Richard. recanted as a Protestant in order to secure liberty.
and h a d only t o pay the costs of his trial. You may say t h a t he was one of the
weak-kneed brethren, but 1 often ask myself: Have the principles of Freenlasonry
such a hold upon nle as to enable me to endure torture, solitary confinement,
ignon~iny,shame. as these men d i d ? I wonder! W e sit conlfortably in our
Lodpes: we feast ourselves liberallv: we toast each other with effusion and
0

declare what a wonderful thing Masonry i s ; but when i t comes to the pinch.
who would go out into the dark, torn away from wife, children, and friends,
to pass days and nights uncertain of onc's f a t e : to tremble a t every footstep
and wonder whether there was a summons to the torture chamber: to return to
the light of day. perhaps a hopeless cripple? I say this. because I think we
ought to thank God that our lot lies i n pleasant places, and to bear in pious
memory those who cemented and strengthened Masonry with their life's blood.
To resume: during the major part of the time when t h e Marquis d e
Ponlbal was in Dower the Nasons incurred no ~ersecutions. I t will be remem-
bered that this able statesman was a determined enemy of the Jesuits, and
therefore their plots and plans were held in abeyance, and Freemasons increased
in number, especially in the army and amongst the cultured classes. But towards
the end of Pombal's tenure of office, in 1770. the governor of the island of
Madeira. J e a n Antoine de SB Pereira, announced to t h e Marquis the discovery
of a group of Freemasons. This statement he confirmed by the despatch of
documents t h a t had been seized, and amongst these were some Nasonic catechisms.
The head of the Douane Department in Funchal was arrested, and his wife, on
interrogation, said t h a t two Frencl~men, Francois dJAlinconrt and Barthelemy
Andrieux, were also BIasons. These two were sent to Lisbon to be further
examined, and Andrieux confessed to being heretical, and indeed opened his
mouth very largely to the detriment of others. and was consequently released.
When Maria I . . who married her uncle. Dom Pedro. came to the throne.
there was a political and religious reaction. The Marquis de Pombal was deposed
from office and sent into exile. Several scientists, seeing another reign of terror
approaching. took to flight: many who did not escape were arrested by the Holy
Office. and received sentence at the " auto-da-fe " held in 1788. " I n 1792 the
Queen v a s attacked by incurable melancholia, and her son was made Prince
Regent. Matters then became worse. and the Governor of Madeira was ordered
to deliver over all Xasons to t h e Inquisition. A few escaped to America, their
ressel on entering New York Harbour flying a white flag with the inscription,
' Asylum Quaerimus. Nevertheless, the Fraternity was not exterminated.
Lodges are knov,n to have existed at Coimbra. a t Oporto, at Belenl 011 the out-
skirts of Lisbon, and others were held on board various ships in port." A
celebrated reunion of Alasons was held in 1797 on the frigate P h a uir, which
was at anchor in the Tagus. English. French. and Portuguese ~ I ~ sthen o ~met
s
together in fraternal unity. From this assembly dates the birth of the Lodge of
Regeneration, and from this Lodge sprang five other Lodges. the best known of
which was the Lodge . ' Fortress. " I t is said to have had among its members 110
Portuguese brethren, many of whom occupied prominent official positions.
Pina lllanique a savage persecutor of Masons. who had been chosen as
Intendant-General of the Donane a t Lisbon, said in 1801 t h a t there r e r e five
Lodges in Lisbon. containing Irish and Illunlinati members. A sonlewhat
confused statement, surely. on his part. H e added t h a t " the members of this
infamous association belong to all classes of society. Our rigorous measures have
reprimanded some, made others forswear themselves. and several waverers have
received sentence."
About this time. F r a q o i s Gilles. who was a merchant dealing in wool, i n
Holland. and who often visited for business purposes Portugal and Spain, during
a lengthy stay of three years at Lisbon formed a Lodge with t h e co-operation of
one Jean dJOrigny and others. D'Origny afterwards went to Madeira. where he
established a Lodge which had among its nlembers some of the nobility and clergy.
The Governor soon got wind of this, ancl, knowing what might ensue, several of
the initiates sought flight a t night-time on board the Portuguese brigantine.
e I I . Ainongst them were Antoine F r a q o i s Figueira and Thomas
cle Cantuaria. I nleiltion these two names. because one will be easilv reco~nized.
0
and the other carries us back to early days, and will probably excite to further
research our Brother Williams. The Bishop of Funchal. having heard of the
presence of ecclesiastics in the Lodge. suspended them froin exercising their office.
The whole island was now aflame with excitement and party strife, and for fear
of a rebellion, both the Governor and the Bishop were ordered to moderate their
zeal.
About this time, when auxiliary troops arrived from England in Portugal,
i t was found that there were nlanv who were I\Iasons in t h e various re~iments.
0

An endeavour was made to establish a Lodge in Lisbon, and i t was thought

advisable to obtain a warrant from the Grand Lodge of England. The story goes
that a certain James Gordon was, consequel~t on delay in the delivery of the
warrant. sent to Lo~ldonin January. 1793. and that at the beginning of March
he returned, carrying the warrant in his valise. So f a r so good, b u t Pina's spies
were always on the alert, and Mr. James Gordon was arrested, and with him all
the other individuals who were conspiring in this unlawful movement. Among
the papers taken from Gordon were the ~ v a r r a n t , some diplomas, and some
1\Iaso11icsymbols. History does not relate what became of these things.
As we are now talking about Pina 1Ianique and his doings. I must not omit
to nlentioll that this period saw the arrival at Lisbon of one whose name will not
be unfamiliar to your ears, the Conlte de Cagliostro. This may be pure romance.
b u t i t is asserted that he visited Lisbos on his way to Italy, and wormed his way
into some of the best family circles, but Nanique was soon a t his heels, and he
was expelled. with not too much display of courtesy.
111 spite of the persecution which at this junctnre once more threatened
Xasons, and which should have led them to stand together as a conlpact body.
a misunderstanding arose between the Lodges at Lisbon and at Oporto, but this
was not of long duration, for some faithful and courageous brethren, seeing the
danger that might be caused by dissension. arranged for an asselnbly of more
tllan 200 brethren in t h e palace of Brother Gonles Freire dlAndrade. The Abbe'
Xonteiro presided. A t this meeting the JIarquis de LoulQ received the degree of
Xaster, and peace was re-established in the midst of fraternal salutations and firm
resolution to unite in nlaintaining a strong and unbreakable bond of brotherhood.
298 Trnmactions of t h e Quatuor Coronccti L o d g e .

This was in 1801. whilst the persecutions of hlanique mere continuing. I n the
hope of ameliorating conditions, Hippolyte Joseph d a Costa, the Abbe' Xonteiro,
and the AbbQ Joseph Ferriio de Blendoga, all three being 3lasons. held a
consultation with the then i\linister of Finance. The ;\linister, after having
spoken t o Bro. Hippolyte, and the AbbC Nonteiro, turned to the Abbe Ferriio,
who was acquainted with I1Ianique, and said. " Monsieur le Frieur, go back a t
once, and say on my behalf to Monsieur 1'Intendant t h a t the Freemasons are
faithful subjects of the King, and I know this is t r u e , because I was present a t
the initiation of Doin Alexandre Holstein a t a Lodge held in Turin. and 110 one
can doubt his devotion and fidelity t o the Portuguese throne. Go in peace. my
friends, and remain tranquil. Henceforth the persecution will not be so rigorous;
but always remember t o be cautious, and above all. avoid all abuse of your
orivile~es." This allusion to caution leads me t o refer t o some remarks bv the
0

Spanish writer t o whom I have already made reference. H e is discussing the

ant of prudence amongst foreign Brethren in Portugal, especially those who were
English and French. H e says t h a t they, being ignorant of the rigorous legisla-
tion against Xasonry. and imagilling that the conditions are the same as in their
own countries, have no scruple in speaking openly about meetings and lodges,
thus playing completely into the hands of t h e enemy. H e also points out that
in consequence of the frequent changes in the way of meeting-places. which were
effected to throw the ~ o l i c eoff the scent, these assenlblies were often denrived of
any Xasonic appearance. Recourse was had to such deception as the holding of
a concert or the giving of a ball in order to cover u p any outward signs of a
Xasonic meeting. -
According to Gould, . although this persecution lasted until 1806, it is
during this very period t h a t some remarkable Xasonic nlanifestations occurred.
The first Grand Lodge of Portugal was erected, and the fir-t Grand Master. Don
Sebastian Jose' de Sampajo, a counsellor of the High Court. was appointed in
1800 or 1802 " (or. according to Grainha. 1804). This new Grand Lodge,
acting through four Lodges, empowered Don Hippolyte Josepll d a Costa to act
as their represeiltative a t the Graud Lodge of England, and i n their name to
solicit a regular authority t o practise the rites of the Order under the English
banner and protection. After nlature deliberation i t was determined t h a t every
encourageinent should be given to the Brethren in Portugal: ancl a treaty was
inmlediately entered into and :igned by Da Costa and Heseltine, then Treasurer
of the ~ r a ; d Lodge, and appro;ed b y - t h e Grand &laster. whereby it was agreed
t h a t as long as the Portuguese Lodges should conform t o t h e ancient Constitutioils
of the Order they should be empowered to have a representative in the Grand
Lodge of England. and t h a t the Grand Lodge of England should have a
representative in the Grand Lodge of Portugal, and t h a t t h e Bretllren belonging
to such Grand Lodge should be equally entitled to the privileges of the other. '
I have given you the exact words of Gould regarding this transaction. as I find
no allusion t o ~t in Gramha's history. I I e merely says t h a t ' t h e establishment
of a Constitution for the direction of the national lodges of the Grand Orient
of Lusitania had become indispensable. To this end a sunm~onswas sent t o the
representatives of those lodges, they having been given full power to act on behalf
of their brethren in organising and sanctioning the General Statutes which were
to govern Masonry in Portugal. A t the nleetiug which ensued. after consider-
able discussion the first part of the1 Constitution was approved." The date giren
for this event is eighteenth of the fifth month of the year 1806. precisely a t
twelve-o-clock (noon)." W i t h regard to the second part of the Constitution.
which was to regulate details, i t was decided to postpone i t for further con-
sideration.
It was about this time that Napoleo11 sent a first division of his army into
Portueal under the coinnland of Alarshal J u n o t . A t Santarem he was welcomed
D

by a deputation of Portuguese Freemasons, headed by Luis Sampajo. the brother

of the Grand Naster. J u n o t received them most cordially and promised complete
security and said t h a t in no inailner would they be disturbed in their work.
This was i n May. 1807, and this heartened the Brethren t o efforts towards a
 Itictngicrnl Address. 299

further consolidation of interests. Our Portuguese writer says t h a t J u n o t was a

Mason, as also was Napoleon and most of the officers in the French army. This
assertion gives us furiously to think, and carries our nlinds back to t h a t oft-
disputed question. ' Was Napoleon a AIason? ' ' People still debate the point
from time to time, b u t I think t h a t those who t u r n t o Bro. Tuckett S valuable
paper on the question will be able to settle in their minds the veracity of the
statement of our Portuguese Brother. Bro. Tnckett's paper may be found in
vol. 27 of our Trc~tzsclct~otza,and i t makes most interesting and educational
reading.
Junot's friendly attitude MW not of long duration. A s a rule all the
Portuguese Lodges exhibited a portrait of the reigning sovereign. Junot
persuaded two llasons t o bring forward a proposition t h a t the portrait of
Bonaparte should be substituted for that of the Prince-Regent, who, t o rid
himself of troublous State affairs had fled t o Brazil. The proposition excited
the ire of many of the Brethren, and i t was squashed. J u n o t then attempted
to suggest to the Grand Orient that the nonlination of a Grand Master belonged
t o him, as a consequence of his high position; but the Grand Orient unaninlously
turned down the suggestion, and on these grounds :-(l) There was already a
Grand Master, so the position was not vacant. (2) the position of Grand Master
belonged by right to one who was of Portuguese b i r t h ; (3) i t was not the period
in which elections took p l a c e (4) J u n o t was wanting in those eminent qualities
and uplifting aspirations which were indispensable to one occupying such a
position. A s one may imagine, the Marshal was vastly incensed at what h e
considered t o be a direct insult. and he immediately ordered the Intendant of
Police to re-commence the persecutions.
A rather different version of J u n o t ' s ' volte-face ' is given by our Spanish
Brother. H e relates that in December. 1807, a t a Nasonic banquet, a Brother
gave the toast of the Prince-Regent and also of t h e National Guard. This was
very distasteful to the French 3Iacons and they left in high dudgeon. ' One may
understand this when one reflects t h a t France a t t h a t time considered P o r t uD ~ a l
as a conquered country, an idea t o which the Portuguese could by no means
accustonl themselves. The Marshal J u n o t , who u p t o t h a t time had shown
himself quite tolerant, as soon as he heard of this happening, which h e considered
an event of the greatest importance, ordered the ~ o ; e r n o r I ~ e n e r a lof Lisbon t o
take all necessary steps t o prevent any recurrence of acts of this kind." There
are the two versions; you may take whichever one appears to you the most
natural and the most credible.
During these events, the Grand Xaster continued in office. and was re-
elected in 1808, and in 1809 he was succeeded by Fernando RomZo d Atalde
Freire. I n the year 1810 there was a new invasion of Portugal by French
troops under the comnland of General Nassena. This gave rise to a violent
persecution of Masons, many of whom mere cast into prison, and afterwards
deported to the Azores. X a n y of the Lodges ceased work. a large number of
the Brethren failed to attencl those meetings that were held and the numbers
dwindled t o almost vanishing point. A year before this, a t the time of the
French invasion under Soult, there had been trouble caused. as was alleged, by
t h e Masonic body. Some Masons, belonging t o the Engliqh army. conceived the
idea of having a Alasonic procession through the streets of Lisbon. Those soldiers
who were on duty in the streets that were traversed, not knowing what was afoot.
gave the military salute. The clergy stirred up the lower classes to make a
counter-demonstration, and the result was t h a t a number of Portuguese i\Iasons.
who mere probably in the procession, mere thrown into prison. The archives of
the Grand Lodge of Lisbon were seized. and anlollgst the articles removed were
the registers, the pictures, the certificates, the constitutions, and various other
matters. Gould corroborates this unfortunate occurrence. for he says: ' The
English Masons assembled publicly, and walked in procession with banners
and emblems of the Society. This remarkable spectacle the Portuguese troops
took-not unnaturally-for one of the pageants of the Romish Church. and
therefore turned out in order to render the usual military honours."
 A t this time a Portuguese journal was published a t London by a
Portuguese 3Iason. Bro. Ilippolyte, and in this, as well as in other London
papers, the proceedings of the Portuguese Regency were severely blamed, and
the despotism of the Portuguese Government occupied the attention of our
Parliament. So far as concerlls the French and their ruler, a pamphlet of this
epoch stated that ' before the entry of the French army into Portugal, 3Iasonry
in France had recognised the unworthiness of Bonaparte, and had given notice
of the same to tlie Grand Orient of Lusitania by a letter from a deputy, in
which this phrase was employed, ' Bonaparte is no longer a AIason, he is
Tamerlane.' " I t will be recalled t h a t , according to Rowe's tragedy, written in
1702. Tamerlane, emperor of Tartary. in a sudden access of rage, had his captive,
Bajazet, chained in a cage, like a wild beast.
When the French had been driven out of Portugal, BIajor-General
Beresford. who afterwards became Lord Beresford. was sent from England t o
command and discipline the Portuguese troops. H e did not a t first interfere
in any way with the i\Iasonic bodies. According to information given by the
Abbe Joseph de Macedo, there were now at Lisbon thirteen Lodges, and the
Yother Lodge had its headquarters in the monastery of St. Vincente de Fora.
Joseph Liberato, Mason and monk in this monastery. denies this statement, but
acknowledges t h a t frequently a t night-time some Masons assenlbled there, and
these individuals formed a society known as " Les Philosophes." The most
active Lodges a t this time were the Lodges '. Regeneration " and ' Virtue."
Josenh de Andrade Corvo. ail infantrv cantain, had been initiated in the last-
d 1

named Lodge, and he became an indefatigable worker. H e is said to have

suggested to the Viconltesse de Jernmenha that she should enter t h e Order, and
she was initiated in a country house belonging to a certain Narquis. amidst a
concourse of well-known people. This initiation was effected in the hope that
through the Viscountess information might be obtaiued as to Beresford's probable
future attitude to IIasonry. Despite his manifested zeal, Corvo turned out in
the end to be a traitor. as you ~viilsee by what follows.
I11 1814 General Gonles Freire de Andrade, a distinguished officer and also
a Mason, returned from France, to which country he had pursued the French
invaders. H e found Portugal in a state of great unrest. The King stilI
remained in Brazil. and Portugal was governed in a manner that suggested its
being merely a Brazilian colony. Beresford's attitude towards the Portuguese
army was that of a general training a n army of colonists. The spirit of
revolution was in the air, and people were looking here and there for a leader.
H e was found i n the person of the General Gomes, who was now Grand Master
of Portuguese Masonry. I n 1817 the revolutionary plotters were betrayed by
some of their adherents, and chief amongst them was Joseph Corvo. On the
25th of May in that year Gomes was arrested, and ultimately suffered death by
hanging, and eleven others came to a similar end. On tlie day before the
execution of Gomes, an English colonel, putting aside all obstacles, and fully
conscious of the danger incurred, went to visit the prisoner, and offered hiin a
means of escape. But Gomes would not allow this generous friend to sacrifice
himself, and with an expression of heartfelt thanks he refused the offer of this
brave man. This incident, says our Portuguese writer, is " a further proof that
a good Xason never fails to help a Brother." I n 1853 General Cabreira caused
to be erected a moiiuineilt to the memory of Gomes. I t s site was on the very
place where he died, and it serves as a perpetual remeinbrance of a Grand JIaster
of Portugal who proved himself to be a hero.
The failure of the attempt at a revolution did not stop the unrest which
was now pervading all classes of the community. The governing body in
Portugal and the fugitive King put their heads together. and they conceived the
idea that quietude might be ensured by closing all 3Iasonic Lodges, and nlaking
a clean sweep of all 3Iasons. I n pursuance of this idea. the Regents of Portugal
sent to King Jo1111 V I . . still absent from his kingdom. a n official despatch in
which i t was declared " that. whatever may be the part taken by Freenlasons in
the recent events. it is indisputable that the existence of secret societies has always
been impolitic and dangerous. and that i t is needful that rulers should crush such
associations, for they in their unlawful assemblies are bomld by oath to an
obedience to unknowil heads. and i t is s ~ f i c i e n t . s e e i w t h a t their aims are
0

veiled in secrecy, to create a reasonable suspicion as t o their being lawless and

evil-living persons." I n response t o this, King J o h n signed in Brazil lctters
patent, which forbade the existeilce of secret societies in Portugal, and which
threatened with pain of death and confiscation of all goods to the State those
who. in snite of this order. were still members of such societies. The confiscation
of goods was to be applied even to offspring and descendants. It was further
ordered that all houses in which ineetings had taken place should be confiscated,
and the penalty of from four to ten years' exile in a fortress was to be imposed
on all those who caused t o be sold, or who lent, or gave any medals, symbols.
engravings, books, catechisms, or seals which had any relation to such associations.
Even these terribly harsh measures did not extinguish the aspiration towards
liberty which Masonry symbolised.
Ennnailuel Ferilandes Thomzs, a judge of the Court of Cassation in
Oporto, foresaw another approaching revolution, and he deemed i t advisable to
form a group of intelligent men to guide the future destinies of the country. H e
therefore assembled a party of friends a t dinner, and there and then was forined
an association known under t h e name of the ' Sanhedrim." This was not a
Nasonic body, though nlost of its members were Alasons, amongst then1 being
Cunha Souto AIaior and Silva Carvalho, who afterwards becanle Grand Xasters.
So secretly did this body work t h a t the police and the Government n-ere taken by
surprise when in August. 1820, a revolution broke out in Oporto, and i t had such
a measure of success t h a t a Comnittee was formed to govern the nation. and t o
convoke the Parliament in order t o formulate a Constitution. I n September of
t h e same year the revolution spread to Lisbon with successful results. It nlust
be nlentioned that t h e Liberal party, which was represented by this Constituting
Assembly, was still attached to the Crown and the Roman Catholic religion, in
spite of the influence of the Jesuits. A s a consequence of this upheaval the
King was obliged t o leave Brazil. and in 1821 he gave his adhesion to the
Constitution. I11 this same year Dr. J e a n da Cunha Maior was elected Grand
Master. The meeting a t which he was elected, called L a seance de la Grande
DiBte." had a very difficult task. The last Grancl AIaster, Brother Gomes. had
Inet his death in the manner t h a t I have described, and the ensuing persecution
had thrown Masonic matters into a state of the utinost confusion. There was
only an administrative con~n~ission, and i t was found difficult t o maintain conl-
munication between various groups of lIasons, and there ensued much heart-
burning as to questions of preferential treatment.
I n 1823 Joseph d a Silva becanle Grand l l a s t e r in the place of Cunha
Maior. And he entered on a troublous year, for internal dissensions had by this
time so weakenecl t h e new Constitution t h a t , as Gould reminds us. " a counter-
revolution of Royalists triuinphed. and re-installed J o h n V I . in all his autocratic
privileges. Freemasons were once more persecuted by a n edict of J u n e 20, 1823."
A proclamation by t h e Cardinal Archbishop Souza, published the same evening.
so inflamed the minds of the rabble t h a t many people rere murdered on the mere
suspicion of being Freemasons. The pains and penalties nlentioned in this edict
were perhaps not quite so severe as those in the former one issued by King John.
The penalty of death was altered t o exile in Africa for a t least five years, together
with a fine of 500 francs to be devoted to some pious work: this was for those
only who had not been concerned i n conspiracy or rebellion. All in authority
were obliged to give written promise, and t o exact from their subordinates a
similar promise, t h a t they wonlcl never take p a r t in the meetings of any secret
societies: or be allied with then1 i n any way whatsoever.
A good deal of excitement was caused about this time by the discovery
i n a cistern of the paraphernalia of a Lodge. and amongst the articles described
were some painted boards (~mdoubtedlytracing boards). some black cloth, some
mitres, and an " atinosphere " in v h i t e metal, and i t is said t h a t those who
examined the booty decided that they nlust belong to a Lodge of Freemasons.
or to a Gardeners' Lodge.
I n 1824 the Infante. Don1 Jliguel besieged the King in his palace a t
Lisbon under t h e pretext that the Freemasons were trying to murder the King.
The 3Iarcluis de Loule', for counselling the King to flee to Villa Franca. was
assassinated. and i t is said that the evil deed was done by the agents of Doin
Niguel. The proclanlatioil issued by thls would-be usurper contained these
words: ' You see the licence of the Nasonic Clubs where they even discuss the
possible happenings to the King and the Royal family, without inaking an
attempt to take measures to extinguish the fire of revolution ' . and it ended
thus: ' Long live the King ! Long live the Roman Catholic religion ! Long
live tlle Queen! Long live the Royal family l Long live the Nation! Death
to the perverse and dangerous brood of hlasoas! " These sentiments inflamed
some of the fanatical preachers of tlle day, and i t is said t h a t t h e Abbe Jean
Alariano. when preaching, uttered words to the effect t h a t the blood of the
Portuguese must flow, just as the blood of t h e Jews flowed in former days: that
he thought i t a necessary thing, and that he would not fail to put i t in force.
according to the promise of the Infante, who had sworn that his sword shonld not
return to its scabbard so long as he had not made a n end of the Freemasons:
that he felt himself to be in a transport of rage, filled with fury. and eager to
bathe his hands in blood.
Happily the united action of the foreign ambassadors and inillisters
accredited to Portugal secured the restoration of King John's authority the
insurrection was suppressed; Doin Niguel was banished, and at the close of 1824
the King returned to Brazil. On reaclliilg Rio he recognised Doin Pedro as
Emperor of Brazil, and at his death he left the regency of Portugal to his
daughter, Isabel 3Iaria. much to the disgust of Dom Niguel. This same Miguel
was afterwards put forward as a suitor to the hand of Isabel, and he was
appointed Regent of Portugal in the name of the little queen. I n a very short
time he took on every appearance of sovereignty. During Don1 Xiguel's govern-
ment of tlle country, the tribunals viaged war incessailtly against the Liberals
and the Masons. As many as could escape fled to France and England. A
Portuguese student. who was obliged to leave his native land, ancl who afterwards
became BIaster of the Lodge " Emigration Regeneratrice ' a t Paris, says of this
period. " All BIasonic reulliolls were severely repressed. The fugitive Masons
once more resumed work when they had either arrived in Brazil. or in England.
Fraace. or Belgium. Soine nlaiiltained their allegiance to their ov7n Grand
Master, Joseph d a Silva. whilst others selected J o h n Charles de Saldanha, after-
n7ards Duke of Saldanha. i o preside over them. Do111 lliguel strengthened his
attempts at persecution hy briilging into the country from France a large number
of Jesuits. B u t a time came when he had to cease his evil designings, for the
Liberals. having formed thelnselves into a warlike force. vanquished their
assailants a t Oporto. They then marched on to Lisbon, which was captured, and
a few days after this Don1 Pedro I V , macle his entry into Lisbon from the sea.
This I& ruler was a AIason. as were many who held coinnlands in his army.
His initiation took place in a Lodge i n the T'nTIPe d 1 1 Rio Jnneiro, in 1822, ancl on
the 21st of September of the same year he was made Grand Master of Brazilian
Nasonry. One of Don1 Peclro's first legislative measures was the expuls~oilof
the Jesuits and the punlshinent of those priests and monlts who had taken part
in the usurpation of the throne by Don1 nliguel. This n-as followed by a decree
suppressing all the religious orders in Portugal. Gonld in writing about this
period. says t h a t on the return of the esiles two Grand Lodges existed in
Lisbon. To add to the confusion the brethren in Oporto elected a third Grancl
Naster. 3lanuel da Silra l'assos . . . To add to this mnltiplicity of juris-
dictions we find the Grancl Lodge of Trelmcl warranting Lodges at Lisbon ; ancl
ultimately a Provincial Grailcl Lodge TTas established, making the fifth ruling
body in Portugal. I t is sdicl that tlus Provincial Lodge kept pretty nlucll to
itself, and did not fraternise to any large extent \ n t h the other bodles It-
leacling spirit was a Spaniard, ilmlecl J u a n Ccello. I t s work was almost elltirely
 of a philanthropic nature. Among its chief supporters was the Abbe Marcos.
and a certain Slr. Silva, who was employed in the Royal household. I n 1869
it had as its head a celebrated magistrate. Frederic d a Silva Pereira. I n 1872
it joined the Grand Orient of Lusitania, and was known as ( ' Regeneration
Irlandaise.' '
From what has been said, a very good idea can be formed of the nlotives
which pervaded AIasonry a t this time. and of the reason for the existence of
these various bodies. The true Masonic spirit seemed for the inonlent to have
departed, its place being taken by quarrelsome political factions and an ever-
increasing longing for inembership in the higher grades of SIasonry, a longing
aroused by an insane desire for display. Some of the more sincere and more
thoughtful SIasons. wishing to bring the Order back to a state of greater purity,
put their heads together and took counsel, and their efforts were eventually
crowned with success, for in 1869 all the rival bodies were amalgamated, and
from this resulted the proclanlation of a Grand O ~ i e n tof Lusitania. with the
Cointe de Paraty as the Grand AIaster.
But even now troubles were not over. I n 1871 dissensions arose in
Combra and Oporto. and in the latter city a new Constitutioil was proclaiined
under the style and title of " Constitution of Northern Portuguese Masonry."
And in 1882 six Lodges broke away from the parent body, and constituted a
Grand Lodge of Ancient and Accepted JIasons of Portugal. This latter coalition
was, however, dissolved. and its members returned to their foriner allegiance.
Various other spasnlodic efforts were made in the direction of creating detached
and self-governing bodies, b u t in t h e end they all came back to their mother,
saner and wiser men.
I n the nlonth of J u n e in 1880 there was celebrated a t Lisbon with
indescribable enthusiasm the third centenary of Camoens, who. as you knov7. was
the national poet of Portugal, just as Dante the national poet of Italy. I
wonder if you have ever read Camoens' great work, his " Lnsiad." If you
have not, there is still some literary delight awaiting you. If you are not
acquainted v i t h Portuguese, then seek to read a capable English version, if you
can find one. Mr. Aubrey Bell, in a pleasant little volume. a monograph on
Camoens. says: " W e look for something new in a literature unknown to us:
we do not go to Lisbon t o gaze into shop-windows which we can see in Paris.
B u t the fact is t l ~ a tin Cainoens lyrics we enter an enchanted country. They
have a peculiar glow and magic which one seeks in vain elsewhere. . . . I n
his studious humanism Canloens was well qualified t o distinguish with Dante
between goose and 'eagle. ' (This is an allusion t o Dante s woids in his treatise.
l De Vulgari Eloqnentia." The words are: ' And therefore let those who.
innocent of art and science. and trusting to genius alone. rush forward to sing
of the highest subjects, confess their folly and cease from such presunlption: and
if in their natural sluggishness they are but geese. let them abstain from
imitating the eagle soaring to the stars.") ' Were Portuguese literature, so lich

in varied fascinating works i n prose and verse. confined to the works of Cameons.
whom Schleeel considered to be in himself a literature. even then no lover of
poetry could afford to neglect the study of the Portuguese language. if only for
the sake of reading Canloens in the original." Having relninded you of
Camoens' literary I will now return to our real subject. and say that at
this Lisbon celebration the occasion was considered to be in the nature of a
triumph for the Liberal party and for t h e Masonic body. The flag of the TTnited
Grand Orient of Lusitania appeared for the first time in public in the civic
cort;ge.
I n December. 1889, there was a certain amount of ill-feeling b e t ~ e e nthis
country and Portugal, and this aroused the ever-latent revolutionary spirit. A
Mason appeared a t night-time on the balcony of the house belonging to a
publishing office and incited the tl~ousandsof asseinbled people to nlalre their way
to the Royal palace. Another individual. the reporter to a Royalist paper,
suddenly declared himself t o be a Republican, and urged a revolution. The
students of the higher academies made a demonstration against England. These
may be but straws, but they showed ~ h i c hway the wind was blowing. For the
reason why i t was blowing in an adverse quarter, so far as England was
concerned, I will refer you to Euglish history. The whole trouble was
considered to have originated in the illdifferent attitude of the Portuguese Gorerii-
ment and the corrupt state of the Court.
I n 1905 the French President, I\Ionsieur Loubet, arrived a t Lisbon on an
official visit. The Republican party, together with the Freemasons. gave him the
warmest of welcome. Indeed, so enthusiastic was his reception that i t occasioned
much misgiving amongst the adherents of the Royalist party. This misgiving
was increased when it was seen that important men were giving up Royalist
ideals. A peer and an ex-minister went over openly to the Republican side.
A well-known judge gave up his post in the Criminal Instructioil Department,
and another celebrity penned a phrase which tersely foretold the future in these
words: ' ' This will finish either in revolution or crime." A t the beginning of
1908 there was a n attempt at revolution, but i t was suppressed. Four days later
the King and the Prince Royal were shot dead whilst driving in a n open carriage
through Lisbon. I n consequence of this tragic event all suspected persons were
arrested, and amongst then1 were several Xasons. There was an outburst of
indignation and of sympathy for the widow and orphaned son on the part of the
stunned populace. b u t t h a t sentiment swelled like a wave. and passed like one :
and theli <he Portuguese people relapsed into an ainazing apathy. As Sellor
Xagalhaes Lima wrote : " A11 ordinary newspaper paragraph about the murder
of a woman would have made more stir than the disappearance of His Most
Faithful Majesty." Lima added: ' ' W h a t has happened at Lisbon is one among
many steps towards emancipation." On the 14th of J u l y . 1910. a large Masonic
assembly was organised by the Lodge Nontagne." " This was presided over by
Dr. Joseph de Castro, in the absence of the actual Grand Naster, Magalhaes
Lima. There was carried by acclamation a proposition for the establishment of
a conlnlission with sovereign powers to watch &er the integrity of the Order.
This coinmission was a powerful elenlent in the triumph of the Revolution, and
on October 10th in the same year the Republic was proclaimed.
So f a r as Masonic charity is concerned, we are told t h a t besides t h e House
of Charity of St. J o h n of Lisbon. fo~unded by Joseph Estevam. and another
institution of the same character established a t the expense of the Nasons of
Oporto, there were the schools erected in menlory of the Marquis de Pombal, the
Academy of Instruction for young girls. the " Ecole Usine " for boys. and various
other agencies of a like nature. The Fdte de l'Arbre," which was started as
a means of attracting the attention of both children and adults to the advantages
of forestry and agriculture, was introduced into Portugal by ;\lasons, and was
made a subject for study in the schools.
I n tlic years t h a t preceded the Revolution of 1910, the Grand Orient
detected i n its midst the presence of spies, for the clerical newspapers, the
C o z ~ r r i e r-Tcctiollnl and P o r t u g a l , published some notices which were only known
to Nasons, and indeed the Port~rglal actually gave the pass-word (which was
altered from time t o time for security) before i t was known i n the Lodges. I
only mention this to show what ever-present difficulties seem a t all times to have
suGounded the Masonic conlmunity in Portugal.
There were two Portuguese JIasons who attracted a considerable amount
of attention. owing to their breaking their Xasonic obligations. These vere the
Duke of Saldanha and Joseph Narie de Sonsa ?IIonteiro. The Duke was in his
later years ambassador to Great Britain. and he died i n London in 1876. H e
was a brave soldier, a heroic adventurer, whose glittering sword was the
fascination of t h e Portuguese army. H e possessed an extraordinary versatility of
mind, which enabled him to change from one party to another with the greatest
ease. An article i n a certain newspaper, an article much spoken about when i t
appeared, described him as the man with fifty-one faces, each of which represented
some change of view in political matters. I t is not known exactly when he gave
up Masonry, b u t in a letter that was published in a Portuguese journal, the
C'oimhricense, on September the 27th, 1872, lie writes as follows:- ' I will say,
 Inaugural Address. 305

in order to conlpletely justify t h e memory of the first Duke of Palmella, that for
the purpose of fighting against t h e usurpation of the throne, I have been not
only Grand Master of Xasonry, but also Grand Plenipotentiary of the Carbonari,
and Grand Constable of the Ten~plars. From my position as Grand Xaster of
Masonry I ought to know those Portuguese who belonged to the society, and I
can therefore state on my honour t h a t the Duke of Palmella has never been a
Xason. . . . As to my OWTI justification. I will say t h a t on the very day
t h a t the Cortes assembled. I resigned my membership of all secret societies,
being convinced that if they are efficacious in destroying established governnlents
they are also powerful in blocking the progress of any government which is not
to their liking. X y separation from these secret societies was partially the cause
of the celebrated article about the man with the fifty-one faces. The Times of
this date does not conceal its astonishment on seeing t h a t Marshal Saldanha, the
idol of the opposition. in spite of his fifty-one faces, has to their displeasure
added to the fifty-one faces even another visage, t h a t of a diplomatist. To
quieten the conscience of good Catholics, I will say t h a t the hero of the nineteenth
century, the adorable Pius I X . . has, as a inark of his estreme kindness, as is
announced in the brief that he sent me a t Paris after I had quitted the Embassy
a t Rome, bestowed on me the new Grand Cross of t h e Order of Pius the Ninth.
This honour was accompanied by expressions which cannot b u t be flattering to a
Catholic, and he has withdrawn all the major and minor escomnlunications that
I had merited. "
Joseph i\Ionteiro was ill 1838 Secretary of a Lodge, and in 1850 he was
appointed Grand Orator i n the Grand Orient of Lusitania. I n this same year
1850, he lost his wife. She had been a devotee to religion, and had constantly
urged him to give u p llasonry. so when she was on her deathbed he made a vow
never again to enter a Lodge. H e did this. he says, " more from respectful
obedience than from any conviction of the incompatibility of 9lasonry with the
Roman Catholic religion and with true patriotism, for I had a t that time very
little doubt on this matter. I t was only later, when I began carefully to
exanline the character, laws, and tendencies of this institution t h a t a change of
mind came upon me. A n d to-day I render thanks to God t h a t H e , in His
mercy, by gradual ways and means, has delivered me from t h e noisonle abyss in
which I should have perished miserably."
With regard t o this question-Roman Catholic Freemasons-our Portuguese
writer says: " One remarks that i\Iasons and even Grand Masters, when speaking
in Parliament and in Masonic assemblies, declared themselves to be Christians
and Catholics under the rule of the Pope. A t a first glance, one finds i t difficult
and almost inlpossible to harmonise this affirmation with their position as Masons,
and yet one accepts i t in the end, when one remembers t h a t the Infallibility of
the Pope was not a dogma of the faith till i t was proclaimed on J u l y 18, 1879,
in the Encyclical of Pius IX."
I have alluded in an earlier portion of this paper t o t h e sufferings endured
a t the hands of t h e Inquisition by John Coustos and his companions. There is
another individual whom I think I ought to mention, though he belongs to a
more modern date than Coustos, and that is Hippolyto de Jlendonpa. I am
taking my infornlation from a book which was published in London in 1811, the
title of which is " A Narrative of the Persecution of Hippolyto Joseph da Costa
Pereira Furtado de M e n d o n ~ a ,a native of Colonia-do-Sacramento, on the river
L a Plata, imprisoned and tried in Lisbon by the Inquisition for the pretended
crime of Freemasonry." The dedkation is worth quoting: " To the British
Nation a t large and more particularly to the most ancient and venerable Society
of Free and Accepted Masons, who have the honour a t this time, and have had
for more than twenty years, of possessing His Royal Highness t h e Prince Regent
for their Grand Master, this work is most humbly and very respectfully dedicated,
as a token of his admiration for their Constitution, and as a pledge of gratitude
for their universally acknowledged philanthropy, .which is not merely confined to
Europe, but has extended its influence to t h e most distant corners of the globe;
by the Author." Mendonga was arrested suddenly in J u l y , 1802, by the police
 authorities of Lisbon, almost inlnlediately after his arrival from England, and
after six months' detention was consigned to the prison of the Inquisition. At
his previous examination by a magisirate. ~ e n d o n p asaid t h a t as amongst his
papers had been found his certificate as a Freemason, and other documents
relating to Freemasonry. he had no hesitation in acknowledging t h a t the certificate
was his, and that he had been admitted a Freenlason in the city of Philadelphia.
" The ' corregidor ' minutely inquired what motives had induced me to enlist
myself in that society; to which I answered that, being informed of several
persecutions which some magistrates had excited against several individuals, whom
they were pleased to denonlinate Freemasons-and observing likewise, that the
measures of the Portuguese magistrates were so much a t variance with the general
estimation in which Masonic societies are held in America-this opposition was
the r~owerfulmotive t h a t raised inv curiositv. and induced me to seek admission
into the society, t h a t I might be able to form a personal judgment if such a
difference really existed between the opinions and proceedings of two different
countries." Speaking of one of his many examinations by the Holy Office,
Mendonpa says: ' The inquisitor again insisted that my heresy consisted in the
refusal to confess and declare that the society of Freemasons was heretical, as
the supreme pontiffs had declared i t to be. To this I answered that whether
the pontiffs had or had not the right of declaring or establishing a tenet of faith,
i t was incontrovertible t h a t no pontiff whatever had declared the society of Free-
masons to be heretical: for the Bulls said only t h a t i t suspected i t to be so,
perhaps on account of their ignorance at that time with respect to this society.
. . . The inquisitor then called on me to make satisfactory replies to the
following questions: Who are the Portuguese Freemasons with whom you are
acquainted? Where is the coffer, or money-chest kept, belonging to the
Portuguese Freemasons? W h a t business did you negociate relating to the
Portuguese Freenlasons in the Grand Lodge of E n g l a n d ? W h a t is the actual
state of Freemasonry i n Portugal? . . . To the first question I replied that
in order to prove whether I knew or was acquainted with any Portuguese
Freemasons i t was necessary t h a t such a fact should be substantiated by them,
and this I was sure nobody could do. To the second; that I knew nothing of
the coffers or pecuniary affairs of Freemasons. To the t h i r d : t h a t though he,
the inquisitor, had thought i t proper to assert t h a t he knew I had gone to
England on purpose to negociate some business for the Portuguese Lodges in the
Grand Lodge of London, i t was, nevertheless, in my power to produce proofs
t h a t I had other interesting business to execute in London. not at all connected
with Freemasonry. A s to t h e papers they took from me, the greater part
consisted of exercises i n the English. French, and German languages, with a view
to my being better acquainted with them, and i t sonletinles happened t h a t some
were copied from books published in several languages. relative to Freemasonry
in general. To the fourth: that I had passed nlany years out of Portugal a t
different times, during my travels, and a t the time of my imprisonment I had
just arrived from England; and this circumstance formed i n itself a sufficient
explanation why I could not answer this question." Towards the latter part of
his narrative, Nendopa writes: " I now thought i t necessary t o embrace a
resolution which I had long formed, of escaping from confinement, and rescuing
my health from t h e total ruin of i t that was rapidly approaching." As to how
he escaped and when, we are not told, but apparently h e had suffered imprison-
ment for more than three years. I have brought this case t o your notice, because
i t is not so generally known as t h e Coustos narrative; also because i t is interesting
for its reference to the Grand Lodge of England. There seems to be a deep
undercurrent of meaning i n t h a t pertinent question about the coffer or money-
chest of the Portuguese Freemasons. I t shows t h a t even t h e members of the
Inquisition did not look askance a t the handy shekel, if i t were tendered in
becoming secrecy and weighty multiplication.
Now let us see what particulars we can piece together concerning Free-
masonry in more recent times. I n the Library of our Grand Lodge there are a
good many numbers of a n official Bulletin, the " Revista Maponica," recording
very briefly the meetings of Lodges, with occasionally a n article 011 some bIasonic
question. I am told that they do not arrive with any regularity, and that a
considerable period may elapse between the reception of the copies. I have
looked through most of them, and there is very little that is of interest, or
worthy of mention, but a more detailed study may reveal some things that
might be noted. I n one number, the issue for J u l y , 1903, I did find a rather
curious statement, t o the effect that the Grand Orient of Portugal received from
the Grand Lodge of England an expression of thanks, in the name of the Grand
Master, His EIighness the Prince of Wales, for the manifestations of sympathy
and respect exhibited to H i s Majesty King Edward V I I . . on t h e occasion of his
recent visit to Lisbon. This must surely be a " rechauff8 " of old news, for the
rjulre of C o n n a ~ ~ g hwas
t Grand Master in 1903, having been installed in 1901.
I n the Bulletin for February, 1924, we have this informatioll:-" We here
give the extensive and important list of JIasoilic jurisdictions with whom we
maintain relations and exchange guarantees of friendship." I n this long list
there are included the Grand Lodge of Flanders, the Grand Orient of France.
the Grand Lodge of Alpina, also Tasmania and New South Wales. Those not
in the list are the Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, the
Grand Lodge of New Zealand, the Grand Lodge of New York, and various other
American Grand Lodges.
Reverting to what I said about t h e infrequency in t h e issue of the Official
Bulletin, our Portuguese writer corroborates the statement, for he says: " The
Grand Orient of Lusitania has published its Official Bulletin since 1869, but not
only has there been irregularity in the issue, but complaint may be made that
i t has not kept to the standard set in the early numbers. After 1887 there was
a lapse of nineteen years, during which a few nunlbers appeared a t very irregular
intervals. I t was only in J a n u a r y , 1906, that publication was undertaken in a
proper sequence, and the first number of this issue gave the history of the Bulletin
from its commencement. "
That Portuguese Masonry has lately passed through troublous times may
be gathered from a n account of the proceedings a t the International Nasonic
Congress held a t Paris in 1927. A t its fifth session Bro. Costa-Santos,
representing the Grand Orient of Portugal, depicted in very impressive words
the situation created in Portugal towards Wasonry by reason of the military
dictatorship existing in the country. On the proposition of Bro. Nicol, also
representing the Grand Orient of Portugal, a letter of fraternal sympathy
was ordered to be sent to Very Illustrious Brother 3lagalhaes Lima, the then
Grand Master.
From a letter sent to me in 1924 by the then Grand Secretary of the
Grand Orient of Portugal I extract the following inforn1ation:-" The United
Grand Orient of Lusitania consists of eighty Lodges and twenty-nine Triangles.
. . . I t is undoubtedly the Scottish Rite that predominates. The French
Rite has twelve Lodges, and the Symbolic Rite only one. The Lodges of the
Scottish Rite, working under the obedience of t h e Grand Orient. open and close
with the invocation of the Great Architect of the Universe. The Chamber of
the Scottish Rite has t h e Bible on the altar. t h a t is ordained by the ritual. I n
1914 there was some dissension as regards the Scottish Rite. which caused the
secession of :ome Lodges. ancl they constituted a Supreme Council. The matter
was referred to a t the Congress a t Lausanne in 1922, but with no result.
However, six of the seceding members returned to the Grand Orient. I n the
United Grand Orient Supreme Grand Council, the Grand Master is. for con-
veniellce in voting, also the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Conllcil.
These posts are held by Doctor Sebastian0 de nlagalhaes Lima, whose 33rd degree
was conferred on him in Scotland. whilst on a visit to the United Kingdom.
Dr. Nagalhaes Lima has been re-elected to his high offices for another period of
three years. 1923 to 1925. There were long ago two English Lodges working
under the authority of the United Grand Orient. one at Funchal in Xadeira.
another a t St. Vincent, b u t now there are none either in Portugal or the
Colonies. I t is the intention of the higher Masonic bodies in Portugal to revive
 the Supreme Grand Chapter of Royal Arch ,1Iasons. There are in Portugal
several active I\lasons who hold a commission delegated to them by the 11~gher
bodies of t h a t Rite in England." There follows a long list of all the Xasonic
bodies that recognise the Grand Orient of Lusitania. and amongst then1 is the
Grand Lodge of Ireland.
I have perused the ritual of the Entered Apprentice degree in a copy dated
1921. I cannot enter into any description, but will only say t h a t i t runs on
lines which are, in nlany instances, closely akin to our English ritual. The
Lodge is opened with these prefatory words: Ad LTniversi Terrarunl Orbis
S ~ u n m iArchitecti Gloriam," so that there is a reference to the Deity. There
is, however. a marginal note, where the oldigation occurs. and i t is to this effect:
" The rituals order that this obligation should be taken on the Bible, open a t

the third chapter of R u t h . This order applies especially to those who are
Christians or Jews. B u t , seeing that in 3Iasonry complete religious tolerance is
allowed, i t is absurd to exact from persons who profess some other religion an
obligation on the Bible. Therefore i t is to be recoininended t h a t the obligation
should be taken on the Bible so far as Christians or Jews are concerned. and
on the Book of Constitutions in all othcr cases."
I think I cannot better collclude than in briefly quoting a tribute paid
t o the memory of 3Iagalhaes Lima in a Swiss Nasonic journal:-" The Very
I l l ~ ~ s t r i o uBrother
s Dr. Sebastian0 de Nagalhaes-Lima. Sovereign Grand Com-
mander of Portuguese Freemasonry. Grand Naster of the United Grand Orient
of Lusitania, passed on to the celestial Orient on December 8th. 1928. Endowed
with a rare intelligence, our very dear Brother knew. by virtue of his moral
worth, how to inspire respect even in his most implacable adversaries and t o gain
t h e esteem of t h e great men of all countries. A n ardent patriot, a colwinced
pacificist, a writer. a poet, an eminent lawyer. he placed all the talents with
which Nature had endowed him at the service of his ideal of liberty and of
universal brotherhood. To the 15.000 persons who a t Lisbon have passed before
his coffin n7e are joined in thought to bring to the memory of this Brother, who
adorned so highly our Order. the fraternal and pious homage of our admiration.
Full of years and full of glory. he has gone in an apotheosis towards the unknown
Orient. '
This, my Brethren, is, I think, a fitting end to the history of sorrow
and persecution to which we have been listening. And what is the message?
Continual struggle on earth, but peace a t last. To which peace may we all
come !

At the subsequent banquet W. Bro. Rer. H. POOLE,I.P.N., proposed " The

Toast of the Worshipful 3Iaster " in the follo~vingterms :-
Brethren.-It is our custom a t our Installation Dinners to take the
opportunity of the Toast of the Worshipful Master to say something of the
many activities. Masonic and otherwise, of our Master: and I feel sure that few
Past IIasters of this Lodge can have had more distinguished or more varied
careers to recount than I have on this occasion.
Bro. de Lafontaine was born in 1857. Raving taken degrees a t London
and also a t S t . John's College. Oxford. he was ordained and became Curate.
and later Vicar of St. Luke's, Kentish Town. H e was afterwards Vicar of
Berkeley Chapel, Wayfair, until i t was demolished. when he availed himself of
the provisions of the Clerical Disabilities Act.
H e then turned his attention to civic activities. and had the distinction
of being Sheriff of the City of London in 1914-15: but pecuniary losses prevented
the realisation of his ambitions in a civic career.
Bro. de Lafontaine became a i\lason in 1898, when he was initiated in the
Playgoers' Lodge. H e has joined, and helped to found, various Lodges and
Chapters, and was the first Master of the Dante Lodge, and also of the National
Guard Lodge. H e was Deputy niaster of Antiquity in t h e year of the Masonic
Peace Celebration, ancl Z . of t h e Chapter of S t . Jaines i n t h e same year. H e
assisted i n founding t h e Grancle Loge Nationale of F r a n c e , a n d is a P . G . W . of
t h a t body.
H e received G r a n d Lodge honours in 1908, being now a P . G . D . : and h e
was made P . A . G . S . i n 1909. - o u t s i d e t h e C r a f t . we f&d hiin a s P . G . O . i n t h e
3 l a r k . 1917 P a s t Great Almoner i n Great Priory. 1908. a n d 3 1 i n Rose Croix.
H e I S a P a s t Great Chanlberlain in t h e Order of t h e Secret 31onitor a n d P a s t
Celebrant of Aletropolitan College, a n d Grade 9 i n S . R . I . A .
H e is a P a t r o n of each of t h e three ;\Iasonic Institutions. and a Vice-
P a t r o n of t h e Freemasons IIospital. H e holds t h e Gold Medal. a s n e l l as t h e
Stewards' and Collector's I\Ieclals of t h e 31.11.31. F u n d .
Bro. de Lafontaine h a s contributed several papers t o our Trrrnscrcfio~~s
t h e latest being t h a t on B e n j a m i n Franklin. H e h a s also written on Goethe.
Cagliostro. Freemasonry i n I t a l y ancl France. D a n t e a n d Freemasonry, and t h e
Ancient Egyptian Mysteries, besldes several papers for t h e Soc. Ros. S t u d y Circle.
IIis worlrs, outside ,7Iasonry. deal largely with Nusic. R e was edltor of
I ' ~ Pliltzy's Jf~rsrcX-a record of musicians of t h e Chapel Royal a n d t h e Royal
Ilousehold from early times: h e has written on ' D a n t e a n d W a r ' . and has
done much lecturing a n d writing on nlusical subjects. ill particular on t h e Spanish
School of Music.
H e h a s been dramatic critic, a n d later editor a n d proprietor. of t h e
Loudon 1 7 ~ g a r oa, n d has also been associated with t h e T17eel;Ig C'omecly: while.
earlier i n his career, h e edited The Banner. a Church nem:paper.
A s an A n t i q u a r y . we see our W.31. a s a nlenlber of t h e Middlesex
Archzological Society: while he h a s h a d t h e distinctiou of being a Alenlber of
Councll of t h e Eritish A r c h ~ o l o g i c a lAssociation, and a delegate a t International
Archzological Congresses a t Rome. Cairo, a n d A t h e n s . I l e is a P a s t Vice-
President of t h e S e t t e of Odd V o l u m e s was for m a n y years Secretary of t h e
D a n t e Society; a n d is a Fellow of t h e Royal Society of Literature. H e was
formerly Secretary of t h e Society of English C o i n ~ o s e r s ,and is now Sec. of t h e
Benevolent F u n d of t h e Incorporated Society of I\lusicians: h e is also a Fellow
of t h e Royal Philharnlonic Society, a n d Vice-President of both T r i n i t y College
of 31usic and t h e Royal College of Organists.
O n t h e charitable side. we find him a Governor of t h e Foundling Hospital ;
a member of Comnlittee of t h e Normal College for t h e W i n d , a t Norwood, as
well as of t h e London Blind Association. and t h e National Benevolent Society;
a n d a Dlrector of t h e F r e n c h IIospital a t Victoria P a r k .
Turning to t h e civic sphere our W.31. is a N e m b e r of no less t h a n eleven
City Companies. I I e is t h e present Master of t h e Fruiterers' Company-his
seventh Mastership. H e is also a P a s t President of t h e F a r r i n g d o n W a r d Club.
Such. Brethren. are some of t h e distinctions a n d activities of Bro. d e
Lafontaine when we elected him as our Master a m o n t h or C. ago. I call now
add t o t h e catalogue his appointnlent as Prestonian Lecturer for t h e conling year,
when he will have t h e honour of being t h e first X a s t e r of this Lodge to deliver
t h e Prestonian Lecture from t h e Chair.
Lastly, h e h a s t h i s evening been installed a s Tf70rshipful N a s t e r of Quataor
Coronati L o d g e : a n d as such I call upon you. B r e t h r e n , t o d r i n k his health.
 REVIEWS.

CAGLIOSTR80 A N D H I S E G Y P T I A N R I T E O F FREEMASONRY

B y Henry Ridgely Ezmns, Litt.D. ( N e w F o r k , 1930).

N O U G H ill has been said of Cagliostro. I intend to speak

well of him, because I think this is always preferable,
providing one can.' Such is the quotation from Baron de
Gleichen S ' Souvenirs " with which our distinguished
American Brother. Henry Ridgely Evans, starts his newly-
published book under review. A very wise beginning indeed.
I t gives the reader a t once a clear idea as to the light in
which t h e author will represent Cagliostro, about whom so
many contrary opinions have been expressed- ever since- t h a t extraordinary and
mysterious personage became famous at the end of the eighteenth century. A t
the same time i t disarms a critic. I t would seem a t least inconsiderate to
criticize severely a book in the very first lines of which we are reminded of the
excellent and honourable principle to speak well if we can. A n d , of course, one
can speak well of Bro. Evans' new book. First of all, i t is beautifully edited :
good paper. clear print, a number of well re-produced engravings, pleasant
binding. Then the book is written in excellent, lively language and with a good.
benevolent spirit. And i t is accompanied by an interesting bibliography, two
appendices (A-' Reception of an apprentice into a n Egyptian Lodge,' and
B-"Caeliostro's nlasonic affiliations") and an Index. The first of the
appendices is particularly valuable. I t gives a good English translation of a
part of Cag1iost1-0's ritual as i t was reproduced in the official organ of French
Martinism. " L'Initiation." in August. 1906, and incidentallv demonstrates the
U

same pompous and confused character of CagliostroJs orations as we find in his

lectures written down by Mme. von der Recke while he was in Courland. (See
d . 0 . C . d . . 37.)
As regards the original work of Bro. Evans, one can hardly expect to find
very much i n a pamphlet on 59 pages of large print with very wide margins.
Having extracted a number of appropriate remarks from the vast literature on
the subject, he produces a very favourable picture of Cagliostro, a more favourable
one even t h a n t h a t given by W. R . H. Trowbridge in his volunlinous work,
T h e S'plendour and ilflsery of cr. Jfaster of X a g i c , by which the author has
evidently been largely influenced. But i t is not surprising that Bro. Evans
appeals to " Nasonic writers " t o change their views regarding Cagliostro and
describes him as a Masonic martyr " and " one of the most fascinating characters
of his t i m e " (p. 46). who ' undoubtedly believed in his mission to enlighten the
world through his mystic doctrine " and possessed ' undoubted gifts as a genuine
psychic " (p. 24). A t the end of the last and, by the way, the most interesting
and original chapter, entitled ' A visit to the House of Cagliostro." Bro. Evans
tells us in his book how he became mterested in Cagliostro. It appears that
this interest was evoked in 1893 by a conjuring exhibition a t a Paris theatre, at
which he was present. During the exhibition, the conjuror (Caroly) performed
a n ingenious trick called the " Mask of Balsamo." I t produced upon him a
very deep impression, the Mask obsessed his mind, and h e had strange dreams
during the night following the entertainment. " Cagliostro, Cag1iostro."-
 NOTE.

R A N D L E H O L M E AND FREEMASONRY.

N 1- ('!/~nmrodor ( t h e Xagazine of t h e H o n o u r a b l e Society of

C y m n ~ r o d o r i o n ) , Vol. XL. (dated 1929) is a n Article, p p . 207-
225. entitled ' Two Welsh H e r a l d i c Pedigrees with notes o n
Tllonlas Chaloner of Denbigh a n d Chester. U l s t e r Killg of
Arms." B y \IT. J . H e m p . F . S . A . (Pedigree a n d f o u r Illustra-
tions). M r . H e m p is Secretary t o t h e R o y a l Commission o n
A n c i e n t 17Ionuments (Wales). H e is a descendant of J o h n
Chaloner, a b r o t h e r of t h e said Thoinas Chaloner.
T h e following e x t r a c t s f r o m t h e Arflicle a p p e a r t o be of interest t o s t u d e n t s
of Freemasonry, h a v i n g r e g a r d t o t h e well-known statenlent of R a n d l e H o l m e
( t h e 3rd of t h a t n a m e ) i n t h e dcnclevtid of d r m o r y , p r i n t e d 1688 : " I cannot
b u t honor t h e Fellowship of t h e Masons because of i t s A n t i q u i t y a n d t h e more a s
being a member of t h a t Society called Free-Masons; I n being conversant anlongst
t h e m I have observed t h e use of these several tools followinp. some whereof I D

have seen born in Coats A r m o u r . "

T h e e x t r a c t f r m F G y ? n m ~ o d o ris :-
p. 208. The name of Chaloner often occurs among the early records
connected with Cheshire and the adjoining parts of Lancashire.
Several members of t h e family were students of heraldry and
genealogy and our Thonlas Chaloner was employed as a n agent by the
College of Heralds for some years under the designation of " Deputy to
the office of Arms " before he was created Ulster King of Arms. This
appointment he only received on t h e day of his death 14th May 1898 as
recorcled on his monument in St. Jlichael's Church. Chester (fig. 3).
H e also took adrantnge of his visitations and travels in North
T a l e s and Cheshire to make antiquarian and heraldic notes. which are
now of great ralue. (Note by 31r. Hemp.-According to Mr. Earxvakcr.
MS. Harley 2101 contains notes on nlonunlcnts and n indows in churches
made by Thornas Chaloner and others and arranged by the third Randle
Holme.) H e becaine a Freeman of Chester on Octr. 6th 1381 and as
noted by 311.. J. P. Earnalrer n-as a painter. poet and Antiquary as ell
as a member of Lord Derby's cornpang- of players.
On Novr. 8th l884 he iilarried Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Alcoclr.
of Chester. and on J a n . 1 0 t h 1387 he took as his apprentice one Randle
Hol~ne. After Chaloner's death in 1598, Hollne nlarried his master's
rridow. and in l6WZ apprenticed his stepson Jacob Chaloner. to himself.
Jacob became a nell-lrnonn heraldic agent. painter and collector of
pedigrees, and erentually mowd t o London rrhere he died in 1631.
Ranclle Holine remained in Chester. and built u p t h e heraldic business
which x a s t o be carried on by his son. grandson and great-grandson. all
bearing the same name on the folmclations laid by Chaloner's worlr.
Rantile 111. v-as the author of the well-lrnonn ' , Academy of Armory."

(p. 210.) A brief reference may be made to t h e possible connection of

Thomas Chaloner with Freernasonr.i-. J l r . Earnaker. in the article already
mentioned, refers t o evidence proving t h a t t h e Holnies were masons and
quotes the third Ranclle's description of himself in 1688 as " a JIeluber of
t h a t Society, called Free-Jlasons." pointing out t h a t he \vas one of the
earliest Freemasons whose name has come d o ~ ~t on us.
Thon~as Chaloner's son Daniel is called " Freen~ason"-nhatever
t h a t inay connote in the case of a professional sculptor-and a t the end
3l 4 Transnctior~sof the Quntuor Coroncrti Lodge.

of the Chaloner monunlental inscription in St. Michael's is a symbol, a

triangle point down~ardssurmounted by a ring. which also appears in
some of the Harleian IJSS., and may perhaps hare been Chaloner's private
mark (fig. 3). (Extract ends.)
The plate referred to as figure 3 shows t h a t the thing called a ring is a
circle with a central ~ o i n t .
Reverting to t h e pedigree, the following particulars are given of Daniel
Chaloner :-Daniel. sculptor and " free mason." Born 14 Dec. 1589. Bap.
S t . nlichael's Chester. Freeman of Chester 30 Oct. 1615. " Stone Cutter " of
London. Apprenticed to Llaxiiniliam Poutrain, alias Colte, " stone carver " of
S t . Bart. the Great, 15 May 1607. Freeman of London. Died in London
1 March 1636. Will 44 Goare.
I made a note of the Will some years ago. I t bears date 28 Feb. 1636.
Testator describes hilnself as " Daniel Chaloner Cittizen and ffremason of London."
E e gave everything (except a legacy of 10s.) to his wife Ursula Chaloner, and
appointed her sole Executrix. She proved the Will in the Prerogative Court of
Canterbury on 22nd March, 1636.
H e is mentioned in Bro. Conder's work, p. 161, in the year 1627, as paying
a fine of one shilling for coming after the time of prayer on t h e quarter day for
C'111.jstmas quarter according to a late order on t h a t behalf.
Page 294 of the same book shows t h a t in 1633 he was Warden of the
3Tasona Company while Nicholas Stone was Xaster.
Randle Holnle the first (who married Thoruas Chaloner's widow) was born
1571 and died 1655.
Ranclle Holme the second was born 1601 ( 1 ) and died 1659.
The third was born 1627 and died 1699. The MS. of the Old Charges
known as The Harleian No. 2054 is in his handwriting. A fncsinde of i t is
in 0 . C . d . iii.
His grandmother was the hlother of Daniel Chaloner, Citizen of London
and Freemason.
J a n u a r y , 1930'. W. J. WILLIAMS.

OBITUARY.

T is with much regret we have to record the death of the

following Brethren :-
Sir John Alexander Cockburn, K.C.N.G., M.D., of
Harrietsham. K e n t , on 26th November. 1929. Our Brother
was Past Deputy Grand Master. South Australia, and held the
rank of Past Grand Deacon and Past Grand Sojourner. England.
H e had been a inenlber of our Correspondence Circle since
November, 1900.

J. W. Coulson, of Stamford, Lincs.. on 27th August. 1929. Bro. Coulson

had attained the rank of P.Pr.G.Sup.W., and P . P r . G . R . in Royal Arch. H e
was elected to membership of our Correspondence Circle in May, 1911.

Joseph Joddrell Dowson, of Buenos Aires, on 8th August, 1929. Our

Brother held the rank of Past Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies and that
of Past Grand Standard Bearer in Grand Chapter. H e joined our Correspondence
Circle in October, 1917.
 Transactions of the Quatuor Coronnti Lodge. 315

doseph Frost, of Berkhamsted, Herts., in 1929. Bro. Frost was P.M. of

Berkhampstead Lodge No. 504, and P.Z. of the Chapter attached thereto. H e
became a member of our Correspondence Circle in 1927.

Caleb George Gurr, of Adelaide, on 8 t h October. 1929. Our Brother

was a P . X . of Lodge No. 99, and a P.Z. of Chapter No. 363 (I.C.). H e was
elected to nlenlbership of our Correspondence Circle i n 1925.

Frederick Hubert James, of Newport, Non., on 6t,h July, 1929, a t the

age of 70 years. Bro. James had attained t h e rank of Past Assistant Grand
Director of Ceremonies, and Past Grand Standard Bearer in Grand Chapter.
H e had been a member of our Correspondence Circle since October, 1908.

31ajor Edward Lyall, D.S.O., of Darlington, on 22nd September, 1929.

Our Brother held the rank of P.Pr.G.W., and P.Pr.G.So. H e was a Life
Member of our Correspondence Circle, which he joined i n 1923.

Horace Nelson, M.A., D.C.L., J . P . , of London. W.C., on 9th September,

1929, a t the age of 68 years. Bro. Nelson had held office as Grand Deacon, and
Deputy Grand Registrar i n Grand Chapter. H e was elected to membership of
our Correspondence Circle in May, 1907.

Charles Percy Noar, of Manchester, on 25th September, 1929. Our

Brother had attained the rank of P.Pr.G.D., and was P.Z. of Starkie Chapter
No. 935. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in October, 1913, and was for
many years Secretary of t h e Manchester Association for Masonic Research.

dames Smith Protheroe, of Swindon, in 1929. Bro. Protheroe held the

rank of P.Pr.G.D., and P.Pr.G.S.B, in Royal Arch. H e was elected to member-
ship of our Correspondence Circle in June, 1919.

Artkur Robert Ray, of Leigh-on-Sea, suddenly, in 1929. Our Brother

had attained the rank of P . P r . G . P t . . and had been a member of our Cor-
respondence Circle since November, 1909.

Percy E, Reinganum, of London, N S W . , suddenly, on 24th September,

1929, a t the age of 54 years. H e was a member of Valentia Lodge No. 3097,
and of Maida Vale Chapter No. 2743. Our Brother was elected to membership
of our Correspondence Circle in March, 1916.

Sydney Tappenden, of Enfield, on 2nd October, 1929. Bro. Tappenden

was a P.M. of the City of London Lodge No. 901, and a member of the Chapter
attached thereto. H e joined our Correspondence Circle in J u n e , 1913.

Dr. Herbert White, of Coulsdon, in September, 1929, as the result of a n

accident. I l e was I.P.11. of Woodcote Lodge No. 4891, and was elected to
membership of our Correspondence Circle in May of this year.

John Richard Williams, of Oruro, Bolivia, 011 15th August, 1929, when
home on leave. Our Brother was a P.M. of Lodge No. 812 (S.C.), and of
Walton Chapter No. 1086. H e was a Life Member of our Correspondence Circle,
which he joined in March. 1928.

Henry Wilmot, of Northallerton, in 1929, a t t h e age of 67 years. Bro.

Wilmot had attained the rank of P . P r . G . W . H e had been a member of our
Correspondence Circle since J u n e , 1904.
 ST. JOHN'S CARD.

HE following were elected to the Correspondence Circle during

the year 1929 :-
LODGES, CHAPTERS, etc. :-Provincial Grand Lodge of
Antrim, Belfast, Ireland; Grand Lodge of Finland, Helsinki;
Grand Lodge of Nnryland, Baltimore, U.S.A.; Loyal Berkshire
Lodge of Hope No. 574, Newbury; Lagos Lodge No. 1171,
Nigeria: Star of the North Lodge No. 1647, Whangarei, N.Z. :
Loxfield Lodge No. 2450, Uckfield; Northern Nigeria Lodge No. 332-5, Kaduna:
Thet Lodge No. 3334. Thetford: Port EIarcourt Lodge No. 3881, Nigeria; Suomi
Lodge No. I . , Helsinki: St. John Lodge No. I V . , Helsinki; Lodge Te Aroha
No. 52, Te Aroha. N.Z. : Lodge Ohaeawai No. 101. Auckland, N.Z. : St. Ambrose
& Kilburn Lodge of Instruction, East Nolesey; United Services Lodge of
Instruction No. 3813, Gibraltar : Jervis Alemorial Library, Bangalore, India;
Scottish Rite Library, Xinneapolis, Ninn., U.S.A.: Wisconsin Consistory
Library. BIilwaukee. Wis., U.S.A.; Rochdale Alasonic Buildings, Ltd.. Rochdale,
Lancs. ; 3lasonic Hall Committee, Valletta, Malta.
BRETHEEl17:-Alexander Adams, of London, N. J . D . 4205, A.So. 3376;
Major Gordon Adams, of Canterbury, Kent. I . P . M . 63, 63 : L . S. Adlington, of
Worcester; Willianl Burt Aitken, of Glasgow. Grand Steward, 5?7. Ralph G.
Albrecht. A.B., LL.B., of New York City, Dnlhousie Lodge, hIass. ; Frank Amos,
of Canterbury. P . N . 31. P . Z . 51 ; Captain bIaxwell H . Anderson, K.C., R.N.,
Fiji. P.P.G.M. (S.C.), Gibraltar; William Archer, of Elgin, Morayshire.
S.D. 1319. Z . 363: Harry Astin, of Rochdnle. P.BI. 226, P.Pr.A.G.Sc.E. ;
Harry Lawrence Attwater. of London, W . 2620, 3092; Norman Stanley Bache,
of Stourbridge. J . D . 564, @S : Oswald Felix Baerlein, LL.B., of Paris. 16,
1706 (E.C.); Charles Harry Baker, of Khartoum. P . N . 2954, H . 2953: Charles
Joseph Baker, of Tokio. S.D. 2015 Sc.N. 2015; George Kennedy Barnes, of
London, W. S.W. 2550; Frank Batey, of 1Ionkseaton. Northumberland. J . D .
3892. P.So. 3691: Leonard Bayley, of London, N . S.W. 4972. 5005; C. H.
Beedle, of Tampico. 3lexico. 1 : Francis Winton Beeny, of Keighley. 4598,
229; Robert Beetlestone, of Linsi, N. China. P.11. 3001: David Smeaton
Rennet, of Cahirciveen, I . F . S . P.Pr.G.W., Blunster, 63; Hugh Garner Bennett,
of Harpenden, Herts. 4314 : William John Bennett, of Sao Paulo, Brazil. 1897
(E.C.); Jnmes Bennetts, of Mexico. 3 ; Thomas Bent, of Taunton. P.G.St.B.
(Craft and R . A . ) . Captain Frederic George Bevis, of Dalhousie, India. S.W.
1399, P.Sc.E. 1305: Walter Bickerdlke. of Newhaven. 3277, 3277; Herbert
Bigglestone, of Canterbury. P.Pr.G.D., P . Z . 52 : Richard Billington, of
Stoke-on-Trent. 2214, 428; Charles Rosser Bishop, of Shepton Mallet.
P.Pr.G.W., P . P r . G . H . : Charles Sydney Bishop, of Kingston-on-Thames. P.M.
1539, P.So. 2263: Edward Louis Frederick Bittermann. of Tynemouth. 1863;
Gilbert Bradshaw Blackman, of Oxted. P.Pr.G.St.B., P.Z. 2769 : Samuel Pery
Blackmore, of Ceyloa. Di9.G.D. ; Edmard Booth, of Birmingham. P.Pr.G.D.C.,
Staffs. P . Z . 3836: Willinn1 RIorris Bower, of Romford. 538: Frederic Brabner,
of San Paulo, Brazil. S.W. 13, 317 (E.C.) ; John Percival Bradford. of hIasham.
4171 : Henry Waterford Braithwaite of London, W . 742; Ronald Naxwell
Braithwaite, of Sydney, N.S.W. 256 (Q.C.), P.Z. 4 (Q.C.); Charles Bree, of
Buenos Aires. P.Dis.A.G.D.C.; William Bregenzer, of Camperdown, Victoria.
P.Dis.G.D.C.; Norman Hamilton Brewster, of Trinidad. W.11. 1044 (S.C.),
Z. 184 (S.C.); Wallace Bridge, of Rochdale. P.Pr.G.Treas., P.Z. 298: Richard
Stanley Brittain, of Wellington, N.Z. 66, 30; William Brittain, of Newmilns,
Ayrshire. P . N . 51, P . H . 251; Norman Fraser Brown. of Rangoon. 4374;
Joseph Charles Browne, of East Nolesey. P.BI. 1891, P . Z . 2340; A r t h u r Alexis
Bryant, of New York City. J . W . 21, P.So. 215; Joseph Buckley, of Sao Pnulo,
Brazil. Treas. 13, 1083 (E.C.) ; Robert George Alexander Bullerwell, F . G . S . ,
of Bedlington, Northumberland. I.P.M. 4398. 9868; Anthon Bundgaard, of
Aabenraa, Denmark. St. Nicholaus; Edred Thomas Burfield, of Heathfield,
Sussex. 859; A r t h u r J o h n Burgess, of Somerton. 13.AI. 2038, A.So. 329;
George Burrington, of Peacehaven. P.Pr.A.G.D.C., 3277; Walter Alfred
Busby, of Coulsdon, Surrey. 232; Alexander Willianl Caddy, of London, N .
4600; Patrick Thaddeus Carey, of Canton, China. W.M. International
(1fass.C.) : M. J. Cary, of Colombo. P.A.G.D.C., P . Z . . 8170 : Samuel George
Catt, of London, N . 4734; William George Cave, of Bnnbury. 2334, 599:
Gerald Pelligrino Cawthorn, of Masham, Yorks. I . G . 837, 837; Joseph Ernest
Cawthorne, of Leeds. 4353, S C E . 289; Alexander Gustavus Adolphus Chnlmers,
of Brighton. W.N. 1466, A.So. 27'1; H a r r y Cherrington, F.R.I.B.A., of
Dudley. W.M. 252, 232; Revd. Frederick Cesar P a r r Clucas Clarke, of Madeira.
P.Dis.G.Ch., P.Dis.G.Sc., B u r m a ; Gilbert Samuel Clegg, of Beckenhnm. S.D.
720; Arthur Othic Coates. of Hornsea. W.31. 1511, 1511: C. G. Coates, of
Paris. W . 16 ; William Lonsdale Cockcroft, X.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.. of
Keighley. S . W . 4644, 810: Wnlter Benjamin Cole. of Sao Paulo, Brazil. J . W .
1 3 ; Percy George Coleman, of Bedford. W.11. 5000, A.So. 4+413; Arthur
Stanley AIarcus Collins, of Geelong, Victoria. P.M. 398, A.So. 1 9 ; Ilorace
William Coe, of Swaffam. W . N . 2879, 107; H e n r y Albert Cook, of Kimberley.
P . M . 1417, Z. 3142; William Burrowes Cooke, of Philadelphia, PR. W.11. 631;
Fred Cooksey, of Sinoia, Rhodesia. J . W . 1075 (S.C.) : Charles Deaey Coombs,
J r . , of Pittsburgh, P a . 430, 288; Charles H a r r y Copestake, of Schenectady,
N.Y. 971, 157; William Dawn Copley, of Bulawayo. P.A.G.D.C., P.Z. 2566 ;
Herbert William Coupe, of Lewes. P.Pr.G.D., P . P r . G . J. ; George Edward
Crowter, of Oxted. P . M . 2769, 9769; T. J. Curliss, of Adelaide. 107: Jack
Cursetji, of London, E.C. P . M . 4445, P.Z. 742; Oliver Royer Daly, of London,
N. J . D . 1423; Oliver Car1 Daniell, of Calcutta. 4536, 2 2 9 ; Raymund Daniel,
of Atlanta, Ga. G . N . ; F r a n k Hillier Davey, of Cambridge. 8 8 : Arthur
Woollacott Davies, of Luton. 1967, 1470; Gilbert H e n r y Davis. of Singapore.
W.11. 2933; F. W . Davey, of London, W . P . A . G . R . : Charles Frederick Day,
of Leigh-on-Sea. W.BI. 3475, P.So. 101; Johan Hendrik de Sitter, LL.D., of
Meppel, Holland. Humaniteit, L'Union Provenciale; Walter Herbert Dickie,
of Caterham. S . W . 8 5 7 ; Harold Edward Dicks, of Evesham. P . M . 3308,
H . 3308 ; William Thomas Dillon, of London, N . W . P . N . 1567 ; Revd. Peter H .
Ditchfield, N . A . , F.S.A., of Wokingham. P.G.Ch. : George Nelson Dobson, of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. P . N . 636. A.So. 3635; James Robert Donaldson, of
Bassano, Alberta. P . N . 55, P.Z. 26; J o h n Richard Doren-Ditch, of Uckfield.
P.Pr.A.G.D.C. (Craft & R . A . ) ; Ernest Duffield, of Roundhay. Pr.G.D., 30.5;
Thomas J o h n Duncan, of Barnet. P . M . 4705, A.So. 1385; James Philip Dunn,
of Edinburgh. P . M . 2, P.J. 56; Harold Earlam, of Sydney, N.S.W.
P.Dis.G.I.W., P.Z. 9 ; F. H. Ellerton, of Ba, Fiji. 4883 ; Thomas Lea Elliott,
of Edgbaston. W . M . 4621, P.So. 3185; James Ellis, of Rangoon. 4374;
Edward J o h n Hoghton Ellison, of Eccleshall. I . G . 4054, 536; Louis Warren
Emerick, of Fulton, N . Y . 305, 7 0 : Robert Eschur, of Brakpan, S. Africa.
110 (D.C.); David Rudolf Evans, of Newcastle Emlyn. W.11. 4648, 476;
Charles Kingston Everitt, of Sheffield. P . N . 139. 1 3 9 . Capt. Denys Oldfield
Fardell, R . A . , of Jubbulpore. W.31. 3265, 1065 ; milliam A . Faulkner, of
Sheffield. J . W . 1339 : Charles Frederick Vinten Fenton, of Glossop. W.M.
5017. A.So. 625; F r a n k Ronald Fifoot, of Cardiff. 4026, 4026: Marcus Flint,
.of Basford, Nottingham. 3955, 3955; H a r r y John Ford, of Lagos.
318 Transactions of the Qrtatuor C o r o n a t i L o d g e .

A.Dis.G.Sec.; Randolph R . Fox, of Alilner, B.C. S.D. 103, 6 ; H a r r y Preston

Francis, of Pittsburgh, P a . 430, 288; AIajor General Sir George AIcKenzie
Franks, K . C . B . , of Knocklong, Limerick. P.G.S.B. (Craft and R.A.) : F r a n k
Freeman, of London, S . E . S.D. 3927, 2399: James William French, of
Portsmouth. 405 (S.C.), 513 (S.C.) ; Frank BIainwaring Furley, of Canterbury.
P.A.G.D.C., P r . G . J . ; Torsten Bertel Gadolin, of Tammersfors, Finland. 3;
Herbert Henry Galvin, of Vryburg. S. Africa. P.Dis.G.W., P.Z. 2232:
Edward Thomas Gibbs, of Bexhill-on-Sea. Pr.G.D., Z. 1580; Charles alalcolnl
Giles, of Kampala, Uganda. W.11. 3492, Sc.N, 5.j3 (S.C.): Henry Thomas
Gittings, of London, N . P . M . 4752, Sc.N. 2426; Sqdrn.L. J o h n Samuel
Goggin, of Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. S . W . 2738, 2738; Major Charles Oliver
Graham, O.B.E., of Gosport, Hants. P.I.1. 2612, H . 4795; Thonlas Janles
Graham, of Tientsin. P.Dis.G.W. 9001: J o h n Alfred Grantham, of Nacclesfield.
I.G. 3382. 2679; Richard Clegg Greenwood, of Chorley, Lancs. P.Pr.G.S.B.,
P.Pr.G.A.So.; Geoffrey C. Griffith, of London, E.C. 1677: J o h n Ernest
Grosvenor, of Stourbridge. P . P r . G . R . , P . Z . 377; Alfred H e n r y Gwinnell,
of Epsom, Surrey. 2422, 2422; Francis Haden-Crawford, of Paignton, S. Devon.
P . P r . G . W . , Bucks. 1958; Basil Graham Burnett Hall, of Woking. 357, 7';
Dr. K a i Hammer, of Aabenraa, Denmark. 6 ; Allan William Hare, of Ilford.
W.11. 3969, H . 410; Walter C. Harris, of Philadelphia. 493; William John
Harrowell, of Nigeria. Treas. 3973, 1331; Werner R a r t m n n n , of New York:
Edgar Haydon, of New Plymouth, N.Z. 670, P . Z . 5 (N.Z.); Eric Sidney
Charles Heathcote, of Brighton. W.M. 811, 3 1 5 ; Stanley Baird Hemming, of
Parkerville, W . Australia. S.D. 90, J. 1 2 ; Ross Hepburn, LL.B., of
Christchurch, N.Z. 276; lEobert Hewitt, of Durham. P.11. 1334, 124:
Edmund Thomas Hewlitt, of Epsom. L . R . , P . P r . G . D . , P . Z . 160.6 ;
Raynlond A r t h u r Hill, of West Wickham, Kent. 73; Walter Hereward
Hill, of J a v a . W.11. 1302 (S.C.) ; W . J. Hill, of Worcester. P.Pr.G.W. ;
Rupert Polack Hilton, of London, N.W. 3130; X a j o r George E . Hoare.
of London, S . W . 511; Otto Holstein, F.R.G.S., of 1Iexico City-
445 (S.C.), I 6 1 (S.C.); Bernard Leslie Hooper, of London, S . E . W . N .
23: William Janles Host, of Adelaide. P.G.Stew., P.G.Sc.N.; A r t h u r
Trevor Houghton, of London, W.C. 11, 5113: Benjamin Howgate.
of Leeds. 1221 ; Robert Wnlter Hudson, of Leeds. W.i\l. 306, Sc.N. 306:
Rowland Thonlas Armstrong Hughes, of Bruton, Somerset. Dy.Pr.G.M.,
P.G.D., P.Z. 285; Claude Ethelbert Hutchence, of Woking. J . D . 2317;
Geoffrey Granger H u t t , of Sao Paulo, Brazil. I.G. 1 3 : J o h n Inglis, of Glasgow.
P.31. 153, 6 7 ; J o h n Charles Innes, of Leeds. P.31. 2608. 28.9; J o h n CeciI
Ireland, of Scarborough. S.D. 1760 ; Albert Edward Jackson, of London, S . W .
11 ; Herbert J o h n Jackson, of Shipley. P.Pr.A.G.D.C. 504 ; Solomon Leon
Jacobson. of Natal. W.11. 3170, A.So. 3170; Ernest Douglas James, of Lewes.
W . M . 1303. 311: Evan P a r r y James, of Bristol. P . P r . G . W . , P.Z. 2943;
Isidor Kaplan, of Edinburgh. 1209; Glenn G. Keeling, of Dearborn, Mich.
P . M . 542; D r . Erstine Loring Kelly, of Bulawayo. 2566, 2566: Peter Anderson
Kemp. of Snaresbrook, Essex. J . W . 95: Wilfred Kipling, of Ashford,
Aliddlesex. P . M . 2979: Dr. Solonlnn Kirk-Cohen, of Louis Trichardt. Transvaal.
S.W. 3640: F r a n k George Knight, of London, N . W . Sec. 4981 Herbert
Wheatley Knocker, of Croydon. P . P r . G . R . . K e n t : Toivo Kontio. of Helsinki,
Finland. G.Sec. : Herbert William Lambert, of Woking. W.31. 3095; Joceph
Langridge, of Lewes. P . P r . G . O . , J . .?11; Leonard George Langton. of'
Edinburgh. S.D. 1310 ; Frederick Arthur Last, of Cnmbridge. 2477 : Edwin
Charles Leach, of Diamond Creek, Vic. P.G.Ins.Wkgs.. P.G.Sc.N. : Duncan
Campbell Lee, of London, E.C. A.G.R. ; J o h n Burnell H u n t Lee. of Sao
Paulo, Brazil. 1 3 : George Evett Lellaitre, of London. E.C. L . R . 1818.
Harold Martin Lewis, of Taunton. 261, 261: Ben Lightfoot. of Salisbury.
Rhodesia. 439: Stanley Lightmnn, of Leeds. P . P r . G . W . 1991: A r t h u r
Emnnuel Lindborg, of S t . Thomas. V . I . , U.S.A. S . D . 356. P.So. 5.56; Ernest
Gwynne Lloyd, of Neath. 364; H a r r y Bertram Lodge, of Epsom. W.I\I. 2422:
Ernest Lawson Lomax, of Sidcup, K e n t . P . M . 3346, P . J . 1556: Herbert
 St. John's Card. 319

William FortGscue Long, B.Sc., F.R.G.S., of Barnehurst, K e n t . 2951 ; Percy

George Loxley, of Buenos Aires. 3641, 1553; J o h n George Illacdonald, of Yea.
Victoria, Australia. P . G . W . , GO; Ralph BIcIntosh, B.A., of Carlton, Victoria,
Australia. J . W . 276, 3 9 : J o h n Henry Aitken Nc.Intyre, M.I.l\Iech.E.,
of Glasgow. P . M . 571, P.P. 6 9 : J o h n Stanley Machin, of Weybridge.
P . M . 231; Raymond Aubrey Maltby, of Oxford. 3 4 0 ; J o h n Martin,
of Falkirk. Sec. 16 ; Robert Lyndon Natthews, of Twickenham, RIiddsx. P . N .
1818; William Natthews. of Nuneaton. 432. 492: Alanuel hhza-Escudero, of
Cuba. W . N . 1 3 ; Oswald Chettle DIazengarb, of Wellington, N.Z. G.Lecturer:
Campbell Xiller, of Glasgow. P . N . 4 3 7 ; Edward Henry Niller, of Ewell,
Surrey. P . X . 1826, J. 1347; Herbert Nitchell, of Morley, Leeds. 380, 380:
Herbert J o h n AIoore, of Hitchin. 4670: Allan BIorton, of Glasgow. G.Stew. ;
H u g h Fletcher Moulton, of London, E.C. P . N . 2190, P . Z . 1 7 8 9 : Thonlas
William Naylor, of Bishop Auckland. P.11. 2415, P . Z . 2 4 1 5 : Rev. Alexander
Moncur Niblock, of Auckland, N.Z. W.M. 45, 5 2 : Frederick J o h n Nield, of
London, N . 4081; Rauald Noel-Paton, of Colombo. 2170, 2170; Barker
North, of Bradford, Yorks. W . N . 3600; Daniel Oakley, of Stourbridge.
Pr.G.D.C. (Craft & R . A . ) ; Charles Henry Ochse, of Harrismith, O.F.S. 1022,
1022; Ernest Oetznmnn, of Gerrards Cross, Bucks. P . N . 5 2 , P.So. 5 2 : Bruce
Williarn Oliver, of Barnstaple. J . W . 251, 2 5 1 ; Guy Oliver Michael O'Reilly,
of Trinidad. P.11. 405 ; William Thomas Osborne, of London, W.C. P.G.Stew. ;
George William Frederick Pallett, of Plymouth. 159 : Charles Robert Palmer,
of Banbury. Oxon. 0. 599, 0. 599 ; Arthur Douglas P a r h a m , F . R . I . B . A . ,
of Colombo. 2170, 2 1 7 0 : George Edward P a r r e t t , of Ilminster. P.Pr.G.W.
S l i ; Frederick George Payne, of London. S.W. 3680: Ernest Andrew Penman,
of London, N. 1572: Major Albert Edward Perkins. F.R.G.S.. of Noshi,
Tanganyika. W.M. 5111 : Thomas J. P e r r y , of Burton-on-Trent. P . N . 4850 ;
Arthur Le Roy Peierson, of Hitchin. 180, 4 4 9 : Alexander P l a n t , of Greenock.
P.M. 175, G.Sup., Renfrewshire ( R . A ) . : Professor A r t h u r Reginald Prince, of
Truro, Nova Scotia. 43, 4 ; Edward H . Prior, of Hartford, Conn. P . N . 118:
Alfred George Willianl Provart, of Stockport. P . P r . G . W . , P . P r . G . H . ; Arthur
Leslie Pugh, of Esher, Surrey. 3860, 8 8 1 ; A r t h u r Stanley Quick, of London,
S.W , 2183, 5 3 ; Douglas Llewellyn George Radford, of Edinburgh. P . M . 1, l ;
Clifford Ramsden, J . P . , of Luddenden, Yorks. P.Pr.G.W., P.Pr.G.J. ;
Cuthbert Raymond, of Ryde, I . W . S . W . 1896, Sc.N. 1 8 9 6 ; Ernest J o h n Reed.
of Bristol. 3108, 103; J o h n Hawkes Reed, of Isfield, Sussex. L . R . , P . N . 108,
2 9 : Franklin H . Reeder, of Philadelphia. P . N . 631 ; Walter William Reeve,
B.Sc., of Brighton. 1821; D r . Robert Galbraith Reid, of London, W . W.U.
235 ; Herbert George Riley, of Market Harborough. 1330 : William Henry
Riley, of Leicester. P.M. 3448, 279; Thomas Emmanuel Rippington, of Gt.
Missenden, Bucks. W . M . 2421, J. 2 4 2 1 : Alfred Charles Roberts, of Jersey,
C.I. P.M. 4449, A.So. 4 9 1 ; J o h n David Roberts, of London, W . 3817, 3817;
Thomas J o h n Roberts, of R u t h i n , N . Wales. 4533; Robert Robertson, of
Tynemouth. P . P r . A . G . D . C . ; Albert Edward Robinson, of Blackhill, Durham.
P . M . 2135, Sc.E. 2 9 2 9 ; J o h n William Robson, of Rotherham. P . M . 3023, 9 0 4 ;
Percy Thomas Robson, of Hanley. P.Pr.G.Sup.W. 3934: William George
Roehrich, of New York. 245; James Gillon Ross, N.B., C.M. (Edinburgh), of
Whitby, Yorks. P . P r .G.D., P . P r . G . 0 . (R.A.) ; James McKear Rowbotham,
of Buenos Aires. P.Dis.G.W., P.Dis.G.J.: Frederick Walter Rowe, of
Worcester. W . M . 280. A.So. 2 8 0 Samuel Reginnld Royce, of Fulton, N.Y.
P.31. 144 1 6 7 . Willianl Taylor Rnssell. of Bolton. 4595 ; Dr. I<aikhusru N.
Sahinr, of Bombay. Dis.G.D., P . Z . 7 5 7 ; Lisardo AIunoz Sanudo, of Havana.
P.G.11. : Sanluli Sario, of Helsinki, Finland. W . M . 1 : W. A . Service, of Ba,
Fiji. J . D . 4883: Leo Shaerf, of London N . W . 6 5 7 : L. J . Sharpe, of
Worcester ; Alexander Jnmes Shaw, of ;\lontevideo. P.11. 876, 876 : Wlllinm
Shipley, of Brighton. P . M . 1829. 372; Wyndhanl Cornelius Shipp. of Bristol.
3884; Herbert Maynard Short, of Westmount, Quebec. 94 ( N . Y . ) . 2 4 . Arthur
Lind Simpson. of E a r r o w , Xddsx, D.C. 5046. 2029. Major Esnlolid
i\Ioreto11 Sinauer, N . C . , of London, W . P.11. 2852. P . S o . 3016: Gerald illnurice
 320 T r ( ~ ~ w ~ c f of
i o mf h e Qrtutuor C'oronati L o d g e .

Joseph Slot. N . D . , N . R . C . P . , of L o ~ ~ d o W n , . J . W . 4, P.So. 4 : IVillian~Hellry

Nills Smeaton. of London, W.C. P.Dis.G.St.B., Mudras. P.Dis.G.So., Madras;
H a r r y Smith, of London, S . E . L . R . 3240, L.C.R. 3J.jO; J o h n Edwnrd Smith,
of Illreston. J . D . 3852, 1179; J a n Prescott Smith, of Crnpe Town. JV.11. 12
(D.C.) ; Janles Willison Smith. of Philadelphia. F a . G.31. : William Smith,
of Illreston. M7.1\1. 3852. A.So. 1175': Rev. Walter Henry Smith, of Tolagn
Bay. N.Z. Ch. 232 : Willinm Jan1e3 Shand Smith, of Nelson. N.Z. P.11. 735
(E.C.). P . Z . I57 (S.C.) : Axe1 Solitander, of Helsinki. Finland. G.M. : Abraham
Joseph Solomon, of Senekal. O.F.S. A.Sec. 110 ( D . C . ) : Dr. Dinshaw Sorabji,
of S u r a t , Bombay. P.31. 584 (S.C.), P . Z . J3C; (S.C.) : Williom Ritchie Spence,
of B a t h . W . X . 41. 41: Augustine Wilfred Cussen Spencer. of London. W .
3923, 3023: Harrison Nutter Spencer, of Auckland. N.Z. 1710. 1335: The
Hon'ble Percy Julinn Sproule, of Penang. Dis.G.11.. G.Sup. : Alvis Tholllas
Stapley, of Canterbury. P . P r . G . D . . P . Z . 31; Robert Willinm C. Steele, of
Hastings. N.Z. P.I\1. 272 ; William Stembridge, of Leeds. P.11. 306, P.Z.
306; William Stephens, of Cardiff. 1992, .7!18,7: William Edgar Stephens, of
eGorleston-on-Sea. P.Pr.G.Treas. : Donnld Stewart. of Glasgow. 1241. 189;
William George Street, B . A . . of London, S . W . S.D. 4660, 13./8: George Henry
Strevens. of Eastleigh, Hnnts. J . W . 1990, I.jG1 : Reginnld William Strickland,
of Ightham, Kent. P . M . 720, 1-$1.$:William 11. Strom, of Greenville, Texas.
335, 114; Joseph Colin Sturton, of Cnmhridge. 441, ./t.j1: Alfred Henry
Summers. 1 I . A . . of Coshani, Hants. P.Pr.G.W7., P . P r . G . J. : Arthur Bruce
Sutton, of Nassau, Bahamas. P.11. 443; Robert H e n r y Swainson, of Ulverston,
Lancs. Pr.G.Stew.. P.So. 995: Peter Swanson, of Rio de Janeiro. P.G.D.,
G.Treas., Brazil: William Janles Tnlbot, of Sao Paulo, Brazil. J.D. 13;
Kenneth Wnlsham Taylor, of Colombo. S . W . 2170. 2170; Lt.-Commdr. Walter
Lee Thompson, of San Pedro, Cal., U . S . A . 319, 356 (E.C.) ; Judge Eugene D .
Thomas, of AtlnnLn, Ga. P.11. 523, P . H . P . 1.55; Leonard Russell Tofield, of
Penang. W . N . 1555, 1555 : Owen Richnrd Thonlas Turner, of Ashanti, W .
Africa. P . N . 3717. P . Z . 37'17; Hnrold Vnn Buren Voorhis, of Red Bank,
N.J.. U.S.A. 21, Sc. I : Clarence Gordon Wade, of Leeds. 3047: Robert
Teese Waid. of Santiago, Chile. 517 (Ohio C . ) : Herbert William Walton, of
Lewes. P . M . 1303, P . Z . 322; J o h n H u g h Walton, of Bihar, India.
P.Dis.G.D., P.Dis.G.So., Bengal ; Ernest F r a n k Warren, of Brentwood. J .W .
4838, 3031: Reginald Herbert Webb, of Wellington, N.Z. G.R. (Craft & R.A.) :
H a r r y Percy Webster Webber, of Bexhill-on-Sea. P . X . 2483. Sc.N. Z./tSS;
D r . A r t h u r Sydney Webley, of London, S . E . 4797, 1.536; R ~ l p hYounger
Welch, of Gateshead. W . N . 4078 ; Alfred Wells. F.C.I.S.. of Redhill. P.M.
4307, P . Z . 4150: Clarence J a y West, of Washinqton. D.C. P.31. 41. P . H . P . 5:
H e n r y Westron, of Canterbury, Kent. P . P r . G . D . C . 31: H a r r y White, of Lorne
P a r k , Ontario. 524, H. ,930; D r . Herbert White, of Coulsdon. Surrey. P.M.
4891 ; L . T. Willinms, of Prairie, Queensland. P . G . B . B . (N.Z.) ; Henry Walker
Willcox, of Sunderland. W.14. 1389 : Percy Ahlewhite Wilson, of Shortlands,
Kent. 1963, 0. 296.9; Rnlph Henry Shannon Woodgnte, of Surbiton. 2473,
8373: H a r r y Edwin Worthington, of London, W. P.Pr.G.Treas.. Nddsx. J.
1309; G;lFei-t Alfred Wrntten. of London, S . W . 558, 4600: Percy Aueustus
Ynpp, of Sheerness. P.Dis.G.W. Gibrnlt'ar. P.Dis.G.Treas. (R.A.) Gibraltar:
Alleyne Alfred Bnrdsley Yeatman. of Lim~sfield. Surrey. S.W. 23; Edwin
F r i t z Young, of Lewes, Sussex. P . R . A . G . D . C . S I I : Alfred J . Zimmerman,
of Philadelphia, P R . P . M . 606, P.Z. 826.
Note.-In t h e abore List Roman numerals refer t o Craft Lodges. ancl those in
italics to R,.A. Chapters.
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I QUATUOR CORONATORUM ANTIGRAPHA.

COMPLETE SETS O F MASONIC REPRIYTS. -A .fey complete Sets of Quatuor Coronatorum Anti-
i1
i'

i g ~ p h a ,Vols. i. to X., cons~stmg mainly of exquls~te facsimiles, can be supplied. Prices may be obtained ?
o n application to the Secretary.
l
ODD VOLUMES.-Vols. vi., vii., ix., and are on sale to members, price 301- per volume.
1 X.

l FACSIMILES OF THE OLD CHARGES.-Four Rolls, viz., Grand Lodge Nos. 1 and 2 MS.,
Scarborough MS., and the Buchanan MS. Lithographed on vegetable vellum, in the original Roll form.
Price, One Guinea each.

P
/
THElE PUBLICATIONS.
$2 S. d.
The Masonic
illustrations
... ... ... ... Richardson, Drawing-room edition, extra
Genius of Robert Burns, by Sir Benjamin Ward
... ... 0 . . ... ... ... 5 0
Qaementaria Hibernica, by Dr. W. J. Chetwode Crawley,
Fasciculus I., Fasciculus II., and Fasciculus 111.
A few complete sets only for sale. Prices may be obtained on application to the Secretary.
aementaria Hibernica, Fasciculus I I I . , a few copies available ... ... ... ... 1 1 0
l
e Orientation of Temples, by Bro. W. Simpson, uniform in size to bind with the Transactions ... 2 6 '
ritish Bfasonic Medals, with h e l v e plates of illustrations ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 0
Masonic Songs of the Eighteenth Century. I n one volume ...... 2 6
.C. Pamphlet No. 1: Builder's Rites and Ceremonies; the Folk-lore of Freenlasonry. By 'G. W:
Speth ... ... ... ..- ...... ... ... ... ... 1 6

BINDING.
Members returning their parts of the Tmnsactions, to the Secretary, can have them bound i n dark
blue Canvas, lettered gold, for 61- per volume. Cases can be supplied a t 31- per volume, date or number of 'n
volume should be specified.,

MEMBERSHIP MEDAL. I'

Brethren of the Correspondence Circle are entitled to wear a membership Medal, to be procured of Ei
the Secretary only. I n Silver Gilt, engraved with the owner's name, with bar, pin and ribbon, as a breast;
jewel. 1016 each. C
 uatuor coronat~%oboe,
NO. 2076, LONDON.

LIONEL VIBERT, P.A.G.D.C.

O F F I C E , LIBRARY AND READING ROOM:

27, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS, LONDON, W.C.2.