Seminar Report
Seminar Report
Seminar Report
OPTIMISER
ROHIT C KUMARATH
14031248
Certificate
place ..................
date ...../...../........
Submitted for the semester examination held on ..................................
External Internal
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Acknowledgment
Sincerely
ROHIT C KUMARATH
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Abstract
Voltage optimization is an energy saving technology that is installed
in series with the main electricity supply to systematically optimize,
regulate and clean the incoming power to bring the voltage supplied
into a building in line with what is required by equipment, machinery
and appliances.
This is a three phase vector addition / subtraction Voltage Optimizer
that can be used for buck-only or boost-only or buck-boost voltage
regulation with an accuracy of +/-1 %. The duty-cycle of the PWM
is controlled by the DSP which has a PWM resolution of 1ns step so
an accuracy of much better than 1% regulation can be obtained.
PWM is made between phase to phase instead of neutral to phase.
Because of this neutral is not required for the working of unit. And
the output has potential with existing neutral. Three phase load can
directly be connected across three wire output.
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 2
2 THE BASICS 3
3 CHARACTERISTICS, CONTRUCTION
AND WORKING 4
3.1 Power topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Highlights of this design are: . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Active Clamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4 Bypass arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5 Connection of 3-Phase Delta Load and single
phase load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 FEATURES 11
i
6.3.2Three Phase Input & Three Phase
Output (Unbalanced Load) . . . . . 23
6.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ORDINARY VOLTAGE OPTIMIZER . . . 24
9 OVERVOLTAGE 28
9.1 Man-made sources of spikes . . . . . . . . . 30
10 HARMONICS 32
10.1 Partials, overtones, and harmonics . . . . . 34
12 APPLICATIONS 40
13 CONCLUSION 41
14 LIST OF REFERENCES 42
1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
2
Chapter 2
THE BASICS
For three phase delta loads like three phase delta motor,
delta input transformer etc regulating the voltage with re-
spect to neutral and then feeding to delta is not reliable
because it will depend on the neutrals quality.
3
Chapter 3
CHARACTERISTICS,
CONTRUCTION AND WORKING
4
This is an SMPS type voltage optimizer for mains voltage
(AC input and AC output). This is a new delta PWM
switching topology where PWM is made directly in 3-Phase
AC-to-AC, without adding any harmonic distortion. In
this topology there is no need to convert the AC input
to DC and again convert it back to regulated AC output.
This simplifies the design, reduces the component count
and improves the efficiency and reliability. The power stage
is a delta 3-Phase IGBT chopper control. The chopping
frequency is around 20 KHz which ensures absolute silent
operation and pure sine wave output (does not produce
any waveform distortion). It has a special feature of Active
Clamping there is no switching at unclamped inductive load
which will cause high surge during turn-off.
5
3.1 Power topology
6
switch. The system is highly reliable and safe as it is fully
electronic, there is no moving part which can cause damage
due to wear and tear or require regular maintenance. All
protections are inbuilt in the system to protect it in haz-
ardous conditions. Active clamping, IGBT de-saturation
protection and soft turn-off, Miller clamping to avoid shoot
through conduction in IGBT power stage, short circuit pro-
tection, lightning and surge protection, EMI /RFI filter are
all included in the system.
7
*Only the difference power is processed through the sys-
tem resulting higher efficiency.
9
3.5 Connection of 3-Phase Delta Load and single phase
load
10
Chapter 4
FEATURES
11
8. Over voltage and under voltage cut off.
9. Automatic bypass in case of hazard/ failure.
10. LCD for displaying all parameters.
11. The actual power, optimized power and saved power
displayed with date and time stamp.
12. Small transformer size (1/5
13. Compact size and light weight th of the capacity)
14. 20KHz PWM control resulting silent operation.
15. IGBT power stage. Highly reliable.
16. Fully solid state. No moving part, hence more life and
no maintenance.
17. Periodically the unit goes to fully uninterrupted bypass
for a short while and measures actual power consumed
by the load and comes back to voltage optimize mode,
measures the reduction in the power and calculates how
much energy is saved. This is measured using class 0.5
certified 3 phase energy meter. These parameters are
displayed in the LCD along with other parameters like
voltage, current, power factor, harmonics etc
18. System has built-in datalogger. All the parameters are
periodically saved to flash memory with date and time
stamp. The device is also having a wireless Zigbee com-
munication interface. A computer or other device can
wirelessly monitor or download the data and thereafter
upload to the Internet.
12
Chapter 5
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
For three phase delta loads like three phase delta motor,
delta input transformer etc regulating the voltage with re-
spect to neutral and then feeding to delta is not reliable
13
because it will depend on the neutrals quality. The bal-
ance in delta will change if there is any neutral open or
neutral floating / high impedance. Delta to delta voltage
optimization is the most reliable method as the regulation
of the output voltage is irrespective of the neutral. Neutral
floating / high impedance will not affect the regulation of
the voltage optimizer.
Positive environmental.
Reduce electricity charges
Saves valuable fuel
Save energy
Improve efficiency
Transformer required is less than 1/5th of its rating
Reduction in energy consumption (kWh)
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Reduction in carbon footprint (CO2)
Reduction in maximum demand (kVA)
Reduction in levels of voltage harmonics
Improvement in power factor
Improvement in power quality
Improvement in operation of electrical equipment
Improvement in lifetime of electrical equipment.
DISADVANTAGES
15
Chapter 6
16
on all supplies, whether this would offer a commercial ben-
efit or not. Some VO units have been installed on high
frequency lighting circuits, offering little or no commercial
benefit; therefore one must be careful when the term is
used.
18
Therefore in an autotransformer the primary and sec-
ondary windings are linked together both electrically and
magnetically. The main advantage of this type of trans-
former design is that it can be made a lot cheaper for the
same VA rating, but the biggest disadvantage of an auto-
transformer is that it does not have the primary/secondary
winding isolation of a conventional double wound trans-
former.
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1% with input voltage changes up to 50%. These ma-
chines are not affected unduly by power factor or frequency
variation. This type of technology tends to be extremely
effective when considering large three phase applications,
as it is able to maintain its accuracy of all three phases,
both line to line and line to neutral, irrespective of input
voltage
20
6.3 Three phase servo stabilizer
21
6.3.1 Three Phase Input & Three Phase Output (Balanced Load)
*CNC Machines
*Escalators& Elevators
6.3.2 Three Phase Input & Three Phase Output (Unbalanced Load)
applications are:-
* Medical Equipments
*Industrial Loads
23
* Lighting Load Applications
Low cost
Easy manufacturing
Easy maintenance
24
Chapter 7
25
Chapter 8
26
27
Chapter 9
OVERVOLTAGE
28
Electronic and electrical devices are designed to operate
at a certain maximum supply voltage, and considerable
damage can be caused by voltage that is higher than that
for which the devices are rated.
30
is a nuclear explosion.
31
Chapter 10
HARMONICS
32
The term harmonic in its strictest sense describes any
member of the harmonic series. The term is employed
in various disciplines, including music and acoustics, elec-
tronic power transmission, radio technology, etc. It is typi-
cally applied to repeating signals, such as sinusoidal waves.
A harmonic of such a wave is a wave with a frequency that
is a positive integer multiple of the frequency of the original
wave, known as the fundamental frequency.
34
In many musical instruments, it is possible to play the
upper harmonics without the fundamental note being present.
In a simple case (e.g., recorder) this has the effect of making
the note go up in pitch by an octave, but in more complex
cases many other pitch variations are obtained. In some
cases it also changes the timbre of the note. This is part
of the normal method of obtaining higher notes in wind
instruments, where it is called overblowing.
36
Chapter 11
COMPARISON OF VOLTAGE
REDUCTION METHOD
37
take advantage of the high switching frequency PWM con-
verters. In recent years, many voltage-mode soft-switching
techniques have been proposed [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12] and
show promising solutions to the switching and the shoot
through problems of high frequency PWM converters. These
methods enable the main switch to be turned on and off at
zero voltage. They are most notably helpful with MOSFET
devices because they reduce the substantial losses associ-
ated with turn-on of the MOSFET switch. Zero voltage
softswitching techniques have also been used with IGBTs
with improved performance [4,13,14].
38
In this paper, a group of voltage-mode soft-switching con-
verters utilizing an auxiliary switch with an inductor were
selected to do an efficiency comparison. These methods in-
tend to improve the PWM efficiency by allowing the main
switch to be turned on and off with zero voltage and con-
trolling the diodes turn-off transient. Even though the
losses in the main switch are dramatically reduced, the
auxiliary circuits will add some additional losses to the
converter. Therefore, to improve the overall efficiency of
the converter, the losses in the auxiliary circuit must be
smaller than the energy savings from the soft-switching of
the main switch. Identification of the these losses within
the auxiliary circuit are crucial to engineering applications.
39
Chapter 12
APPLICATIONS
40
Chapter 13
CONCLUSION
41
Chapter 14
LIST OF REFERENCES
http://www.medielectronics.com/
http://powerstar.com/what-is-voltage-optimisation/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage optimisation
https://interferencetechnology.com/electromagnetic-interfe
sources-and-their-mo...
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