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    What Is Programming?: Writing Games Writing Application Programs (Like Excel)

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    ChaoChao Victorioso
    Programming involves writing instructions for a computer in a language it can understand. There are many programming languages that have different rules and features. To write a program, one must decide the steps, write pseudocode or a flowchart, translate it into a language, run it, and debug any errors. Key elements in programs include variables, commands/syntax, loops, decisions, and functions. Careful writing and testing of code is needed to debug a program.

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    What Is Programming?: Writing Games Writing Application Programs (Like Excel)

    Uploaded by

    ChaoChao Victorioso
    32 views7 pages
    Programming involves writing instructions for a computer in a language it can understand. There are many programming languages that have different rules and features. To write a program, one must decide the steps, write pseudocode or a flowchart, translate it into a language, run it, and debug any errors. Key elements in programs include variables, commands/syntax, loops, decisions, and functions. Careful writing and testing of code is needed to debug a program.

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    robolecture

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    robolecture-12-9

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    Programming involves writing instructions for a computer in a language it can understand. There are many programming languages that have different rules and features. To write a program, one must decide the steps, write pseudocode or a flowchart, translate it into a language, run it, and debug any errors. Key elements in programs include variables, commands/syntax, loops, decisions, and functions. Careful writing and testing of code is needed to debug a program.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    32 views7 pages

    What Is Programming?: Writing Games Writing Application Programs (Like Excel)

    Uploaded by

    ChaoChao Victorioso
    Programming involves writing instructions for a computer in a language it can understand. There are many programming languages that have different rules and features. To write a program, one must decide the steps, write pseudocode or a flowchart, translate it into a language, run it, and debug any errors. Key elements in programs include variables, commands/syntax, loops, decisions, and functions. Careful writing and testing of code is needed to debug a program.

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    What is programming?

    -Series of instructions to a computer to accomplish a task

    -Instructions must be written in a way the computer can understand

    -Programming languages are used to write programs

    -Once the code (language) of a program has been written, it must be executed (run, started).

    -You may need to type the name of the program to start it , or use a word like RUN and the
    name of the program (in the old days, anyway).

    -Some programming languages (like Java or C++) require the code to be compiled (translated
    to binary) before it can be started.

    -Others (like JavaScript) are interpreted, meaning that each command is translated separately
    when the program is started.

    What is a programming language?

    -A set of rules that provides a way of telling a computer what operations to perform

    -Set of commands that a computer has been "taught" to understand

    -Languages that look like "machine code" (e.g., 82A8: jsr r5, @#82AE 82 AC: sob r0, 8296) are
    used for...

    ~Writing games

    ~Writing application programs (like Excel)

    -Other languages look like English ("high level," e.g., PRINT "HELLO")

    ~Logo

    ~JavaScript

    ~And many more

    The principal paradigms

    -Imperative Programming (C)

    -Object-Oriented Programming (C++)

    -Logic/Declarative Programming (Prolog)

    -Functional/Applicative Programming (Lisp)


    Levels of Programming Languages

    -High-level program

    -Low-level program

    -Executable Machine E

    HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

    ~FORTRAN

    * FORmula TRANslation

    * Developed at IBM in the mid- 1950s

    * Designed for scientific and mathematical applications by scientists and engineers

    ~COBOL

    * COmmon Business Oriented Language.

    * Developed in 1959

    * Designed to be common to many different computers.

    * Typically used for business applications.

    ~BASIC

    * Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.

    * Developed at Dartmouth College in mid 1960s.

    * Developed as a simple language for students to write programs with which they could interact
    through terminals.

    ~C

    * Developed by Bell Laboratories in the early 1970s

    * Provides control and efficiency of assembly language while having third generation language
    features.

    * Ofter used for system programs.

    * UNIX is written in C
    ~C++

    * it is C language with additional features.

    * Widely used for developing system and application software

    * Graphical user interfaces can be developed easily with visual programming tools.

    ~JAVA

    * An object-oriented language similar to C++ that eliminates lots of C++'s problematic features

    * Allows a web page developer to create programs for applications, called applets that can be
    used through a browser.

    * Objective of JAVA developers is that it be machine, platform and operating system


    independent

    Markup Languages

    ~HTML

    * HyperText Markup Language

    * Used on the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW).

    * Web page developer puts brief codes called tags in the page to indicate how the page should
    be formatted

    ~XML

    * Extensible Markup Language

    * A language for defining other languages.

    How do you write a program?

    -Decide what steps are needed to complete the task


    -Write the steps in pseudocode (written in English) or as flowchart (graphic symbols)
    -Translate into programming language
    -Try out the program and debug it (fix if necessary)

    What is pseudocode?

    -List of steps written in English


    -Like the instructions for a recipe
    -Must be in the right sequence
    Imagine saying bake the cake and then mix it up

    Sample Pseudocode

    -Task: add two numbers


    -Pseudocode
    Start
    Get two numbers
    Add them
    Print the answer
    End

    What does a flowchart look like?

    -The pseudocode from the previous slide would look like this as a flowchart:

    Start
    Print Answer

    Get 2 numbers

    End

    Add them

    What are those funny symbols?

    -START/END
    Used at the beginning and end of each flowchart

    -INPUT/OUTPUT
    Shows when information/data comes into a program or is printed out.

    -PROCESS
    Used to show calculations, storing of data in variables, and other processes that
    take place within a program.

    -DECISION
    Used to show that the program must decide whether something (usually
    comparison between numbers) is true or false. YES and NO (or T/F) branches are

    usually shown.
    Start
    Another Sample: Calculating Age
    Get yr
    -Pseudocode
    Start
    Calc age
    Get year born
    Calculate age
    Print age
    Print age
    If age > 50 print OLD Y
    End Age>50
    OLD

    End

    Elements of a Program

    -All programming languages have certain features in common. For example:


    Variables
    Commands/Syntax (the way commands are structured)
    Loops
    Decisions
    Functions
    -Each programming language has a different set of rules about these features.

    Variables
    -Variables are part of almost every program.
    -A variable is a place to put data and is usually represented by a letter or a word. (Think of a
    variable as a Tupperware container with a label on it.)
    -Variable names cannot contain spaces.
    -Some programming languages have very specific limits on variable names.
    -Usually there are several ways to put information into a variable.
    -The most common way is to use the equal sign (=).
    -X = Y + 7 means take the value of Y, add 7, and put it into X.
    -COUNT = COUNT + 2 means take the current value of COUNT, add 2 to it, and make it the
    new value of COUNT.
    -Sometimes you must specify the type of data that will be placed in a variable
    -Here are some examples of data types:
    Numeric (numbers of all kinds)
    String (text, strings of letters)
    Integer (whole numbers)
    Long (large numbers)
    Boolean (true/false)
    -Variables may be classified as global or local
    -A global variable is one that can be shared by all parts of a program including any functions or
    subprograms.
    -A local variable is one that is used only within a certain part of the program for example, only in
    one function or subprogram.

    Commands/Syntax

    -Programming languages are truly languages


    -They have rules about grammar, spelling, punctuation, etc.
    -You need to learn the rules of a programming language, just as you learned to speak and write
    English.

    Loops

    -A loop is a repetition of all or part of the commands in a program


    -A loop often has a counter (a variable) and continues to repeat a specified number of times.
    -A loop may also continue until a certain condition is me (e.g., until the end of a file or until a
    number reaches a set limit)

    Decisions

    -You saw a flowchart symbol for decisions.


    -A program often needs to decide whether something is true or false in order to see which way
    to continue
    -Programs often use IF (or IF THEN or IF THEN ELSE) statements to show a decision.
    -An IF statement always has a condition to check, often a comparison between variable and a
    number.
    -The IF statement also must specify what to do if the condition/comparison is true.
    -These instructions (for true) may come after the word THEN, or they may simply be listed.
    -In an IF THEN statement, when the condition is false, the program simply ignores the THEN
    commands and continues to the next line.
    -In an IF THEN ELSE statement, commands are given for both the true and false conditions

    Functions

    -In most programming languages, small subprograms are used to perform some of the tasks.
    -These may be called functions, subroutines, handlers, or other such terms.
    -Functions often have names (e.g., getName or CALCTAX).
    -A function generally gets information from the main program, performs some task, and returns
    information back to the program.
    -Functions follow the same rues of syntax, etc. as the main program.
    -JavaScript code is primarily made of a series of functions.

    Hints for Writing Code

    -Code means writing the program in the appropriate language


    -Be sure the code is exact (spelling, capitals/lower case, punctuation, etc).
    -Write part of the code, try it, and then write more.
    Debugging

    -To debug means to try a program, then fix any mistakes.


    -Virtually no program works the first time you run it. There are just too many places to make
    errors.
    -When you are debugging a program, look for spelling and punctuation errors.
    -Fix one error at a time, then try the program again.

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