Gochan V Gochan

FIRST DIVISION
G.R. No. 146089. December 13, 2001

VIRGINIA GOCHAN, ET. AL., petitioners,
vs.
MERCEDES GOCHAN, ET. AL., respondents.
PONENTE: YNARES-SANTIAGO, J.
Facts:
In 1996, respondents offered to sell their shares in Felix
Gochan & Sons Realty Corp. and Mactan Realty Development
Corp. to petitioners for P200M. Petitioners paid and was
accordingly issued with receipts. In turn, respondents
required petitioners to execute a PN undertaking not to
divulge the actual consideration they paid for the stocks. For
this purpose, Crispo Gochan, Jr. (co-respondent) drafted a PN
and had it signed by petitioners. Unbeknownst to them, Crispo
inserted in PN a phrase that says amount paid is in partial
consideration of the sale.
On 3 April 1998, respondents filed a complaint against

petitioners for specific performance and damages with RTC
Cebu alleging that they are entitled to the conveyance of
parcels of land, fishpond and a building in addition to the
P200M. Petitioners raised affirmative defenses, inter alia: (a)
lack of jurisdiction for non-payment of correct docket fees; (b)
unenforceability of the obligation to convey real properties due
to lack of a written memorandum (Statute of Frauds); and (c)
extinguishment of obligation by payment.
On 7 August 1998, petitioners moved for a preliminary hearing

on the affirmative defenses but was denied on 11 August 1998
holding, inter alia, that the matter of payment of docketing
fees is not a fatal issue because the plaintiffs had paid at least
P165K. Motion for reconsideration was also denied on 11
September 1998. On appeal by petition for certiorari, the CA
on 10 September 1999 dismissed the petition on the ground
that RTC did not commit grave abuse of discretion in denying
the motion to hear the affirmative defenses.
Petitioners motion for reconsideration was denied on 22

November 2000. Hence, the present petition for review to set
aside CA decision.
Issue:
Whether or not the correct amount of docket fees have been
paid.
Ruling:
NO. Petition is Granted.
The rule is well-settled that the court acquires jurisdiction over

any case only upon the payment of the prescribed docket
fees. In the case of Sun Insurance Office, Ltd. (SIOL) v.
Asuncion,[12] this Court held that it is not simply the filing of
the complaint or appropriate initiatory pleading, but the
payment of the prescribed docket fee that vests a trial court
with jurisdiction over the subject matter or nature of the
action.
Respondents maintain that they paid the correct docket

fees in the amount of P165,000.00 when they filed the
complaint with the trial court. Petitioners, on the other hand,
contend that the complaint is in the nature of a real action
which affects title to real properties; hence, respondents
should have alleged therein the value of the real properties
which shall be the basis for the assessment of the correct
docket fees.
The Court of Appeals found that the complaint was one for
specific performance and incapable of pecuniary
estimation. We do not agree.
It is necessary to determine the true nature of the
complaint in order to resolve the issue of whether or not
respondents paid the correct amount of docket fees
therefor. In this jurisdiction, the dictum adhered to is that the
nature of an action is determined by the allegations in the
body of the pleading or complaint itself, rather than by its title
or heading.[13] The caption of the complaint below was
denominated as one for specific performance and damages.
The relief sought, however, is the conveyance or transfer of
real property, or ultimately, the execution of deeds of
conveyance in their favor of the real properties enumerated in
the provisional memorandum of agreement. Under these
circumstances, the case below was actually a real action,
affecting as it does title to or possession of real property.
In the case of Hernandez v. Rural Bank of Lucena,[14] this

Court held that a real action is one where the plaintiff seeks
the recovery of real property or, as indicated in section 2(a) of
Rule 4 (now Section 1, Rule 4 of the 1997 Rules of Civil
Procedure), a real action is an action affecting title to or
recovery of possession of real property.
It has also been held that where a complaint is entitled as

one for specific performance but nonetheless prays for the
issuance of a deed of sale for a parcel of land, its primary
objective and nature is one to recover the parcel of land itself
and, thus, is deemed a real action. In such a case, the action
must be filed in the proper court where the property is located:
In this Court, the appellant insists that her action is one for
specific performance, and, therefore, personal and transitory
in nature.
This very issue was considered and decided by this Court in

the case of Manuel B. Ruiz vs. J.M. Tuason & Co., Inc. et
al., L-18692, promulgated 31 January 1963.There the Court,
by unanimous vote of all the Justices, held as follows:
This contention has no merit. Although appellants complaint is entitled
to be one for specific performance, yet the fact that he asked that a deed
of sale of a parcel of land situated in Quezon City be issued in his favor
and that a transfer certificate of title covering said parcel of land be
issued to him shows that the primary objective and nature of the action
is to recover the parcel of land itself because to execute in favor of
appellant the conveyance requested there is need to make a finding that
he is the owner of the land which in the last analysis resolves itself into
an issue of ownership. Hence, the action must be commenced in the
province where the property is situated pursuant to Section 3, Rule 5, of
the Rules of Court, which provides that actions affecting title to or
recovery of possession of real property shall be commenced and tried in
the province where the property or any part thereof lies.[15]
In the case at bar, therefore, the complaint filed with the trial court
was in the nature of a real action, although ostensibly denominated as
one for specific performance. Consequently, the basis for determining
the correct docket fees shall be the assessed value of the property, or the
estimated value thereof as alleged by the claimant. Rule 141, Section 7,
of the Rules of Court, as amended by A.M. No. 00-2-01-SC, provides:
Section 7. Clerks of Regional Trial Courts. - x x x

(b) xxx
In a real action, the assessed value of the property, or if there is none,

the estimated value thereof shall be alleged by the claimant and shall be
the basis in computing the fees.
We are not unmindful of our pronouncement in the case of Sun

Insurance,[16] to the effect that in case the filing of the
initiatory pleading is not accompanied by payment of the
docket fee, the court may allow payment of the fee within a
reasonable time but in no case beyond the applicable
prescriptive period. However, the liberal interpretation of the
rules relating to the payment of docket fees as applied in the
case of Sun Insurance cannot apply to the instant case as
respondents have never demonstrated any willingness to
abide by the rules and to pay the correct docket fees. Instead,
respondents have stubbornly insisted that the case they filed
was one for specific performance and damages and that they
actually paid the correct docket fees therefor at the time of the
filing of the complaint. Thus, it was stated in the case of Sun
Insurance:[17]
The principle in Manchester could very well be applied in the present

case. The pattern and the intent to defraud the government of the
docket fee due it is obvious not only in the filing of the original complaint
but also in the filing of the second amended complaint.
However, in Manchester, petitioner did not pay any additional docket fee
until the case was decided by this Court on May 7, 1987. Thus,
in Manchester, due to the fraud committed on the government, this
Court held that the court a quo did not acquire jurisdiction over the case
and that the amended complaint could not have been admitted inasmuch
as the original complaint was null and void.
In the present case, a more liberal interpretation of the rules is called for
considering that, unlike Manchester, private respondent demonstrated
his willingness to abide by the rules by paying the additional docket fees
as required. The promulgation of the decision in Manchester must have
had that sobering influence on private respondent who thus paid the
additional docket fee as ordered by the respondent court. It triggered his
change of stance by manifesting his willingness to pay such additional
docket fee as may be ordered.
Respondents accuse petitioners of forum-shopping when

they filed two petitions before the Court of
Appeals. Petitioners, on the other hand, contend that there
was no forum-shopping as there was no identity of issues or
identity of reliefs sought in the two petitions.
We agree with petitioners that they are not guilty of

forum-shopping. The deplorable practice of forum-shopping is
resorted to by litigants who, for the purpose of obtaining the
same relief, resort to two different fora to increase his or her
chances of obtaining a favorable judgment in either one. In
the case of Golangco v. Court of Appeals,[18] we laid down the
following test to determine whether there is forum-shopping:
Ultimately, what is truly important to consider in determining whether
forum-shopping exists or not is the vexation caused the courts and the
parties-litigant by a person who asks different courts and/or
administrative agencies to rule on the same or related causes and/or
grant the same or substantially the same reliefs, in the process creating
the possibility of conflicting decisions being rendered by the different
fora upon the same issues.
In sum, two different orders were questioned, two distinct causes of

action and issues were raised, and two objectives were sought; thus,
forum shopping cannot be said to exist in the case at bar.
Likewise, we do not find that there is forum-shopping in the

case at bar. The first petition, docketed as CA-G.R. SP. No.
49084, which is now the subject of the instant petition,
involved the propriety of the affirmative defenses relied upon
by petitioners in Civil Case No. CEB-21854. The second
petition, docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 54985, raised the issue
of whether or not public respondent Judge Dicdican was guilty
of manifest partiality warranting his inhibition from further
hearing Civil Case No. CEB-21854.
More importantly, the two petitions did not seek the same
relief from the Court of Appeals. In CA-G.R. SP. No. 49084,
petitioners prayed, among others, for the annulment of the
orders of the trial court denying their motion for preliminary
hearing on the affirmative defenses in Civil Case No.
CEB-21854. No such reliefs are involved in the second petition,
where petitioners merely prayed for the issuance of an order
enjoining public respondent Judge Dicdican from further trying
the case and to assign a new judge in his stead.
True, the trial court has the discretion to conduct a

preliminary hearing on affirmative defenses. In the case at bar,
however, the trial court committed a grave abuse of its
discretion when it denied the motion for preliminary
hearing. As we have discussed above, some of these defenses,
which petitioners invoked as grounds for the dismissal of the
action, appeared to be indubitable, contrary to the
pronouncement of the trial court. Indeed, the abuse of
discretion it committed amounted to an evasion of positive
duty or virtual refusal to perform a duty enjoined by law, or to
act at all in contemplation of law,[19] which would have
warranted the extraordinary writ of certiorari. Hence, the
Court of Appeals erred when it dismissed the petition for
certiorari filed by petitioners.

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FIRST DIVISION

G.R. No. 146089. December 13, 2001

On 3 April 1998, respondents filed a complaint against

On 7 August 1998, petitioners moved for a preliminary hearing

Petitioners motion for reconsideration was denied on 22

NO. Petition is Granted.

The rule is well-settled that the court acquires jurisdiction over

Respondents maintain that they paid the correct docket

In the case of Hernandez v. Rural Bank of Lucena,[14] this

It has also been held that where a complaint is entitled as

This very issue was considered and decided by this Court in

Section 7. Clerks of Regional Trial Courts. - x x x

In a real action, the assessed value of the property, or if there is none,

We are not unmindful of our pronouncement in the case of Sun

The principle in Manchester could very well be applied in the present

Respondents accuse petitioners of forum-shopping when

We agree with petitioners that they are not guilty of

In sum, two different orders were questioned, two distinct causes of

Likewise, we do not find that there is forum-shopping in the

True, the trial court has the discretion to conduct a

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