Tajik Persian Readings in History, Culture and Society
Tajik Persian Readings in History, Culture and Society
Tajik Persian Readings in History, Culture and Society
Razi Ahmad
i
Tajik Persian: Readings in
History, Culture and Society
Razi Ahmad
ii
2016 Razi Ahmad
ISBN: 978-1-936153-10-7
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the
license terms.
iii
Acknowledgement
Tajik Persian: Readings in History, Culture and Society grew out of the
materials developed for the purpose of teaching Language Across the Cur-
riculum (LAC) courses in Tajik offered through the Center for Russian, East
European & Eurasian Studies (CREES) at the University of Kansas. I extend
my thanks to the former director of the center Professor Edith Clowes for ac-
cepting my LAC proposal and encouraging me in developing such courses. I
would also like to thank Professor Marc Greenberg (Director, KU School of
Languages, Literatures, and Cultures) for his encouragement in preparing the
textbook.
I must express my gratitude to Dildora Toshmatova for her invaluable con-
tributions in collecting and developing the materials for this book. I would also
like to thank Shamsullo Mirzoev for sharing his insights and editing and proof-
reading the draft as a native speaker. I am grateful to Marianne Reed (Digital
Initiatives Coordinator, KU Libraries) and Josh Bolick (Scholarly Communi-
cations Librarian, KU Libraries) for their advice and Pam LeRow (CLAS/Dig-
ital Media Service) for technical assistance. Finally, I thank my wife Tasnim
Fatma for her patience and never ending support.
Of course, any shortcomings are mine.
iv
Table of Contents
PREFACE...................................................................................................... vi
v
Preface
vi
CHAPTER 1: THE SAMANID STATE STRUCTURE
,
,
1.
.
. (
) ( -)
.
2: -
, . e
, II (914-
943)
.3 10 ,
:
, 4 .
.
, ,
: , .
.
,
.
-- ,
.
--
, , .
-- ( )
. -
1
Here, . . . (. . . is possible only when) makes the
sentence . . . ,
. a possible conditional sentence. Hence, the main
compound verb is in present subjunctive form. See, discussion of Tajik
verbs in John R. Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar (Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic
Publishers: 2005).
2
. . . is in passive [Past participle + the appropriate form of ].
3
. . . . literally translates into . . . they had built
ten large buildings for diwans. Nonetheless, an appropriate translation would be . . . ten large
buildings were/had been built for diwans.
4
The letter in changed to in because it is written only in
a word final-position.
1
,
5, -
.
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
.6 ,
.
,
. ,
.7
5
means used to send. It could also be written . For
more see John R. Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar, 226-27.
6
means began to supervise. The functions as non-wit-
nessed durative. For more see Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar, 276.
7
For more information on Samanids in English, see Richard N. Frye The Samanids in Richard
N. Frye (ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press: 1975.
8
Mausoleum of Ismail Samani, Bukhara. Image source: Wikimedia Commons https://com-
mons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AUZ_Bukhara_Samanid-mausoleum.jpg
2
(Somoni Monument, Dushanbe, Tajikistan)9
VOCABULARY
(prep.) according to, on (n.) apparatus
account of
(n.) government department,
-- (n.) chief of the chancery
department of official documents
[Lit. chief, great man; (n.) office, institution
country] (v.) to manage
(n.) founder (n.) ffort
(n.) farmer (adj.) economic
(n.) endowment (n.) will,
(adj.) civil (a Russian (adj.) counterfeit, fraud
loanword for )
(n.) judge
() at (someones)
disposal (n.) rank, position
(n.) (royal) court (n.) center
9
Somoni Monument, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:Somoni_Monument,_Dushanbe,_Tajikistan.JPG (Attribution: By Rjruiziii (Own
work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Com-
mons)
3
(n.) black room (n.) field, area, domain
(adj.) administrative -- (n.) chief of the
postal department, postmaster
(n.) institution, foundation
-- (n.) captain of the
(v.) to interfere guard [ (pl. ) police)]
(n.) property; country, state (n.) division
(pl. of ) (n.) scale
correspondence
(v.) to be appointed
(n.) treasurer
(n.) method
(adj.) appropriate
(n.) treasury
(n.) police officer, chief of
police delivering mail
(n.) inspector (n.) caliphate
(n.) control (n.) war, battle [adj. ]
(adj.) shoddy, of poor - military-civil
quality
(n.) chamberlain
(n.) craftsman
e (adv.) as
(n.) mail, post office
(v.) to implement
public square near citadel
in Samarqand and Bukhara (n.) condition, environment
EXERCISES
1.
?
)
b)
)
2. ?
)
b)
)
4
3. ?
a) --
b)
c)
4. -- ?
a)
b)
c)
5.
?
a)
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3: [], -
[] ? (Choose [] for the true state-
ments and [] for the false.)
1. X .
[/]
2.
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4. ,
. [/]
5. -- , ,
. [/]
5
4: /
. (Complete the
following sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in
parenthesis.)
1. -- ,
____________
. (/)
2.
__________( /).
3. --
__________. (/ )
4.
__________, .
( / )
5. ,
__________ . (
/ )
6
CHAPTER 2: STATUES OF BUDDHA
.
. , 1
. ,
.
, .
, ,
.
. ,
, .
, , .
,
.
, 1,71,9 .
12 . ,
. ,
.
.
.
,
,
,
. , 13
. ,
. ,
1,5 .2
1
The prefix - is added to a noun to make adjective. Here (wooden) is derived from
the word .
2
For modern Tajik art and architecture see, Larisa Dodkhudoeva, Rustam Mukimov, and Kath-
erine Hughes, Tajik Art: A Century of New Traditions in The Shaping of Persian Art Collec-
tions and Interpretations of the Art of Islamic Iran and Central Asia, ed. Yuka Kadoi and Ivn
Sznt (Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013).
7
VOCABULARY
8
(n.) platform statues of Buddha
(v.) to imagine (v.) to aspire
(n.) strap, belt (n.) wood
(n.) niche well-fitting [
well fitting dress]
(n.) statue
(n.) art of sculpture,
sculpting
EXERCISE
1. ?
a)
b)
c)
2. ?
a)
b)
c)
3. ?
a)
b)
c)
4. ?
a)
b)
c)
5. ?
a)
b)
c)
9
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3: [],
[] ? (Choose [] for the true
statements and [] for the false.)
1. ,
. [/]
2.
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4. ,
. [/]
5. .
[/]
4: /
. (Complete the fol-
lowing sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in paren-
thesis.)
1. ___________.
( / ).
2.
_____________ . ( / )
3. ___________
, .
(/)
10
4.
____( / ).
5. ___________,
. ( /-
)
11
CHAPTER 3: AB ABDULLH RDAKI
(858-941)
,
,
.
, ,
, .
. ,
.
858 , ,
, .
.
:
.1 ,
. .
,
.2
, .
,
.3
1
One of the traditional practices in Muslim societies, now mostly confined to the Arab world,
is to call a person the father of so-and-so or mother of so-and-so by using the words Abu
(father of) or Umm (mother of) respectively. Such names are called kunya. For example, Abu
Hanifa means father of Hanifa and Umm Kulthum mother of Kulsum. A person can also be
called by his/her nasab (pedigree, genealogy) as ibn X son of so-and-so or bint X daughter of
so-and-so. Arabic words ibn and bint means son and daughter respectively. The full name
may comprise the kunya, the name given by parents at birth, and nasab. So, in Rudakis full
name as given in the text, is his kunya, his original name at birth, and
nasab (consisting of four generations).
For a scholarly discussion of naming practices in Muslim societies, see Annemarie Schimmel,
Islamic Names (Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, 1995) and for a brief discussion see
https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Traditional%20Muslim%20
Names.pdf
2
Passive: past participle of the main verb + the appropriate tense of to be/become.
3
For more information on Rudaki in English, see https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ru-
daki ; for Classical Persian literature see http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-viii2-clas-
sical-persian-literature.
12
:
,4
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
4
In Classical Persian, it was common to use in place of - for the habitual/continuous
tense. So, is the same as comes/is coming.
5
Rudaki Tomb in Panjkent. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARuda-
ki_Tomb_in_Panjkent-after_restored.jpg (Attribution: By MyName (Jamal Nazareth (talk)) (Own
work) [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons)
13
VOCABULARY
EXERCISES
1. ?
)
b)
)
2. ?
)
b)
)
14
3. - ?
)
b)
)
4.
?
)
b)
)
5. ?
)
b)
)
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3: [],
[] ? (Choose [] for the true
statements and [] for the false.)
1.
. [/]
2.
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4. .
[/]
15
5. ,
. [/]
4: /
. (Complete the fol-
lowing sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in paren-
thesis.)
1. , 858
, __________
. (/)
2.
__________ . (/)
3.
_________ . (/
)
4.
__________. (/)
5. __________. (/)
16
CHAPTER 4: RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF
CENTRAL ASIA
3
(, ) . , ,
.
188587 -
. 1861
.1
.
2. -
, -
. 20 XIX
.
,
.
. 5060 XIX
3 4,
. XIX
,
. ,
. ,
.
18621863 , -
1864
,
. 17 1865
. ,
25 1866 2
. ,
1
The grammatical construction + past imperfect denotes obligation in the past. For exam-
ple, he had to buy/he should have bought.
2
(contested/used to contest) is in habitual past tense.
3
The word loses its glottal stop before in ezafeh construction.
4
means having strengthened (their) position.
17
. 18 1866
. 1868
,
.5
VOCABULARY
(n.) activities , operation (v.) to intervene
(n.) eve, period before an (also written as
event; ninth day of the Arabic month ) (n.) trade, trading
zul hijja relations, barter
(n.) captivity (n.) conquer
raw materials (n.) Occupy of
Central Asia
(v.) to take out
fortification, defensive
(n.) system of slave work
owning
(v.) to occupy
selling of slaves,
slave trade (adv.) long ago, since long
on the eve of very long ago, already
long ago
5
For more on this topic, read Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Cen-
tral Asia (New York: Kodansha, 1994)
6
They Attack Unaware Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wassilij_
Wassiljewitsch_Wereschtschagin_002.jpg (Attribution: Vasily Vereshchagin [Public domain or
Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons)
18
industrial (n.) leader
enterprises, factories
(n.) capitalism
(n.) serf
(n.) policy, politics
(n.) army, troops
to sign a peace treaty
(n.) position; place, location
(n.) commander
(n.) interest, profit, gain
(adv.) actively
(v.) to fight, to
struggle front
EXERCISES
1.
?
)
b)
)
2.
?
)
b)
)
3.
?
) 5
b) 3
) 8
4.
?
) 1862
b) 1864
) 1866
19
5. ,
?
)
b)
)
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3: [],
[] ? (Choose [] for the true
statements and [] for the false.)
1. ,
. [/]
2.
, .
[/]
3. 50-60-
, .
[/]
4. 1865,
. [/]
5. 1868
,
. [/]
20
4: /
. (Complete the
following sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in
parenthesis.)
1. _____
, 1887
. (\)
2. ,
____________ . (\
)
3.
____________. ( /
).
4.
____________.
( \ )
5. 1868
____________. ( \ )
21
CHAPTER 5: MIRZO TURSUNZODA
(1911-1977)
.
1911
.
.
1920
.
.
,
:
, , ,
, , .
1,
, ,
.
.
(1924) .
1925
. 1926
, .
1927
.
. C 1930
.
1933 .
2
, . . 1934-35
1
When is attached to a word ending in vowel sound , the letter is dropped. So, + is
written as .
2
The word in this sentence refers to Tursunzoda.
22
. 1934
, .
. 1936 1946
.
1946
. 1946
.
3
.
, ,
.
,
.
, o ,
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
, .
,
,
,
, .
3
The word in this sentence refers to Tursunzoda.
23
VOCABULARY
24
EXERCISES
1.
?
a) 1911
b) 1920
c) 1977
2. 9 ?
)
b)
c)
3. 1927
?
a)
b)
c)
4.
?
a)
b)
c)
5. 1933
?
a)
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
25
3: [],
[] ? (Choose [] for the true
statements and [] for the false.)
1. -
. [/]
2.
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4. 1924
.
. [/]
5. . 1946
.
[/]
4: /
. (Complete the
following sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in
parenthesis.)
1. 1911
_______________. ( / )
2. 1920- 20 _____________
, .
(/)
3.
______________. ( /)
4.
______________
. (/)
5. 1946
_______________. ( /
)
26
CHAPTER 6: TAJIK CIVIL WAR
1 90-
.
, ,
, 2.
.
, a
.
, ,
, .
, 90- ,
, , .
,
,
, 3.
.
, 4
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
.
1990
, -
1
is an adjective derived from the noun . When it is used in an izfat construc-
tion, the letter changes into because is used in only a word-final position. For a
detailed discussion of izfat, see John R. Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar (Leiden,
Boston: Brill Academic Publishers: 2005), 71-83 and for a very brief reference see Shinji Ido,
Tajik (Muenchen : Lincom Europa, 2005), 12. 26-27
2
(has been described) is the passive form of . In order to make pas-
sive of some of the compound verbs with , is replaced by . . For a detailed
discussion of passive, see John R. Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar, 247-76 and for a
very brief reference see Shinji Ido, Tajik, 12. 67-68.
3
(not much attention used to be/were (being) paid) is a passive
form [Past participle + appropriate tense of ].
4
, also written as (as in Parvona Jamshedov, Tajik-English Dictionary second edition,
Dushanbe, 2008), means bad, ill, evil. It is used as a prefix to supply negative meaning as in
(or ) [prefix + (use)] misuse or [prefix
() + (understanding)] misunderstanding.
27
.
26 17 1992
,
.
, .
1992 ,
,
.
.
(-
) .
7 1992
. ,
, .
, , ,
.
,
.
5
Dushanbe riots, February 1990. Dushanbe riots, February 10-17, 1990. Image Source: RIA
Novosti archive, http://visualrian.ru/ru/site/gallery/#699865
6
A house destroyed during the 1992 civil war in Khatlon Province, Tajikistan. Image Source:
UNHCR
7
The modal verb is also used with subjunctive. For example,
can also be written as
.
28
VOCABULARY
29
EXERCISES
1. ?
)
b)
)
2.
?
)
b)
)
3.
?
)
b)
)
4. ?
)
b)
)
5. , ,
,
?
)
b)
)
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
30
3: [], -
[] ? (Choose [] for
the true statements and [] for the false.)
1. 1992
. [/]
2. , ,
,
. [/]
3.
,
. [/]
4.
. [/]
5. ,
,
. [/]
4: /
. (Complete
the following sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs
in parenthesis.)
1. _________. ( /
)
2. 90-, ________,
. (/
)
3.
________ . (/ )
4. _____________
. (/)
5. __________
,
. (/)
31
CHAPTER 7: MILITARY COLLEGE
.
. ,
23 1993, -
,
.
.
.
,
.
, ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, , .
,
.
.
, , ,
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
, . .
32
VOCABULARY
(n.) an awardee (n.) defense
of honor in the field of education in
Tajikistan (n.) musicians
33
EXERCISES
1: . (Choose the correct answer.)
1.
?
a)
b)
c)
2.
?
a)
b)
c)
3. ?
a)
b)
c)
4. ?
a) , , ,
b) , , ,
c) , , ,
5.
?
a) O
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
34
3: [],
[] ? (Choose [] for the true
statements and [] for the false.)
1.
. [/]
2.
,
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4.
. [/]
5.
. [/]
4: /
. (Complete the fol-
lowing sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in paren-
thesis.)
1. , 23
1993, ____________
. (/-
).
2.
__________ . ( /
)
3.
,
__________,
. (/)
4.
__________. ( / )
5.
__________. ( / )
35
CHAPTER 8: RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN
TODAYS TAJIKISTAN
. ,
,
, ,
, ,
(
, , ) .
,
, ,
. ,
.
.
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
, .
, :
, ,
-
; , ,
.
,
.
.
:
1.
-
,
.
.
. ,
36
, . -
.
2. 90 , -
.
3. ,
.
,
.1
VOCABULARY
H (n) - publication (n) financing
(n) - prominent person, notable (n) - madrasa, religious
educational center
(n) - children
(n) - education
(conj) - but, however
(n.) education
(n) nonsense
(n) - mosque
, (n)- teaching
/learning materials (n) - Higher
Education
(adj) - informal
(adj)-material
(n) - school
(n) institute, institution
(n) help, assistance
(n) - cleric
(n)-religion
(adj) - difficulty
(n) - richness, property
(n) - system, structure
(n)-theology, divinity
(n) - clergymen
(adj) - elderly
1
is in causative form. The causative form is formed by adding or
to the present stem of a verb (usually an intransitive). For example, to eat
changes into (present stem + -) to feed in the causative form.
37
(n.) adaptation, agreement, (n.) settlement, disposi-
reconciliation tion
(n) - research (n) - expel, remove
(n) - teaching - Soviet
government
(n) practice, experience
(n) - room
(adv) - only
(n)-citizen
(v) to learn, to
embrace (adj) - faithful
EXERCISES
1.
)
b)
c)
2.
?
)
b)
)
3.
?
)
b)
)
4.
?
)
b)
)
5.
?
)
b)
)
38
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3: [],
[] ? (Choose [] for the true
statements and [] for the false.)
1. 7
. [/]
2.
.
[/]
3. 90
. [/]
4. , ,
. [/]
5.
. [/]
4: /
. (Complete the
following sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in
parenthesis.)
1. ____________.
( /)
2.
____________. (/ )
39
3.
_______________.
(/ )
4.
__________.( /)
5. _______________
. (
/)
40
CHAPTER 9: ENTREPRENEURSHIP:
THE DRIVING FORCE OF MARKET ECONOMY
Co
. ,
.
. ,
, .
,
.
3 2004 ,
.
,
, ,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
, 2,3
7100 ;
; 50 ;
;
, .
,
,
. ,
.
VOCABULARY
42
/ (v.) to give a
economic and social development task, to assign
(adj.) profitable, (n.) measure, decision
efficacious, productive
(n.) equipment
(n.) side
(v.) to provide
(n.) test, examination
(n). space, atmosphere
(n.) leader
(n). activity
(n.) investment
(n.) lever; cartridge
(v.) share
(n.) profit
last year
(n.) retail
(n.) structure;
state structure (n.) attract
EXERCISES
1.
a)
b)
c)
2. ?
a)
b)
c)
3.
?
a)
b)
c)
43
4.
?
a)
b)
c)
5.
?
a)
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3: [],
[] ? (Choose [] for the true
statements and [] for the false.)
1.
o
. [/]
2. . [/]
3. ,
. [/]
4. 2004 .
[/]
5. ,
. [/]
44
4: /
. (Complete the fol-
lowing sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in paren-
thesis.)
1. _______________ ,
. (/)
2.
2004 _____________
. (/ )
3.
,
, ____________
. (/)
4. , ,
____________ ,
.
( / )
5. ____________
. (/
)
45
CHAPTER 10: BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEALTH
, , ?
, !
. : ,
, .1
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
,
.
40
,
.
.
, (
) ,
. ,
, .
? , ,
( )
.
? . :
(). ,
. ?
, ,
.
1
it must be emphasized is an impersonal construction. The main verbs in
this type of Tajik impersonal constructions always remain in the past stem form. The common
impersonal constructions in this category are (a) + past stem stem one must/one has to . . .
(b) + past stem stem one can . . . (c) + past stem stem one can/may . . ./it
is possible to . . . (d) + past stem stem one could [have]/it was possible to. . . For more
see, in John R. Perry, A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar (Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic
Publishers: 2005), 330-44.
46
? ,
, ,
. ,
.
(). , ,
,
, ,
.
: .
VOCABULARY
2
Blood pressure measurement. Copyright holder www.volganet.ru; Image source Wikimedia
Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_pressure_measurement_(2009).jpg
47
(n.) heart (n.) stroke
(n.) doctor (Russian: ) (n.)
heart attack
(adj.) many
(Russian: )
(n.) case stroke
(n.) brain to dispense
(n.) advice with, to relinquish, to forgo
48
EXERCISES
1. ?
a)
b)
c)
2. ?
a) 50 %
b) 40%
c) 20%
3. ?
a) ()
b) ()
c) ()
4. ?
a)
b)
c)
5. ,
?
a)
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
49
3: [],
[] ? (Choose [] for the true
statements and [] for the false.)
1. , ,
. [/]
2.
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4. . [/]
5. ,
. [/]
4:
. (Complete the fol-
lowing sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in paren-
thesis.)
1. , ____________
. (/ ).
2. , _______________
( / ).
3.
____________( / ).
4. ,
____________ ,
. (/)
5. ____________. (
/ )
50
CHAPTER 11: CAN AN OLD MAID BE LUCKY?
, 30
, .
30- ,
?
.
, . 30
. .
30 ,
30 .
.
1,
. ,
. ,
. ,
,
.
,
. ?
.
?
30 , .
2 3 ?
. ,
.
,
.
30 ,
.
,
.
. ,
.
. , ,
1
if you do not work somewhere is a condi-
tional sentence.
51
.
2.
.
35 ,
.3
2
Past subjunctive (must have gotten/received).
3
For wedding rituals in Tajikistan, see Sophie Roche and Sophie Hohmann, Wedding Rituals
and the Struggle over National Identities in Transformation of Tajikistan: The Sources of State-
hood, (ed.) John Heathershaw, Edmund Herzig (New York: Routledge, 2013), 127-42.
4
Tajik wedding ceremony. Image source Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikime-
dia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%
D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B-
D%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B,
_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80).JPG
52
VOCABULARY
53
EXERCISES
1. , , ?
a)
b)
c)
2. 30
, ?
a)
b)
c)
3. , 30 ?
a)
b)
c)
4. ,
?
a) 35
b) 30
c) 30
5.
, ?
a)
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
54
3: [],
[] ? (Choose [] for the true
statements and [] for the false.)
1. ,
. [/]
2. . [/]
3. .
[/]
4.
. [/]
5.
. [/]
4: /
. (Complete the fol-
lowing sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in paren-
thesis.)
1.
30 , _______. (
/ )
2. ,
_______ .
(/)
3. _______ .
( / )
4. , , _______
. ( / )
5. , , _______ ,
.
(/)
55
CHAPTER 12: NAVRUZ FESTIVAL
.
,
. ,
. , 6
,
5 .
,
. , ,
,
,
.
. , ,
, ,
.
, 1978
.
.
1
.
,
,
.
,
.
, .
2 ,
5 ,
2700 .
1
is used as an emphatic, meaning perceptibly, with comparative adjectives and adverbs.
For example, .
.
2
56
, ,
.
10-
( )
.3
VOCABULARY
(adj.) dear (v.) to oblige, to force
(n.) tradition (adj.) aggressor
thanks to, by virtue of (n.) thought, opinion;
suspicion
(n.) |Pl. | farmer
, it is thought that
(n.) shift; bundle
(n.) in the period of
for, for the sake of, in the
interest of (adj.) love of beauty,
aestheticism
(adj.) || foreign,
alien (n.) life
3
For a detailed discussion of history of Navruz, see Mary Boyce,NOWRUZ i. In the Pre-Is-
lamic Period,Encyclopdia Iranica,online edition, 2016,available at http://www.iranicaon-
line.org/articles/nowruz-i (accessed on 19May 2016)
4
Tajik students ensemble. Image source Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.
org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B-
B%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg
57
(v.) |()| to file away, to (n.) Samanid
wipe, to clean, to remove Sultanate
a (v.) to celebrate (adj.) true
(n.) conquest, ascendency, (adj.) respected,
domination honorable
(n.) |Pl. | (v.) to glorify, to
farmer honor
(v.) to become (adj.) history
forbidden
(adj.) cleanliness, purity,
(n). people tidiness
(adj.) holy, sacred (adj.) long
(adj.) splendid, luxurious, (adj.) general, public
extravagant
(n.) |Pl. | myth, legend
(n.) environment
(n.) happy, prosperous
(n.) Nowruz holiday
(adj.) contrary, opposite
(adj.) elegance, delicateness,
courtesy, refinement (n.) memory
58
EXERCISES
1.
?
a)
b)
c)
2.
?
a)
b)
c)
3.
?
a) 1924
b) 1978
c) 1991
4.
?
a) 5000
b) 2700
c) 2000
5.
?
a)
b)
c)
2: . (Match the
synonyms in the following table.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
59
3: [],
[] ? (Choose [] for the true
statements and [] for the false.)
1.
. [/]
2. ,
. [/]
3.
. [/]
4.
. [/]
5.
. [/]
4: /
. (Complete the fol-
lowing sentences with the appropriate word/form of the verbs in paren-
thesis.)
1. _____________.
(/ )
2. _________
. (/ ).
3.
,
_________ . (/)
4. ,
_________ . ( /
)
5.
, ,
___________
. (/)
60
KEY TO EXERCISES
61
KEY TO EXERCISES
Exercise 1: 1. b, 2. , 3. c, 4. b, 5. a
Exercise 2:
1. 3.
2. 1.
3. 5.
4. 2.
5. 4.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. -
)
Exercise 1: 1. , 2. b, 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 2:
1. 3.
2. 5.
3. 1.
4. 2.
5. 4.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5.
Exercise 1: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. b, 5.
Exercise 2:
1. 5.
2. 4.
3. 1.
4. 3.
5. 2.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
62
CHAPTER 4: RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF CENTRAL ASIA
Exercise 1: 1. c, 2. , 3. b, 4. a, 5. b
Exercise 2:
1. 3.
2. 4.
3. 5.
4. 2.
5. 1.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. ,
5.
Exercise 1: 1. a, 2. b, 3. c, 4. b, 5. c
Exercise 2:
1. 3.
2. 1.
3. 5.
4. 2.
5. 4.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. /, 4.
, 5. /
Exercise 1: 1. b, 2. , 3. , 4. b, 5.
Exercise 2:
1. 5.
2. 4.
3. 1.
4. 3.
5. 2.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
63
CHAPTER 7: MILITARY COLLEGE
Exercise 1: 1. , 2. b, 3. b, 4. a, 5. b
Exercise 2:
1. 5.
2. 3.
3. 4.
4. 1.
5. 2.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5.
Exercise 1: 1. a, 2. b, 3. b, 4. c, 5. b.
Exercise 2:
1. 1.
2. 3.
3. 4.
4. 1.
5. 2.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5.
CHAPTER 9: ENTREPRENEURSHIP:
THE DRIVING FORCE OF MARKET ECONOMY
Exercise 1: 1. c, 2. b, 3. a, 4. b, 5. a
Exercise 2:
1. 4.
2. 1.
3. 5.
4. 2.
5. 3.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5.
64
CHAPTER 10: BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEALTH
Exercise 1: 1. c, 2. b, 3. b, 4. , 5.
Exercise 2:
1. 4 .
2. 3.
3. 1.
4. 5.
5. 2.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 1: 1. b, 2. c, 3. b, 4. a, 5.
Exercise 2:
1. 2.
2. 1.
3. 4.
4. 3.
5. 5.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5.
Exercise 1: 1. , 2. , 3. b, 4. a, 5.
Exercise 2:
1. 2.
2. 3.
3. 5.
4. 1.
5. 4.
Exercise 3: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.
Exercise 4: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. ,
5.
65
TAJIK-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
66
(n.) father of relatives and
neighbors
to stop working
(n) - children
(prep.) according to, on account
of (adj.) preeminent
67
(adv.) sometimes, occasionally (n.) valley
68
(n) - school (n.) military
college
(n.) state
(n.) smart
continuation, endurance,
persistence (n) - richness, property
attention son of
69
(n.) ffort (n.) library
70
(adj.) gifted (n.) press
71
(n.) hair (of head) (n.) police officer, chief of
police
(adj.) usual, normal
to be in need of
(adj.) holy, sacred smth
72
(adj.) || (n.) mail, post office
envious, hateful
(v.) to strengthen
(n.) weather
(adj.) complete
(n.) information, notice,
notification (adj., adv.) whole, full; wholly
73
(russian: ) (n.) (n.) series
heart attack
(n.) age
(russian: ) stroke
(n.) computer
(v.) reign classrooms
74
(v.) to give a birth (adj.) history
(n.) commander
75
(v) to learn, to (n.) caliphate
embrace
(n.) a gray horse
(n.) happy, prosperous
(n) dormitory
(v.) to work
(n.) khanate
(n). activity
(v.) to want
(adv.) actively
(n.) suitor
(n.) run away, escape
(n.) memory
(n.) lever; cartridge
(v.) to desist, to
(adj.) high blood refrain
pressure
(n.) blood
(adj.) erudite
(adj.) happy, lucky
(n.) profit
(adj., adv.) fortunately
(n.) percent
(n.) family life
(adj.) pleasant, pleasing, genial
(n.) body, staff, board
(n.) interval
(n.) statue
(adj.) tragic
(n.) art of sculpture,
front sculpting
76
islamic revival (adj.) serious
party
(n.) side
new political
parties (adj.) everlasting, perpetual
77
(n.) poet (adj) faithful
78
Tajik Persian: Readings in History, Culture and Society
seeks to help students develop reading proficiency in
Tajik at advanced level through authentic texts written
for native speakers and provides them glimpses into
the history, culture and society of Tajikistan without
losing its focus on cultural aspects of the countryan
aspect that constitutes a core component in the second
language acquisition. The book can be adopted by
instructors as a supplementary or the main textbook
for advanced-level courses.
79