ESMP
ESMP
ESMP
January 2013
Environmental and Social Management Plan
FATA Urban Centers Project
Executive Summary
1. The Government of Pakistan (GoP) has initiated the FATA Urban Centers Project (FUCP) in
Khar, Bajaur Agency of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. It is financed
through the Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF), which has been established by the GoP to support the
recovery and rehabilitation of the crisis-affected areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), FATA, and
Balochistan. The present Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been prepared to
address the potentially negative environmental and social impacts of the Project.
3. The selected sub-projects may have some potential negative social and environmental
impacts. To address these potential impacts, this Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
has been prepared, which identifies the appropriate mitigation measures, defines the institutional
arrangements for environmental and social management, specifies monitoring requirements, describes
the documentation and capacity building protocols for effective implementation of ESMP.
4. The effective implementation, reporting and monitoring of ESMP will require capacity
building of the core project staff that also include the staff of Local Government and Rural
Development Directorate (LG&RD), the designated staff of Political Administration and key
representatives of the communities. The ESMP includes institutional arrangements for the
environmental and social management of the project. Under these arrangements, there will be
recruitment of Environment and Social Specialists, whereas Environmental and Social Focal Points
(ESFPs) will be nominated in the directorate of LG&RD. Furthermore, ESMP identifies the training
needs of those ESFPs. The ESFPs will ensure implementation of ESMP in the sub-projects under
FUCP. The TARUCCI Project Management Unit (TPMU) will be responsible for preparing ESMP
implementation reports which will also be shared with the Bank.
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List of Acronyms
EA Environmental Assessment
EC European Commission
EU European Union
FR Frontier Region
Ha Hectare
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KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
MC Municipal Committee
OP Operational Policy
UN United Nations
WB World Bank
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 ESMP Objectives ........................................................................................... 1
3. The specific objectives of the ESMP include the following: ................................ 1
1.2 ESMP Components........................................................................................ 1
1.3 Background of MDTF ................................................................................... 1
1.4 TARUCCI Program ...................................................................................... 2
1.5 Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework .......... 3
2. Legislative and Regulatory Review ....................................................................... 3
2.1 National Laws and Regulations .................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 ...........................................................3
2.1.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency: Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000
...................................................................................................................4
2.1.3 National Environmental Quality Standards: ...............................................................4
2.1.4 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 .......................................................................................5
2.2 The World Bank Operational Policies:........................................................ 5
2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01): ......................................................................5
2.2.2 Other WB OPs ...........................................................................................................5
2.3 National Institutional Setup for Environmental Management .................. 6
2.4 Environmental and Social Guidelines .......................................................... 6
2.4.1 Environmental Protection Agencys Environmental and Social Guidelines ..............6
2.4.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines....................................................7
3. Project Description.................................................................................................. 8
3.1 Project Objectives .......................................................................................... 8
3.2 Project Components ...................................................................................... 8
3.2.1 Component-I: Priority Infrastructure Investments .....................................................8
3.2.2 Component II: Technical Assistance and Implementation Support ...........................9
3.3 Project Implementation Arrangements ..................................................... 10
3.3.1 Bank Implementation Support and Oversight Arrangements for the Project ...........10
3.4 Consultation Strategy during Project Implementation: .......................... 11
3.5 Communications .......................................................................................... 12
3.6 Grievance Redress/Complaint Handling Mechanism .............................. 12
3.7 Project Area ................................................................................................. 13
4. Impact Assessment and Mitigation...................................................................... 16
4.1 Environmental Assessment Process ........................................................... 16
4.2 Potential Impacts and Mitigation ............................................................... 18
4.2.1 Water Supply Schemes ............................................................................................18
4.2.2 Sanitation Scheme ....................................................................................................19
4.2.3 Solid Waste Management Scheme ...........................................................................21
4.2.4 Street Pavement........................................................................................................22
4.2.5 Roads 23
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List of Tables
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1. Introduction
1. This document presents the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for FATA Urban
Centers Project, to be implemented in Khar City, Bajaur Agency (Tribal District) of Federally
Administered Tribal Area (FATA) by the PMU of TARUCCI (Tribal Areas Rural to Urban Center
Conversion Initiatives).
2. TARUCCI is an initiative of FATA Secretariat to transform tribal areas from a scattered rural
society to urban ones. The various sub projects and interventions under FUCP can potentially have
some negative social and environmental impacts. Therefore this ESMP has been prepared which
identifies the appropriate mitigation measures, defines the implementation arrangements for ESMP
implementation, reporting and monitoring requirements, and describes the documentation and
capacity building protocols for effective implementation of ESMP. The FUCP will be funded through
MDTF, administered by the World Bank on the request of Government of Pakistan. MDTF supports
the recovery and rehabilitation of crisis affected areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), FATA and
Balochistan. .
To comply with the regulatory and policy requirements of the Government of Pakistan
and the World Bank.
To provide a mechanism to implement the environment and social mitigation and control
measures.
To propose institutional arrangements to implement the above- measures
To define environmental and social monitoring requirements to ensure effective
implementation of the mitigation and control measures.
To identify capacity building needs with respect to the environmental and social aspects
of the project.
To specify the documentation requirements with respect to the ESMP implementation.
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while displacing approximately 3 million people. While the majority of Internally Displaced
Persons (IDPs) have returned to their places of origin, many have lost their homes and
livelihoods. Those who stayed behind have suffered equally and are as poor and vulnerable as the
IDPs.
6. In 2009, the GoP asked the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Bank (WB) to jointly
conduct a Damage and Needs Assessment (DNA) to ascertain the extent of post-crisis impact on
various sectors and local communities. The DNA covered those areas which were firstly affected
by the GoPs counter insurgency operations. In view of the complex nature of the crisis and in
order to address the root causes that lead to the crisis on a long term and in a sustainable manner,
the Government also requested development partners including the World Bank, the Asian
Development Bank (ADB), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the European
Union (EU) to jointly prepare a Post Crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) that was completed in
2010. The PCNA assessed and quantified the short and medium term social and economic needs
of the region. Recognizing the need for a harmonized approach to respond to the crisis, the GoP
has established the MDTF for the recovery and rehabilitation of the crisis affected areas of KP,
FATA and Balochistan and also requested the World Bank to administer the MDTF.
7. The PCNA provides the underpinning for long term peace building in FATA. Drawing on
extensive stakeholder consultations, the Report identifies key crisis drivers and the consequent
priority areas that need to be addressed to support a coherent and durable peace-building strategy.
These have been organized into four strategic objectives related to political and governance
reform, employment and livelihood opportunities, provision of basic services, and efforts for
counter-radicalization and reconciliation.
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10. It is based on the premise that the scattered settlement pattern in FATA is a key cause of poor
service delivery, lack of accessibility, scarce livelihood opportunities, and inadequate security
leading to opportunities for militants to challenge the writ of the government. It therefore
envisages focusing on the existing urban centers in FATA to enable provision of quality services,
employment opportunities, and security while new urban center will be established in the
Agencies and Frontier Regions (FRs) headquarters.
12. This Section discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework as well as institutional set-
up relevant to the environmental and social assessment of the proposed Project. Also included in
the Section are the environmental and social laws, guidelines and policies of national agencies as
well as the World Bank.
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marine and noise pollution, as well as the handling of hazardous waste. The discharge or
emission of any effluent, waste, air pollutant or noise in an amount, concentration or level in
excess of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified by the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) has been prohibited under the Act, and penalties
have been prescribed for those contravening the provisions of the Act. The powers of the federal
and provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), established under the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983, have also been considerably enhanced under this
legislation and they have been given the power to conduct inquiries into possible breaches of
environmental law either of their own accord, or upon the registration of a complaint.
17. The requirement for environmental assessment is laid out in Section 12 (1) of the Act. Under this
section, no project involving construction activities or any change in the physical environment can
be undertaken unless an initial environmental examination (IEE) or an environmental impact
assessment (EIA) is conducted, and approval is received from the federal or relevant provincial
EPA. Section 12 (6) of the Act states that the provision is applicable only to such categories of
projects as may be prescribed. The categories are defined in the Pakistan Environmental
Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 and are discussed in Section 2.1.2
below.
2.1.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency: Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000
18. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 (the
Regulations), developed by the Pak-EPA under the powers conferred upon it by the Act, provide
the necessary details on preparation, submission and review of the initial environmental
examination (IEE) and the EIA. Categorization of projects for IEE and EIA is one of the main
components of the Regulations. Projects have been classified on the basis of expected degree of
adverse environmental impacts. Project types listed in Schedule I are designated as potentially
less damaging to the environment, and those listed in Schedule II as having potentially serious
adverse effects. Schedule I projects require an IEE to be conducted, provided they are not located
in environmentally sensitive areas. For the Schedule II projects, conducting an EIA is necessary.
19. Based upon the cost and nature of the subproject, Schedule II would be applied to FUCP and EIA
would have to be carried out for it.
2.1.3 National Environmental Quality Standards:
20. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA 1997,
specify the following standards:
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial
sources,
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial
effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of
numbers).
Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.
Ambient air quality standards.
Drinking water standards
Noise standards.
21. The above NEQSs are presented in Tables A.1 to A.6 in Annex A. Some of these standards will
be applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to the environment as well
as noise generation from the activities under the proposed project.
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It is stated in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA
Regulations, 2000 that the EIA or IEE must be prepared, to the extent practicable, in accordance
with the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Guidelines. However because
of the nature and size of FUCP, no EIA or IEE would be needed.
2.4.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines
30. The principal World Bank publications that contain environmental and social guidelines are listed
below.
Environment, Health, and Social (EHS) Guidelines prepared by International Finance
Corporation and World Bank in 1997.
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998: Towards Cleaner Production
Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-
Sectoral Issues.
Social Analysis Sourcebook.
All environmental and social safeguard operational policies.
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3. Project Description
31. This Section presents a simplified description of the Project, its objectives and its various
components.
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7 Solid Waste Tractors with front end loader (2 nos.), tractor trolleys (2 nos.), hand carts,
Management System concrete bins, plastic/fiber glass bins, water tankers/dozers (2 nos.) etc.
37. The collected data will further be complemented by results from a detailed household survey to be
conducted under the project that will aim to establish: a) the extent of service provision on
household basis; b) household satisfaction with existing service delivery; and c) remaining
priority needs. The survey will thus validate and supplement the baseline data that is currently
available against targeted services. In addition, the survey shall further help to identify priority
demands or established needs that will be used as a basic criterion for the selection of proposed
investment subprojects.
38. The infrastructure investments will be grouped into quick wins, which are simple to undertake
but have high visibility like street lighting to improve security. These will be implemented
immediately to help establish credibility and support for project interventions. Investments
requiring detailed technical engineering designs and thus longer preparation time, like water
supply networks, will form the other group.
39. Contractors hired for execution of civil works will be encouraged, through incentives, to hire local
labor as far as possible for unskilled work items, to provide employment opportunities to the local
population, and to provide on-the-job training labor for skilled work, to ensure access of youth to
skilled labor opportunities. The Design Consultant will be encouraged to specify local
construction materials and employ designs that maximize labor inputs. Implementation oversight
and quality control will be ensured through hiring of Supervision Consultants.
3.2.2 Component II: Technical Assistance and Implementation Support
40. Technical Assistance will be provided for: a) design and development of an overall urban
management framework to be implemented under the TARUCCI program in all 14 towns in
FATA; and b) detailing the implementation plan for the pilot center (Khar, Bajaur Agency) being
supported by the proposed project. This component is also envisaged to strengthen the fiduciary
and safeguard capacity of FATA Secretariat to the extent that the next cycle of MDTF funding for
TARUCCI can be designed as a results-based lending initiative.
41. Support to the overall framework will include:
Developing conceptual framework for overall program;
Developing implementation road map for the overall program;
Developing guidelines for structure and spatial planning, demarcating urban boundary
etc;
Strengthening institutional structures, their business processes and procedures;
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46. The Project Management Unit (TARUCCI PMU) has been established and functioning since 25
Nov 2010, headed by a dedicated Project Director, and will be the main counterpart responsible
for coordinating and monitoring the project on behalf of FATA Secretariat. TPMU will have the
overall coordination and monitoring role for component 1. It will provide support to the
Directorate of LG&RD for procurement of works and services, coordination with the Bank,
financial management, and implementation of environmental and social safeguards It will also be
the implementing entity for component 2. It will identify the technical assistance and capacity
building activities in close consultation with FATA Secretariat and the Directorate of LG&RD,
and will be responsible for outsourcing third party audits and evaluations as required by the Bank
during project implementation.
47. The Directorate of LG&RD will be responsible for implementation, supervision and monitoring
of investments in municipal infrastructure and services under component 1. TPMU and the
Directorate of LG&RD are currently in the process of acquiring appropriate staff and resources
for carrying out their responsibilities.
48. Compliance of ESMP by the Civil Works Contractor(s): Civil works contractors and their
employees shall adhere to the mitigation measures as given in the ESMP and also take all other
measures to prevent social and economic harms, and to minimize the impact of operations on the
environment, detail is given Annex C.
3.3.1 Bank Implementation Support and Oversight Arrangements for the Project
49. In view of the security challenges across FATA constraining Bank staff access, there is a need for
alternative approaches to implementation support, particularly for field supervision and
monitoring of investments. The Projects supervision plan has been developed considering the
limitations of Bank staff access to the Project area. The CPS (FY 2010-2013) in recognizing this
challenge emphasizes that the Bank needs to find ways to enhance supervision, while mitigating
the risks associated with a challenging security environment.
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undertaking such consultations. Further, the instrument for consulting women will be culturally
appropriate.
54. A Grievance Redress Mechanism will provide an avenue for raising issues related to planning and
implementation. Further, a communications strategy will provide guidance on keeping the public
informed about the pace and scale of project activities.
3.5 Communications
55. An effective Communication Strategy can help bridge the trust deficit amongst the target
population and government agencies. It can communicate the intended benefits of the planned
interventions to the population of Khar, while simultaneously managing expectations. TPMU is in
the process of contracting in resources to develop a Communications Strategy and a community
outreach plan, as tools for promoting greater community participation, and to:
Ensure that residents of FATA, particularly Khar, Bajaur, are kept well informed on a
continuous basis, about the objectives and interventions of FUCP;
Respond to requests from persons with queries on the project; and
Manage expectations.
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verbal or in writing. These channels will also provide an opportunity to tribal women to seek
information, or register their grievances as per their convenience.
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59. This Section identifies the potentially negative environmental and social impacts of the sub-
project under the FUCP and also proposes appropriate mitigation measures to address these
impacts.
61. The negative impacts predicted in this manner were the unmitigated impacts. Appropriate
mitigation measures were recommended as part of this ESMP, thus reducing the occurrence
possibility and severity of the potentially adverse impacts. The negative impacts identified
through this process are discussed in the sections below.
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Erosion/Contamination
Impacts on Agriculture
Blocked Access Routes
Water Availability and
Surface Water Quality
Land donation/Buying
Groundwater Quality
Impacts on Irrigation
Noise and Vibration
Natural Vegetation
Aesthetic Value
Cultural Issues
Safety Hazard
Gender Issues
Infrastructure
Public Health
Consumption
Air Quality
Network
Wildlife
Soil
Water Supply Schemes - -1 -2
-1 0 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1
Sanitation Schemes -2 -1 -2 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 -2
Solid Waste Management Schemes -2 -1 -2 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 -2
Street Pavements - N
-1 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1
Road construction - -2
-1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 0 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 -1 0
1
Slaughter house -1 0 -2 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 0 0 -2
Park - -2
-2 0 0 -1 -1 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -2
1
Bus stand/terminal -2 -2 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 -2 0 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -2
Vehicles for Fire brigade 0 -1 -1 -1 -2 0 0 -1 -1 0 -1 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 N
Street lights -1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -2 0 0 -1 -2 -1 0 0 z -1 N
Key: -2: High negative impact; -1: Low negative impact; 0: insignificant/negligible impact; +1: low positive impact; +2: High positive impact, N: no impact.
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Table 4.1. Furthermore, their possibility of occurrence and significance will be further reduced
with the help of the mitigation measures listed below:
Land if required for the scheme to be donated by the community on voluntary basis,
existing government land will be used, or land will be provided by the Political Agent
(either purchased or through donation). Checklist and agreement format in Annex E and
Annex F will be used for this purpose and procedure for purchase of land is given in
Annex B. The procedure for land donation is mentioned in Annex G.
Selection of water source after laboratory analysis to ensure that it complies with the
NEQS for drinking water.
Protecting the water source from contaminants.
Selecting a water source in a manner that it does not negatively affect the existing water
users.
Locating and designing the scheme using the following criteria (checklist in Annex H
will also be used for this purpose):
o Ensuring equitable distribution of scheme benefits through community participation
o Ensuring no blocked access, avoiding damage to crops, cultivation fields,
cultivation fields, graveyards and cultural heritage sites
o After carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community, including
women - ensuring that the scheme is socially acceptable and suitable to women.
o Ensuring no damage to cultural heritage sites and graveyards.
o Minimizing tree felling requirements to the extent possible. If unavoidable, maintain
documentary and photographic record of each tree felled, and carry out compensatory
tree plantation (five plants for every tree felled).
o Measures to protect privacy of women
o Relevant mitigation measures will be included in all contract/bidding documents
Water User Committee to handle conflicts and extensive community consultations and
participation at design, construction and operations and maintenance.
Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction
activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted
water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and
cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to
be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and
safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all
debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The
generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex C.
Raising awareness amongst communities regarding the importance of health and hygiene,
safe drinking water and methods of water purification.
The contractor will be required to follow the WB EHS Guidelines provided in Annex J.
Sub project specific consultation will be undertaken prior to implementation and will be
properly documented to ensure that the proposed mitigation plans are appropriate and
generally acceptable.
4.2.2 Sanitation Scheme
65. The potential impacts of the sanitation schemes are listed below:
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Contamination of soil and water from the release of untreated sewage, sludge from the
treatment facility, and the associated health hazards.
Location and design of scheme socially unacceptable
Inequitable distribution of scheme benefits.
Construction activities causing:
Soil erosion and contamination
Water contamination
Blocked access routes
Noise
Damage to crops/cultivation fields/natural vegetation of significance, trees
Damage to existing infrastructure (road, irrigation, pavements, drains, others)
Safety hazard for nearby population
Damage to sites of archeological, historical, cultural, or religious significance (i.e.
cultural heritage sites).
Risk of falling into ditches to be made for the construction of man holes
66. Mitigation Measures
Land, if required for the scheme, will be donated by the community on voluntary basis or
existing government land will be used. If existing government land would not be
available, the government will purchase private land through open market negotiation on
willing seller willing buyer basis but no FUCP funds will be used for purchase of land
(checklist Involuntary Resettlement and agreement for Contribution of Assets in Annex E
and F while process for purchase of land is given in Annex B. The procedure for land
donation is mentioned in Annex G.
Treating and disposing the sewage in a manner that the soil and water (particularly the
drinking water) is not contaminated (e.g. septic tanks, oxidation ponds, treatment plants,
others)
Appropriately disposing the sludge from the treatment facility in a manner not to cause
soil and water contamination.
Locating and designing the scheme using the following criteria (checklist in Annex H
will also be used for this purpose):
Community participation in the designing, construction and implementation of sub-
projects. The design of the scheme will be finalized after carrying out consultation with
the beneficiary community, including women - ensuring that the scheme is socially
acceptable and suitable to women.
Ensuring equitable distribution of scheme benefits through community participation
Ensuring no blocked access, avoiding damage to crops, cultivation fields, cultivation
fields, graveyards and cultural heritage sites
After carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community, including
women - ensuring that the scheme is socially acceptable and suitable to women.
Ensuring no damage to cultural heritage sites and graveyards.
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and F while process for purchase of land is given in Annex B. The procedure for land
donation is mentioned in Annex G.
Proper in out gates will be constructed to avoid the animals getting frightened by seeing
the slaughtered animals.
Proper internal and external sewerage system will be constructed.
Proper flooring of the slaughter house will be constructed and proper netting facility will
be installed.
There will be a proper arrangement for disposal of solid waste by arranging carriage
system for the slaughter house. Liquid waste will also be properly drained in such a way
that contamination of drinking water is avoided.
Ensuring no blockage of drainage and sewerage
Proper waste management system will be integrated into sub-project design.
Relevant mitigation measures will be included in all contract/bidding documents
Minimizing tree felling requirements to the extent possible. If unavoidable, maintain
documentary and photographic record of each tree felled, and carry out compensatory tree
plantation (five plants for every tree felled)
Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction
activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted
water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and
cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to
be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and
safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all
debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The
generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex C.
The contractor will be required to follow the WB EHS Guidelines provided in Annex J.
Sub project specific consultation will be undertaken prior to implementation and will be
properly documented to ensure that the proposed mitigation plans are appropriate and
generally acceptable.
4.2.7 Establishment of a Ladies/Children/Family Park
75. The potential impacts associated with construction of parks include the following:
Disruption of natural drainage
Non utilization of park by women due to cultural restrictions on women mobility
Tree cutting
Construction activities causing:
Inappropriate disposal of spoil/surplus soil
Soil erosion and contamination
Water contamination
Blocked access routes
Noise
Damage to crops/cultivation fields/trees/natural vegetation of significance
Damage to existing infrastructure (road, irrigation, pavements, drains, others)
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safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all
debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The
generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex C.
The contractor will be required to follow the WB EHS Guidelines provided in Annex J.
Sub project specific consultation will be undertaken prior to implementation and will be
properly documented to ensure that the proposed mitigation plans are appropriate and
generally acceptable.
4.2.8 Bus Stand/Terminal
77. The potential impacts associated with construction of a Bus Stand/Terminal include the following
negative impacts:
Disruption of natural drainage
Tree cutting
Traffic jam
Severe weather conditions may disturb the passengers.
Solid waste may be seen spread all over.
Mud, rain water may create problems for passengers.
Security problems.
Women may not use the stand/Terminal due to privacy issues.
Construction activities causing:
Inappropriate disposal of spoil/surplus soil
Soil erosion and contamination
Water contamination
Blocked access routes
Noise
Damage to crops/cultivation fields/trees/natural vegetation of significance
Damage to existing infrastructure (road, irrigation, pavements, drains, others)
Damage to sites of archeological, historical, cultural, or religious significance (i.e.
cultural heritage sites)
78. Mitigations Measures. The following measures will be adopted to reduce the negative impacts of
this activity:
Land, if required for the scheme, will be donated by the community on voluntary basis or
existing government land will be used. If existing government land would not be
available, the Political Agent will purchase private land through open market negotiation
on willing seller willing buyer basis but no FUCP funds will be used for purchase of land
(checklist Involuntary Resettlement and agreement for Contribution of Assets in Annex E
and F while process for purchase of land is given in Annex B. The procedure for land
donation is mentioned in Annex G.
Separate in-out gates will be constructed for incoming and outgoing vehicles to avoid
traffic jam in/around of the bus stand/terminal.
The location will be selected out from the congested area but not too far away that the
passengers need other means of transportation to reach the bus stand/terminal.
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Sub project specific consultation will be undertaken prior to implementation and will be
properly documented to ensure that the proposed mitigation plans are appropriate and
generally acceptable.
4.2.10 Street Lights
81. The potential impacts associated with the installation of street lights include:
Street light poles pose traffic hazards.
Open wires used in street lights may cause electric shocks to pedestrians.
Construction activities if any may cause:
Inappropriate disposal of spoil/surplus soil
Soil erosion and contamination
Blocked access routes
Damage to existing infrastructure (road, irrigation, pavements, drains, others)
Damage to sites of archeological, historical, cultural, or religious significance (i.e.
cultural heritage sites)
82. Mitigation Measures
Land, if required for the scheme, will be donated by the community on voluntary basis or
existing government land will be used. If existing government land would not be
available, the Political Agent will purchase private land through open market negotiation
on willing seller willing buyer basis but no FUCP funds will be used for purchase of land
(checklist Involuntary Resettlement and agreement for Contribution of Assets in Annex E
and F while process for purchase of land is given in Annex B. The procedure for land
donation is mentioned in Annex G.
Energy saver lights instead of incandescent lamps will be used.
Standard engineering practices will be used while designing and installing the system,
ensuring no blockage of drainage, sewerage or public access
All possible efforts will be made to avoid damages to infrastructure but in case of any
damages, contractor(s) will be responsible to restore the damaged infrastructure to the
pre-project condition(s).
Minimizing tree felling requirements to the extent possible. If unavoidable, maintain
documentary and photographic record of each tree felled, and carry out compensatory tree
plantation (five plants for every tree felled)
Relevant mitigation measures will be included in all contract/bidding documents
Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction
activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted
water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and
cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to
be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and
safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all
debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The
generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex C.
The contractor will be required to follow the WB EHS Guidelines provided in Annex J.
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Sub project specific consultation will be undertaken prior to implementation and will be
properly documented to ensure that the proposed mitigation plans are appropriate and
generally acceptable.
This Section presents the mechanism to manage the environmental and social aspects of the Project.
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Proper plantation, benches, proper facility for special people will be provided. FUCP/LG staff
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Relevant mitigation measures will be included in all contract/bidding documents. FUCP/LG staff
Separate waiting area with toilet facility will be provided for women. FUCP/LG staff
Minimizing tree felling requirements to the extent possible. If unavoidable, maintain FUCP/LG staff
documentary and photographic record of each tree felled, and carry out compensatory
tree plantation (five plants for every tree felled).
Proper sewage disposal arrangements FUCP/LG staff
Proper drainage system for rain water
Construction Phase Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during LG&R staff
construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of
polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to
crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged
infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural
heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored
and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of
construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are
presented in Annex C.
Consutation Sub project specific consultation will be undertaken prior to implementation and will FUCP/LG staff
be properly documented to ensure that the proposed mitigation plans are appropriate
and generally acceptable.
EHS Issues The contractor will be required to follow the WB EHS Guidelines provided in Annex Conractor
J.
O&M Phase Proper solid waste management practices, sweepers and all the drainage and FUCP/LG staff
sanitation issues of the bus stand/terminal will be addressed to be properly
maintained. Security system and tax collection will be made.
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Table 5.10: Mitigation Plan for Purchase of vehicles for Fire brigade
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Table 5.11: Environmental and Social Training Plan
Description Aspects to be Covered Participants Frequency
Environmental and social Environmental and social PMU, Line At the start of the project;
orientation awareness; Directorates Afterwards as required
Key environmental and
social issues associated with
project
ESA findings;
ESMP and its components;
ESMP implementation.
ESMP implementation ESMP components ESFPs At the start of the project;
Environmental and Social Afterwards as required
Mitigation Plans;
Environmental Monitoring;
Documentation and
reporting
Environmental and social Environmental and Social All the stakeholders On-going/informal
management Mitigation Plans;
Waste disposal;
Importance of safe drinking
water;
Personal hygiene;
Water conservation;
Prevention and cure of
diseases such as malaria and
dengue.
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Copmlete record of health and safety will be maintained including quarterly report of
accidents, if any.
Sample reporting format is given in Annex I which will be customised for the project.
The project will compile a report on the basis of the filled scheme siting checklist given in
Annex H on an annual basis and share it with the World Bank.
Project Director of the TPMU will have overall responsiblity for the above documentation and
reporting. These reports will be shared with the Bank and other stakeholders on a regular basis
for review and comments.
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Annex A
The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA 1997, specify
the following standards:
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial sources,
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial effluents
discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers).
Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.
Ambient air quality standards.
Drinking water standards
Noise standards.
The above NEQSs are presented in Tables A.1 to A.6 below. Only a few of these standards will be
applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to the environment from the
activities under the proposed project.
Table A.1: Selected NEQS for Waste Effluents
Parameter Unit Standards (maximum
allowable limit)
Temperature increase C <3
pH value (acidity/basicity) pH 6-9
5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) mg/l 80
at 20 C
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l 150
Total suspended solids mg/l 200
Total dissolved solids mg/l 3,500
Grease and oil mg/l 10
Phenolic compounds (as phenol) mg/l 0.1
Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 1,000
Fluoride (as F) mg/l 10
Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 600
Sulfide (S) mg/l 1.0
Ammonia (NH3) mg/l 40
Cadmium mg/l 0.1
Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) mg/l 1.0
Copper mg/l 1.0
Lead mg/l 0.5
Mercury mg/l 0.01
Selenium mg/l 0.5
Nickel mg/l 1.0
Silver mg/l 1.0
Total toxic metals mg/l 2.0
Zinc mg/l 5
Arsenic mg/l 1.0
Barium mg/l 1.5
Iron mg/l 8.0
Manganese mg/l 1.5
Boron mg/l 6.0
Chlorine mg/l 1.0
Notes:
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1. The standard assumes that dilution of 1:10 on discharge is available. That is, for each cubic meter of
treated effluent, the recipient water body should have 10 m3 of water for dilution of this effluent.
2. Toxic metals include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, nickel and silver. The effluent
should meet the individual standards for these metals as well as the standard for total toxic metal
concentration.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).
Standards
Parameter Source of Emission (maximum allowable
limit)
Smoke Smoke opacity not to exceed 40% or 2 Ringlemann Scale or
equivalent smoke number
Particulate matter 1 (a) Boilers and furnaces:
i. Oil fired 300
ii. Coal fired 500
iii. Cement Kilns 300
(b) Grinding, crushing, clinker coolers 500
and related processes, metallurgical
processes, converters, blast furnaces
and cupolas
Hydrogen Chloride Any 400
Lead Any 50
Mercury Any 10
Cadmium Any 20
Arsenic Any 20
Copper Any 50
Antimony Any 20
Zinc Any 200
Oxides of Nitrogen 3 Nitric acid manufacturing unit 3,000
Notes:
1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more.
2. Based on 1% sulphur content in fuel oil. Higher content of sulphur will cause standards to be pro-rated.
3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as
fuel shall in addition to NEQS specified above, comply with the standards provided separately.
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Table A.3: National Environmental Quality Standards for Ambient Air 1
Time- Concentration in Ambient Air
Pollutants weighted Effective from Effective from Method of Measurement
Average 1st July 2010 1st January 2013
Sulfur Annual 80 g/m3 80 g/m3 Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Dioxide Average*
(SO2) 24 hours** 120 g/m3 120 g/m3
1
Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
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Table A.4: NEQS for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise2
a) For In-Use Vehicles
Standard
Parameter (Maximum Measuring Method Applicability
Permissible Limit)
1 Smoke 40% or 2 on the To be compared with Immediate
Ringlemann Scale Ringlemann Chart at a effect
during engine distance 6 or more. r
acceleration mode.
2
Full text of the NEQS is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
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(ii) For Heavy Duty Diesel Engines and Large Goods Vehicles (g/Kwh)
3
Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
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Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan
Bacterial
All water intended for drinking (E. Coli or Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples
Thermotolerant Coliform bacteria)
Treated water entering the distribution system Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples
(E.Coli or thermotolerant coliform and total
coliform bacteria)
Treated water in the distribution system (E.Coli or Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples
thermo tolerant coliform and total coliform In case of large supplies, where sufficient samples
bacteria) are examined, must not be present in 95% of the
samples taken throughout any 12- month period.
Physical
Color 15 TCU
Taste Non objectionable/Accept able
Odor Non objectionable/Accept able
Turbidity < 5 NTU
Total hardness as CaCO3 < 500 mg/l
TDS < 1000
pH 6.5 8.5
Chemical
Essential Inorganic mg/Litre
Aluminum (Al) 0.2
Antimony (Sb) 0.005 (P)
Arsenic (As) 0.05 (P)
Barium (Ba) 0.7
Boron (B) 0.3
Cadmium (Cd) 0.01
Chloride (Cl) <250
Chromium (Cr) 0.05
Copper (Cu) 2
Toxic Inorganic mg/Litre
Cyanide (Cn) 0.05
Fluoride (F)* 1.5
Lead (Pb) 0.05
Manganese (Mn) 0.5
Mercury (Hg) 0.001
Nickel (Ni) 0.02
Nitrate (NO3)* 50
Nitrite (NO2)* 3 (P)
Selenium (Se) 0.01 (P)
Residual chlorine 0.2-0.5 at consumer end; 0.5-1.5 at source
Zinc (Zn) 5.0
Organic
Pesticides mg/l PSQCA No. 4639-2004, Page No. 4 Table No. 3
Serial No. 20- 58 may be consulted.**
Phenolic compound (as phenols) mg/l WHO standards: 0.002
Polynuclear Aromatic hydrocarbon (as PAH) g/L WHO standards: 0.01v(by GC/MS method)
Radioactive
Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1
Beta Emitters 1
* indicates priority health related inorganic constituents which need regular monitoring.
** PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1063(I)/2010).
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Category of Effective from 1st July 2010 Effective from 1st July 2012
Area/Zone Day time Night time Day time Night time
Residential area 65 50 55 45
Commercial area 70 60 65 55
Industrial area 80 75 75 65
Silence zone 55 45 50 45
Notes:
1. Day time hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.
2. Night time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.
3. Silence zone::Zones that are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than
100 m around the hospitals, educational institutions, and courts.
4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-listed categories by the competent
authority.
* dB(A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on Scale A which is relatable to human
hearing.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1064(I)/2010)
.
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Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website: (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).
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Annex B
1. The tribal agencies are administered through Political Agents who serve as intermediaries
between the Government and the people. A limited form of local self-governance is in place;
FATA has been kept excluded from the legislative regime prevailing in rest of the country. The
tribal areas are governed primarily through the Frontier Crimes Regulation 1901, a procedural law
distinct from the criminal and civil codes operative elsewhere in the country. Though some
reforms have been introduced in FATA recently, these reforms are primarily based on two
significant legal and political dispensations i.e. Frontier Crimes (Amendments) Regulation 2011
and Extension of Political Parties Order 2002 to FATA.
3. As no law/legislation exists in FATA to acquire land or lease out land or property, the current
practice for purchase of land by the Government Departments is as under:
The concerned government Directorate approaches the Political Administration (in
writing) stating that a piece of land is required for a particular purpose in a certain area.
The Political Administration finds a suitable piece of land to be purchased.
The Political Administration assesses the value of land with the help of a designated
committee comprising of local elders, keeping in view the market value.
The land owner is called and asked if he is willing to sell the land to the government. If he
is willing, a rate is negotiated with him; otherwise some other land is identified.
The land map and other documents are prepared by the concerned revenue officer
(Tehsildar).
The Department pays the amount to the land owner through the Political Administration.
An agreement is signed on a stamp paper and endorsed by the Political Administration
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Annex C
I. General
1. The Contractor and his employees shall adhere to the mitigation measures set down in ESMP
and take also all other measures required by the Engineer(s) to prevent social and economic harms,
and to minimize the impact of his operations on the environment.
2. The Contractor shall not be permitted to unnecessarily strip clear the right of way. The
Contractor shall only clear the minimum width for construction and diversion roads should not be
constructed alongside the existing road.
3. Remedial actions which cannot be effectively carried out during construction should be
carried out on completion of each Section of the road (earthworks, pavement and drainage) and
before issuance of the Taking Over Certificate:
(a) these sections should be landscaped and any necessary remedial works should be
undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation;
(b) water courses should be cleared of debris and drains and culverts checked for clear flow
paths; and
(c) borrow pits should be dressed as fish ponds, or drained and made safe, as agreed with the
land owner.
4. The Contractor shall limit construction works to between 6 am and 7 pm if it is to be carried
out in or near residential areas.
5. The Contractor shall avoid the use of heavy or noisy equipment in specified areas at night, or
in sensitive areas such as near a hospital.
6. To prevent dust pollution during dry periods, the Contractor shall carry out regular watering
of earth and gravel haul roads and shall cover material haulage trucks with tarpaulins to prevent
spillage.
II. Transport
7. The Contractor shall use selected routes to the project site, as agreed with the Engineer, and
appropriately sized vehicles suitable to the class of road, and shall restrict loads to prevent damage to
roads and bridges used for transportation purposes. The Contractor shall be held responsible for any
damage caused to the roads and bridges due to the transportation of excessive loads, and shall be
required to repair such damage to the approval of the Engineer.
8. The Contractor shall not use any vehicles, either on or off road with grossly excessive,
exhaust or noise emissions. In any built up areas, noise mufflers shall be installed and maintained in
good condition on all motorized equipment under the control of the Contractor.
9. Adequate traffic control measures shall be maintained by the Contractor throughout the
duration of the Contract and such measures shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer.
III. Workforce
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10. The Contractor should whenever possible locally recruit the majority of the workforce and
shall provide appropriate training as necessary.
11. The Contractor shall install and maintain a temporary septic tank system for any residential
labor camp and without causing pollution of nearby watercourses.
12. The Contractor shall establish a method and system for storing and disposing of all solid
wastes generated by the labor camp and/or base camp.
13. The Contractor shall not allow the use of fuel wood for cooking or heating in any labor camp
or base camp and provide alternate facilities using other fuels.
14. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots, asphalt plants and workshops are located
in appropriate areas as approved by the Engineer and not within 500 meters of existing residential
settlements and not within 1,000 meters for asphalt plants.
15. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots and particularly storage areas for diesel
fuel and bitumen and asphalt plants are not located within 500 meters of watercourses, and are
operated so that no pollutants enter watercourses, either overland or through groundwater seepage,
especially during periods of rain. This will require lubricants to be recycled and a ditch to be
constructed around the area with an approved settling pond/oil trap at the outlet.
16. The contractor shall not use fuelwood as a means of heating during the processing or
preparation of any materials forming part of the Works.
17. Operation of a new borrow area, on land, in a river, or in an existing area, shall be subject to
prior approval of the Engineer, and the operation shall cease if so instructed by the Engineer. Borrow
pits shall be prohibited where they might interfere with the natural or designed drainage patterns.
River locations shall be prohibited if they might undermine or damage the river banks, or carry too
much fine material downstream.
18. The Contractor shall ensure that all borrow pits used are left in a trim and tidy condition with
stable side slopes, and are drained ensuring that no stagnant water bodies are created which could
breed mosquitoes.
19. Rock or gravel taken from a river shall be far enough removed to limit the depth of material
removed to one-tenth of the width of the river at any one location, and not to disrupt the river flow, or
damage or undermine the river banks.
20. The location of crushing plants shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer, and not be
close to environmentally sensitive areas or to existing residential settlements, and shall be operated
with approved fitted dust control devices.
V. Earthworks
21. Earthworks shall be properly controlled, especially during the rainy season.
22. The Contractor shall maintain stable cut and fill slopes at all times and cause the least
possible disturbance to areas outside the prescribed limits of the work.
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23. The Contractor shall complete cut and fill operations to final cross-sections at any one
location as soon as possible and preferably in one continuous operation to avoid partially completed
earthworks, especially during the rainy season.
24. In order to protect any cut or fill slopes from erosion, in accordance with the drawings, cut off
drains and toe-drains shall be provided at the top and bottom of slopes and be planted with grass or
other plant cover. Cut off drains should be provided above high cuts to minimize water runoff and
slope erosion.
25. Any excavated cut or unsuitable material shall be disposed of in designated tipping areas as
agreed to by the Engineer.
26. Tips should not be located where they can cause future slides, interfere with agricultural land
or any other properties, or cause soil from the dump to be washed into any watercourse. Drains may
need to be dug within and around the tips, as directed by the Engineer.
28. Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing structures shall be suitably reused, to
the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (e.g. as fill materials for embankments). The disposal
of remaining debris shall be carried out only at sites identified and approved by the project engineer.
The contractor should ensure that these sites (a) are not located within designated forest areas; (b) do
not impact natural drainage courses; and (c) do not impact endangered/rare flora. Under no
circumstances shall the contractor dispose of any material in environmentally sensitive areas.
29. In the event any debris or silt from the sites is deposited on adjacent land, the Contractor shall
immediately remove such, debris or silt and restore the affected area to its original state to the
satisfaction of the Supervisor/Engineer.
30. Bentonite slurry or similar debris generated from pile driving or other construction activities
shall be disposed of to avoid overflow into the surface water bodies or form mud puddles in the area.
31. All arrangements for transportation during construction including provision, maintenance,
dismantling and clearing debris, where necessary, will be considered incidental to the work and
should be planned and implemented by the contractor as approved and directed by the Engineer.
32. Vehicle/machinery and equipment operations, maintenance and refueling shall be carried out
to avoid spillage of fuels and lubricants and ground contamination. An 'oil interceptor" will be
provided for wash down and refueling areas. Fuel storage shall be located in proper bunded areas.
33. All spills and collected petroleum products shall be disposed of in accordance with standard
environmental procedures/guidelines. Fuel storage and refilling areas shall be located at least 300m
from all cross drainage structures and important water bodies or as directed by the Engineer.
34. The Contractor shall ensure that detection screening of sexually transmitted diseases,
especially with regard to HIV/AIDS, amongst laborers is actually carried out and will submit a
certificate of compliance.
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The contractor will observe local norms and cultural values of the local communities to avoid
any potential conflicts.
X Security to Employees
The contractor will be responsible for providing security to its staff and labor.
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Annex D:
2. All stakeholders will be fully informed of their rights to seek information, queries and
registering complaints, verbally or in-writing during the project period. Information about GRM
will be disseminated through bill-boards at entry and exit points of Khar city, advertised in
newspapers and announced on radio. Care will always be taken to prevent grievances through
careful implementation of the project, and by ensuring full consultation and participation of the
stakeholders, and establishing extensive communication and coordination between the TPMU, the
LG&RDD, Political Administration, contractor(s) and supervision consultants. Efforts will be
made to settle the complaints/issues at the AD LG&RDD; else all possible attempts will be made
to resolve the complaints at the level of Additional Political Agent and GRC to minimize
litigation. All complaints and their redressal will be properly documented by the TPMU through
the GRC Secretary, and will be available for review, monitoring and evaluation purposes. The
GRM will also be displayed on the FUCP and FATA Secretariat websites; TPMU will update the
status of actions taken on the FATA Secretariat website. Other channels will involve direct
complaint to the Focal Point; calling on toll-free hotline (0800), verbal or in writing. These
channels will also provide an opportunity to tribal women to seek information or register their
grievances as per their convenience.
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Toll-free hotline number will be available for this purpose. This channel of interaction will
also provide an opportunity to tribal women to register their grievances in an easy manner.
c) Written Queries/feedback/Complaints
Any person/stakeholder can write to the Focal Point regarding any queries, suggestion,
feedback or grievance.
4. The grievances are mainly classified in two types; the one which are related to FUCP
interventions/investments and the other that are linked to other services (health, education etc) in
MC Khar. The grievance associated to FUCP will be entertained by AD-LG&RDD while the
grievances about other services, which do not come under his mandate/jurisdiction, will be
referred to Additional Political Agent.
Step-1 AD-LG&RDD will act as Focal Point for the GRM; any person/stakeholder can provide feedback
and suggestion to the Focal Point. Aggrieved persons/parties will lodge verbal or written complaints
to AD-LG&RDD. He will address them by providing simple explanation or apology within 3 days
after receipt of query/complaint.
Step-2 In case of major complaint that involve more than one party to resolve, need enquiry to be conducted
to determine its legitimacy and need consultation with project staff, contractor or supervision
consultants or any other party. The AD-LG&RDD will conduct an enquiry to confirm its legitimacy
within a period of five working days and redress it by ensuring remedial actions and will also seek
satisfaction note from the complainant. Complainant(s) will be informed in writing on the actions
taken to resolve the complaint. If AD-LG&RDD fails to do so, he will forward complaint with his
findings and recommendations to the Additional Political Agent (APA) of Bajaur Agency for
appropriate action.
Step-3 Additional Political Agent will redress it within 7 working days and may conduct enquiry through a
third party who do not have stake in it. Complainant will be informed in writing on the actions taken
to resolve the complaint. If APA fails to do so in 7 working days, he will forward this complaint to
the members of GRC. TPMU will also send a copy of project related such complaints to the Bank.
Step-4 A GRC meeting will be convened within 5 working days after receipt of complaint, GRC can ask to
Social Specialist for fact finding. APA/PD-TPMU will direct concerned person/section to take
specific actions to redress the grievance through a written letter.
Step-5 The concerned person/section will take actions to resolve the complaint and inform the complainant,
in writing, and also seek his satisfaction on the redressal. A copy of letter will also be shared with the
Bank.
Step-6 TPMU will report a summary of complaints with actions taken in quarterly progress reports of the
project.
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Flow-Chart of GRM:
Complainant AD-LG&RDD
Compliance Additional
Report submitted Politiical Agent
Refer to
concerned GR Committee
section
5. GRM will also be monitored and evaluated to ensure its success. Monitoring will assess the
extent to which progress made to respond to queries or resolve complaints. Evaluation will
analyze grievance data and will use to make policy and/or process changes to minimize similar
grievances in the future. TPMU will develop a database with number and nature of complaints
with actions taken. Project management will regularly review monitoring and evaluation data on
GRM.
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Annex E
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Annex F
FUCP - Format to Document Voluntary Land Donation
2. That the Owner testifies that the land/structure is free of squatters or encroachers and not
subject to other claims.
3. That, to the best of his knowledge, there are no other lawful claimants to the property
5. That the Owner hereby voluntarily donates to the Recipient this asset for the construction and
development of ............................................for the benefit of the villagers and the public at large.
6. That the Owner affirms that he donates the land freely and under no coercion from any party.
7. That the Owner will not claim any compensation against the grant of this asset.
8. That the Recipient shall construct and develop the...and take all possible precautions
to avoid damage to adjacent land/structure/other assets.
9. That both the parties agree that theso constructed/developed shall be public
premises.
10. That the provisions of this agreement will come into force from the date of signing of this deed.
11. That the owner gives up all claims to the land donated and the title to the land will be
transferred to the recipient through notary public.
___________________ _____________________
Witnesses:
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Annex G
1. No involuntary land acquisition and resettlement is expected to take place for this Project. Where
land is required for schemes, options for land acquisition to be considered for the project include
the following:
(i) voluntary land donation
(ii) land bought from the market on a willing buyer and willing seller basis. (This is described
in detail in Annex B)
2. Where Voluntary Land Donation (VLD) is undertaken, the Project will include measures to
ensure that VLD is:
(i) Beneficial for all and not just a few households/social groups
(ii) Truly voluntary and not a result of coercion or any other influence brought to bear on
the owners.
3. In order to ensure that VLD is beneficial to the largest number of households, the project will
ensure that a range of sites are considered for donation as schemes are identified through a
participatory process. Possible locations will be discussed with the community and a final
decision will be reached collaboratively. Where land is acquired, a screening will be done to
ensure that no involuntary acquisition and resettlement takes place (Annex E). Once land is
identified for voluntary donation, a form will be signed by the person/persons donating it.
4. VLD Procedure, Record Keeping and Verification: (i) certification of no-dispute on the land
and (ii) any form of document showing ownership of the land. Additionally, the Format to
Document Voluntary Land Donation form in will be signed by at least two people in addition to
the landowner. This will include (i) the Village or Tribe Head and (ii) one adjoining neighbor.
The PMU will maintain a detailed record of land donation under the project and register a transfer
of land within six months of scheme approval.
5. Grievance Redress Mechanism: The Project will include a Grievance Redress Mechanism
which will be widely communicated to communities during the social mobilization and scheme
identification phase. A simple system of lodging complaints will be outlined by the and the
Grievance Review Committee will make a final decision on complaints after thorough
investigation. A feedback mechanism will be outlined in the Grievance Redress Mechanism to
ensure that the complainant receives a response on the matter within the stipulated time line.
6. Monitoring: An independent entity will be tasked each year in the project to draw a random
sample of projects in which VLD has taken place and evaluate if the donation has been truly
voluntary. The findings will be presented to the Project Management together with identification
of problem areas, if any.
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Annex H
Checklist for Scheme Siting
Dont
Issues Yes No Mitigation Measures
Know
1 Does the subproject require land acquisition?
[Note: Fill in the land acquisition form if YES]
2 Will the subproject negatively impact
livelihoods [Note: Describe separately if YES]
3 Is the sub project located on land with
contested ownership?
4 Is the sub project located in an area with
security problems
5 Is the sub projected located on land reclaimed
from floods ( the ownership here may be
contested)
6 Is the subproject located in an area with
designated natural reserves?
7 Is the subproject located in an area with unique
natural features?
8 Is the subproject located in an area with
endangered or conservation-worthy
ecosystems, fauna or flora?
9 Is the subproject located in an area falling
within 500 meters of national forests, protected
areas, wilderness areas, wetlands, biodiversity,
critical habitats, or sites of historical or cultural
importance?
10 Is the subproject located in an area which
would create a barrier for the movement of
conservation-worthy wildlife or livestock?
11 Is the subproject located close to groundwater
sources, surface water bodies, water courses or
wetlands?
12 Is the subproject located in an area with
designated cultural properties such as
archaeological, historical and/or religious
sites?
13 Is the subproject in an area with religious
monuments, structures and/or cemeteries?
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Annex I
Sample Reporting Format (to be customized for FUCP)
ClientCompany
ProjectName
CountryofInvestment
IFCProjectNumber
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www.ifc.org/enviro
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Introduction
Preparation Instructions
The following points should assist you in completing this form. Please be descriptive in your responses
and attach additional information as needed.
If you have any questions regarding the AMR or wish to discuss completion of the AMR please contact the
following Investment Officer or Portfolio Manager.
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I certify that the data contained in this AMR completely and accurately represents ProjectName
operations during this reporting period. I further certify that analytical data summaries5 incorporated in
Section 6 are based upon data collected and analyzed in a manner consistent with the World Bank
Groups Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, Monitoring.6
5
Raw analytical data upon which summaries are based should not be submitted with this AMR but must be
preserved by ClientCompany and presented to IFC upon demand.
6
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook
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Please name the individuals in the company who hold responsibility for environmental and social performance (e.g.
Environment Manager, Occupational Health and Safety Manager, Community Relations Manager) and give their
contact information (Name, Address, Telephone Number, Fax Number, E-mail Address).
Describe company operations and level of business activity. Describe any significant changes since the last report in
the company or in day-to-day operations that may affect environmental and social performance. Describe any
management initiatives (e.g. ISO 14001, ISO 9001, OHSAS 18001, or equivalent Quality, Environmental and
Occupational Health and Safety certifications).
ProjectName personnel are required to monitor, record, and report occupational health and safety incidents and
workplace conditions (air quality and physical parameters, which are potentially impacted by industrial processes)
throughout the reporting period.
Please list any reports submitted to CountryofInvestment authorities, e.g. on OHS, fire and safety inspections,
compliance monitoring, emergency exercises, as well as comments received and corrective actions taken.
CountryofInvestment authority monitoring and inspections with subsequent actions taken shall also be summarized
and reported.
If any of the information requested in the AMR (Section 2.2 - Section 2.4) is contained in reports sent to
CountryofInvestment authorities, please submit the applicable section of the report.
Please prepare an Occupational Health and Safety Monitoring Report in the following format. Workplace
monitoring must take place while Project Name facilities are in operation. Please complete a workplace table for
each monitoring station in your operations, as defined below.
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
7
For each Workplace Monitoring Report provide a building or workplace drawing and define the area of influence
and affected employees.
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8
Maximum limits from IFC Guidelines and the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
9
TLV-TWA (Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average): The time-weighted average concentration for a
conventional 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek, to which nearly all workers may be exposed, day after day,
without adverse effect.
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Please report on incidents during the reporting year for ProjectName. Contractor employees are required to adhere
to comparable occupational health and safety standards. If ProjectName uses contractor employees, please also
report any contractor employee incidents. Expand or shrink the tables as needed.
Man-hours worked
Fatalities
Non-fatal injuries10
Lost workdays11
Vehicle collisions12
Incidence13
10
Incapacity to work for at least one full workday beyond the day on which the accident or illness occurred.
11
Lost workdays are the number of workdays (consecutive or not) beyond the date of injury or onset of illness that
the employee was away from work or limited to restricted work activity because of an occupational injury or illness.
12
Vehicle Collision: When a vehicle (device used to transport people or things) collides (comes together with
violent force) with another vehicle or inanimate or animate object(s) and results in injury (other than the need for
First Aid) or death.
13
Calculate incidence using the following equation: incidence= total lost workdays/ 100,000 man-hours worked.
Use the total lost workdays to calculate the incidence for this reporting period, reporting periods 1 year ago and 2
years ago, as required above.
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14
ProjectName personnel should be trained in environmental, health and safety matters including accident
prevention, safe lifting practices, the use of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), safe chemical handling practices,
proper control and maintenance of equipment and facilities, emergency response, personal protective equipment
(PEP), emergency response, etc.
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Please explain any significant Occupational Health and Safety events not covered in the above OHS
tables. The report could include proposed revision of the OHS Management System (if applicable),
revised quantitative objectives, action plans for technical improvements, and planned training activities.
ProjectName personnel are required to report all environmental and social events17 that may have caused
damage; caused health problems; attracted the attention of outside parties; affected project labor or
15
Attach additional sheets as needed to fully describe observed deficiencies.
16
Attach additional sheets as needed to fully describe corrective actions and implementation.
17
Examples of significant incidents follow. Chemical and/or hydrocarbon materials spills; fire, explosion or
unplanned releases; industrial injuries; fatalities including transportation; ecological damage/destruction; local
population disruption; disruption of emissions or effluent treatment; legal/administrative notice of violation;
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Attach photographs, plot plans, newspaper articles and all relevant supporting information that IFC will need to
be completely familiar with the incident and associated environmental and social issues.
Please report on the following topics, expanding or collapsing the table where needed.
Date of event Event description Affected Reports sent to IFC Corrective actions
people/environment and/or local (including cost and
regulatory agencies time schedule for
implementation)
1. In detail, describe print or broadcast media attention given to ProjectName during this reporting
period.
2. In detail, describe interactions with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or public scrutiny of
ProjectName.
3. Describe ProjectName public relations efforts (e.g. establishment of a web page, hiring of community
liaison officer)
4. Suggest ways and means to improve information exchange and interactions with IFC professionals.
IFC has developed a framework to help assess the development impacts of our investments. Many of our
projects take on initiatives, develop processes, or install equipment that exceeds IFC's environmental and
social requirements. This framework permits us to rate project performance in various areas. Over the
past year, has Project Sponsor made changes to operations or participated in any efforts that have
impacted Project Sponsors organization in the following areas?
penalties, fines, or increase in pollution charges; negative media attention; chance cultural finds; labor unrest or
disputes.
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If so, please offer details so we can assess your performance beyond our compliance criteria.
Provide the following information for monitoring data which exceed WGB/IFC maximum levels. This
refers to data presented in Section 6, Quantitative Data Reports to Illustrate Compliance with IFC/ World
Bank Group Environmental Guidelines and CountryofInvestment Regulations. Provide the information
in the table for each parameter exceeded.
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Annex J
World Bank Environment Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines
1. The World Bank Environment Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are appended to this section.
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Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines
GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: INTRODUCTION
WORLD BANK GROUP
General Approach to the Management people or to the environmental resources on which they
depend.
of EHS Issues at the Facility or Project
Level Prioritizing risk management strategies with the objective of
achieving an overall reduction of risk to human health and the
Effective management of environmental, health, and safety (EHS)
environment, focusing on the prevention of irreversible and / or
issues entails the inclusion of EHS considerations into corporate-
significant impacts.
and facility-level business processes in an organized, hierarchical
approach that includes the following steps: Favoring strategies that eliminate the cause of the hazard at
its source, for example, by selecting less hazardous materials
Identifying EHS project hazards3 and associated risks4 as
or processes that avoid the need for EHS controls.
early as possible in the facility development or project cycle,
including the incorporation of EHS considerations into the site When impact avoidance is not feasible, incorporating
selection process, product design process, engineering engineering and management controls to reduce or minimize
planning process for capital requests, engineering work the possibility and magnitude of undesired consequences, for
orders, facility modification authorizations, or layout and example, with the application of pollution controls to reduce
process change plans. the levels of emitted contaminants to workers or environments.
Involving EHS professionals, who have the experience, Preparing workers and nearby communities to respond to
competence, and training necessary to assess and manage accidents, including providing technical and financial
EHS impacts and risks, and carry out specialized resources to effectively and safely control such events, and
environmental management functions including the restoring workplace and community environments to a safe
preparation of project or activity-specific plans and procedures and healthy condition.
that incorporate the technical recommendations presented in
Improving EHS performance through a combination of ongoing
this document that are relevant to the project.
monitoring of facility performance and effective accountability.
Understanding the likelihood and magnitude of EHS risks,
based on:
3 Defined as threats to humans and what they value (Kates, et al., 1985).
4 Defined as quantitative measures of hazard consequences, usually expressed as
conditional probabilities of experiencing harm (Kates, et. al., 1985)
1.0 Environmental
1.1 Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality
the spatial characteristic of the source including point sources,
Applicability and Approach ...............................................3 fugitive sources, and mobile sources and, further, by process,
Ambient Air Quality ..........................................................4 such as combustion, materials storage, or other industry sector-
General Approach....................................................4
specific processes.
Projects Located in Degraded Airsheds or Ecologically
Sensitive Areas........................................................5
Point Sources ..................................................................5 Where possible, facilities and projects should avoid, minimize, and
Stack Height.............................................................5 control adverse impacts to human health, safety, and the
Small Combustion Facilities Emissions Guidelines ....6
Fugitive Sources ..............................................................8 environment from emissions to air. Where this is not possible, the
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)........................8 generation and release of emissions of any type should be
Particulate Matter (PM).............................................8 managed through a combination of:
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) .........................9
Mobile Sources Land-based ..........................................9
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs).............................................9 Energy use efficiency
Monitoring......................................................................10 Process modification
Monitoring of Small Combustion Plants Emissions...11
Selection of fuels or other materials, the processing of which
may result in less polluting emissions
Application of emissions control techniques
Applicability and Approach
This guideline applies to facilities or projects that generate The selected prevention and control techniques may include one
emissions to air at any stage of the project life-cycle. It or more methods of treatment depending on:
complements the industry-specific emissions guidance presented
in the Industry Sector Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Regulatory requirements
Guidelines by providing information about common techniques for Significance of the source
emissions management that may be applied to a range of industry Location of the emitting facility relative to other sources
sectors. This guideline provides an approach to the management Location of sensitive receptors
of significant sources of emissions, including specific guidance for Existing ambient air quality, and potential for degradation of
assessment and monitoring of impacts. It is also intended to the airshed from a proposed project
provide additional information on approaches to emissions Technical feasibility and cost effectiveness of the available
management in projects located in areas of poor air quality, where options for prevention, control, and release of emissions
it may be necessary to establish project-specific emissions
standards.
Projects Located in Degraded Airsheds or Point sources are characterized by the release of air pollutants
Ecologically Sensitive Areas typically associated with the combustion of fossil fuels, such as
Facilities or projects located within poor quality airsheds14, and nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide
within or next to areas established as ecologically sensitive (e.g. (CO), and particulate matter (PM), as well as other air pollutants
national parks), should ensure that any increase in pollution levels including certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals
is as small as feasible, and amounts to a fraction of the applicable that may also be associated with a wide range of industrial
short-term and annual average air quality guidelines or standards activities.
as established in the project-specific environmental assessment.
Emissions from point sources should be avoided and controlled
Suitable mitigation measures may also include the relocation of
according to good international industry practice (GIIP) applicable
significant sources of emissions outside the airshed in question,
to the relevant industry sector, depending on ambient conditions,
use of cleaner fuels or technologies, application of comprehensive
through the combined application of process modifications and
pollution control measures, offset activities at installations
emissions controls, examples of which are provided in Annex
controlled by the project sponsor or other facilities within the same
1.1.2. Additional recommendations regarding stack height and
airshed, and buy-down of emissions within the same airshed.
emissions from small combustion facilities are provided below.
13 Nearby generally considers an area within a radius of up to 20 times the stack 15 Emission points refer to a specific stack, vent, or other discrete point of pollution
height. release. This term should not be confused with point source, which is a regulatory
14 An airshed should be considered as having poor air quality if nationally distinction from area and mobile sources. The characterization of point sources
into multiple emissions points is useful for allowing more detailed reporting of
legislated air quality standards or WHO Air Quality Guidelines are exceeded emissions information.
significantly.
16 Small combustion sources are those with a total rated heat input capacity of
50MWth or less.
17 The contribution of a fuel is the percentage of heat input (LHV) provided by this
fuel multiplied by its limit value.
Table 1.1.2 - Small Combustion Facilities Emissions Guidelines (3MWth 50MWth) (in mg/Nm3 or as indicated)
Combustion Technology / Dry Gas, Excess
Particulate Matter (PM) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Fuel O2 Content (%)
Engine
200 (Spark Ignition)
Gas N/A N/A 400 (Dual Fuel) 15
1,600 (Compression Ignition)
1.5 percent Sulfur or up to 3.0 percent Sulfur if
50 or up to 100 if justified by project specific If bore size diameter [mm] < 400: 1460
justified by project specific considerations (e.g.
considerations (e.g. Economic feasibility of (or up to 1,600 if justified to maintain high
Economic feasibility of using lower S content fuel,
Liquid using lower ash content fuel, or adding energy efficiency.) 15
or adding secondary treatment to meet levels of
secondary treatment to meet 50, and
using 1.5 percent Sulfur, and available
available environmental capacity of the site) If bore size diameter [mm] > or = 400: 1,850
environmental capacity of the site)
Turbine
Natural Gas 42 ppm (Electric generation)
N/A N/A 15
=3MWth to < 15MWth 100 ppm (Mechanical drive)
Natural Gas
N/A N/A 25 ppm 15
=15MWth to < 50MWth
enclosed space. Typical sources include equipment leaks, open opportunity for volatilization by eliminating the headspace
vats and mixing tanks, storage tanks, unit operations in present in conventional storage tanks.
Recommended prevention and control of these emissions sources programs. In the absence of these, the following approach should
include: be considered:
Use of dust control methods, such as covers, water Regardless of the size or type of vehicle, fleet owners /
suppression, or increased moisture content for open operators should implement the manufacturer recommended
materials storage piles, or controls, including air extraction engine maintenance programs;
and treatment through a baghouse or cyclone for material Drivers should be instructed on the benefits of driving
handling sources, such as conveyors and bins; practices that reduce both the risk of accidents and fuel
Use of water suppression for control of loose materials on consumption, including measured acceleration and driving
paved or unpaved road surfaces. Oil and oil by-products is within safe speed limits;
not a recommended method to control road dust. Examples Operators with fleets of 120 or more units of heavy duty
of additional control options for unpaved roads include those vehicles (buses and trucks), or 540 or more light duty
summarized in Annex 1.1.5. vehicles21 (cars and light trucks) within an airshed should
consider additional ways to reduce potential impacts
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) including:
Several chemicals are classified as ozone depleting substances
o Replacing older vehicles with newer, more fuel efficient
(ODSs) and are scheduled for phase-out under the Montreal
alternatives
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.19 No new
o Converting high-use vehicles to cleaner fuels, where
systems or processes should be installed using CFCs, halons,
feasible
1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide or
o Installing and maintaining emissions control devices,
HBFCs. HCFCs should only be considered as interim / bridging
such as catalytic converters
alternatives as determined by the host country commitments and o Implementing a regular vehicle maintenance and repair
regulations.20 program
from facilities within the physical project boundary and indirect decisions to be made based on the data and the consequences of
emissions associated with the off-site production of power used by making an incorrect decision, the time and geographic
the project. boundaries, and the quality of data needed to make a correct
decision.25 The air quality monitoring program should consider
Recommendations for reduction and control of greenhouse gases
include: the following elements:
23 Carbon financing as a carbon emissions reduction strategy may include the host
consists of off-site or fence line monitoring either by the
government-endorsed Clean Development Mechanism or Joint Implementation of project sponsor, the competent government agency, or by
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
24 Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a process consisting of the collaboration between both. The location of ambient air
separation of CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources; transport to a
storage location; and long-term isolation from the atmosphere, for example in
geological formations, in the ocean, or in mineral carbonates (reaction of CO2 with
metal oxides in silicate minerals to produce stable carbonates). It is the object of 25 See, for example, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance on
intensive research worldwide (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Systematic Planning Using the Data Quality Objectives Process EPA QA/G-4,
(IPCC), Special Report, Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (2006). EPA/240/B-06/001 February 2006.
quality monitoring stations should be established based on o If Annual Stack Emission Testing demonstrates results
the results of scientific methods and mathematical models to consistently and significantly better than the required
estimate potential impact to the receiving airshed from an levels, frequency of Annual Stack Emission Testing can
emissions source taking into consideration such aspects as be reduced from annual to every two or three years.
the location of potentially affected communities and o Emission Monitoring: None
prevailing wind directions.
Boilers with capacities between =20 MWth and < 50 MWth
Sampling and analysis methods: Monitoring programs should o Annual Stack Emission Testing: SO2, NOx and PM. For
apply national or international methods for sample collection gaseous fuel-fired boilers, only NOx. SO2 can be
and analysis, such as those published by the International calculated based on fuel quality certification (if no SO2
Organization for Standardization,26 the European Committee control equipment is used)
for Standardization,27 or the U.S. Environmental Protection o Emission Monitoring: SO2. Plants with SO2 control
Agency.28 Sampling should be conducted by, or under, the equipment: Continuous. NOx: Continuous monitoring of
supervision of trained individuals. Analysis should be either NOx emissions or indicative NOx emissions using
conducted by entities permitted or certified for this purpose. combustion parameters. PM: Continuous monitoring of
Sampling and analysis Quality Assurance / Quality Control either PM emissions, opacity, or indicative PM
(QA/QC) plans should be applied and documented to ensure emissions using combustion parameters / visual
that data quality is adequate for the intended data use (e.g., monitoring.
method detection limits are below levels of concern). Additional recommended monitoring approaches for
Monitoring reports should include QA/QC documentation. turbines:
o Annual Stack Emission Testing: NOx and SO2 (NOx
Monitoring of Small Combustion Plants Emissions only for gaseous fuel-fired turbines).
Additional recommended monitoring approaches for boilers: o If Annual Stack Emission Testing results show
Boilers with capacities between =3 MWth and < 20 MWth: constantly (3 consecutive years) and significantly (e.g.
o Annual Stack Emission Testing: SO2, NOx and PM. For less than 75 percent) better than the required levels,
gaseous fuel-fired boilers, only NOx. SO2 can be frequency of Annual Stack Emission Testing can be
calculated based on fuel quality certification if no SO2 reduced from annual to every two or three years.
control equipment is used. o Emission Monitoring: NOx: Continuous monitoring of
either NOx emissions or indicative NOx emissions using
26 An on-line catalogue of ISO standards relating to the environment, health combustion parameters.SO2: Continuous monitoring if
protection, and safety is available at: SO2 control equipment is used.
http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueListPage.CatalogueList?ICS1=13&ICS2=&ICS
3=&scopelist=
Additional recommended monitoring approaches for
27 An on-line catalogue of European Standards is available at:
http://www.cen.eu/catweb/cwen.htm . engines:
28 The National Environmental Methods Index provides a searchable o Annual Stack Emission Testing: NOx ,SO2 and PM (NOx
clearinghouse of U.S. methods and procedures for both regulatory and non-
regulatory monitoring purposes for water, sediment, air and tissues, and is only for gaseous fuel-fired diesel engines).
available at http://www.nemi.gov/.
Annex 1.1.2 Illustrative Point Source Air Emissions Prevention and Control Technologies
Cyclone 74 95% None Most efficient for large particles. Achievable outlet concentrations of 30 - 40
mg/Nm 3
Wet Scrubber 93 95% None Wet sludge may be a disposal problem depending on local infrastructure.
Achievable outlet concentrations of 30 - 40 mg/Nm3
Annex 1.1.2: Illustrative Point Source Air Emissions Prevention and Control Technologies (continued)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Percent Reduction by Fuel Type Comments
Combustion modification
Associated with combustion of fuel. Coal Oil Gas These modifications are capable of reducing NOx emissions by 50
(Illustrative of boilers)
May occur in several forms of nitrogen to 95%. The method of combustion control used depends on the
oxide; namely nitric oxide (NO), Low-excess-air firing 1030 1030 1030 type of boiler and the method of firing fuel.
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrous
oxide (N2O), which is also a Staged Combustion 2050 2050 2050
greenhouse gas. The term NOx Flue Gas Recirculation N/A 2050 2050
serves as a composite between NO
and NO2 and emissions are usually Water/Steam Injection N/A 1050 N/A.
reported as NOx. Here the NO is
multiplied by the ratio of molecular Low-NOx Burners 3040 3040 3040
weights of NO2 to NO and added to
Flue Gas Treatment Coal Oil Gas
the NO2 emissions. Flue gas treatment is more effective in reducing NOx emissions
than are combustion controls. Techniques can be classified as
Means of reducing NOx emissions are SCR, SNCR, and adsorption. SCR involves the injection of
based on the modification of operating Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) 6090 6090 6090 ammonia as a reducing agent to convert NOx to nitrogen in the
conditions such as minimizing the presence of a catalyst in a converter upstream of the air heater.
resident time at peak temperatures, Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction N/A 3070 3070 Generally, some ammonia slips through and is part of the
reducing the peak temperatures by (SNCR) emissions. SNCR also involves the injection of ammonia or urea
increasing heat transfer rates or based products without the presence of a catalyst.
minimizing the availability of oxygen.
Annex 1.1.3 - Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) Annex 1.1.4 - Examples of VOC Emissions Controls
Stack Height
(Based on United States 40 CFR, part 51.100 (ii)).
Approximate
HG = H + 1.5L; where Control
Equipment Type Modification
Efficiency
HG = GEP stack height measured from the ground level (%)
elevation at the base of the stack Seal-less design 10029
H = Height of nearby structure(s) above the base of the
stack. Closed-vent system 9030
Pumps
L = Lesser dimension, height (h) or width (w), of nearby Dual mechanical seal
with barrier fluid
structures maintained at a higher 100
Nearby structures = Structures within/touching a radius pressure than the
pumped fluid
of 5L but less than 800 m.
Closed-vent system 90
Control
Control Type
Efficiency
Common opportunities in each of these areas are summarized Review opportunities to schedule work flow to limit the
below.32 need for process reheating between stages
Operate furnaces/ovens at slight positive pressure, and
Process Heating maintain air seals to reduce air in-leakage into the heated
Process heating is vital to many manufacturing processes, system, thereby reducing the energy required to heat
including heating for fluids, calcining, drying, heat treating, metal unnecessary air to system operating temperature
heating, melting, melting agglomeration, curing, and forming33. Reduce radiant heat losses by sealing structural openings
and keep viewing ports closed when not in use
In process heating systems, a system heat and mass balance
Where possible, use the system for long runs close to or at
will show how much of the systems energy input provides true
operating capacity
process heating, and quantify fuel used to satisfy energy losses
Consider use of high emissivity coatings of high
caused by excessive parasitic loads, distribution, or conversion
temperature insulation, and consequent reduction in
losses. Examination of savings opportunities should be directed
process temperature
by the results of the heat and mass balance, though the
Near net weight and shape heat designs
following techniques are often valuable and cost-effective.
Robust Quality assurance on input material
Robust Scheduled maintenance programs
Heating Load Reduction
Ensure adequate insulation to reduce heat losses through
Heat Distribution Systems
furnace/oven etc. structure
Heat distribution in process heating applications typically takes
Recover heat from hot process or exhaust streams to
place through steam, hot water, or thermal fluid systems.
reduce system loads
Losses can be reduced through the following actions:
In intermittently-heated systems, consider use of low
thermal mass insulation to reduce energy required to heat Promptly repair distribution system leaks
the system structure to operating temperature Avoid steam leaks despite a perceived need to get steam
Control process temperature and other parameters through the turbine. Electricity purchase is usually cheaper
accurately to avoid, for example, overheating or overdrying overall, especially when the cost to treat turbine-quality
Examine opportunities to use low weight and/or low boiler feed water is included. If the heat-power ratio of the
thermal mass product carriers, such as heated shapers, distribution process is less than that of power systems,
kiln cars etc. opportunities should be considered to increase the ratio; for
example, by using low-pressure steam to drive absorption
cooling systems rather than using electrically-driven vapor-
32 Additional guidance on energy efficiency is available from sources such as
Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN compression systems.
http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/commercial/financial-assistance/new-
buildings/mnecb.cfm?attr=20); the European Union (EUROPA. Regularly verify correct operation of steam traps in steam
http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/s15004.htm ), and United States Department
of Energy (US DOE, systems, and ensure that traps are not bypassed. Since
http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/industry/process.html).
33 US DOE. http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/industry/process.html
steam traps typically last approximately 5 years, 20% Maintain clean heat transfer surfaces; in steam boilers, flue
should be replaced or repaired annually gases should be no more than 20 K above steam
Insulate distribution system vessels, such as hot wells and temperature)
de-aerators, in steam systems and thermal fluid or hot In steam boiler systems, use economizers to recover heat
water storage tanks from flue gases to pre-heat boiler feed water or combustion
Insulate all steam, condensate, hot water and thermal fluid air
distribution pipework, down to and including 1 (25 mm) Consider reverse osmosis or electrodialysis feed water
diameter pipe, in addition to insulating all hot valves and treatment to minimize the requirement for boiler blowdown
flanges Adopt automatic (continuous) boiler blowdown
In steam systems, return condensate to the boiler house Recover heat from blowdown systems through flash steam
for re-use, since condensate is expensive boiler-quality recovery or feed-water preheat
water and valuable beyond its heat content alone Do not supply excessive quantities of steam to the de-
Use flash steam recovery systems to reduce losses due to aerator
evaporation of high-pressure condensate With fired heaters, consider opportunities to recover heat to
Consider steam expansion through a back-pressure turbine combustion air through the use of recuperative or
rather than reducing valve stations regenerative burner systems
Eliminate distribution system losses by adopting point-of- For systems operating for extended periods (> 6000
use heating systems hours/year), cogeneration of electrical power, heat and /or
cooling can be cost effective
Energy Conversion System Efficiency Oxy Fuel burners
Improvements
Oxygen enrichment/injection
The following efficiency opportunities should be examined for
Use of turbolators in boilers
process furnaces or ovens, and utility systems, such as boilers
Sizing design and use of multiple boilers for different load
and fluid heaters:
configurations
Regularly monitor CO, oxygen or CO2 content of flue Fuel quality control/fuel blending
gases to verify that combustion systems are using the
minimum practical excess air volumes Process Cooling
Consider combustion automation using oxygen-trim The general methodology outlined above should be applied to
controls process cooling systems. Commonly used and cost-effective
Minimize the number of boilers or heaters used to meet measures to improve process cooling efficiency are described
loads. It is typically more efficient to run one boiler at 90% below.
of capacity than two at 45%. Minimize the number of
boilers kept at hotstandby
Use flue dampers to eliminate ventilation losses from hot
boilers held at standby
Ensure adequate insulation to reduce heat gains through o Installing timers and/or thermostats and/or
that has passed through a back-pressure turbine), temperature is indicative of an appropriately sized
absorption refrigeration may be appropriate. evaporator. When cooling liquids, 2K between leaving
Exploit high cooling temperature range: precooling by liquid and evaporating temperatures can be achieved,
ambient and/or high temperature refrigeration before final though a 4K difference is generally indicative of a
cooling can reduce refrigeration capital and running costs. generously-sized evaporator.
High cooling temperature range also provides an Keep the evaporator clean. When cooling air, ensure
opportunity for countercurrent (cascade) cooling, which correct defrost operation. In liquid cooling, monitor
reduces refrigerant flow needs. refrigerant/process temperature differences and compare
Keep hot and cold fluids separate, for example, do not with design expectations to be alert to heat exchanger
mix water leaving the chiller with water returning from contamination by scale or oil.
cooling circuits. Ensure oil is regularly removed from the evaporator, and
In low-temperature systems where high temperature that oil additions and removals balance.
differences are inevitable, consider two-stage or compound Avoid the use of back-pressure valves.
compression, or economized screw compressors, rather Adjust expansion valves to minimize suction superheat
than single-stage compression. consistent with avoidance of liquid carry-over to
compressors.
Minimizing Temperature Differences
Ensure that an appropriate refrigerant charge volume is
A vapor-compression refrigeration system raises the present.
temperature of the refrigerant from somewhat below the lowest
process temperature (the evaporating temperature) to provide Reducing Condensing Temperature
process cooling, to a higher temperature (the condensing Consider whether to use air-cooled or evaporation-based
temperature), somewhat above ambient, to facilitate heat cooling (e.g. evaporative or water cooled condensers and
rejection to the air or cooling water systems. Increasing cooling towers). Air-cooled evaporators usually have
evaporating temperature typically increases compressor cooling higher condensing temperatures, hence higher compressor
capacity without greatly affecting power consumption. Reducing energy use, and auxiliary power consumption, especially in
condensing temperature increases evaporator cooling capacity low humidity climates. If a wet system is used, ensure
and substantially reduces compressor power consumption. adequate treatment to prevent growth of legionella
bacteria.
Elevating Evaporating Temperature
Whichever basic system is chosen, select a relatively large
Select a large evaporator to permit relatively low condenser to minimize differences between condensing
temperature differences between process and evaporating and the heat sink temperatures. Condensing temperatures
temperatures. Ensure that energy use of auxiliaries (e.g. with air cooled or evaporative condensers should not be
evaporator fans) does not outweigh compression savings. more than 10K above design ambient condition, and a 4K
In air-cooling applications, a design temperature difference approach in a liquid-cooled condenser is possible.
of 6-10 K between leaving air temperature and evaporating
Additionally, auxiliary use can be reduced by avoidance of part- o Implement systems for systematic identification and
load operation and in plant selection (e.g. axial fan evaporative repair of leaks
condensers generally use less energy than equivalent o All condensate drain points should be trapped. Do not
centrifugal fan towers). leave drain valves continuously cracked open
o Train workers never to direct compressed air against
Under extreme off-design conditions, reduction in duty of cooling
their bodies or clothing to dust or cool themselves
system fans and pumps can be worthwhile, usually when the
down.
lowest possible condensing pressure has been achieved.
Distribution
Compressed Air Systems Monitor pressure losses in filters and replace as
Compressed air is the most commonly found utility service in
appropriate
industry, yet in many compressed air systems, the energy
Use adequately sized distribution pipework designed to
contained in compressed air delivered to the user is often 10%
minimize pressure losses
or less of energy used in air compression. Savings are often
possible through the following techniques:
Load reduction
Examine each true user of compressed air to identify the
air volume needed and the pressure at which this should
be delivered.
Do not mix high volume low pressure and low volume high
pressure loads. Decentralize low volume high-pressure
applications or provide dedicated low-pressure utilities, for
example, by using fans rather than compressed air.
Review air use reduction opportunities, for example:
When wastewater treatment is required prior to discharge, the the receiving water into consideration, should also influence the
level of treatment should be based on: acceptable pollution loadings and effluent discharge quality.
Additional considerations that should be included in the setting of
Whether wastewater is being discharged to a sanitary sewer project-specific performance levels for wastewater effluents
system, or to surface waters include:
National and local standards as reflected in permit
requirements and sewer system capacity to convey and treat Process wastewater treatment standards consistent with
wastewater if discharge is to sanitary sewer applicable Industry Sector EHS Guidelines. Projects for
Assimilative capacity of the receiving water for the load of which there are no industry-specific guidelines should
contaminant being discharged wastewater if discharge is to reference the effluent quality guidelines of an industry sector
surface water with suitably analogous processes and effluents;
Intended use of the receiving water body (e.g. as a source of Compliance with national or local standards for sanitary
drinking water, recreation, irrigation, navigation, or other) wastewater discharges or, in their absence, the indicative
Presence of sensitive receptors (e.g., endangered species) guideline values applicable to sanitary wastewater
or habitats discharges shown in Table 1.3.1 below ;
Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) for the relevant Temperature of wastewater prior to discharge does not result
industry sector in an increase greater than 3C of ambient temperature at
the edge of a scientifically established mixing zone which
General Liquid Effluent Quality takes into account ambient water quality, receiving water use
and assimilative capacity among other considerations.
Discharge to Surface Water
Discharges of process wastewater, sanitary wastewater, Discharge to Sanitary Sewer Systems
wastewater from utility operations or stormwater to surface water Discharges of industrial wastewater, sanitary wastewater,
should not result in contaminant concentrations in excess of local wastewater from utility operations or stormwater into public or
ambient water quality criteria or, in the absence of local criteria, private wastewater treatment systems should:
other sources of ambient water quality.35 Receiving water use36
and assimilative capacity37, taking other sources of discharges to Meet the pretreatment and monitoring requirements of the
sewer treatment system into which it discharges.
characteristics of residuals from wastewater treatment Properly designed and installed in accordance with local
operations. regulations and guidance to prevent any hazard to public
Be discharged into municipal or centralized wastewater health or contamination of land, surface or groundwater.
treatment systems that have adequate capacity to meet local Well maintained to allow effective operation.
regulatory requirements for treatment of wastewater Installed in areas with sufficient soil percolation for the design
generated from the project. Pretreatment of wastewater to wastewater loading rate.
meet regulatory requirements before discharge from the Installed in areas of stable soils that are nearly level, well
project site is required if the municipal or centralized drained, and permeable, with enough separation between the
wastewater treatment system receiving wastewater from the drain field and the groundwater table or other receiving
project does not have adequate capacity to maintain waters.
regulatory compliance.
Wastewater Management
Land Application of Treated Effluent Wastewater management includes water conservation,
The quality of treated process wastewater, wastewater from utility wastewater treatment, stormwater management, and wastewater
operations or stormwater discharged on land, including wetlands, and water quality monitoring.
should be established based on local regulatory requirements. .
Where land is used as part of the treatment system and the Industrial Wastewater
ultimate receptor is surface water, water quality guidelines for Industrial wastewater generated from industrial operations
surface water discharges specific to the industry sector process includes process wastewater, wastewater from utility operations,,
should apply.38 Potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface runoff from process and materials staging areas, and
water, in the context of protection, conservation and long term miscellaneous activities including wastewater from laboratories,
sustainability of water and land resources should be assessed equipment maintenance shops, etc.. The pollutants in an industrial
when land is used as part of any wastewater treatment system. wastewater may include acids or bases (exhibited as low or high
pH), soluble organic chemicals causing depletion of dissolved
Septic Systems oxygen, suspended solids, nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen),
Septic systems are commonly used for treatment and disposal of heavy metals (e.g. cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury,
domestic sanitary sewage in areas with no sewerage collection nickel, zinc), cyanide, toxic organic chemicals, oily materials, and
networks, Septic systems should only be used for treatment of volatile materials. , as well as from thermal characteristics of the
sanitary sewage, and unsuitable for industrial wastewater discharge (e.g., elevated temperature). Transfer of pollutants to
treatment. When septic systems are the selected form of another phase, such as air, soil, or the sub-surface, should be
wastewater disposal and treatment, they should be: minimized through process and engineering controls.
38 Additional guidance on water quality considerations for land application is Process Wastewater Examples of treatment approaches
available in the WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and
Greywater. Volume 2: Wastewater Use in Agriculture
typically used in the treatment of industrial wastewater are
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/gsuweg2/en/index.html summarized in Annex 1.3.1. While the choice of treatment
technology is driven by wastewater characteristics, the actual account ambient water quality, receiving water use, potential
performance of this technology depends largely on the adequacy receptors and assimilative capacity among other
of its design, equipment selection, as well as operation and considerations;
maintenance of its installed facilities. Adequate resources are Minimizing use of antifouling and corrosion inhibiting
required for proper operation and maintenance of a treatment chemicals by ensuring appropriate depth of water intake and
facility, and performance is strongly dependent on the technical use of screens. Least hazardous alternatives should be used
ability and training of its operational staff. One or more treatment with regards to toxicity, biodegradability, bioavailability, and
technologies may be used to achieve the desired discharge bioaccumulation potential. Dose applied should accord with
quality and to maintain consistent compliance with regulatory local regulatory requirements and manufacturer
requirements. The design and operation of the selected recommendations;
wastewater treatment technologies should avoid uncontrolled air Testing for residual biocides and other pollutants of concern
emissions of volatile chemicals from wastewaters. Residuals from should be conducted to determine the need for dose
industrial wastewater treatment operations should be disposed in adjustments or treatment of cooling water prior to discharge.
compliance with local regulatory requirements, in the absence of
which disposal has to be consistent with protection of public health Stormwater Management - Stormwater includes any surface
and safety, and conservation and long term sustainability of water runoff and flows resulting from precipitation, drainage or other
be reduced (e.g. by using vegetated swales and retention medical infirmaries, water softening etc. may also be discharged
ponds); to the sanitary wastewater treatment system. Recommended
Where stormwater treatment is deemed necessary to protect sanitary wastewater management strategies include:
the quality of receiving water bodies, priority should be given
to managing and treating the first flush of stormwater runoff Segregation of wastewater streams to ensure compatibility
with selected treatment option (e.g. septic system which can
where the majority of potential contaminants tend to be
only accept domestic sewage);
present;
Segregation and pretreatment of oil and grease containing
When water quality criteria allow, stormwater should be
effluents (e.g. use of a grease trap) prior to discharge into
managed as a resource, either for groundwater recharge or
sewer systems;
for meeting water needs at the facility;
If sewage from the industrial facility is to be discharged to
Oil water separators and grease traps should be installed
surface water, treatment to meet national or local standards
and maintained as appropriate at refueling facilities,
for sanitary wastewater discharges or, in their absence, the
workshops, parking areas, fuel storage and containment
indicative guideline values applicable to sanitary wastewater
areas.
discharges shown in Table 1.3.1;
Sludge from stormwater catchments or collection and
If sewage from the industrial facility is to be discharged to
treatment systems may contain elevated levels of pollutants
either a septic system, or where land is used as part of the
and should be disposed in compliance with local regulatory
requirements, in the absence of which disposal has to be treatment system, treatment to meet applicable national or
local standards for sanitary wastewater discharges is
consistent with protection of public health and safety, and
required.
conservation and long term sustainability of water and land
resources. Sludge from sanitary wastewater treatment systems should
be disposed in compliance with local regulatory
Sanitary Wastewater requirements, in the absence of which disposal has to be
Sanitary wastewater from industrial facilities may include effluents consistent with protection of public health and safety, and
from domestic sewage, food service, and laundry facilities serving conservation and long term sustainability of water and land
Oil and grease mg/l 10 operations, and inhalation of VOCs, bioaerosols, and methane,
contact with pathogens and vectors, and use of potentially
Total suspended solids mg/l 50
hazardous chemicals, including chlorine, sodium and calcium
Total coliform bacteria MPN b / 100 ml 400a
hypochlorite, and ammonia. Detailed recommendations for the
Notes:
a Not applicable to centralized, municipal, wastewater treatment systems management of occupational health and safety issues are
which are included in EHS Guidelines for Water and Sanitation.
b MPN = Most Probable Number presented in the relevant section of this document. Additional
guidance specifically applicable to wastewater treatment systems
Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Operations is provided in the EHS Guidelines for Water and Sanitation.
Air emissions from wastewater treatment operations may include
hydrogen sulfide, methane, ozone (in the case of ozone Monitoring
disinfection), volatile organic compounds (e.g., chloroform A wastewater and water quality monitoring program with adequate
generated from chlorination activities and other volatile organic resources and management oversight should be developed and
compounds (VOCs) from industrial wastewater), gaseous or implemented to meet the objective(s) of the monitoring program.
volatile chemicals used for disinfection processes (e.g., chlorine The wastewater and water quality monitoring program should
and ammonia), and bioaerosols. Odors from treatment facilities consider the following elements:
can also be a nuisance to workers and the surrounding
community. Recommendations for the management of emissions Monitoring parameters: The parameters selected for
are presented in the Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality monitoring should be indicative of the pollutants of concern
section of this document and in the EHS Guidelines for Water and from the process, and should include parameters that are
Sanitation. regulated under compliance requirements;
Residuals from Wastewater Treatment Operations Monitoring type and frequency: Wastewater monitoring
Sludge from a waste treatment plant needs to be evaluated on a should take into consideration the discharge characteristics
case-by-case basis to establish whether it constitutes a hazardous from the process over time. Monitoring of discharges from
processes with batch manufacturing or seasonal process
variations should take into consideration of time-dependent
Lo - BOD (< 2 Kg/m3) Biological - Aerobic, Facultative Suspended growth, attached growth, hybrid
Oxidation, Adsorption, Size
COD - Non-Biodegradable Chemical oxidation, Thermal oxidation, Activated Carbon, Membranes
Exclusion
Metals - Particulate and Coagulation, flocculation,
Flash mix with settling, filtration - traditional and tangential
Soluble precipitation, size exclusion
Coagulation, flocculation, Flash mix with settling, filtration - traditional and tangential, Chemical
Inorganics / Non-metals precipitation, size exclusion, oxidation, Thermal oxidation, Activated Carbon, Reverse Osmosis,
Oxidation, Adsorption Evaporation
Biological - Aerobic, Anaerobic, Biological : Suspended growth, attached growth, hybrid; Chemical
Organics - VOCs and SVOCs
Facultative; Adsorption, Oxidation oxidation, Thermal oxidation, Activated Carbon
Emissions Odors and Capture Active or Passive; Biological : Attached growth; Chemical oxidation, Thermal oxidation,
VOCs Biological; Adsorption, Oxidation Activated Carbon
Biological Nutrient Removal, Aerobic/Anoxic biological treatment, chemical hydrolysis and air
Nutrients
Chemical, Physical, Adsorption stripping, chlorination, ion exchange
Biological - Aerobic, Anaerobic,
Color Biological Aerobic, Chemical oxidation, Activated Carbon
Facultative; Adsorption, Oxidation
Temperature Evaporative Cooling Surface Aerators, Flow Equalization
TDS Concentration, Size Exclusion Evaporation, crystallization, Reverse Osmosis
Active Ingredients/Emerging Adsorption, Oxidation, Size Chemical oxidation, Thermal oxidation, Activated Carbon, Ion
Contaminants Exclusion, Concentration Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Evaporation, Crystallization
Adsorption,Size Exclusion,
Radionuclides Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Evaporation, Crystallization
Concentration
Pathogens Disinfection, Sterilization Chlorine, Ozone, Peroxide, UV, Thermal
Adsorption, Oxidation, Size Chemical oxidation, Thermal oxidation, Activated Carbon, Evaporation,
Toxicity
Exclusion, Concentration crystallization, Reverse Osmosis
Zero discharge design/Use of treated waste water to be highly industry-specific. However, the following techniques have
included in project design processes all been used successfully, and should be considered in
Use of localized recirculation systems in conjunction with the development of the metering system
and rinsing processes, or reusing waste water from one the facility, whether sanitary or including other activities
process for another with less exacting water such as showering or catering
requirements. For example, using bleaching rinse water Regularly maintain plumbing, and identify and repair leaks
for textile washing, or bottle-washer rinse water for Shut off water to unused areas
bottle crate washing, or even washing the floor. More Install self-closing taps, automatic shut-off valves, spray
sophisticated reuse projects requiring treatment of water nozzles, pressure reducing valves, and water conserving
before reuse are also sometimes practical. fixtures (e.g. low flow shower heads, faucets, toilets,
Water jets/sprays: If processes use water jets or sprays urinals; and spring loaded or sensored faucets)
(e.g. to keep conveyors clean or to cool product) review Operate dishwashers and laundries on full loads, and only
cooling sprays, it may be possible to reduce flow while towers rather than once-through cooling systems
maintaining cooling performance. Testing can Limiting condenser or cooling tower blowdown to the
Applicability and Approach .............................................36 purpose and is intended for disposal, but still has hazardous
General Hazardous Materials Management....................37 properties, it is considered a hazardous waste (see Section 1.4).
Hazard Assessment ...............................................37
Management Actions..............................................37 This guidance is intended to be applied in conjunction with
Release Prevention and Control Planning ............38
Occupational Health and Safety ...........................38 traditional occupational health and safety and emergency
Process Knowledge and Documentation ..............39
preparedness programs which are included in Section 2.0 on
Preventive Measures..............................................39
Hazardous Materials Transfer..............................39 Occupational Health and Safety Management, and Section 3.7 on
Overfill Protection................................................39 Emergency Preparedness and Response. Guidance on the
Reaction, Fire, and Explosion Prevention.............40
Control Measures...................................................40 Transport of Hazardous Materials is provided in Section 3.5.
Secondary Containment (Liquids) ........................40
Storage Tank and Piping Leak Detection..............41 This section is divided into two main subsections:
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) ....................41
Management of Major Hazards.......................................42
General Hazardous Materials Management: Guidance applicable
Management Actions..............................................42
Preventive Measures..............................................43 to all projects or facilities that handle or store any quantity of
Emergency Preparedness and Response ...............44 hazardous materials.
Community Involvement and Awareness.................44
Management of Major Hazards: Additional guidance for projects or
facilities that store or handle hazardous materials at, or above,
Applicability and Approach threshold quantities39, and thus require special treatment to
These guidelines apply to projects that use, store, or handle any
prevent accidents such as fire, explosions, leaks or spills, and to
quantity of hazardous materials (Hazmats), defined as materials
prepare and respond to emergencies.
that represent a risk to human health, property, or the environment
due to their physical or chemical characteristics. Hazmats can be The overall objective of hazardous materials management is to
classified according to the hazard as explosives; compressed avoid or, when avoidance is not feasible, minimize uncontrolled
gases, including toxic or flammable gases; flammable liquids; releases of hazardous materials or accidents (including explosion
flammable solids; oxidizing substances; toxic materials; and fire) during their production, handling, storage and use. This
radioactive material; and corrosive substances. Guidance on the objective can be achieved by:
transport of hazardous materials is covered in Section 3 of this
document.
Establishing hazardous materials management priorities The types and amounts of hazardous materials present in the
based on hazard analysis of risky operations identified project. This information should be recorded and should
through Social and Environmental Assessment; include a summary table with the following information:
Where practicable, avoiding or minimizing the use of
o Name and description (e.g. composition of a mixture) of
hazardous materials. For example, non-hazardous materials
the Hazmat
have been found to substitute asbestos in building materials,
o Classification (e.g. code, class or division) of the
PCBs in electrical equipment, persistent organic pollutants
Hazmat
(POPs) in pesticides formulations, and ozone depleting
o Internationally accepted regulatory reporting threshold
substances in refrigeration systems;
quantity or national equivalent40 of the Hazmat
Preventing uncontrolled releases of hazardous materials to
o Quantity of Hazmat used per month
the environment or uncontrolled reactions that might result in
o Characteristic(s) that make(s) the Hazmat hazardous
fire or explosion;
(e.g. flammability, toxicity)
Using engineering controls (containment, automatic alarms,
Analysis of potential spill and release scenarios using
and shut-off systems) commensurate with the nature of
available industry statistics on spills and accidents where
hazard;
available
Implementing management controls (procedures,
Analysis of the potential for uncontrolled reactions such as
inspections, communications, training, and drills) to address
fire and explosions
residual risks that have not been prevented or controlled
Analysis of potential consequences based on the physical-
through engineering measures.
geographical characteristics of the project site, including
aspects such as its distance to settlements, water resources,
General Hazardous Materials Management
and other environmentally sensitive areas
Projects which manufacture, handle, use, or store hazardous
materials should establish management programs that are Hazard assessment should be performed by specialized
commensurate with the potential risks present. The main professionals using internationally-accepted methodologies such
objectives of projects involving hazardous materials should be the as Hazardous Operations Analysis (HAZOP), Failure Mode and
protection of the workforce and the prevention and control of Effects Analysis (FMEA), and Hazard Identification (HAZID).
releases and accidents. These objectives should be addressed
by integrating prevention and control measures, management
actions, and procedures into day-to-day business activities. Management Actions
Potentially applicable elements of a management program include
The management actions to be included in a Hazardous Materials
the following: Management Plan should be commensurate with the level of
Hazard Assessment
The level of risk should be established through an on-going 40 Threshold quantities are provided in the US Environmental Protection Agency.
assessment process based on: Protection of Environment (Title 40 CFR Parts 68, 112, and 355).
potential risks associated with the production, handling, storage, external resources for equipment and personnel, if
and use of hazardous materials. necessary, to supplement internal resources
Description of response activities in the event of a spill,
Release Prevention and Control Planning release, or other chemical emergency including:
Where there is risk of a spill of uncontrolled hazardous materials, o Internal and external notification procedures
facilities should prepare a spill control, prevention, and o Specific responsibilities of individuals or groups
countermeasure plan as a specific component of their Emergency o Decision process for assessing severity of the release,
Preparedness and Response Plan (described in more detail in and determining appropriate actions
Section 3.7). The plan should be tailored to the hazards o Facility evacuation routes
associated with the project, and include: o Post-event activities such as clean-up and disposal,
incident investigation, employee re-entry, and
Training of operators on release prevention, including drills
restoration of spill response equipment.
specific to hazardous materials as part of emergency
preparedness response training
Occupational Health and Safety
Implementation of inspection programs to maintain the
The Hazardous Materials Management Plan should address
mechanical integrity and operability of pressure vessels,
applicable, essential elements of occupational health and safety
tanks, piping systems, relief and vent valve systems,
management as described in Section 2.0 on Occupational Health
containment infrastructure, emergency shutdown systems,
and Safety, including:
controls and pumps, and associated process equipment
Preparation of written Standard Operating Procedures Job safety analysis to identify specific potential occupational
(SOPs) for filling USTs, ASTs or other containers or hazards and industrial hygiene surveys, as appropriate, to
equipment as well as for transfer operations by personnel monitor and verify chemical exposure levels, and compare
trained in the safe transfer and filling of the hazardous with applicable occupational exposure standards41
material, and in spill prevention and response
Hazard communication and training programs to prepare
SOPs for the management of secondary containment workers to recognize and respond to workplace chemical
structures, specifically the removal of any accumulated fluid, hazards. Programs should include aspects of hazard
such as rainfall, to ensure that the intent of the system is not identification, safe operating and materials handling
accidentally or willfully defeated procedures, safe work practices, basic emergency
Identification of locations of hazardous materials and procedures, and special hazards unique to their jobs.
associated activities on an emergency plan site map
Documentation of availability of specific personal protective 41 Including: Threshold Limit Value (TLV) occupational exposure guidelines and
Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs), American Conference of Governmental
equipment and training needed to respond to an emergency Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), http://www.acgih.org/TLV/; U.S. National Institute
for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH), http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/;
Documentation of availability of spill response equipment Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), U.S. Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA),
sufficient to handle at least initial stages of a spill and a list of http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARD
S&p_id=9992; Indicative Occupational Exposure Limit Values, European Union,
http://europe.osha.eu.int/good_practice/risks/ds/oel/; and other similar sources.
Process Knowledge and Documentation Regular inspection, maintenance and repair of fittings, pipes
incorporated into, and consistent with, the other elements of the Provision of secondary containment, drip trays or other
facility ES/OHS MS and include: overflow and drip containment measures, for hazardous
materials containers at connection points or other possible
Written process safety parameters (i.e., hazards of the
overflow points.
chemical substances, safety equipment specifications, safe
operation ranges for temperature, pressure, and other Overfill Protection
applicable parameters, evaluation of the consequences of
Overfills of vessels and tanks should be prevented as they are
deviations, etc.) among the most common causes of spills resulting in soil and
Written operating procedures water contamination, and among the easiest to prevent.
Compliance audit procedures Recommended overfill protection measures include:
Provision of automatic fill shutoff valves on storage tanks to Prohibition of all sources of ignition from areas near
prevent overfilling flammable storage tanks
Use of a catch basin around the fill pipe to collect spills
Use of piping connections with automatic overfill protection Control Measures
(float valve) Secondary Containment (Liquids)
Pumping less volume than available capacity into the tank or A critical aspect for controlling accidental releases of liquid
vessel by ordering less material than its available capacity hazardous materials during storage and transfer is the provision of
Provision of overfill or over pressure vents that allow secondary containment. It is not necessary for secondary
controlled release to a capture point containment methods to meet long term material compatibility as
with primary storage and piping, but their design and construction
Reaction, Fire, and Explosion Prevention should hold released materials effectively until they can be
Reactive, flammable, and explosive materials should also be detected and safely recovered. Appropriate secondary
managed to avoid uncontrolled reactions or conditions resulting in containment structures consist of berms, dikes, or walls capable of
fire or explosion. Recommended prevention practices include: containing the larger of 110 percent of the largest tank or 25%
percent of the combined tank volumes in areas with above-ground
Storage of incompatible materials (acids, bases, flammables,
tanks with a total storage volume equal or greater than 1,000 liters
oxidizers, reactive chemicals) in separate areas, and with
and will be made of impervious, chemically resistant material.
containment facilities separating material storage areas
Secondary containment design should also consider means to
Provision of material-specific storage for extremely
prevent contact between incompatible materials in the event of a
hazardous or reactive materials
release.
Use of flame arresting devices on vents from flammable
storage containers Other secondary containment measures that should be applied
Provision of grounding and lightning protection for tank depending on site-specific conditions include:
farms, transfer stations, and other equipment that handles
Transfer of hazardous materials from vehicle tanks to storage
flammable materials
in areas with surfaces sufficiently impervious to avoid loss to
Selection of materials of construction compatible with
the environment and sloped to a collection or a containment
products stored for all parts of storage and delivery systems,
structure not connected to municipal wastewater/stormwater
and avoiding reuse of tanks for different products without
collection system
checking material compatibility
Where it is not practical to provide permanent, dedicated
Storage of hazardous materials in an area of the facility
containment structures for transfer operations, one or more
separated from the main production works. Where proximity
alternative forms of spill containment should be provided,
is unavoidable, physical separation should be provided using
such as portable drain covers (which can be deployed for the
structures designed to prevent fire, explosion, spill, and other
duration of the operations), automatic shut-off valves on
emergency situations from affecting facility operations
storm water basins, or shut off valves in drainage or sewer
facilities, combined with oil-water separators
Storage of drummed hazardous materials with a total volume Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)45
equal or greater than 1,000 liters in areas with impervious Although there are many environmental and safety advantages of
surfaces that are sloped or bermed to contain a minimum of underground storage of hazardous materials, including reduced
25 percent of the total storage volume risk of fire or explosion, and lower vapor losses into the
Provision of secondary containment for components (tanks, atmosphere, leaks of hazardous materials can go undetected for
pipes) of the hazardous material storage system, to the long periods of time with potential for soil and groundwater
extent feasible contamination. Examples of techniques to manage these risks
Conducting periodic (e.g. daily or weekly) reconciliation of include:
tank contents, and inspection of visible portions of tanks and
Avoiding use of USTs for storage of highly soluble organic
piping for leaks;
materials
Use of double-walled, composite, or specially coated storage
Assessing local soil corrosion potential, and installing and
and piping systems particularly in the use of underground
maintaining cathodic protection (or equivalent rust protection)
storage tanks (USTs) and underground piping. If double-
for steel tanks
walled systems are used, they should provide a means of
For new installations, installing impermeable liners or
detecting leaks between the two walls.
structures (e.g., concrete vaults) under and around tanks and
lines that direct any leaked product to monitoring ports at the
Storage Tank and Piping Leak Detection
lowest point of the liner or structure
Leak detection may be used in conjunction with secondary
Monitoring the surface above any tank for indications of soil
containment, particularly in high-risk locations43. Leak detection is
movement
especially important in situations where secondary containment is
Reconciling tank contents by measuring the volume in store
not feasible or practicable, such as in long pipe runs. Acceptable
with the expected volume, given the stored quantity at last
leak detection methods include:
stocking, and deliveries to and withdrawals from the store
Use of automatic pressure loss detectors on pressurized or Testing integrity by volumetric, vacuum, acoustic, tracers, or
long distance piping other means on all tanks at regular intervals
Use of approved or certified integrity testing methods on Considering the monitoring groundwater of quality down
piping or tank systems, at regular intervals gradient of locations where multiple USTs are in use
Considering the use of SCADA 44 if financially feasible Evaluating the risk of existing UST in newly acquired facilities
to determine if upgrades are required for USTs that will be
continued to be used, including replacement with new
systems or permanent closure of abandoned USTs.
43 High-risk locations are places where the release of product from the storage
system could result in the contamination of drinking water source or those located Ensuring that new USTs are sited away from wells,
in water resource protection areas as designated by local authorities.
44 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
reservoirs and other source water protection areas and the prevention measures (see below) should be conducted at
floodplains, and maintained so as to prevent corrosion. least every three years and should include:
o Preparation of a report of the findings
Management of Major Hazards o Determination and documentation of the appropriate
In addition to the application of the above-referenced guidance on response to each finding
prevention and control of releases of hazardous materials, o Documentation that any deficiency has been corrected
projects involving production, handling, and storage of hazardous
Incident Investigation: Incidents can provide valuable
materials at or above threshold limits46 should prepare a
information about site hazards and the steps needed to
Hazardous Materials Risk Management Plan, in the context of its
prevent accidental releases. An incident investigation
overall ES/OHS MS, containing all of the elements presented
mechanism should include procedures for:
below.47 The objective of this guidance is the prevention and
o Initiation of the investigation promptly
control of catastrophic releases of toxic, reactive, flammable, or
o Summarizing the investigation in a report
explosive chemicals that may result in toxic, fire, or explosion
o Addressing the report findings and recommendations
hazards.48
o A review of the report with staff and contractors
Compliance Audit: A compliance audit is a way to evaluate undergo the same training. Additionally, procedures should
compliance with the prevention program requirements for require that contractors are:
each process. A compliance audit covering each element of o Provided with safety performance procedures and safety
and hazard information
o Observe safety practices
46 Threshold quantities should be those established for emergency planning
purposes such as provided in the US Environmental Protection Agency. Protection o Act responsibly
of Environment (Title 40 CFR Parts 300-399 and 700 to 789).
o Have access to appropriate training for their employees
47 For further information and guidance, please refer to International Finance
Corporation (IFC) Hazardous Materials Risk Management Manual. Washington, o Ensure that their employees know process hazards and
D.C. December 2000.
48 The approach to the management of major hazards is largely based on an
applicable emergency actions
approach to Process Safety Management developed by the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers.
o Prepare and submit training records for their employees initial startup, normal operations, temporary operations,
to the contracting company emergency shutdown, emergency operations, normal
o Inform their employees about the hazards presented by shutdown, and start-up following a normal or emergency
their work shutdown or major change). These SOPs should include
o Assess trends of repeated similar incidents special considerations for Mazmats used in the process or
o Develop and implement procedures to manage repeated operations (e.g. temperature control to prevent emissions of
similar incidents a volatile hazardous chemical; diversion of gaseous
discharges of hazardous pollutants from the process to a
Training: Project employees should be provided training on
temporary storage tank in case of emergency).
Hazmat management. The training program should include:
o A list of employees to be trained Other procedures to be developed include impacts of
o Specific training objectives deviations, steps to avoid deviations, prevention of chemical
o Mechanisms to achieve the objectives (i.e., hands-on exposure, exposure control measures, and equipment
workshops, videos, etc.) inspections.
o The means to determine whether the training program is
Mechanical Integrity of process equipment, piping and
effective
instrumentation: Inspection and maintenance procedures
o Training procedures for new hires and refresher courses
should be developed and documented to ensure mechanical
for existing employees
integrity of equipment, piping, and instrumentation and
prevent uncontrolled releases of hazardous materials from
Preventive Measures
the project. These procedures should be included as part of
The purpose of preventive measures is to ensure that safety-
the project SOPs. The specific process components of major
related aspects of the process and equipment are considered,
interest include pressure vessels and storage tanks, piping
limits to be placed on the operations are well known, and
systems, relief and vent systems and devices, emergency
accepted standards and codes are adopted, where they apply.
shutdown systems, controls, and pumps. Recommended
Process Safety Information: Procedures should be prepared aspects of the inspection and maintenance program include:
for each hazardous materials and include: o Developing inspection and maintenance procedures
o Compilation of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) o Establishing a quality assurance plan for equipment,
o Identification of maximum intended inventories and safe maintenance materials, and spare parts
upper/lower parameters o Conducting employee training on the inspection and
o Documentation of equipment specifications and of maintenance procedures
codes and standards used to design, build and operate o Conducting equipment, piping, and instrumentation
the process inspections and maintenance
o Identifying and correcting identified deficiencies
Operating Procedures: SOPs should be prepared for each
step of all processes or operations within the project (e.g.
o Evaluating the inspection and maintenance results and, incorporated into and consistent with, the facilitys overall ES/OHS
if necessary, updating the inspection and maintenance MS, should be prepared to cover the following:49
procedures
Planning Coordination: Procedures should be prepared for:
o Reporting the results to management.
o Informing the public and emergency response agencies
o Documenting first aid and emergency medical treatment
Hot Work Permit: Hot work operations such as brazing,
o Taking emergency response actions
torch-cutting, grinding, soldering, and welding are
o Reviewing and updating the emergency response plan
associated with potential health, safety, and property hazards
to reflect changes, and ensuring that employees are
resulting from the fumes, gases, sparks, and hot metal and
informed of such changes
radiant energy produced during hot work. Hot work permit is
required for any operation involving open flames or producing Emergency Equipment: Procedures should be prepared for
heat and/or sparks. The section of SOPs on hot work should using, inspecting, testing, and maintaining the emergency
include the responsibility for hot work permitting, personal response equipment.
protection equipment (PPE), hot work procedures, personnel
Training: Employees and contractors should be trained on
training, and recordkeeping.
emergency response procedures.
Pre-Start Review: Procedures should be prepared to carry
out pre-start reviews when a modification is significant Community Involvement and Awareness
enough to require a change in safety information under the When hazardous materials are in use above threshold quantities,
management of change procedure. The procedures should: the management plan should include a system for community
o Confirm that the new or modified construction and/or awareness, notification and involvement that should be
equipment meet design specifications commensurate with the potential risks identified for the project
o Ensure that procedures for safety, operation, during the hazard assessment studies. This should include
maintenance, and emergency are adequate mechanisms for sharing the results of hazard and risk assessment
o Include a process hazard assessment, and resolve or studies in a timely, understandable and culturally sensitive manner
implement recommendations for new process with potentially affected communities that provides a means for
o Ensure that training for all affected employees is being public feedback. Community involvement activities should include:
conducted
Availability of general information to the potentially affected
community on the nature and extent of project operations,
Emergency Preparedness and Response
and the prevention and control measures in place to ensure
When handling hazardous materials, procedures and practices
no effects to human health
should be developed allowing for quick and efficient responses to
accidents that could result in human injury or damage to the
49 For a comprehensive treatment of the development of emergency response
environment. An Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan,
plans in conjunction with communities refer to the Awareness and Preparedness
for Emergencies at Local Level (APELL) Guidelines available at:
http://www.uneptie.org/pc/apell/publications/handbooks.html
A waste is any solid, liquid, or contained gaseous material impacts and considering waste generation and its
that is being discarded by disposal, recycling, burning or consequences
incineration. It can be byproduct of a manufacturing process Establishing a waste management hierarchy that
or an obsolete commercial product that can no longer be considers prevention, reduction, reuse, recovery,
used for intended purpose and requires disposal. recycling, removal and finally disposal of wastes.
Avoiding or minimizing the generation waste materials,
Solid (non-hazardous) wastes generally include any garbage, as far as practicable
refuse. Examples of such waste include domestic trash and Where waste generation cannot be avoided but has
garbage; inert construction / demolition materials; refuse, been minimized, recovering and reusing waste
such as metal scrap and empty containers (except those
previously used to contain hazardous materials which should,
in principle, be managed as a hazardous waste); and
Where waste can not be recovered or reused, treating, Definition of procedures and operational controls for on-
destroying, and disposing of it in an environmentally site storage
sound manner Definition of options / procedures / operational controls
for treatment and final disposal
General Waste Management
The following guidance applies to the management of non- Waste Prevention
hazardous and hazardous waste. Additional guidance Processes should be designed and operated to prevent, or
specifically applicable to hazardous wastes is presented minimize, the quantities of wastes generated and hazards
below. Waste management should be addressed through a associated with the wastes generated in accordance with the
Waste management system that addresses issues linked to following strategy:
waste minimization, generation, transport, disposal, and
Substituting raw materials or inputs with less hazardous
monitoring.
or toxic materials, or with those where processing
generates lower waste volumes
Waste Management Planning
Applying manufacturing process that convert materials
Facilities that generate waste should characterize their waste
efficiently, providing higher product output yields,
according to composition, source, types of wastes produced,
including modification of design of the production
generation rates, or according to local regulatory
process, operating conditions, and process controls50
requirements. Effective planning and implementation of
Instituting good housekeeping and operating practices,
waste management strategies should include:
including inventory control to reduce the amount of
Review of new waste sources during planning, siting, waste resulting from materials that are out-of-date, off-
and design activities, including during equipment specification, contaminated, damaged, or excess to
modifications and process alterations, to identify plant needs
expected waste generation, pollution prevention Instituting procurement measures that recognize
opportunities, and necessary treatment, storage, and opportunities to return usable materials such as
disposal infrastructure containers and which prevents the over ordering of
Collection of data and information about the process materials
and waste streams in existing facilities, including
Minimizing hazardous waste generation by
characterization of waste streams by type, quantities, implementing stringent waste segregation to prevent the
and potential use/disposition commingling of non-hazardous and hazardous waste to
Establishment of priorities based on a risk analysis that be managed
takes into account the potential EHS risks during the
waste cycle and the availability of infrastructure to
manage the waste in an environmentally sound manner
50 Examples of waste prevention strategies include the concept of Lean
Definition of opportunities for source reduction, as well Manufacturing found at
as reuse and recycling http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/minimize/lean.htm
In addition to the implementation of waste prevention landfills or incinerators designed for the respective type
strategies, the total amount of waste may be significantly of waste; or other methods known to be effective in the
reduced through the implementation of recycling plans, which safe, final disposal of waste materials such as
If waste materials are still generated after the implementation regulatory agencies and following good international
of feasible waste prevention, reduction, reuse, recovery and industry practice for the waste being handled
recycling measures, waste materials should be treated and Ensuring compliance with applicable local and
may include one or more of the following: control accidental releases to air, soil, and water resources in
area location where:
On-site or off-site biological, chemical, or physical
treatment of the waste material to render it non-
hazardous prior to final disposal 51 International requirements may include host-country commitments
under the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Treatment or disposal at permitted facilities specially Hazardous Waste and their disposal (http://www.basel.int/) and Rotterdam
Convention on the prior Inform Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous
designed to receive the waste. Examples include: Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (http://www.pic.int/)
composting operations for organic non-hazardous
Waste is stored in a manner that prevents the Preparing and implementing spill response and
commingling or contact between incompatible wastes, emergency plans to address their accidental release
and allows for inspection between containers to monitor (additional information on Emergency Plans in provided
leaks or spills. Examples include sufficient space in Section 3 of this document)
between incompatibles or physical separation such as Avoiding underground storage tanks and underground
walls or containment curbs piping of hazardous waste
Store in closed containers away from direct sunlight,
wind and rain Transportation
Secondary containment systems should be constructed On-site and Off-site transportation of waste should be
with materials appropriate for the wastes being conducted so as to prevent or minimize spills, releases, and
contained and adequate to prevent loss to the exposures to employees and the public. All waste
environment containers designated for off-site shipment should be
Secondary containment is included wherever liquid secured and labeled with the contents and associated
wastes are stored in volumes greater than 220 liters. hazards, be properly loaded on the transport vehicles before
The available volume of secondary containment should leaving the site, and be accompanied by a shipping paper
be at least 110 percent of the largest storage container, (i.e., manifest) that describes the load and its associated
or 25 percent of the total storage capacity (whichever is hazards, consistent with the guidance provided in Section 3.4
Clearly identifying (label) and demarcating the area, manner that reduces immediate and future impact to the
Have been secured through the use of formal are generated and stored on site, monitoring activities
procurement agreements should include:
In the absence of qualified commercial or government-owned o Inspection of vessels for leaks, drips or other
and transportation requirements), project sponsors should o Identification of cracks, corrosion, or damage to
and oily rags, empty paint cans, chemical containers; used Tracking of waste generation trends by type and amount
lubricating oil; used batteries (such as nickel-cadmium or of waste generated, preferably by facility departments
lead acid); and lighting equipment, such as lamps or lamp Characterizing waste at the beginning of generation of a
ballasts. These wastes should be managed following the new waste stream, and periodically documenting the
guidance provided in the above sections. characteristics and proper management of the waste,
especially hazardous wastes
Monitoring Keeping manifests or other records that document the
Monitoring activities associated with the management of amount of waste generated and its destination
hazardous and non-hazardous waste should include: Periodic auditing of third party treatment, and disposal
services including re-use and recycling facilities when
Regular visual inspection of all waste storage collection
significant quantities of hazardous wastes are managed
and storage areas for evidence of accidental releases
by third parties. Whenever possible, audits should
and to verify that wastes are properly labeled and
include site visits to the treatment storage and disposal
stored. When significant quantities of hazardous wastes
location
Monitoring
Noise monitoring56 may be carried out for the purposes of
establishing the existing ambient noise levels in the area of
the proposed or existing facility, or for verifying operational
phase noise levels.
54 Guidelines values are for noise levels measured out of doors. Source:
Guidelines for Community Noise, World Health Organization (WHO), 1999.
55 For acceptable indoor noise levels for residential, institutional, and
educational settings refer to WHO (1999).
56 Noise monitoring should be carried out using a Type 1 or 2 sound level
meter meeting all appropriate IEC standards.
Applicability and Approach .............................................54 owners (e.g., cost of remediation, damage of business
Risk Screening ..............................................................55 reputation and/or business-community relations) or
Interim Risk Management ..............................................56
Detailed Risk Assessment..............................................56 affected parties (e.g. workers at the site, nearby property
Permanent Risk Reduction Measures.............................57 owners).
Occupational Health and Safety Considerations..............59
Contamination of land should be avoided by preventing or
controlling the release of hazardous materials, hazardous
Applicability and Approach
wastes, or oil to the environment. When contamination of land is
This section provides a summary of management
suspected or confirmed during any project phase, the cause of
approaches for land contamination due to anthropogenic
the uncontrolled release should be identified and corrected to
releases of hazardous materials, wastes, or oil, including
avoid further releases and associated adverse impacts.
naturally occurring substances. Releases of these materials
may be the result of historic or current site activities, Contaminated lands should be managed to avoid the risk to
including, but not limited to, accidents during their handling human health and ecological receptors. The preferred strategy
and storage, or due to their poor management or disposal. for land decontamination is to reduce the level of contamination
at the site while preventing the human exposure to
Land is considered contaminated when it contains hazardous
contamination.
materials or oil concentrations above background or naturally
occurring levels. To determine whether risk management actions are warranted,
the following assessment approach should be applied to
Contaminated lands may involve surficial soils or subsurface
establish whether the three risk factors of Contaminants,
soils that, through leaching and transport, may affect
Receptors, and Exposure Pathways co-exist, or are likely to
groundwater, surface water, and adjacent sites. Where
co-exist, at the project site under current or possible future land
subsurface contaminant sources include volatile substances,
use:
soil vapor may also become a transport and exposure
medium, and create potential for contaminant infiltration of Contaminant(s): Presence of hazardous materials, waste,
indoor air spaces of buildings. or oil in any environmental media at potentially hazardous
concentrations
Contaminated land is a concern because of: Receptor(s): Actual or likely contact of humans, wildlife,
plants, and other living organisms with the contaminants of
The potential risks to human health and ecology (e.g.
concern
risk of cancer or other human health effects, loss of
Exposure pathway(s): A combination of the route of
ecology);
migration of the contaminant from its point of release (e.g.,
leaching into potable groundwater) and exposure routes
(e.g., ingestion, transdermal absorption), which would Identification of the location of suspected highest level of
allow receptor(s) to come into actual contact with contamination through a combination of visual and
contaminants historical operational information;
Sampling and testing of the contaminated media (soils or
water) according to established technical methods
applicable to suspected type of contaminant57,58;
Evaluation of the analytical results against the local and
national contaminated sites regulations. In the absence of
such regulations or environmental standards, other sources
of risk-based standards or guidelines should be consulted
to obtain comprehensive criteria for screening soil
concentrations of pollutants.59
Verification of the potential human and/or ecological
receptors and exposure pathways relevant to the site in
question
FIGURE 1.8.1: Inter-Relationship of Contaminant The outcome of risk-screening may reveal that there is no
Risk Factors overlap between the three risk-factors as the contaminant levels
identified are below those considered to pose a risk to human
When the three risk factors are considered to be present (in health or the environment. Alternatively, interim or permanent
spite of limited data) under current or foreseeable future
conditions, the following steps should be followed (as
described in the remaining parts of this section):
57 BC MOE. http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/contam_sites/guidance
risk reduction measures may need to be taken with, or strategies that yield acceptable health risks, while achieving low
without, more detailed risk assessment activities, as level contamination on-site. An assessment of contaminant
described below. risks needs to be considered in the context of current and future
land use, and development scenarios (e.g., residential,
commercial, industrial, and urban parkland or wilderness use).
Interim Risk Management
Interim risk management actions should be implemented at A detailed quantitative risk assessment builds on risk screening
any phase of the project life cycle if the presence of land (problem formulation). It involves first, a detailed site
contamination poses an imminent hazard, i.e., representing investigation to identify the scope of contamination.61 Site
an immediate risk to human health and the environment if investigation programs should apply quality assurance/quality
contamination were allowed to continue, even a short period control (QA/QC) measures to ensure that data quality is
of time. Examples of situations considered to involve adequate for the intended data use (e.g., method detection
imminent hazards include, but are not restricted to: limits are below levels of concern). The site investigation in turn
Presence of an explosive atmosphere caused by should be used to develop a conceptual site model of how and
contaminated land where contaminants exist, how they are transported, and where
Accessible and excessive contamination for which short- routes of exposure occur to organisms and humans. The risk
term exposure and potency of contaminants could result factors and conceptual site model provide a framework for
Identifying the types of adverse effects that might result Identifying the preferred technologies (including
from exposure to the contaminants (e.g., effect on target engineering controls) needed to implement the conceptual
organ, cancer, impaired growth or reproduction) in the risk reduction measures
absence of regulatory standards Developing a monitoring plan to ascertain whether risk
Quantifying the magnitude of health risks to human and reduction measures are effective
ecological receptors based on a quantitative analysis of Considering the need and appropriateness for institutional
contaminant exposure and toxicity (e.g. calculate controls (e.g. deed restriction, land use restrictions) as part
lifetime cancer risk or ratios of estimated exposure rates of a comprehensive approach
compared to safe exposure rates)
Determining how current and proposed future land use Permanent Risk Reduction Measures
influence the predicted risks (e.g. change of land use The risk factors and conceptual site model within the
from industrial to residential with more sensitive contaminant risk approach described also provide a basis to
receptors such as children) manage and mitigate environmental contaminant health risks.
Quantifying the potential environmental and/or human The underlying principle is to reduce, eliminate, or control any or
health risks from off-site contaminant migration (e.g., all of the three risk factors illustrated in Figure 1.8.1. A short list
consider if leaching and groundwater transport, or of examples of risk mitigation strategies is provided below,
surface water transport results in exposure at adjacent although actual strategies should be developed based on site-
lands/receptors) specific conditions, and the practicality of prevailing factors and
Determining if the risk is likely to remain stable, site constraints. Regardless of the management options
increase, or decrease with time in the absence of any selected, the action plan should include, whenever possible,
remediation (e.g., consider if the contaminant is contaminant source reduction (i.e., net improvement of the site)
reasonably degradable and likely to remain in place, or as part of the overall strategy towards managing health risks at
be transported to other media)62 contaminated sites, as this alone provides for improved
environmental quality.
Addressing these objectives provides a basis to develop and
implement risk reduction measures (e.g., clean-up, on-site Figure 1.8.2 presents a schematic of the inter-relationship of risk
controls) at the site. If such a need exists, the following factors and example strategies to mitigate contaminant health
additional objectives become relevant: risk by modifying the conditions of one or more risk factors to
Determining where, and in what conceptual manner, risk ultimately reduce contaminant exposure to the receptor. The
reduction measures should be implemented selected approach should take into consideration the technical
and financial feasibility (e.g. operability of a selected technology
given the local availability of technical expertise and equipment
and its associated costs).
62 An example of a simplified quantitative risk assessment method is the
ASTM E1739-95(2002) Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Example risk mitigation strategies for contaminant source and
Applied at Petroleum Release Sites and the ASTM E2081-00(2004)e1
Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action (at chemical release sites). exposure concentrations include:
o In situ biological treatment (aerobic or anaerobic) impermeable barrier below the building and/or an
o In situ physical/chemical treatment (e.g., soil vapor alternative flow pathway for soil vapor beneath
extraction with off-gas treatment, chemical building foundations (e.g., porous media and
o In situ thermal treatment (e.g., steam injection, 6- Example risk mitigation strategies for receptors include:
phase heating) Limiting or preventing access to contaminant by receptors
o Ex situ biological treatment (e.g., excavation and (actions targeted at the receptor may include signage with
composting) instructions, fencing, or site security)
o Ex situ physical/chemical treatment (e.g., Imposing health advisory or prohibiting certain practices
excavation and stabilization) leading to exposure such as fishing, crab trapping, shellfish
o Ex situ thermal treatment (e.g., excavation and collection
thermal desorption or incineration) Educating receptors (people) to modify behavior in order to
o Containment (e.g. landfill) reduce exposure (e.g., improved work practices, and use of
o Natural attenuation protective clothing and equipment)
o Other treatment processes
Example risk mitigation strategies for exposure pathways
Groundwater, surface water, and leachate: include:
o In situ biological treatment (aerobic and/or aerobic) Providing an alternative water supply to replace, for
o In situ physical/chemical treatment (e.g., air example, a contaminated groundwater supply well
sparging, zero-valent iron permeable reactive
Capping contaminated soil with at least 1m of clean soil to
barrier)
prevent human contact, as well as plant root or small
o Ex situ biological, physical, and or chemical
mammal penetration into contaminated soils
treatment (i.e., groundwater extraction and
Paving over contaminated soil as an interim measure to
treatment)
negate the pathway of direct contact or dust generation
o Containment (e.g., slurry wall or sheet pile barrier)
and inhalation
o Natural attenuation
Using an interception trench and pump, and treat
o Other treatment processes technologies to prevent contaminated groundwater from
Soil vapor intrusion: discharging into fish streams
o Soil vapor extraction to reduce VOC contaminant The above-reference containment measures should also be
source in soil considered for immediate implementation in situations where
o Installation of a sub-slab depressurization system source reduction measures are expected to take time.
to prevent migration of soil vapor into the building
o Creating a positive pressure condition in buildings
Facilities also should be designed and built taking into Potable Water Supply
account the needs of disabled persons. Adequate supplies of potable drinking water should be
provided from a fountain with an upward jet or with a sanitary
Fire Precautions means of collecting the water for the purposes of drinking
The workplace should be designed to prevent the start of fires
Water supplied to areas of food preparation or for the
through the implementation of fire codes applicable to industrial
purpose of personal hygiene (washing or bathing) should
settings. Other essential measures include:
meet drinking water quality standards
Equipping facilities with fire detectors, alarm systems, and
fire-fighting equipment. The equipment should be maintained Clean Eating Area
in good working order and be readily accessible. It should be Where there is potential for exposure to substances
adequate for the dimensions and use of the premises, poisonous by ingestion, suitable arrangements are to be
equipment installed, physical and chemical properties of made for provision of clean eating areas where workers are
substances present, and the maximum number of people not exposed to the hazardous or noxious substances
present.
Provision of manual firefighting equipment that is easily Lighting
accessible and simple to use Workplaces should, to the degree feasible, receive natural
Fire and emergency alarm systems that are both audible and light and be supplemented with sufficient artificial illumination
Openings should be sealed by gates or removable chains microorganisms. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Covers should, if feasible, be installed to protect against (HVAC) and industrial evaporative cooling systems should be
falling items equipped, maintained and operated so as to prevent growth
Measures to prevent unauthorized access to dangerous and spreading of disease agents (e.g. Legionnella
areas should be in place pneumophilia) or breeding of vectors (e.g. mosquitoes and
flies) of public health concern.
First Aid
The employer should ensure that qualified first-aid can be Work Environment Temperature
provided at all times. Appropriately equipped first-aid stations The temperature in work, rest room and other welfare
should be easily accessible throughout the place of work facilities should, during service hours, be maintained at a
Eye-wash stations and/or emergency showers should be level appropriate for the purpose of the facility.
provided close to all workstations where immediate flushing
with water is the recommended first-aid response 2.2 Communication and Training
Where the scale of work or the type of activity being carried
OHS Training
out so requires, dedicated and appropriately equipped first-
Provisions should be made to provide OHS orientation
aid room(s) should be provided. First aid stations and rooms
training to all new employees to ensure they are apprised of
should be equipped with gloves, gowns, and masks for
the basic site rules of work at / on the site and of personal
protection against direct contact with blood and other body
protection and preventing injury to fellow employees.
fluids
Training should consist of basic hazard awareness, site-
Remote sites should have written emergency procedures in
specific hazards, safe work practices, and emergency
place for dealing with cases of trauma or serious illness up to
procedures for fire, evacuation, and natural disaster, as
the point at which patient care can be transferred to an
appropriate. Any site-specific hazard or color coding in use
appropriate medical facility.
should be thoroughly reviewed as part of orientation training.
Air Supply
Visitor Orientation
Sufficient fresh air should be supplied for indoor and confined
If visitors to the site can gain access to areas where
work spaces. Factors to be considered in ventilation design
hazardous conditions or substances may be present, a visitor
include physical activity, substances in use, and process-
orientation and control program should be established to
related emissions. Air distribution systems should be
ensure visitors do not enter hazard areas unescorted.
designed so as not to expose workers to draughts
Mechanical ventilation systems should be maintained in good
New Task Employee and Contractor Training
working order. Point-source exhaust systems required for
The employer should ensure that workers and contractors,
maintaining a safe ambient environment should have local
prior to commencement of new assignments, have received
indicators of correct functioning.
adequate training and information enabling them to
Re-circulation of contaminated air is not acceptable. Air inlet
filters should be kept clean and free of dust and
understand work hazards and to protect their health from Signage should be in accordance with international
hazardous ambient factors that may be present. standards and be well known to, and easily understood by
The training should adequately cover: workers, visitors and the general public as appropriate.
o Wearing and use of protective equipment and clothing Similarly, piping systems that contain hazardous substances
o Appropriate response to operation extremes, incidents should be labeled with the direction of flow and contents of
and accidents the pipe, or color coded whenever the pipe passing through a
wall or floor is interrupted by a valve or junction device.
Basic OHS Training
A basic occupational training program and specialty courses Communicate Hazard Codes
should be provided, as needed, to ensure that workers are Copies of the hazard coding system should be posted
oriented to the specific hazards of individual work outside the facility at emergency entrance doors and fire
assignments. Training should generally be provided to emergency connection systems where they are likely to
management, supervisors, workers, and occasional visitors come to the attention of emergency services personnel.
to areas of risks and hazards. Information regarding the types of hazardous materials
Workers with rescue and first-aid duties should receive stored, handled or used at the facility, including typical
dedicated training so as not to inadvertently aggravate maximum inventories and storage locations, should be
exposures and health hazards to themselves or their co- shared proactively with emergency services and security
workers. Training would include the risks of becoming personnel to expedite emergency response when needed.
infected with bloodborne pathogens through contact with Representatives of local emergency and security services
bodily fluids and tissue. should be invited to participate in periodic (annual)
Through appropriate contract specifications and monitoring, orientation tours and site inspections to ensure familiarity
the employer should ensure that service providers, as well as with potential hazards present.
contracted and subcontracted labor, are trained adequately
before assignments begin. 2.3 Physical Hazards
Physical hazards represent potential for accident or injury or
Area Signage illness due to repetitive exposure to mechanical action or work
Hazardous areas (electrical rooms, compressor rooms, etc), activity. Single exposure to physical hazards may result in a wide
installations, materials, safety measures, and emergency range of injuries, from minor and medical aid only, to disabling,
exits, etc. should be marked appropriately. catastrophic, and/or fatal. Multiple exposures over prolonged
action values, (i.e. the level of exposure at which remediation Marking all energized electrical devices and lines with
should be initiated) are provided by the ACGIH 66. Exposure levels warning signs
should be checked on the basis of daily exposure time and data Locking out (de-charging and leaving open with a controlled
provided by equipment manufacturers. locking device) and tagging-out (warning sign placed on the
lock) devices during service or maintenance
Electrical Checking all electrical cords, cables, and hand power tools
Exposed or faulty electrical devices, such as circuit breakers, for frayed or exposed cords and following manufacturer
recommendations for maximum permitted operating voltage
Table 2.3.1. Noise Limits for Various Working of the portable hand tools
Environments Double insulating / grounding all electrical equipment used in
environments that are, or may become, wet; using equipment
Location Equivalent level Maximum
with ground fault interrupter (GFI) protected circuits
/activity LAeq,8h LAmax,fast
Protecting power cords and extension cords against damage
Heavy Industry (no from traffic by shielding or suspending above traffic areas
demand for oral 85 dB(A) 110 dB(A)
communication) Appropriate labeling of service rooms housing high voltage
Light industry equipment (electrical hazard) and where entry is controlled
(decreasing
demand for oral 50-65 dB(A) 110 dB(A) or prohibited (see also Section 3 on Planning, Siting, and
communication)
Design);
Open offices, Establishing No Approach zones around or under high
control rooms,
45-50 dB(A) -
service counters or voltage power lines in conformance with Table 2.3.2
similar
Rubber tired construction or other vehicles that come into
Individual offices
(no disturbing 40-45 dB(A) - direct contact with, or arcing between, high voltage wires
noise)
may need to be taken out of service for periods of 48 hours
Classrooms, and have the tires replaced to prevent catastrophic tire and
lecture halls 35-40 dB(A) -
wheel assembly failure, potentially causing serious injury or
Hospitals 30-35 dB(A) 40 dB(A) death;
panels, cables, cords and hand tools, can pose a serious risk to Conducting detailed identification and marking of all buried
workers. Overhead wires can be struck by metal devices, such as electrical wiring prior to any excavation work
poles or ladders, and by vehicles with metal booms. Vehicles or
grounded metal objects brought into close proximity with overhead
wires can result in arcing between the wires and the object,
without actual contact. Recommended actions include:
66 ACGIH, 2005
Training and licensing industrial vehicle operators in the safe Use of protective clothing
operation of specialized vehicles such as forklifts, including Providing easy access to adequate hydration such as
safe loading/unloading, load limits drinking water or electrolyte drinks, and avoiding
Ensuring drivers undergo medical surveillance consumption of alcoholic beverages
Ensuring moving equipment with restricted rear visibility is
outfitted with audible back-up alarms Ergonomics, Repetitive Motion, Manual Handling
Establishing rights-of-way, site speed limits, vehicle Injuries due to ergonomic factors, such as repetitive motion, over-
inspection requirements, operating rules and procedures exertion, and manual handling, take prolonged and repeated
(e.g. prohibiting operation of forklifts with forks in down exposures to develop, and typically require periods of weeks to
position), and control of traffic patterns or direction months for recovery. These OHS problems should be minimized
Restricting the circulation of delivery and private vehicles to or eliminated to maintain a productive workplace. Controls may
circulation, where appropriate Facility and workstation design with 5th to 95th percentile
operational and maintenance workers in mind
Working Environment Temperature
Use of mechanical assists to eliminate or reduce exertions
Exposure to hot or cold working conditions in indoor or outdoor
required to lift materials, hold tools and work objects, and
environments can result temperature stress-related injury or
requiring multi-person lifts if weights exceed thresholds
death. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect
Selecting and designing tools that reduce force requirements
against other occupational hazards can accentuate and aggravate
and holding times, and improve postures
heat-related illnesses. Extreme temperatures in permanent work
Providing user adjustable work stations
environments should be avoided through implementation of
Incorporating rest and stretch breaks into work processes,
engineering controls and ventilation. Where this is not possible,
and conducting job rotation
such as during short-term outdoor work, temperature-related
Implementing quality control and maintenance programs that
stress management procedures should be implemented which
reduce unnecessary forces and exertions
include:
Taking into consideration additional special conditions such
Monitoring weather forecasts for outdoor work to provide as left handed persons
advance warning of extreme weather and scheduling work
accordingly Working at Heights
Adjustment of work and rest periods according to Fall prevention and protection measures should be implemented
temperature stress management procedures provided by whenever a worker is exposed to the hazard of falling more than
ACGIH 67, depending on the temperature and workloads two meters; into operating machinery; into water or other liquid;
Providing temporary shelters to protect against the elements into hazardous substances; or through an opening in a work
during working activities or for use as rest areas surface. Fall prevention / protection measures may also be
warranted on a case-specific basis when there are risks of falling
from lesser heights. Fall prevention may include:
67 ACGIH, 2005
Installation of guardrails with mid-rails and toe boards at the supplemented with dedicated work station illumination, as needed.
edge of any fall hazard area The minimum limits for illumination intensity for a range of
Proper use of ladders and scaffolds by trained employees locations/activities appear in Table 2.3.3.
Use of fall prevention devices, including safety belt and Controls should include:
lanyard travel limiting devices to prevent access to fall hazard
Use of energy efficient light sources with minimum heat
area, or fall protection devices such as full body harnesses
emission
used in conjunction with shock absorbing lanyards or self-
Undertaking measures to eliminate glare / reflections and
retracting inertial fall arrest devices attached to fixed anchor
flickering of lights
point or horizontal life-lines
Taking precautions to minimize and control optical radiation
Appropriate training in use, serviceability, and integrity of the
including direct sunlight. Exposure to high intensity UV and
necessary PPE
IR radiation and high intensity visible light should also be
Inclusion of rescue and/or recovery plans, and equipment to
controlled
respond to workers after an arrested fall
Controlling laser hazards in accordance with equipment
Work area light intensity should be adequate for the general standards. The lowest feasible class Laser should be applied
purpose of the location and type of activity, and should be to minimize risks.
High precision work (difficult assembly, sewing, color 1,000 3,000 Keeping the number of employees exposed, or likely to
inspection, fine sorting etc.) lux become exposed, to a minimum
Communicating chemical hazards to workers through Where ambient air contains several materials that have
labeling and marking according to national and internationally similar effects on the same body organs (additive effects),
recognized requirements and standards, including the taking into account combined exposures using calculations
International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC), Materials Safety recommended by the ACGIH 69
Data Sheets (MSDS), or equivalent. Any means of written Where work shifts extend beyond eight (8) hours, calculating
communication should be in an easily understood language adjusted workplace exposure criteria recommended by the
and be readily available to exposed workers and first-aid ACGIH 70
personnel
Training workers in the use of the available information (such Fire and Explosions
as MSDSs), safe work practices, and appropriate use of PPE Fires and or explosions resulting from ignition of flammable
materials or gases can lead to loss of property as well as possible
Air Quality injury or fatalities to project workers. Prevention and control
Poor air quality due to the release of contaminants into the work strategies include:
place can result in possible respiratory irritation, discomfort, or
Storing flammables away from ignition sources and oxidizing
illness to workers. Employers should take appropriate measures
materials. Further, flammables storage area should be:
to maintain air quality in the work area. These include:
o Remote from entry and exit points into buildings
Maintaining levels of contaminant dusts, vapors and gases in o Away from facility ventilation intakes or vents
the work environment at concentrations below those
o Have natural or passive floor and ceiling level ventilation
recommended by the ACGIH 68 as TWA-TLVs (threshold limit and explosion venting
value)concentrations to which most workers can be o Use spark-proof fixtures
exposed repeatedly (8 hours/day, 40 hrs/week, week-after- o Be equipped with fire extinguishing devices and self-
week), without sustaining adverse health effects. closing doors, and constructed of materials made to
Developing and implementing work practices to minimize withstand flame impingement for a moderate period of
release of contaminants into the work environment including: time
o Direct piping of liquid and gaseous materials Providing bonding and grounding of, and between,
o Minimized handling of dry powdered materials; containers and additional mechanical floor level ventilation if
o Enclosed operations materials are being, or could be, dispensed in the storage
o Local exhaust ventilation at emission / release points area
o Vacuum transfer of dry material rather than mechanical Where the flammable material is mainly comprised of dust,
or pneumatic conveyance
providing electrical grounding, spark detection, and, if
o Indoor secure storage, and sealed containers rather needed, quenching systems
than loose storage
69 ACGIH, 2005.
Defining and labeling fire hazards areas to warn of special Asbestos Containing Materials (ACM)
rules (e.g. prohibition in use of smoking materials, cellular The use of asbestos containing materials (ACM) should be
phones, or other potential spark generating equipment) avoided in new buildings or as a new material in remodeling or
Providing specific worker training in handling of flammable renovation activities. Existing facilities with ACM should develop
materials, and in fire prevention or suppression an asbestos management plan which clearly identifies the
locations where the ACM is present, its condition (e.g. whether it
Corrosive, oxidizing, and reactive chemicals is in friable form with the potential to release fibers), procedures
Corrosive, oxidizing, and reactive chemicals present similar for monitoring its condition, procedures to access the locations
hazards and require similar control measures as flammable where ACM is present to avoid damage, and training of staff who
materials. However, the added hazard of these chemicals is that can potentially come into contact with the material to avoid
inadvertent mixing or intermixing may cause serious adverse damage and prevent exposure. The plan should be made
reactions. This can lead to the release of flammable or toxic available to all persons involved in operations and maintenance
materials and gases, and may lead directly to fires and activities. Repair or removal and disposal of existing ACM in
explosions. These types of substances have the additional hazard buildings should only be performed by specially trained
of causing significant personal injury upon direct contact, personnel71 following host country requirements, or in their
regardless of any intermixing issues. The following controls
absence, internationally recognized procedures.72
should be observed in the work environment when handling such
chemicals:
2.5 Biological Hazards
Corrosive, oxidizing and reactive chemicals should be Biological agents represent potential for illness or injury due to
segregated from flammable materials and from other single acute exposure or chronic repetitive exposure. Biological
chemicals of incompatible class (acids vs. bases, oxidizers hazards can be prevented most effectively by implementing the
vs. reducers, water sensitive vs. water based, etc.), stored in following measures:
ventilated areas and in containers with appropriate
If the nature of the activity permits, use of any harmful
secondary containment to minimize intermixing during spills
biological agents should be avoided and replaced with an
Workers who are required to handle corrosive, oxidizing, or
agent that, under normal conditions of use, is not dangerous
reactive chemicals should be provided with specialized
or less dangerous to workers. If use of harmful agents can
training and provided with, and wear, appropriate PPE
not be avoided, precautions should be taken to keep the risk
(gloves, apron, splash suits, face shield or goggles, etc).
of exposure as low as possible and maintained below
Where corrosive, oxidizing, or reactive chemicals are used,
internationally established and recognized exposure limits.
handled, or stored, qualified first-aid should be ensured at all
times. Appropriately equipped first-aid stations should be
71 Training of specialized personnel and the maintenance and removal methods
easily accessible throughout the place of work, and eye-wash applied should be equivalent to those required under applicable regulations in the
stations and/or emergency showers should be provided close United States and Europe (examples of North American training standards are
available at: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asbestos/training.html)
72 Examples include the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E
to all workstations where the recommended first-aid
1368 - Standard Practice for Visual Inspection of Asbestos Abatement Projects; E
response is immediate flushing with water 2356 - Standard Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys; and E
2394 - Standard Practice for Maintenance, Renovation and Repair of Installed
Asbestos Cement Products.
Work processes, engineering, and administrative controls The employer should at all times encourage and enforce the
should be designed, maintained, and operated to avoid or highest level of hygiene and personal protection, especially for
minimize release of biological agents into the working activities employing biological agents of Groups 3 and 4 above.
environment. The number of employees exposed or likely to Work involving agents in Groups 3 and 4 should be restricted only
become exposed should be kept at a minimum. to those persons who have received specific verifiable training in
The employer should review and assess known and working with and controlling such materials.
suspected presence of biological agents at the place of work
and implement appropriate safety measures, monitoring, Areas used for the handling of Groups 3 and 4 biological agents
training, and training verification programs. should be designed to enable their full segregation and isolation in
Measures to eliminate and control hazards from known and emergency circumstances, include independent ventilation
suspected biological agents at the place of work should be systems, and be subject to SOPs requiring routine disinfection
designed, implemented and maintained in close co-operation and sterilization of the work surfaces.
with the local health authorities and according to recognized
international standards. HVAC systems serving areas handling Groups 3 and 4 biological
agents should be equipped with High Efficiency Particulate Air
Biological agents should be classified into four groups73: (HEPA) filtration systems. Equipment should readily enable their
Group 1: Biological agents unlikely to cause human disease, disinfection and sterilization, and maintained and operated so as
and consequently only require controls similar to those to prevent growth and spreading of disease agents, amplification
required for hazardous or reactive chemical substances; of the biological agents, or breeding of vectors e.g. mosquitoes
and flies of public health concern.
Group 2: Biological agents that can cause human disease
and are thereby likely to require additional controls, but are
unlikely to spread to the community;
2.6 Radiological Hazards In the case of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, the
preferred method for controlling exposure is shielding and
Radiation exposure can lead to potential discomfort, injury or
limiting the radiation source. Personal protective equipment
serious illness to workers. Prevention and control strategies
is supplemental only or for emergency use. Personal
include:
protective equipment for near-infrared, visible and ultraviolet
Places of work involving occupational and/or natural range radiation can include appropriate sun block creams,
exposure to ionizing radiation should be established and with or without appropriate screening clothing.
operated in accordance with recognized international safety
standards and guidelines.74 The acceptable effective dose 2.7 Personal Protective Equipment
limits appear Table 2.6.1. (PPE)
Exposure to non-ionizing radiation (including static magnetic Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) provides additional
fields; sub-radio frequency magnetic fields; static electric
protection to workers exposed to workplace hazards in
fields; radio frequency and microwave radiation; light and
conjunction with other facility controls and safety systems.
near-infrared radiation; and ultraviolet radiation) should be
controlled to internationally recommended limits75. PPE is considered to be a last resort that is above and beyond the
other facility controls and provides the worker with an extra level
of personal protection. Table 2.7.1 presents general examples of
Table 2.6.1. Acceptable Effective Dose Limits for occupational hazards and types of PPE available for different
Workplace Radiological Hazards
purposes. Recommended measures for use of PPE in the
workplace include:
Apprentices
and
Workers students Active use of PPE if alternative technologies, work plans or
(min.19 years of (16-18 years procedures cannot eliminate, or sufficiently reduce, a hazard
Exposure age) of age)
or exposure
Five consecutive year average
effective dose
20 mSv/year Identification and provision of appropriate PPE that offers
adequate protection to the worker, co-workers, and
Single year exposure
50 mSv/year 6 mSv/year occasional visitors, without incurring unnecessary
effective dose
inconvenience to the individual
Equivalent dose to the lens of
150 mSv/year 50 mSv/year
the eye Proper maintenance of PPE, including cleaning when dirty
and replacement when damaged or worn out. Proper use of
Equivalent dose to the
150
extremities (hands, feet) or the 500 mSv/year PPE should be part of the recurrent training programs for
mSv/year
skin
employees
74 International Basic Safety Standard for protection against Ionizing Radiation and
for the Safety of Radiation Sources and its three interrelated Safety Guides.
IAEA. http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/documents/default.asp?sub=160
75 For example ACGIH (2005) and International Commission for Non-Ionizing
Radiation (ICNIRP).
Selection of PPE should be based on the hazard and risk by recognized organizations76.
ranking described earlier in this section, and selected
according to criteria on performance and testing established 2.8 Special Hazard Environments
Special hazard environments are work situations where all of the
previously described hazards may exist under unique or especially
Table 2.7.1. Summary of Recommended Personal
hazardous circumstances. Accordingly, extra precautions or rigor
Protective Equipment
According to Hazard in application of precautions is required.
Foot Falling or rolling objects, Safety shoes and boots for Confined spaces can occur in enclosed or open structures or
protection pointed objects. Corrosive protection against moving &
or hot liquids. falling objects, liquids and locations. Serious injury or fatality can result from inadequate
chemicals.
preparation to enter a confined space or in attempting a rescue
Hand Hazardous materials, cuts Gloves made of rubber or from a confined space. Recommended management approaches
protection or lacerations, vibrations, synthetic materials (Neoprene),
extreme temperatures. leather, steel, insulating include:
materials, etc.
Respiratory Dust, fogs, fumes, mists, Facemasks with appropriate Engineering measures should be implemented to eliminate,
protection gases, smokes, vapors. filters for dust removal and air to the degree feasible, the existence and adverse character
purification (chemicals, mists,
vapors and gases). Single or of confined spaces.
multi-gas personal monitors, if
available. Permit-required confined spaces should be provided with
Access hatches should accommodate 90% of the worker persons capable of providing aid and assistance, for continuous
population with adjustments for tools and protective clothing. periods exceeding one hour. The worker is therefore at increased
The most current ISO and EN standards should be consulted risk should an accident or injury occur.
for design specifications;
Where workers may be required to perform work under lone
Prior to entry into a permit-required confined space: or isolated circumstances, Standard Operating Procedures
o Process or feed lines into the space should be (SOPs) should be developed and implemented to ensure all
disconnected or drained, and blanked and locked-out. PPE and safety measures are in place before the worker
o Mechanical equipment in the space should be starts work. SOPs should establish, at a minimum, verbal
disconnected, de-energized, locked-out, and braced, as contact with the worker at least once every hour, and ensure
appropriate. the worker has a capability for summoning emergency aid.
o The atmosphere within the confined space should be If the worker is potentially exposed to highly toxic or corrosive
tested to assure the oxygen content is between 19.5 chemicals, emergency eye-wash and shower facilities should
percent and 23 percent, and that the presence of any be equipped with audible and visible alarms to summon aid
flammable gas or vapor does not exceed 25 percent of whenever the eye-wash or shower is activated by the worker
its respective Lower Explosive Limit (LEL). and without intervention by the worker.
o If the atmospheric conditions are not met, the confined
space should be ventilated until the target safe
2.9 Monitoring
atmosphere is achieved, or entry is only to be Occupational health and safety monitoring programs should verify
undertaken with appropriate and additional PPE. the effectiveness of prevention and control strategies. The
selected indicators should be representative of the most
Safety precautions should include Self Contained Breathing
significant occupational, health, and safety hazards, and the
Apparatus (SCBA), life lines, and safety watch workers
implementation of prevention and control strategies. The
stationed outside the confined space, with rescue and first
occupational health and safety monitoring program should include:
aid equipment readily available.
Safety inspection, testing and calibration: This should include
Before workers are required to enter a permit-required
confined space, adequate and appropriate training in regular inspection and testing of all safety features and
hazard control measures focusing on engineering and
confined space hazard control, atmospheric testing, use of
personal protective features, work procedures, places of
the necessary PPE, as well as the serviceability and integrity
work, installations, equipment, and tools used. The
of the PPE should be verified. Further, adequate and
inspection should verify that issued PPE continues to provide
appropriate rescue and / or recovery plans and equipment
should be in place before the worker enters the confined adequate protection and is being worn as required. All
A lone and isolated worker is a worker out of verbal and line of Surveillance of the working environment: Employers should
sight communication with a supervisor, other workers, or other document compliance using an appropriate combination of
portable and stationary sampling and monitoring instruments. The systems and the employer should further enable and
Monitoring and analyses should be conducted according to encourage workers to report to management all:
internationally recognized methods and standards. o Occupational injuries and near misses
Monitoring methodology, locations, frequencies, and o Suspected cases of occupational disease
parameters should be established individually for each o Dangerous occurrences and incidents
project following a review of the hazards. Generally,
All reported occupational accidents, occupational diseases,
monitoring should be performed during commissioning of
dangerous occurrences, and incidents together with near
facilities or equipment and at the end of the defect and
misses should be investigated with the assistance of a
liability period, and otherwise repeated according to the
person knowledgeable/competent in occupational safety. The
monitoring plan.
investigation should:
Surveillance of workers health: When extraordinary
o Establish what happened
protective measures are required (for example, against
o Determine the cause of what happened
biological agents Groups 3 and 4, and/or hazardous
o Identify measures necessary to prevent a recurrence
compounds), workers should be provided appropriate and
relevant health surveillance prior to first exposure, and at Occupational accidents and diseases should, at a minimum,
regular intervals thereafter. The surveillance should, if be classified according to Table 2.10.1. Distinction is made
deemed necessary, be continued after termination of the between fatal and non-fatal injuries. The two main categories
Training: Training activities for employees and visitors should death or duration of the incapacity to work. The total work
be adequately monitored and documented (curriculum, hours during the specified reporting period should be
duration, and participants). Emergency exercises, including reported to the appropriate regulatory agency.
fire drills, should be documented adequately. Service Table 2.9.1. Occupational Accident Reporting
providers and contractors should be contractually required to
submit to the employer adequate training documentation a. Fatalities b. Non-fatal c. Total time lost
before start of their assignment. (number) injuries non-fatal injuries
(number) 78 (days)
b.1 Less than one
a.1 Immediate
Accidents and Diseases monitoring day
The employer should establish procedures and systems for a.2 Within a month b.2 Up to 3 days c.1 Category b.2
78 The day on which an incident occurs is not included in b.2 and b.3.
Water Availability
3.1 Water Quality and Availability The potential effect of groundwater or surface water abstraction
Groundwater and surface water represent essential sources of
for project activities should be properly assessed through a
drinking and irrigation water in developing countries, particularly in
combination of field testing and modeling techniques, accounting
rural areas where piped water supply may be limited or
for seasonal variability and projected changes in demand in the
unavailable and where available resources are collected by the
project area.
consumer with little or no treatment. Project activities involving
wastewater discharges, water extraction, diversion or
Project activities should not compromise the availability of water project structures should be designed in accordance with
for personal hygiene needs and should take account of potential engineering and design criteria mandated by site-specific
future increases in demand. The overall target should be the risks, including but not limited to seismic activity, slope
availability of 100 liters per person per day although lower levels stability, wind loading, and other dynamic loads
may be used to meet basic health requirements.79 Water volume Application of locally regulated or internationally recognized
requirements for well-being-related demands such as water use in building codes80 to ensure structures are designed and
health care facilities may need to be higher. constructed in accordance with sound architectural and
engineering practice, including aspects of fire prevention and
3.2 Structural Safety of Project response
Infrastructure Engineers and architects responsible for designing and
Hazards posed to the public while accessing project facilities may constructing facilities, building, plants and other structures
include: should certify the applicability and appropriateness of the
Physical trauma associated with failure of building structures structural criteria employed.
Burns and smoke inhalation from fires International codes, such as those compiled by the International
Injuries suffered as a consequence of falls or contact with Code Council (ICC) 81, are intended to regulate the design,
heavy equipment construction, and maintenance of a built environment and contain
Respiratory distress from dust, fumes, or noxious odors detailed guidance on all aspects of building safety, encompassing
Exposure to hazardous materials methodology, best practices, and documenting compliance.
Reduction of potential hazards is best accomplished during the Depending on the nature of a project, guidance provided in the
design phase when the structural design, layout and site ICC or comparable codes should be followed, as appropriate, with
modifications can be adapted more easily. The following issues respect to:
should be considered and incorporated as appropriate into the
Existing structures
planning, siting, and design phases of a project:
Soils and foundations
Safeguards during construction and may be used to document compliance with the Life and Fire
Encroachments into public right-of-way Safety objectives outlined in these guidelines. With regard to
these objectives:
Although major design changes may not be feasible during the
operation phase of a project, hazard analysis can be undertaken Project sponsors architects and professional consulting
to identify opportunities to reduce the consequences of a failure or engineers should demonstrate that affected buildings meet
accident. Illustrative management actions, applicable to these life and fire safety objectives.
hazardous materials storage and use, include: Life and fire safety systems and equipment should be
Reducing inventories of hazardous materials through designed and installed using appropriate prescriptive
inventory management and process changes to greatly standards and/or performance based design, and sound
release Life and fire safety design criteria for all existing buildings
Modifying process or storage conditions to reduce the should incorporate all local building codes and fire
potential consequences of an accidental off-site release department regulations.
Improving shut-down and secondary containment to reduce
These guidelines apply to buildings that are accessible to the
the amount of material escaping from containment and to
public. Examples of such buildings include:
reduce the release duration
Reducing the probability that releases will occur through Health and education facilities
improved site operations and control, and through Hotels, convention centers, and leisure facilities
improvements in maintenance and inspection Retail and commercial facilities
Reducing off-site impacts of releases through measures Airports, other public transport terminals, transfer facilities
intended to contain explosions and fires, alert the public,
provide for evacuation of surrounding areas, establish safety Specific Requirements for New Buildings
zones around a site, and ensure the provision of emergency The nature and extent of life and fire safety systems required will
medical services to the public depend on the building type, structure, construction, occupancy,
and exposures. Sponsors should prepare a Life and Fire Safety
3.3 Life and Fire Safety (L&FS) Master Plan identifying major fire risks, applicable codes,
standards and regulations, and mitigation measures. The Master
Applicability and Approach
82 US NFPA.
All new buildings accessible to the public should be designed, http://www.nfpa.org/catalog/product.asp?category%5Fname=&pid=10106&target%
constructed, and operated in full compliance with local building 5Fpid=10106&src%5Fpid=&link%5Ftype=search
other emergency, such as: procedures to assist staff and emergency response teams during
real life emergency and training exercises. This chapter of the Fire
Clear, unimpeded escape routes
and Life Safety Master Plan should include an assessment of local
Accessibility to the impaired/handicapped fire prevention and suppression capabilities.
Marking and signing
Emergency lighting Operation and Maintenance
Operation and Maintenance involves preparing schedules for
Detection and Alarm Systems mandatory regular maintenance and testing of life and fire safety
These systems encompass all measures, including features to ensure that mechanical, electrical, and civil structures
communication and public address systems needed to detect a and systems are at all times in conformance with life and fire
fire and alert: safety design criteria and required operational readiness.
Building staff
Emergency response teams
L&FS Master Plan Review and Approval
Occupants A suitably qualified professional prepares and submits a Life
Civil defense and Fire Safety (L&FS) Master Plan, including preliminary
drawings and specifications, and certifies that the design
meets the requirements of these L&FS guidelines. The earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, windstorms, and fires from
findings and recommendations of the review are then used to surrounding areas).
establish the conditions of a Corrective Action Plan and a All such structures should be designed in accordance with
time frame for implementing the changes. the criteria mandated by situation-, climatic-, and geology-
The suitably qualified professional conducts a review as part specific location risks (e.g. seismic activity, wind loading, and
of the project completion test at the time of life and fire safety other dynamic loads).
systems testing and commissioning, and certifies that Structural engineers and architects responsible for facilities,
construction of these systems has been carried out in buildings, plants and structures should certify the applicability
accordance with the accepted design. The findings and and appropriateness of the design criteria employed.
recommendations of the review are used as the basis for National or regional building regulations typically contain fire
establishing project completion or to establish the conditions safety codes and standards83 or these standards are found in
of a Pre-Completion Corrective Action Plan and a time frame separate Fire Codes.84,85 Generally, such codes and
for implementing the changes. regulations incorporate further compliance requirements with
respect to methodology, practice, testing, and other codes
Specific Requirements for Existing
and standards86. Such nationally referenced material
Buildings
constitutes the acceptable fire life safety code.
All life and fire safety guideline requirements for new
buildings apply to existing buildings programmed for
3.4 Traffic Safety
renovation. A suitably qualified professional conducts a
Traffic accidents have become one of the most significant causes
complete life and fire safety review of existing buildings
of injuries and fatalities among members of the public worldwide.
slated for renovation. The findings and recommendations of
Traffic safety should be promoted by all project personnel during
the review are used as the basis to establish the scope of
displacement to and from the workplace, and during operation of
work of a Corrective Action Plan and a time frame for
project equipment on private or public roads. Prevention and
implementing the changes.
control of traffic related injuries and fatalities should include the
If it becomes apparent that life and fire safety conditions are
adoption of safety measures that are protective of project workers
deficient in an existing building that is not part of the project
and of road users, including those who are most vulnerable to
or that has not been programmed for renovation, a life and
road traffic accidents87. Road safety initiatives proportional to the
fire safety review of the building may be conducted by a
scope and nature of project activities should include:
suitably qualified professional. The findings and
recommendations of the review are used as the basis to
establish the scope of work of a Corrective Action Plan and a 83 For example, Australia, Canada, South Africa, United Kingdom
84 Rglementation Incendie [des ERP]
time frame for implementing the changes.
85 USA NFPA, 2006.
86 Prepared by National Institutes and Authorities such as American Society for
Other Hazards Testing and Materials (ASTM), British Standards (BS), German Institute of
Standardization (DIN), and French Standards (NF)
Facilities, buildings, plants, and structures should be situated 87 Additional information on vulnerable users of public roads in developing
countries is provided by Peden et al., 2004.
to minimize potential risks from forces of nature (e.g.
Adoption of best transport safety practices across all aspects Employing safe traffic control measures, including road signs
of project operations with the goal of preventing traffic and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions
accidents and minimizing injuries suffered by project
personnel and the public. Measures should include: 3.5 Transport of Hazardous Materials
o Emphasizing safety aspects among drivers
General Hazardous Materials Transport
o Improving driving skills and requiring licensing of drivers
Projects should have procedures in place that ensure
o Adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver
compliance with local laws and international requirements
rosters to avoid overtiredness
applicable to the transport of hazardous materials, including:
o Avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce
the risk of accidents o IATA requirements89 for air transport
o Use of speed control devices (governors) on trucks, and o IMDG Code90 sea transport
remote monitoring of driver actions o UN Model Regulations91 of other international standards
as well as local requirements for land transport
Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer
o Host-country commitments under the Basel Convention
approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents
on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure.
Hazardous Waste and their disposal and Rotterdam
Where the project may contribute to a significant increase in traffic Convention on the prior Inform Consent Procedure for
along existing roads, or where road transport is a significant Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in
component of a project, recommended measures include: International Trade, if applicable to the project activities
Minimizing pedestrian interaction with construction vehicles The procedures for transportation of hazardous materials
Collaboration with local communities and responsible (Hazmats) should include:
authorities to improve signage, visibility and overall safety of o Proper labeling of containers, including the identify and
roads, particularly along stretches located near schools or quantity of the contents, hazards, and shipper contact
other locations where children may be present. Collaborating information
with local communities on education about traffic and o Providing a shipping document (e.g. shipping manifest)
pedestrian safety (e.g. school education campaigns)88 that describes the contents of the load and its
Coordination with emergency responders to ensure that associated hazards in addition to the labeling of the
appropriate first aid is provided in the event of accidents containers. The shipping document should establish a
Using locally sourced materials, whenever possible, to chain-of-custody using multiple signed copies to show
minimize transport distances. Locating associated facilities that the waste was properly shipped, transported and
such as worker camps close to project sites and arranging received by the recycling or treatment/disposal facility
worker bus transport to minimizing external traffic
89 IATA, 2005. www.iata.org
90 IMO. www.imo.org/safety
88Additional sources of information for implementation of road safety measures is 91 United Nations. Transport of Dangerous Goods - Model Regulations. 14th
available at WHO, 1989, Ross et al., 1991, Tsunokawa and Hoban, 1997, and Revised Edition. Geneva 2005.
OECD, 1999 http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev14/14files_e.html
o Ensuring that the volume, nature, integrity and The existing criteria for the safe transportation of hazardous
protection of packaging and containers used for materials, including environmental management systems
transport are appropriate for the type and quantity of used by the company and its contractors
hazardous material and modes of transport involved
This review should cover the management actions, preventive
o Ensuring adequate transport vehicle specifications
measures and emergency response procedures described below.
o Training employees involved in the transportation of
The hazard assessment helps to determine what additional
hazardous materials regarding proper shipping
measures may be required to complete the plan.
procedures and emergency procedures
o Using labeling and placarding (external signs on Management Actions
transport vehicles), as required
Management of Change: These procedures should address:
o Providing the necessary means for emergency response
o The technical basis for changes in hazardous materials
on call 24 hours/day
offered for transportation, routes and/or procedures
Major Transportation Hazards o The potential impact of changes on health and safety
Guidance related to major transportation hazards should be o Modification required to operating procedures
toxic, fire, explosion, or other hazards during transportation. Compliance Audit: A compliance audit evaluates compliance
with prevention requirements for each transportation route or
In addition to these aforementioned procedures, projects which
for each hazardous material, as appropriate. A compliance
transport hazardous materials at or above the threshold
audit covering each element of the prevention measures (see
quantities92 should prepare a Hazardous Materials Transportation
below) should be conducted at least every three years. The
Plan containing all of the elements presented below93.
audit program should include:
o Preparation of a report of the findings
Hazard Assessment
o Determination and documentation of the appropriate
The hazard assessment should identify the potential hazard
response to each finding
involved in the transportation of hazardous materials by reviewing:
o Documentation that any deficiency has been corrected.
The hazard characteristics of the substances identified during
Incident Investigation: Incidents can provide valuable
the screening stage
information about transportation hazards and the steps
The history of accidents, both by the company and its
needed to prevent accidental releases. The implementation
contractors, involving hazardous materials transportation
of incident investigation procedures should ensure that:
92 Threshold quantities for the transport of hazardous materials are found in the UN
action regarding the implementation of active employee measures specific to each hazardous material offered for
UNDP, 2000, 2003; Walley et al., 2000; Kindhauser, 2003; Heymann, 2004. and treat cases
Distributing appropriate education materials Alarm bells, visual alarms, or other forms of communication
Following safety guidelines for the storage, transport, and should be used to reliably alert workers to an emergency. Related
distribution of pesticides to minimize the potential for misuse, measures include:
spills, and accidental human exposure
Testing warning systems at least annually (fire alarms
monthly), and more frequently if required by local regulations,
3.7 Emergency Preparedness and equipment, or other considerations
Response Installing a back-up system for communications on-site with
An emergency is an unplanned event when a project operation off-site resources, such as fire departments, in the event that
loses control, or could lose control, of a situation that may result in normal communication methods may be inoperable during an
risks to human health, property, or the environment, either within emergency
the facility or in the local community. Emergencies do not
normally include safe work practices for frequent upsets or events Community Notification
that are covered by occupational health and safety. If a local community may be at risk from a potential emergency
arising at the facility, the company should implement
All projects should have an Emergency Preparedness and
communication measures to alert the community, such as:
Response Plan that is commensurate with the risks of the facility
and that includes the following basic elements: Audible alarms, such as fire bells or sirens
Administration (policy, purpose, distribution, definitions, etc) Fan out telephone call lists
Emergency resources
Media and Agency Relations
Training and updating
Emergency information should be communicated to the media
Checklists (role and action list and equipment checklist)
through:
Business Continuity and Contingency
A trained, local spokesperson able to interact with relevant
Additional information is provided for key components of the stakeholders, and offer guidance to the company for
emergency plan, as follows below. speaking to the media, government, and other agencies
Written press releases with accurate information, appropriate
Communication Systems
level of detail for the emergency, and for which accuracy can
Worker notification and communication be guaranteed
Medical Services
Contact List
The company should provide first aid attendants for the
The company should develop a list of contact information for
facility as well as medical equipment suitable for the
all internal and external resources and personnel. The list
personnel, type of operation, and the degree of treatment
should include the name, description, location, and contact
likely to be required prior to transportation to hospital.
details (telephone, email) for each of the resources, and be
maintained annually.
Availability of Resources
Appropriate measures for managing the availability of resources in
Training and Updating
case of an emergency include:
The emergency preparedness facilities and emergency response
Maintaining a list of external equipment, personnel, facilities, plans require maintenance, review, and updating to account for
funding, expert knowledge, and materials that may be changes in equipment, personnel, and facilities. Training
required to respond to emergencies. The list should include programs and practice exercises provide for testing systems to
personnel with specialized expertise for spill clean-up, flood ensure an adequate level of emergency preparedness. Programs
control, engineering, water treatment, environmental science, should:
etc., or any of the functions required to adequately respond
Identify training needs based on the roles and
to the identified emergency
responsibilities, capabilities and requirements of personnel
Providing personnel who can readily call up resources, as
in an emergency
required
Develop a training plan to address needs, particularly for fire
Tracking and managing the costs associated with emergency
fighting, spill response, and evacuation
resources
During construction and decommissioning activities, noise and o Mulching to stabilize exposed areas
vibration may be caused by the operation of pile drivers, earth o Re-vegetating areas promptly
moving and excavation equipment, concrete mixers, cranes and o Designing channels and ditches for post-construction
the transportation of equipment, materials and people. Some flows
recommended noise reduction and control strategies to consider o Lining steep channel and slopes (e.g. use jute matting)
in areas close to community areas include: Reducing or preventing off-site sediment transport through
Planning activities in consultation with local communities so use of settlement ponds, silt fences, and water treatment,
that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are and modifying or suspending activities during extreme rainfall
and high winds to the extent practical.
Using impervious surfaces for refueling areas and other fluid the type and risks of the contaminated media, and the intended
transfer areas land use. However, a basic management strategy should include:
Training workers on the correct transfer and handling of fuels Managing contaminated media with the objective of
and chemicals and the response to spills protecting the safety and health of occupants of the site, the
Providing portable spill containment and cleanup equipment surrounding community, and the environment post
on site and training in the equipment deployment construction or post decommissioning
Assessing the contents of hazardous materials and Understanding the historical use of the land with regard to
petroleum-based products in building systems (e.g. PCB the potential presence of hazardous materials or oil prior to
containing electrical equipment, asbestos-containing building initiation of construction or decommissioning activities
materials) and process equipment and removing them prior Preparing plans and procedures to respond to the discovery
to initiation of decommissioning activities, and managing their of contaminated media to minimize or reduce the risk to
treatment and disposal according to Sections 1.5 and 1.6 on health, safety, and the environment consistent with the
Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Waste Management, approach for Contaminated Land in Section 1.6
respectively Preparation of a management plan to manage obsolete,
Assessing the presence of hazardous substances in or on abandoned, hazardous materials or oil consistent with the
building materials (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls, asbestos- approach to hazardous waste management described in
containing flooring or insulation) and decontaminating or Section 1.6.
properly managing contaminated building materials
Successful implementation of any management strategy may Implementing good house-keeping practices, such as the
require identification and cooperation with whoever is responsible sorting and placing loose construction materials or demolition
and liable for the contamination. debris in established areas away from foot paths
Cleaning up excessive waste debris and liquid spills regularly
4.2 Occupational Health and Safety{ Locating electrical cords and ropes in common areas and
TC "4.2 Occupational Health and marked corridors
Safety" \f C \l "2" } Use of slip retardant footwear
securing, marking, and labeling covers for openings in floors, a turn while moving. Techniques for the prevention and control of
roofs, or walking surfaces these impacts include:
Controlling site-specific factors which may contribute to respirators, clothing/protective suits, gloves and eye
excavation slope instability including, for example, the use of protection
excavation dewatering, side-walls support, and slope
gradient adjustments that eliminate or minimize the risk of
4.3 Community Health and Safety{ TC
collapse, entrapment, or drowning
"4.3 Community Health and Safety" \f
Providing safe means of access and egress from
C \l "2" }
excavations, such as graded slopes, graded access route, or General Site Hazards
stairs and ladders
Projects should implement risk management strategies to protect
Avoiding the operation of combustion equipment for
the community from physical, chemical, or other hazards
prolonged periods inside excavations areas where other
associated with sites under construction and decommissioning.
workers are required to enter unless the area is actively
Risks may arise from inadvertent or intentional trespassing,
ventilated
including potential contact with hazardous materials, contaminated
soils and other environmental media, buildings that are vacant or
Other Site Hazards
under construction, or excavations and structures which may pose
Construction and decommissioning sites may pose a risk of
falling and entrapment hazards. Risk management strategies may
exposure to dust, chemicals, hazardous or flammable materials,
include:
and wastes in a combination of liquid, solid, or gaseous forms,
which should be prevented through the implementation of project- Restricting access to the site, through a combination of
specific plans and other applicable management practices, institutional and administrative controls, with a focus on high
Traffic Safety
Construction activities may result in a significant increase in
movement of heavy vehicles for the transport of construction
materials and equipment increasing the risk of traffic-related
accidents and injuries to workers and local communities. The
incidence of road accidents involving project vehicles during
construction should be minimized through a combination of
education and awareness-raising, and the adoption of procedures
described in Section 3.4 (Traffic Safety).
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