English Parts Uf Speech PDF
English Parts Uf Speech PDF
English Parts Uf Speech PDF
All the words in English are divided into eight kinds of words according to their use
and these kinds are called Parts of Speech.
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
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8. Interjection
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NOUN:
e.
Examples: Abdul, boy, child, daughter, electrician, father, guardian, hero.
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PRONOUN:
ef
Definition: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or noun-phrase to avoid
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repetition.
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Personal pronouns: Personal pronouns are those which stand for the person
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Personal pronouns
I person II person II person
Subject Object Subject Object Subject Object
Singular I Me, You You He His, him
my, Your She Her, hers
mine yours It It, its
Plural We Us, You You, They Them,
our, your, their,
ours yours theirs
VERB:
m
co
ADVERB:
e.
E.g. He speaks fast. ,The room is very clean., He answers very quickly.
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ef
PREPOSITION
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Definition: Preposition is a word or group of words used with the following noun,
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pronoun, noun-equivalent or a gerund to show the relation ship between it and the
other word or the principal word (noun, pronoun, adjective or verb) of the same
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sentence.
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A word which is placed before a noun or pronoun to bring relation with another noun
or pronoun is called preposition.
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CONJUNCTIONS
Definition: A conjunction is a word used to join together two similar words, phrases,
clauses or sentences.
E.g. Raju and Ramya are friends , Meet me at the park or at the club.
INTERJECTIONS
Definition: A Interjection is a word or a sound which expresses an emotion ( a strong
and sudden feeling) or excitement.
E.g. Alas! , Ah!, Oh!, Alack!, Ho!
VERBS
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A Verb is a word or phrase which expresses doing of an action, being in a state or
having something
Types of verbs
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Five Forms Verbs) Model Auxiliary
Primary Auxiliary
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V1-Base/ Dictionary word
Can Could
Be forms: am, is, are,
Vs-V1+s,es ,ies May might
was, were, be, been,
e.
W ill would
V2-Past tense being
re Shall - Should
V3-past participle Do forms: Do, Does, Must
Did Used to
ef
V4-Present participle Ought to
Have forms: have,
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Dare
has, had Used to
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Need
Main Verbs have no further division . All main verbs have fiver forms
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V1 Vs V2 V3 V4
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E.g. I am to see him tomorrow.
o To denote a command.
co
E.g. You are write your name at the top of each sheet of paper.
Be is used in the past tense with the perfect infinitive to indicate an
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arrangement that was made but not carried out.
E.g. They were to have been married last month but had to postponed the
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marriage until June.
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HAVE FORMS
1. The auxiliary have is used in the information of the perfect tenses.
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himself.
3. The past form had to is used to express obligation in the past.
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4. In negatives and questions, have to and had to are used with do, does, did.
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E.g. They have to go. They dont have to go. Do they have to go?
He has to go He doesnt have to go. Does he have to go?
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m
E.g. It may rain tomorrow ; He may be at home; can this be true?
4. In very formal English, may is used to express a which.
co
E.g. May you live happily and long! ; May success attend you !
5. Could and might are used as the past equivalents of can and may.
e.
E.g. I could swim across the river when I was young. (Ability).
He said I might/could go re
6. In present time contexts could and might are used less positive versions of
can and may.
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E.g. I could attend the party l; Might/Could I borrow your bicycle?
7. Might also used to express a degree of dissatisfaction or reproach
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E.g. I shall be twenty five next birthday. She will need the money on 15th.
2. Shall is sometimes used in the second and third persons to express
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3. Questions with shall I/we used to ask me will the person addressed.
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E.g. I will (am wiling to ) carry your book. He will talk about nothing but
films.
5. Should and would are used as the past equivalents of shall and will.
E.g. I expected that I should get a first class. He said he would be twenty
five next birth day.
6. Should is used in all persons to express duty or obligation .
E.g. You should keep your promise.
7. In clauses of condition, should is used a supposition that not be.
E.g. If it should rain, they will not come.
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1. The auxiliary used(to) expresses a discontinued habit.
E.g. There used to be a house there. I used to live here when I was
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a boy
2. The auxiliary need , denoting necessity or obligation ,can be
e.
conjugated with or with out do .
a. When conjugated without do, it has no s and ed forms and is
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used with an infinitive with out to only in negative and
interrogative sentences and in sentences that contain semi-
ef
negative words like scarcely and hardly.
E.g. He need not go (=It is not necessary for him to go )
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Tense is the form of verb which shows the time and the state of an action or event.
There are three main tenses .
1. Present Tense : It indicates an action taking place in the present at the
time of speaking
2. Past tense: It shows an action that has taken place already in the past
3. Future Tense: It indicates an action likely to take place in future.
Under each main tense. There are four sub-tenses.
1. Simple (indefinite) tense.
2. Continuous(progressive) tense
3. Perfect tense.
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4. Perfect continuous tense
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1. Simple tense: It indicates the action which can not be pin-pointed a
particular time. Some times it represent a regular and habitual action.
E.g. They play cricket
e.
2. Continuous tense : It indicates the action that is going on at the time of
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speaking the sentence. It does not indicate the beginning of that action.
E.g. It is raining.
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3. Perfect Tense: It indicates the action which is finished now at the time of
speaking. It has started some time ago and finished now. It indicates Just
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completed. Action.
E.g. He has completed his homework.
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4. Perfect continuous Tense: It indicates the action which started some time
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ago and which is still continuing at the time of speaking the sentence. That
indicates action is yet complete, still is going on. The Starting time mai be
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STRUCTRES OF TENSES.
Structures of Tenses.
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect
Continous
Present V1,Vs Am,is,are+V4 Has,have+v3 Has been+v4
Past V2 Was,were+v4 Had+v3 Had been+v4
Future Shall/will+v1w Shall/wil+be+v4 Shall/will have Shall/will had
+v3 been +v4
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(3) In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there to express what is actually
taking place in the present; as,
co
Here comes the bus !
There she goes !
(4) In vivid narrative, as substitute for the Simple Past; as,
e.
Soharab now rushes forward and deals a heavy blow to Rustam.
Immediately the Sultan hurries to his capital.
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(5) To express a future event that is part of a fixed timetable or fixed programme
The next flight is at 7,00 tomorrow morning.
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The match starts at 9 o'clock.
The train leaves at 5.20.
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(2) It is used, instead of the Simple Future Tense, in clauses of time and of condition; as,
I shall wait till yon finish your lunch.
If it rains we shall get wet.
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(3) As in broadcast commentaries on sporting events, the Simple Present is used, instead
of the Present Continuous, to describe activities in progress where there is stress on the
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(4) It has been pointed out before that the Simple Present is used for a habitual action.
However, when the reference is to a particularly obstinate habit-something which
persists, for example, in spite of advice or warning- we use the Present Continuous with
an adverb like always, continually, constantly.
My dog is very silly: he is always running out into the road.
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He has just gone out.
It has just struck ten.
co
(2) To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite; as,
Have you read "Gulliver's Travels'?
I have never known him to be angry.
e.
Mr. Hari has been to Japan.
(3) To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of the
action itself; as, re
Gopi has eaten all the biscuits (i.e., there aren't any left for you).
I have cut my finger (and it is bleeding now).
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I have finished my work (= now I am free).
(4) To denote an action beginning at some time in the continuing up to the present
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(apart from those mentioned above): never, ever (in questions only), so far, till now, yet
(in negatives and questions), already, today, this week, this month, etc.
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Note that the Present Perfect is never used with adverbs of past time. We should not say,
for example, 'He has gone to Kolkata yesterday'. In such cases the Simple Past should be
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Past Tense
Simple Past Tense
(1) The Simple Past is used to indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs
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with adverbs or adverb phrases of past time.
The steamer sailed yesterday.
I received his letter a week ago.
She left school last year.
(2). Sometimes this tense is used without an adverb of time. In such cases the time may
be either implied or indicated by the context
I learnt Hindi in Nagpur.
I didn't sleep well (i.e, last night).
Babar defeated Rana Sanga at Kanwaha.
(3). The Simple Past is also used for past habits; as,
He studied many hours every day.
She always carried an umbrella.
Past Continuous Tense
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(1) The Past Continuous is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past.
The time of the action may or may not be indicated.
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We were watching TV all evening.
It was getting darker.
The light went out while I was reading.
e.
When I saw him, he was playing chess.
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As in the last two examples above, the Past Continuous and Simple Past are used together
when a new action happened in the middle of a longer action. The Simple Past is used for
the new action.
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(2) This tense is also used with always, continually, etc. for persistent habits in the past.
He was always grumbling.
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as,
I met him in New Delhi in 1996. I-had seen him last five years before.
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(2) If two actions happened in the past, it may be necessary to show which action
happened earlier than the other. The Past Perfect is mainly used in such situations. The
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Simple Past is used in one clause and the Past Perfect in the other; as,
When I reached the station the train had started (so I couldn't get into the train).
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Future Tense
Simple future tense
(1) The Simple Future Tense is used to talk about things which we cannot control. It
expresses the future as fact.
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I shall be twenty next Saturday.
It will be Diwali in a week.
We will know our exam results in May.
(2) We use this tense to talk about what we think or believe will happen in the future.
I think Pakistan will win the match.
I'm sure Helen will get a first class.
As in the above sentences, we often use this tense with I think, and I'm sure. We also say
I expect ---, I believe ---, Probably ---, etc.
(3) We can use this tense when we decide to do something at the lime of speaking
It is raining. I will take an umbrella.
Mr. Sinha is very busy at the moment. All right. I'll wait.
Going to
1. We use the going to form (be going to + base of the verb) when we have decided to
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do something before talking about it.
Have you decided what to do? Yes. / am going to resign the job.
Why do you want to sell your motorbike? I'm going to buy a car.
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Remember that if the action is already decided upon and preparations have been made,
we should use the going to form, not the Simple Future Tense. The Simple Future Tense
e.
is used for an instant decision.
2. We also use the going to form to talk about what seems likely or certain, when there
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is something in the present which tells us about the future.
It is going to rain; look at those clouds.
The boat is full of water. It is going to sink.
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She is going to have a baby.
3. . The going to form may also express an action which is on the point of happening.
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Be about to
1. Be about to + base form can also be used for the immediate future.
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1. The Simple Present Tense is used for official programmes and timetables.
The college opens on 23rd June.
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2. The Simple Present is often used for future time in clauses with if, unless, when,
while, as (= while) before, after, until, by the time and as soon as. The Simple Future
Tense is not used in such cases.
I won't go out if it rains, (not: will rain)
Can I have some milk before I go to bed?
Let's wait till he finishes his work.
Please ring me up as soon as he comes.
1. We use the Future Continuous Tense to talk about actions which will be in progress
at a time in the future.
I suppose it will he raining when we start.
This time tomorrow I will be sitting on the beach in Singapore.
Can I see you at 5 o'clock? Please don t come then I will be watching the tennis
match on TV.
2. We also use this tense to talk about actions in the future which are already planned
or which are expected to happen in the normal course of things.
I will be staying here till Sunday.
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He will be meeting us next week.
The postman will be coming soon
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Be to
1. We use be to + .base form to talk about official plans and arrangements.
e.
The Prime Minister is to visit America next month.
The conference is to discuss Nuclear Tests. re
Be to is used in a formal style, often in news reports Be is usually left out in headlines,
e.g. Prime Minister to visit America.
ef
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1. The Future Perfect Continuous tense is used for actions which will be in progress
over a period of time that will end in the future.
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By next March we shall have been living here for four years.
Ill have been teaching for twenty years next July.
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SENTENCES
Types of Sentences
Examples.
1. You are a lucky girl.
2. He will come tomorrow
3. Someone threatened me over the phone.
4. The phone is ringing inside the house.
5. I have come to invite you to my birthday party.
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Interrogative Sentence
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Examples:
1. Where are you taking me?
e.
2. Are you willing to come with me?
3. How many cars do you have?
4. What has he been doing here?
5. What area they saying?
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Imperative Sentences
ef
A sentence that expresses a command or a request or a wish is called an imperative sentence.
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Examples:
1. Put all your slates here .
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Exclamatory sentences
A sentence that expresses a strong feeling like sorrow or joy is called an Exclamatory sentence.
Examples
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m
Sentence Conversion
co
Conversion of Affirmative to Negative
e.
1. Add not to Helping Verb
Samples
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