Title

Analysis of displacements and element stresses of a structure using finite element method.

Introduction
Stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a
continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the
material. For example, when a solid vertical bar is supporting a weight, each particle in the bar
pushes on the particles immediately below it. When a liquid is in a closed container under
pressure, each particle gets pushed against by all the surrounding particles. The container walls
and the pressure-inducing surface (such as a piston) push against them in (Newtonian) reaction.
These macroscopic forces are actually the net result of a very large number of intermolecular
forces and collisions between the particles in those molecules.
Strain inside a material may arise by various mechanisms, such as stress as applied by external
forces to the bulk material (like gravity) or to its surface (like contact forces, external pressure, or
friction). Any strain (deformation) of a solid material generates an internal elastic stress,
analogous to the reaction force of a spring, that tends to restore the material to its original non-
deformed state. In liquids and gases, only deformations that change the volume generate
persistent elastic stress. However, if the deformation is gradually changing with time, even in
fluids there will usually be some viscous stress, opposing that change. Elastic and viscous
stresses are usually combined under the name mechanical stress.

Mechanic stress
Significant stress may exist even when deformation is negligible or non-existent (a common
assumption when modeling the flow of water). Stress may exist in the absence of external forces;
such built-in stress is important, for example, in prestressed concrete and tempered glass. Stress
may also be imposed on a material without the application of net forces, for example by changes
in temperature or chemical composition, or by external electromagnetic fields (as in piezoelectric
and magnetostrictive materials).
The relation between mechanical stress, deformation, and the rate of change of deformation can
be quite complicated, although a linear approximation may be adequate in practice if the
quantities are small enough. Stress that exceeds certain strength limits of the material will result
in permanent deformation (such as plastic flow, fracture, cavitation) or even change its crystal
structure and chemical composition.
In some branches of engineering, the term stress is occasionally used in a looser sense as a
synonym of "internal force". For example, in the analysis of trusses, it may refer to the total
traction or compression force acting on a beam, rather than the force divided by the area of its
cross-section.

In this study, a simulation of element of stresses, which is a representative material test, is

Abstract
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has rapidly been adopted by the life sciences. FEA is a
computational technique that is able to calculate mechanical stresses and strains in complex
structures: those having highly complex geometry, composite material properties, and loading
from multiple directions or sources. These features make it ideal as a means of assessing the
relationship between biomechanical function and skeletal form. Virtual geometries can be
captured via scanning technologies, and for paleontologists, a well-made finite element model
can ask questions of extinct animals that are not accessible with any other technique.
Comparisons between models of extinct and extant taxa can highlight similarities and differences
in biomechanical performance, and may provide glimpses of extinct behaviours. By working
with computer models, evolutionarily novel structures such as ridges of thickened bone, spines,
or other changes in shape may be easily added, removed or otherwise altered. This allows us to
assess what, if any, contribution they make to mechanical performance and hypothesize on
adaptive potential and unexplored pathways in morphological and functional evolution. Recent
 endeavours to combine Finite Element Analysis with statistical analysis of shape using
Geometric Morphometrics (GMM) are driving forward such investigations. It is likely that many
future biomechanical studies will utilize FEA, GMM, or both.

Objectives
To determine the displacement of element stresses in this structure of this project.

Methodology
A Steps to launch Abaqus
1) Click Start - All programs - ABAQUS 6.13-1 - ABAQUS CAE Command in
Windows System. An ABAQUS Command window appears in DOS environment.
2) Use general commands in DOS system to move to the directory on the hard disk. For
example, if a file is created in catalogue C:\Temp named ABAQUS WORK and
wanted all the ABAQUS results be saved in this file, type command CD
C:\Temp\ABAQUS WORK.
3) Run command ABAQUS CAE to enter ABAQUS/CAE user interface
B Starting a job in Abaqus
After entering main interface of ABAQUS/CAE, there are several paths to start a job.
x Create Model Database to begin a new analysis.
x Open Database to open a previously saved model or output database file.
x Run Script to run a file containing ABAQUS/CAE commands.
x Start Tutorial helps to begin an introductory tutorial from the online documentation
C Exiting Abaqus
When some work is done in the middle of an ABAQUS job and want to exit, save
your finished work as a Model Database file (*.cae).
x Click File Save and input a file name. Normally in this step the file filter is default
to be Model Database (*.cae).
x Click File Exit to exit the main interface of ABAQUS/CAE.
Next time you run ABAQUS, open the saved file and continue with the job
Experimental procedure

1. Create the Part Model as per the Dimensions and Shape given above. In the Part
Manager dialog box, click on Create. In the Create Part dialog box, give the name of the
sample as Mild Steel. Select 3D, Deformable, Solid, Extrusion, and Approximate size as
500. Click Continue. Sketch the Part.

2. Give the properties of the Mild Steel material in the Material Manager option. The
properties that have to be given are density, youngs modulus, poissons ratio, yield stress
and plastic strain as shown in table 3.2.

3. In the Assembly Module, select the Create Instance tool. In the dialog box, select the
Mild Steel, click the dependent option and then click OK.

4. In the Step Module, different steps have been created. Step Manager, Field Output
Manager and History Output Manager are provided.

5. In the Load Module, one end of the sample is made fixed and the axial load is provided in the
other end.

6. Proceed to Mesh Module. Click on the Seed Part icon. Accept the defaults in the Global
Seeds dialogue box. Click done. Click on the Mesh Part Instance icon, at the bottom of
the screen select yes.

7. In the Job Module, click on create job icon. Name the job as Tensile Test. Click Continue.

8. Click on Job manager. Click Submit to submit the job to the solver. Click Monitor to
check the analysis progress.
Once the job is complete, click results to check the results. Select the icon to display contours. To
examine different stresses etc, select Result, Field Output from the main menu bar.