Chapter 04.pdf Chapter 04 PDF
Chapter 04.pdf Chapter 04 PDF
Chapter 04.pdf Chapter 04 PDF
Colonies
Grow 16071770
Why It Matters
Independence was a spirit that became evident early in the history of the American
people. The spirit of independence contributed to the birth of a new nation, one with
a new government and a culture that was distinct from those of other countries.
1676
Bacons
Rebellion
c. 1570
Iroquois Confederacy 1651
formed First Navigation Act
regulates colonial trade
Fold it so the
left edge lies
2 inches from
the right edge.
The South Side of St. Johns Street by Joseph B. Smith This painting Reading and Writing As you read about the
shows a quiet neighborhood in New York City during the late 1760s. participants of the war, write facts about them
under the appropriate tabs of your foldable.
1700s
Enslaved Africans 1754
brought to America French and
Indian War begins
c. 1740
Great Awakening 1763
peaks Proclamation
of 1763 HISTORY
Chapter Overview
1700 1750 Visit tarvol1.glencoe.com
and click on Chapter 4
Chapter Overviews to pre-
view chapter information.
Pineapples symbol-
ized hospitality
in colonial America.
History
A deck plan (above) reveals
tightly packed ranks of slaves
on a ship bound from Africa to
the Americas. Once docked,
the ships human cargo was
replaced with rum or molasses.
What does the term Middle
Passage refer to?
W E
30
Trade routes S
N
furs
ind igo,
,
BRITISH Rice, tobacco
s
s
od
15
sse
go
ola
N
m d
r, re
ga tu
ds
Gulf of Su a c
AFRICA
s
G oo f
lasse
Mexico nu
, ma
WEST Mo t h
INDIES Cl o
Atlantic
Ocean
0
Ca
rib
Pacific be
an
Sea
Ocean Ens Enslaved persons
lave
d pe
THE rson Rum
MID s, go , i r o n , t o ols
ld, pep
DLE per
PAS
15
African Slave Trade SAGE
S
14501870
Destination Total
British America/United States 427,000
Mexico and Central America 224,000
West Indies 4,040,000 Triangular trade routes developed among the British colonies,
Spanish South America 522,000 Africa, and the West Indies.
1. Comparing What did the colonies export to Africa? What
Guianas 531,000 did they import from the West Indies?
Brazil 3,647,000 2. Evaluating Which part of the triangleimport or
exportdo you think was most important to colonists? Why?
Europe 175,000
Source: Historical Atlas of the United States;
Philip D. Curtin, Atlantic Slave Trade.
land and produced bigger harvests than did
New Englanders. In New York and Pennsylva-
With its trade, shipbuilding, and fishing, New nia, farmers grew large quantities of wheat and
Englands economy flourished. Although good other cash crops, crops that could be sold easily
farmland was lacking in much of the region, in markets in the colonies and overseas.
New Englands population grew and towns and Farmers sent cargoes of wheat and livestock
cities developed. to New York City and Philadelphia for ship-
ment, and these cities became busy ports. By the
Explaining Where was the shipping
1760s New York, with 18,000 people, and
hub in America?
Philadelphia, with 24,000 people, were the
largest cities in the American colonies.
$ Economics
Tobacco and Rice
Tobacco was the principal cash crop of Mary-
land and Virginia. Most tobacco was sold in
making. Others included larger businesses Europe, where the demand for it was strong.
such as lumbering, mining, and small-scale Growing tobacco and preparing it for sale
manufacturing. required a good deal of labor. At first planters
One iron mill in northern New Jersey used indentured servants to work in the fields.
employed several hundred workers, many of When indentured servants became scarce and
them from Germany. Other smaller ironworks expensive, Southern planters used enslaved
operated in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Africans instead.
When the demand for tobacco was greater
German Immigrants than the supply, the price remained high. Some-
Most of the nearly 100,000 German immi- times, however, a surplus, or extra amounts, of
grants who came to America in the colonial era tobacco on the market caused prices to fall and
settled in Pennsylvania. Using agricultural then the growers profits also fell. In time, some
methods developed in Europe, these immi- tobacco planters switched to growing other
grants became successful farmers. crops such as corn and wheat.
The Germans belonged to a number of Protes- The main cash crop in South Carolina and
tant groups. Together with the Dutch, Swedish, Georgia was rice. In low-lying areas along the
and other non-English immigrants, they gave coast, planters built dams to create rice fields,
the Middle Colonies a cultural diversity, or vari- called paddies. These fields were flooded when
ety, that was not found in New England. With the rice was young and drained when the rice
the diversity came tolerance for religious and was ready to harvest. Work in the rice paddies
cultural differences. involved standing knee-deep in the mud all day
with no protection from the blazing sun or the
Explaining What are cash crops? biting insects.
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R
ight away we were taken to it without separating us from our
was 11 years old a merchants yard, where we very last relatives and friends. They
when he and were all penned up together already could live in riches from our
his sister were like so many sheep. When I looked misery and toil. What
kidnapped by out at the town, everything was possible advantage
slave traders. new to me. The houses were built did they gain from
Olaudah was with bricks, in stories, and were this refinement of
taken to the West Indies and completely different from any I had cruelty?
sold into slavery. His life story seen in Africa. I was still more From The Kid-
includes memories of his child- astonished at seeing people on napped Prince by
hood in Africa. He wrote his horseback. . . . Olaudah Equiano.
Adapted by Ann
story after receiving the name We were not many days in the Cameron. Copy-
Gustavus Vassa from one of his merchants custody before we were right 1995 by
masters and buying his free- soldlike this: Ann Cameron.
dom. Published during the time Someone beat a drum. Then all Reprinted by per-
mission of Alfred
of the movement to end slav- the buyers rushed at once into the A. Knopf, Inc.
ery, Equianos work became a yard where we were penned to
best-seller. choose the parcel of us that they
liked best. They rushed from one
READ TO DISCOVER group of us to another, with
tremendous noise and eager faces,
This selection begins after terrifying us all.
Olaudah has been kidnapped Three men who were sold were
ANALYZING LITERATURE
and forced to endure the terri- brothers. They were sold in different 1. Recall and Interpret How did
fying trip across the Atlantic lots. I still remember how they the Africans feel as they were
Ocean aboard a slave ship. As cried when they were parted. Prob- being sold?
you read, think about what life ably they never saw each other 2. Evaluate and Connect Do you
must have been like for again. think Olaudah Equiano supports
Africans who were sold into I didnt know it, but this hap- slavery? Explain.
slavery. pened all the time in slave sales.
Parents lost their children; brothers Interdisciplinary Activity
READERS DICTIONARY lost their sisters. Husbands lost
Descriptive Writing Re-read the
their wives.
parcel: group excerpt and think about what it
We had already lost our homes,
lots: groups must have been like to be sepa-
our countries, and almost everyone
toil: work rated from family members. Write
we loved. The people who did the
selling and buying could have done
a dialogue you think might occur
between two family members as
they are about to be separated
from each other.
107
Government,
Religion, and Culture
Guide to Reading
Main Idea Reading Strategy Read to Learn
The ideals of American democracy Organizing Information As you read why the Navigation Acts angered
and freedom of religion took root the section, re-create the diagram the colonists.
during the colonial period. below and identify the three types of who had the right to vote in colo-
English colonies. nial legislatures.
Key Terms
mercantilism, export, import, smug- Types of Section Theme
colonies
gling, charter colony, proprietary Continuity and Change The roots of
colony, royal colony, apprentice, American democracy, freedom of reli-
literacy gion, and public education are found
in the American colonial experience.
Preview of Events
1630 1670 1710 1750
1636 1693 1732
Harvard College College of William Benjamin Franklin c. 1740
is established and Mary is founded publishes Poor Great Awakening sweeps
Richards Almanack through the colonies
Awakening
religious belief.
Awareness of the importance of religion in
peoples lives grows.
The Great Awakening is the name A religious revival
for the powerful religious revival that sweeps through
swept over the colonies beginning in America in the
the 1720s. Christian ministers such mid-1700s.
as George Whitefield and Jonathan
Edwards preached throughout the
colonies, drawing huge crowds. The
Great Awakening had a lasting
effect on the way in which the
colonists viewed themselves, their
relationships with one another,
and their faith.
Jonathan Edwards
Citizenship
was limited. This document provided for pro-
Colonial Government tection against unjust punishment and against
The English colonists brought with them the loss of life, liberty, and property, except
ideas about government that had been develop- according to law. ; (See page 611 of the Appendix for
ing in England for centuries. By the 1600s the excerpts from the Magna Carta.)
English people had won political liberties, such As the colonies grew, they relied more and
as trial by jury, that were largely unknown else- more on their own governments to make local
where. At the heart of the English system were laws. By the 1760s there were three types of
two principles of government. These princi- colonies in Americacharter colonies, propri-
pleslimited government and representative etary colonies, and royal colonies.
governmentgreatly influenced the develop-
ment of the United States. Charter Colonies
By the time the first colonists reached North Connecticut and Rhode Island, the charter
America, the idea that government was not all- colonies, were established by settlers who had
powerful had become an accepted part of the been given a charter, or a grant of rights and
English system of government. The idea first privileges. These colonists elected their own
appeared in the Magna Carta that King John governors and the members of the legislature.
was forced to sign in 1215. The Magna Carta Great Britain had the right to approve the gov-
established the principle of limited government, ernor, but the governor could not veto the acts of
in which the power of the king, or government, the legislature.
ME.
.
ce R
(Part of
MASS.)
ren
aw
.L
The Great Awakening
St
stimulated the growth N.H. Portsmouth
of educational institu- Boston
New religious groups such as the tions in the New ari
o MASS. Plymouth
nt
Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians England Colonies. Lak
eO N.Y. Providence
take root. Hartford R.I.
CONN.
40
N
Emphasis on education grows. New Haven
r ie
Belief grows that all people are equal eE N.J. New York City
S
The impact of the La
k
PA. 70W
IN
before God. Philadelphia
Great Awakening was
TA
Makes Americans more willing to challenge first felt in the Middle
N
UN
Colonies. Baltimore DEL.
authority prior to the American Revolution. MD. E
W
MO
S
VA. Williamsburg
N
By the 1740s the Jamestown
HIA
Great Awakening had
ATLaNTIC
grown strong in the
OCEaN
LAC
Southern Colonies N.C.
George through the influence
PA
Whitefield of traveling preachers New England Colonies
AP
such as Samuel Middle Colonies
Davies and George S.C. Southern Colonies
Whitefield. Charles
Town
GA.
0 200 miles
Savannah
0 200 kilometers 30N
Albers Conic Equal-Area Projection
80W
Colonial 1 A sheet of paper is fitted into the 5 Paper was put in the paper
Printing paper holder, which is then folded
on top of the type form.
holder. Once the paper was
removed, it was hung up to
Press dry on clothes lines. The
lines were called flys and
Life in the colonies often 2 The platen presses the paper onto the printed papers became
revolved around local print- the inked type. known as flyers.
ers who produced pam-
phlets, small flyers, books,
3 The horizontal lever 3 horizontal lever
and newspapers. The first lowered or raised the
printing press in the Ameri- platen. 1 paper holder
can colonies was estab- 2 platen
lished by Stephen Daye
4 Type form was slid
in 1639.
under the raised
Type is made up of platen.
large numbers of single
letters that can be 4 type form
moved and
reused.
5 paper
112
Women in cities and towns sometimes held The colonies early colleges were founded to
jobs outside the home. Young unmarried women train ministers. The first was Harvard College,
might work for wealthy families as maids, cooks, established in 1636 by the Puritans in Cam-
and nurses. Widows might work as teachers, bridge, Massachusetts. Anglicans founded
nurses, and seamstresses. They also opened shops William and Mary College in Virginia in 1693.
and inns. Widows and women who had never
married could run businesses and own property, The Enlightenment
even though they could not vote. ; (See page 594 of By the middle of the 1700s, many educated
the Primary Sources Library for the selection, What is an American?) colonists were influenced by the Enlightenment.
This movement, which began in Europe, spread
Education the idea that knowledge, reason, and science
Most colonists valued education. Children could improve society. In the colonies, the En-
were often taught to read and write at home by lightenment increased interest in science. People
their parents. In New England and Pennsylvania, observed nature, staged experiments, and pub-
in particular, school systems were set up to make lished their findings. The best known American
sure that everyone could read and study the scientist was Benjamin Franklin.
Bible. In 1647 the Massachusetts Puritans passed Freedom of the Press
a public education law. Each community with 50 In 1735 John Peter Zenger of the New York
or more households had to have a school sup- Weekly Journal faced charges of libel for printing a
ported by taxes. critical report about the royal governor of New
By 1750, New England had a very high level of York. Andrew Hamilton argued that free speech
literacy, the ability to read and write. Approxi- was a basic right of English people. He defended
mately 85 percent of the men and about half of the Zenger by asking the jury to base its decision on
women could read. Many learned to read from whether Zengers article was true, not whether it
The New England Primer, which combined lessons was offensive. The jury found Zenger not guilty.
in good conduct with reading and writing. At the time the case attracted little attention, but
Many colonial schools were run by widows or today it is regarded as an important step in the
unmarried women. In the Middle Colonies, some development of a free press in America.
schools were run by Quakers and other religious
groups. In the towns and cities, craftspeople set Analyzing What was the impact of
up night schools for their apprentices. the Great Awakening?
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BETTMANN/CORBIS
for three days we entertained
and feasted. Edward Winslow
BETTMANN/CORBIS
114
COLONIAL AMERICA: 160 0 1650
COLONIAL EVENTS
Virginia Is Number 1
Heres a list of events that happened first in
#1 NUMBERS
T H E C O L O N I E S AT T H E T I M E
1,500
1619 in Virginia. One of the facts is wrong. Number of English
Can you figure out the one that doesnt belong? children in 1627 who were
kidnapped and sent to work
1 First boatload of African slaves as servants in Virginia
2 First labor strike
3 First elected lawmakers 80%
Percentage
4 First time English settlers can own land of colonists who
5 First daily newspaper died in Jamestown,
Virginia, during the
6 First boatload of women who agreed to marry colonists winter of 160910
in exchange for a ticket across the Atlantic answer: 5 after getting so hungry they
ate rats, snakes, and horsehide
POPULAR FOOD
65% Percentage of colonists
who could read in 1620
Have Your Corn Cakeand Eat It Too!
This New World meal is all the rage in the colonies. 2,500 Number of trees
needed to build a ship the size
Stir one cup of coarse cornmeal Shape the mixture into two of the Mayflower
grits into three cups of water. round, flat cakes on a floured
Place on stove. work surface.
Simmer. Bake it in a hot oven for
Remove from heat 45 minutes.
when all the water is Serve warm or cold with
absorbed. Let it cool. freshly churned butter.
VERBATIM
...I found some black people about me, and I believe some
were those who had brought me on board and had been receiving
their pay. I asked them if we were not to be eaten by those
white men with horrible looks, red faces, and long hair.
0 Number of chairs set at
OLAUDAH EQUIANO, the dinner table for children
11-year-old kidnapped from his home in what is now Nigeria only adults sat while eating
and brought to America as an enslaved person,
on his first day on the slave ship
50 Number of pounds of
For pottage
pumpkins
and puddings and custards and pies / Our
and parsnips are common supplies. We have pumpkins tobacco colonists in Virginia
were fined if they did not go
at morning and pumpkins at noon, / If it were not for pumpkin, /
to church in the early 1600s
We should be undone.
AMERICAN FOLK SONG,
a tribute to the pumpkin
115
France and
Britain Clash
Guide to Reading
Main Idea Reading Strategy Read to Learn
Rivalry between Great Britain and Organizing Information As you read how wars in Europe spread to the
France led to a long-lasting conflict. the section, re-create the diagram American colonies.
below and describe the events that about the purpose of the Albany
Key Terms led to conflict in North America. Plan of Union.
Iroquois Confederacy, militia
Conflict in Section Theme
North America Continuity and Change American
colonists and Native American groups
were drawn into the clash between
France and Britain.
Preview of Events
1740 1750 1760
1745 1753 1754
New England troops seize George Washington sent Benjamin Franklin proposes
Fort Louisbourg from France to Ohio country to protest Albany Plan of Union
French actions
In 1689 England and France began competing to be the most powerful nation in
Europe. This contest for power went on for generations, with only short intervals of
peace. In 1758 writer Nathaniel Ames noted, The parts of North America which may
be claimed by Great Britain or France are of as much worth as either kingdom. That
Powderhorn, French
and Indian War fertile country to the west of the Appalachian Mountains [is the] Garden of the World!
British-French Rivalry
Britain and France had been competing for wealth for centuries. By 1700 they
were two of the strongest powers in Europe. Their long rivalry aroused bitter
feelings between British and French colonists in North America.
As the growing population of the American colonies pushed up against
French-held territory, hostility between England and France increased. At the
same time, some land companies wanted to explore opportunities in the Ohio
River valley. However, the French, who traded throughout the Ohio country,
sso
Pickawillany and drove the British traders out of
ur i
M
Ohio. The French then built a string of forts
iss
.
iss
S
along the rivers of the upper Ohio Valley, closer
ip p i R.
NIE
io R
.
.
to the British colonies than ever before. Two ado R Oh
LO
Col or
LOUISIANA
CO
mighty powersGreat Britain and France
13
were headed for a showdown in North America. Atlantic
Ri o
Gr
In the early 1700s, Britain had gained control and Ocean
FLORIDA
e
of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson Pacific NEW SPAIN
Bay region. In the 1740s French troops raided Ocean Gulf of
Mexico W E ST
towns in Maine and New York. In response a INDIES
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These lakes, these woods, and mountains were left [to] us by our ancestors. They
are our inheritances, and we will part with them to no one. . . . [Y]ou ought to know
that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us in these spacious
lakes and on the woody mountains. . . .
These words, spoken by Chief Pontiac, served as a warning to the British colonists
who wanted to take Native American lands.
Native American
maize mask
The British Take Action
During the French and Indian War, some Native Americans fought on the
side of the British. Many others fought against the British. The war that raged in
North America through the late 1750s and early 1760s was one part of a larger
struggle between England and France for control of world trade and power on
the seas.
In 1754 the governor of Massachusetts announced to the colonial assembly that
the French were on the way to making themselves masters of this Continent.
80W 60W
WOLF
E
Gulf of
St. Lawrence
Louisbourg
British territory ACADIA
French territory Ft. Beausejour
ST
Disputed territory Ft. Saint John
ER
British troop movements NEW Montreal Quebec
Halifax A
M
H
French troop
L
Superio
a k e movements
r FRANCE T
RS
Lake
AMHE
British victory Champlain
Atlantic
Lak Crown Point
French victory e Ft. Frontenac Ft. Ticonderoga 40
N
Ft.
H
City uro
n
Lake
Ontario
Oswego Ft. William Henry
Ocean
Huds o n R
Fort Boston
Ft. Niagara
R. N
ie
.
ny
Er
he
E
ke Alleg New York City W
La
S
Ft. Duquesne BR
AD 0 250 miles
DO
CK
Ft. Necessity Alexandria 0 250 kilometers
Monongahela Lambert Equal-Area projection
R.
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126
HISTORY
Self-Check Quiz
Visit tarvol1.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 4
Geography and History Activity Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test.
Study the map of North America in 1754 on page 117; then
answer these questions.
22. What countries controlled land on the continent? National Origin of
23. What regions were under Spains control? Colonists, 1760
24. Who controlled the land that is now Mexico? 80W 70W
MASS.
25. What nation controlled the Mississippi River? (District of Maine)
N.H.
N.Y. MASS.
Practicing Skills R.I.
CONN.
S
Determining Cause and Effect Each of the following three PENN.
A IN
N.J.
sentences illustrates a cause-and-effect relationship. On a
UNT
40N
separate sheet of paper, identify the cause(s) and effect(s) MD. DEL. Atlantic
R.
MO
Oh i o Ocean
in each sentence.
IAN
VA.
26. During the 1700s the population of the English colonies
CH
African
LA
grew dramatically as a result of high immigration. N.C.
PA
Dutch
AP
27. To make certain that only England benefited from trade English
N
with the colonies, Parliament passed the Navigation Acts. S.C.
German
W E
28. Because worship was so central to the Puritans, they built GA. Scotch-Irish
0 250 miles S
their towns around the church. Scottish
0 250 kilometers
Lambert Equal-Area projection
Test-Taking Tip:
Alternative Assessment Make sure that you look at the maps title and key so
31. Portfolio Writing Activity Research and write a report in that you understand what it represents. Since the
which you identify racial, ethnic, and religious groups that map does not show total population of the colonies,
immigrated to the United States. Choose one group from you can eliminate answer G.
the 17th century, one group from the 18th century, and one
from the 19th century. Identify their reasons for immigrating.