Tobacco
Tobacco
Tobacco
http://books.google.com
Tobacco
Fairholt
William
Frederick
383 649
^
SEP 1 G 1974
/ * /
1
?5
TOBACCO:
TOBACCO:
INCLUDING
AN ACCOUNT OF THE PLANT AND ITS MANUFACTURE ;
WITH ITS MODES OF USE IN ALL
AGES AND COUNTRIES.
By F. W. FAIRHOLT, F.S.A.
EonHon s
CHATTO AND WINDUS, PICCADILLY.
1876.
r- -
! A';'.' .'3
\T
7tS>t
TO
My Dear Friend,
It was a custom with the old English authors
to dedicate their works to persons for whom they felt
esteem ; and to make such dedications serve as familiar
prefaces. I desire, in this instance, to revive the practice ;
and I inscribe your name on this page.
You, who know my early history, will. feel no surprise at
my choice of subject. Born in London, and never having
been out of sight of St. Paul's until I had reached my
twenty-second year, the tobacco-warehouse, where my father
worked, became my play-ground ; and my first remembrances
are, of rolling in the tobacco-leaf, as country children would
roll in a hay-field, and playing at " hide-and-seek " in the
empty barrels. In after years, when I helped my father to
manufacture many hundred pounds of tobacco-leaf, I little
thought that my pen and pencil would be called into use
over a book like this. I am willing to think, however, tha
the peculiarities of my early training have here been of use.
Disliking my father's trade, and, through many difficulties,
happily emancipating myself, tobacco had not that charm
VI
DEDICATION.
for me that you and others find in it. But I hope these
pages will show that I have no narrow notions on a pleasure
in which I cannot participate ; but rather a honest detest
ation of that want of Christian tolerance which has induced
some persons to denounce a harmless indulgence as if it were
a moral evil. I should be untrue to my father's memory
"an honest man and a good smoker"if I did not contradict
such gratuitous imputations. If I am proud of anything, it
is of my father and his seventy-two years of industry and
integrity.
That you are " a good smoker " also, I have had experi
ence, at home and abroad, when I have examined in your
society many of the finest relics of antiquity, the study of
which has been the solace of our lives. In you I shall find
a gentle critic : you will estimate, by your own experience,
that which few who read consider, the time and trouble
requisite to gather into one volume the results of reading
many a score ; and I have been embarrassed in my task
of condensation by the abundance rather than the paucity
of my materials.
I will not offer you any laudation here ; friendship is too
sacred a thing for public display. I only wish that, while
one copy of this little book remains, it should exist to record
the sincere esteem I feel for you.
F. W. FAIRHOLT.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
PACE
I
13
CHAPTER III.
TOBACCO IN EUROPE, AND ITS LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS .
CHAPTER IV.
TOBACCO-PIPES, CIGARS, AND THE SMOKER'S PARAPHERNALIA
43
152
CHAPTER V.
SNUFF AND SNUFF-BOXES
239
CHAPTER VI.
THE CULTURE, MANUFACTURE, AND CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO 296
TOBACCO:
ITS HISTORY AND ASSOCIATIONS.
CHAPTER I.
THE TOBACCO PLANT.
ITS VARIETIES.
ITS ADULTERATION.
CONTROVERSIES.
io
CONTROVERSIES.
II
12
CHAPTER II.
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
14
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
If,
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
INDIAN PIPES.
'7
18
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
ITS PREPARATION.
19
20
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
ITS ORIGIN.
21
22
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
23
into the water : so a weare for fish being newly set up,
they cast some therein and into the aire ; also after an
escape of danger they cast some into the aire likewise ;
but all done with strange gestures, stamping, some
time dauncing, clapping of hands, holding up of hands,
and staring up into the heavens, uttering therewithal
and chattering strange wordes, and noises.
'' We ourselves during the time we were there used
to suck it after their manner, as also since our returne,
and have found many rare and wonderful experiments
of the vertues thereof; of which the relation would
require a volume by itselfe ; the use of it by so manie
of late, men and women, of great calling as else, and
some learned phisitions also, is sufficient witnes."
We may here conveniently quote some other early
notices of the plant by English voyagers :
In the voyage of Sir Francis Drake * it is noted
that the natives of North America "brought a little
basket made of rushes, and filled with an herbe which
they called Tobah ;" and he afterwards notes, they
" came now the second time to us, bringing with them
as before had been done, feathers and bags of Tobah
for presents, or rather indeed for sacrifices, upon this
persuasion that we were gods."
In The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannica,
published by the Hakluyt Society from the original
MS. of William Strachey, first secretary to the colony,
Lond. 1628.
24
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
INDIAN PIPES.
25
26
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
INDIAN PIPES.
27
Fig. 2.
28
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
INDIAN PIPES.
29
30
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
INDIAN PIPES.
3'
32
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
INDIAN PIPES.
33
34
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
INDIAN PIPES.
35
36
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
DOUBLE PIPES.
'
37
38
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
INDIAN SMOKERS.
39
40
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
THE CALUMET.
4'
42
TOBACCO IN AMERICA.
43
CHAPTER III.
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
(and its literary associations.)
44
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
45
46
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
47
48
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
49
5<>
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
ANECDOTES OF RALEIGH.
51
52
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
ANECDOTE OF TARLTON.
53
54
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
SMOKING CUSTOMS.
55
$6
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
DRINKING TOBACCO.
57
58
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
SMOKING IN THEATRES.
59
6o
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
1645.
FRATERNITY IN PIPES.
61
62
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
Durst offer such indignity to that which I prefer,
For all the brood of blackamoors will swear I do not err.
In taking this same worthy whiff with valiant cavalier,
But that will make his nostrils smoke, at cupps of wine or beer.
When as my purse can not afford my stomach flesh or fish,
I sup with smoke, and feed as well and fat as one can wish .
Come into any company, though not a cross you have, *
Yet offer them tobacco, and their liquor you shall have.
They say old hospitalitie kept chimnies smoking still ;
Now what your chimnies want of that, our smoking noses will.
' Much victuals serves for gluttony, to fatten men like swine,
' But he's a frugal man indeed that with a leaf can dine,
' And needs no napkins for his hands his finger's ends to wipe,
' But keeps his kitchen in a box, and roast meat in a pipe."
This is the way to help down years, a meal a day's enough !
Take out tobacco for the rest by pipe, or else by snuff,
And you shall find it physical : a corpulent, fat man,
Within a year shall shrink so small that one his guts shall span.
It's full of physic rare effects, it worketh sundry ways,
The leaf green, dried, steept, burnt to dust, have each their several
praise.
It makes some sober that are drunk, some drunk of sober sense,
And all the moisture hurts the brain it fetches smoking thence.
All the four elements unite when you tobacco take,
For earth and water, air and fire, do a conjunction make.
The pipe is earth, the fire's therein, the air the breathing smoke ;
Good liquor must be present too, for fear I chance to choke.
Here, gentlemen, a health to all, 'tis passing good and strong.
I would speak more, but for the pipe I cannot stay so long. "
53
64
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
Let me adore with my thrice happie pen,
The sweete and sole delight of mortal men ;
The Cornucopia of all earthly pleasure,
Where Bankrupt nature hath consum'd her treasure.
A worthy plant springing from Flora's hand,
The blessed offspring of an uncouth land."
SMOKING CUSTOMS.
65
66
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
LADY SMOKERS.
67
68
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
LADY SMOKERS.
09
70
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
ADULTERATIONS.
71
72
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
A TAVERN SCENE.
73
74
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
One cleares the braine, the other glads the hart,
Which they retaine, by nature and by Art ;
The first by nature cleares, by Arte makes giddy will,
The last by nature cheares, by Art makes heady still.
CHORUS.
So we, whose braynes else lowe,
Swell hye with crotchet rules,
Feed on these two, as fat,
As headdy giddy fooles.
INCREASED CONSUMPTION.
75
76
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
PERSECUTION.
77
" Let us then reckon thus, seven thousand halfecrownes a day, amounteth just to three hundred nine
teen thousand, three hundred seventie-five pounds a
yeare, summa totalis, all spent in smoake." *
It must not be imagined that the lovers of the herb
were allowed their enjoyment unmolested. It was,
soon denounced in unmeasured terms by those who
did not partake of it ; and the rancour of the attack
was characterised by that total want of charity which
has ever marked those who
' ' Compound for sins they are inclined to
By damning those they have no mind to. "
78
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
PERSECUTION.
79
80
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
ATTACKED BY JAMES I.
81
82
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
ATTACKED BY JAMES I.
83
84
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
SYLVESTER'S SATIRE.
85
86
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
(Which happely* th' Apocalyps foretold)
Yet of the two we may (think I) be bolde,
In some respects to think the last the worst,
However both in their effects accurst. "
S7
89
90
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
91
92
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
93
94
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
Love's Lady, whom sunne, weather,
Yea, the least airy touch,
(Complexion it is such)
May taint ; cinge not your feather,
Tobacco may doe much.
Shunne smoake, East, West, North, South,
Love's Lady, Oldman, Youth.
TOBACCO IMPERSONATED.
95
96
LAUDATORY SONGS^
97
98
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
This makes me sing so ho, so ho, boyes,
Ho boyes sound I loudly,
Earth ne'er did breed
Such a jovial weed,
Whereof to boast so proudly.
. Tobacco is a Lawyer,
His pipes do love long cases,
When our braines it enters,
Our feete do make indentures ;
While we seale with stamping paces,
This makes me sing, &c.
Tobacco's a Physician,
Good both for sound and sickly ;
Tis a hot perfume,
That expells cold rheume,*
And makes it flow downe quickly.
This makes me sing, &c.
Tobacco is a Traveller,
Come from the Indies hether ;
It passed sea and land,
Ere it came to my hand,
And scaped the wind and weather.
This makes me sing, &c.
LAUDATORY SONGS.
og
Tobacco is a Critticke,
That still old paper turneth,
Whose labour and care,
Is as smoke in the aire,
That ascends from a rag when it burneth.
This makes me sing, &c.
Tobacco's an ignis fatuus
A fat and fyrie vapour,
That leads men about
Till the fire be out,
Consuming like a taper.
This makes me sing, &c.
Tobacco is a Whyffler,
And cries "huff snuff" with furie,
His pipes, his club, and linke,
He's the wiser that does drinke ;
Thus armed I fear not a furie.
This makes me sing so ho, so ho, boyes,
Ho boyes sound I loudly ;
Earth ne're did breed
Such a jovial weed,
Whereof to boast so proudly.
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
From the court to the cottage,
From childhood to dotage,
Both those that are sick and the healthy.
It plainly appears
That in a few years
Tobacco more custom hath gained,
Then sack, or then ale,
Though they double the tale,
Of the times, wherein they have reigned.
And worthily too,
For what they undoe
Tobacco doth help to regaine,
On fairer conditions,
Than many physitians,
Puts an end to much griefe and paine ;
It helpeth digestion,
Of that there's no question,
The gout and the tooth ache it easeth :
Be it early, or late,
'Tis never out of date,
He may safely take it that pleaseth.
Tobacco prevents
Infection by scents,
That hurt the brain, and are heady.
An antidote is,
Before you're amisse,
As well as an after remedy.
The cold it doth heate,
Cools them that do sweat,
And them that are fat maketh lean :
The hungry doth feed,
And, if there be need,
Spent spirits restoreth again.
The poets of old,
Many fables have told,
Of the gods and their symposia :
But tobacco alone,
Had they known it, had gone
For their nectar and ambrosia.*
* This idea occurs in an Epigram on Tobacco in the same work,
which savours of hyperbole:
" Nature's idea, Physicke's rare perfection,
Cold rheumes expeller, and the wit's direction
LAUDATORY SONGS.
101
102
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
LAUDATORY SONGS.
103
104
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
FORCED RESTRICTIONS.
105
106
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
FORCED RESTRICTIONS.
107
yearly rent." Under 1634 is noted, " The tobaccolicencers go on apace ; they yield a good fine, and
a constant yearly rent."
History proves that persecution never triumphs in its
attempted eradications. Tobacco was so generally liked
that no legislative measures could prevent its use. Nor
was it confined to " the fast men " of the age. " There
are also some," says Dr. Venner of Bath in his treatise
concerning tfye taking the fume of tobacco (1637), " who
are grave and seemingly wise and judicious, that take
it moderately, and most commonly at fixed times ; but
with its proper adjunct, which (as they doe suppose) is
a cup of sack, and this they think to bee no bad
physick." The clergy occasionally indulged in " a quiet
pipe." Archbishop Harsnett, in his Ordinances for
the Regulation of his schools at Chigwell in Essex,
ordains that the Latin schoolmaster be " of a sound
religion, neither papist nor puritan, of a grave be
haviour, of a sober and honest conversation, no tippler
nor haunter of ale-houses," and, as a climax, "no
puffer of tobacco!" Aubrey, writing in 1680, says,
" within these thirty-five years it was considered scan
dalous for a divine to take tobacco ; " but Lilly, the
Astrologer, in his Memoirs, under the year 1633,
tells a different tale. He says :
" In this year also William Bredon, parson or vicar
of Thornton in Buckinghamshire, was living, a pro
found divine, but absolutely the most polite person
for nativities in that age, strictly adhering to Ptolomy,
which he well understood ; he had a hand in com
108
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
ECCLESIASTICAL INFORMERS.
109
no
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
DISLIKED BY PURITANS.
112
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
PURITANIC SMOKERS.
113
"4
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
MILITARY SMOKERS.
115
tuallers, carriers, cutters, and dryers of tobacco, pipemakers, and the like, that deal in it, will prove
no less."
The popularity of tobacco-smoking at the time of
the Restoration of Charles II., may be gathered from
the following curious narrative from The Life and
Times of Lilly the Astrologer, who was seized as a
suspected person in January, 1661," one Everard a
Justice of Peace in Westminster, ere I was stirring,
sent a Serjeant and thirty-four musqueteers for me to
White-Hall : he had twice that night seized about
sixty persons, supposed fanaticks, very despicable
persons, many whereof were aged, some were waterbearers, and had been Parliament-soldiers ; others, of
ordinary, callings : all these were guarded unto WhiteHall, into a large room, until day-light, and then
committed to the Gate-House : , I was had into the
guard-room, which I thought to be hell ; some therein
were sleeping, others swearing, others smoaking to
bacco. In the chimney of the room I believe there
was two bushels of broken tobacco pipes, almost half
one load of ashes."
Charles II., on his Restoration, confirmed the old
laws for the suppression of its culture, and extended
the restriction to Ireland, under a penalty of confisca
tion and fine of forty shillings for every rood so
planted, except " in any physick-garden of either Uni
versity, or in any other private garden for physick or
chirurgery," but then only half a pole of land to be so
planted. Three years afterwards the penalty was
n6
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
PREVALENCE OF SMOKING.
117
nS
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
A TOBACCO BALLET.
119
120
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
PREVALENCE OF SMOKING.
121
122
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
CHEWING TOBACCO.
123
I24
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
126
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
Dr. Henry Aldrich, the musical Dean of Christchurch, Oxford, well known from his popular Glee
"Hark! the bonny Christ-church bells;" was a smoker*
also, and composed the following quaint " Catch on
Tobacco ; to be sung by four men at the time of
smoaking their pipes ; " which we here reprint, from
The Second Book of the Pleasant Musical Companion,
1687.
"Good ! good indeed !
The Herb's good weed ;
Fill thy pipe, Will, and I prithee, Sam, fill,
For sure we may smoak, and yet sing still ;
For what say the learned ? Vitafumus,
'Tis what you and I, and he and I, and all of us, Sumus.
* There is an amusing anecdote related of the Dean's continuous devo
tion to his pipe. One of the students betted another that however early,
or at whatever time the Doctor was visited in his own sanctum, he would
be found smoking. The bet was taken, and at once the Dean was
visited ; when the reason of the visit was given, " Your friend has lost,"
said the Dean, " I am not smoking, only filling my pipe."
TOBACCO RIDDLES.
127
128
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
A JEREMIAD.
129
130
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
THE EXCISE.
131
132
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
'33
The
134 .
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
COINS OF TOBACCONISTS.
135
I3&
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
TOBACCO PAPERS.
137
Such rhymes were frequently printed on tobaccopapers, which occasionally exhibited an enigma, puzzle,
or charade, for the amusement of the customer ; a
custom that can be traced as far back as the middle
of the seventeenth century. In 1748, an American
printed " choice Pennsylvania tobacco-paper," and
turned to that account some papal bulls captured in a
Spanish vessel ; and he declared his willingness to sell
" at a much cheaper rate than they can be purchased
of the French and Spanish priests, and yet will be
warranted to be of the same advantage to the pos
sessors." This fashion of giving "something literary"
on tobacco-papers, was very customary about twenty
years ago, and embraced a large variety of topics : they
were printed within a "type-border," in the centre of a
38
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
Best Tobacco.
LONDON.
ANAGRAM.
More ! no fool the play and
Friend, my and money my keep wou'd I
Before, had have I as
Friend, a and money both I'd If
Fell ; me from quite away
Friend, my but money, my had I
Well, very me pleas'd which
Friend, my came money with length at
Not. would I him sue for
Friend, my and money my lost I
Got, I words but naught and
Friend, my of money my ask'd I
Therefore ; word his took and
Friend, my to money my lent I
Store, great set I both by
Friend, a and money both had I
TOBACCO PAPERS.
139
CONFESSION OF A CIGAR-SMOKER.
I owe to smoking, more or less,
Through life the whole of my success ;
With my cigar I'm sage and wise
Without, I'm dull as cloudy skies.
When smoking all my ideas soar,
When not, they sink upon the floor.
The greatest men have all been smokers,
And so were all the greatest jokers.
Then ye who'd bid adieu to care,
Come here and smoke it into air.!
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
alluded to. These cuts were printed in the centre of
various-sized papers, and used to envelope the weed.
A SAILOR'S LETTER.
141
142
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
GROWN IN ENGLAND.
143
144
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
SMOKING IN PRISON.
145
i46
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
CELEBRATED SMOKERS.
147
In Tobacco,
148
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
DISTINGUISHED SMOKERS.
149
TOBACCO IN EUROPE.
called away to another patient for a few minutes, and
went, leaving M
with strict orders not to put his
foot down. On her return to his bedside, to her
astonishment he was gone ; and after some searching
she discovered him, by the traces of blood on the stairs
and corridor, sitting down in the yard, smoking his
pipe with the greatest sangfroid. She spoke to him
seriously about disobeying orders and doing himself
an injury ; but he was perfectly callous on the subject
of his toe. She succeeded, however, in working on his
feelings at having disfigured the corridor with blood,
and he came back, saying, ' Indeed, ma'am, I could
not help going to have a pipe, for that was the nastiest
stuff I ever got drunk on in my life 'alluding to the
taste of the chloroform." *
Powerful as may be the objection made by the
" softer sex " to smoking, backed by some few of that
other sex "softer" still, who so vapidly denounce what
they cannot enjoy ; two popular writers of the day
are inclined to doubt the success of either assailant.
Thackeray, in his Fits-Boodle Papers, jocularly says,
ladies cannot expect to succeed in conquering the
practice. He asks, "What is this smoking, that it
should be considered a crime ? I believe in my heart
that women are jealous of it, as of a rival. The fact
is, that the cigar is a rival to the ladies, and their
conqueror too. Do you suppose you will conquer ?
Look over the wide world, and see that your adversary
* Ismeer, or Smyrna, and the British Hospital in 1855. By A Lady.
CONSOLATION OF A PIPE.
151
CHAPTER IV.
TOBACCO-riPES, CIGARS, AND THE SMOKER'S
PARAPHERNALIA.
153
* Dr. Cleland dismisses the subject at once by saying " the absurdities
written about pipes found in Ireland need not be adverted to."
154
ANTIQUITY OF SMOKING.
155
%
paper in the QuarterlyReviewed. XXV., "that smoking
having at first been prohibited to the Mahommedans
as an innovation, and contrary to the principle of their
law ; the pipe had probably been inserted in the wall
by some lover of tobacco, in order to furnish an
argument for the antiquity of the custom, and therefore
of its lawfulness." Attempts of another kind have been
unblushingly made. " The Koran has been appealed
to, and its modern versions even furnish the American
name. A traditional prophecy of Mahomet is also
quoted by Sale, which, while it contradicts the assumed
existence of tobacco in his time, foretells that :' in
the latter days there shall be men bearing the name of
Moslem, but not really such, and they shall smoke a
certain weed which shall be called tobacco ! ' * If the
prophecy did not bear on the face of it such unmis
takable evidence of being the invention of some
Moslem ascetic of later times, it would furnish no bad
proof of Mahomet's right to the title of false prophet ;
for Sale quotes in the same preliminary discourse to
his edition of the Koran, the Persian proverb, ' Coffee
without tobacco is meat without salt.' " Such are the
words of Dr. Wilson,t who, with Dr. Bruce, seems
at one time to have been somewhat doubtful of the
origin of the pipes found in Scotland and England,!
but which doubts both gentlemen have dispelled by
* Sale's Koran, 8vo, Lond., 1812, p. 164.
t In his pamphlet already alluded to, p. 34.
% See Dr. Bruce's volume, descriptive of the Roman Wall extending
from the Tyne to the Solway. 2nd edition, 1853, p. 441.
156
157
158
ANTIQUITY OF SMOKING.
159
160
been found in Gould Scalp mine, in the ball of Newlands, the first copper vein discovered in England, and
claimed as a Royal Mine by Queen Elizabeth. It was
worked by Dutch miners in 1582, but tempting as this
specimen might be to found a presumption upon, a
much more recent date than that must be given to the
pipe, for the form of the stem belongs to the middle of
the seventeenth century, as a glance at our engraving,
would be quite in accordance with the usual style adopted ; and quite as
worthy to be received as evidence.
* In the Museum of the Department of Science and Art at Kensington
is a very beautiful pipe, procured from the collection at the Collegia
Romana. It is elaborately carved in box-wood in the styleof the Renais
sance, and is an exquisite example of the applicability of ornamental art
to general uses. It was probably made in the seventeenth century.
"FAIRY PIPES."
161
162
163
164
165
166
* They are so exhibited in the Antwerp Museum, merely from the fact
of being found in Roman localities, regardless of the old Irish postulate :
" though born in a stable a man is no horse."
PIPE-MAKERS.
1 07
iOS
169
170
DUTCH PIPES.
171
172
'73
74
which he performed by applying the edge of a caseknife to his lips ; upon laying down the knife, he took
up a pair of clean tobacco-pipes, and after having slid
the small ends of them over a table in a most melo
dious trill, he fetched a tune out of them, whistling to
them at the same time in concert. In short the
tobacco-pipes became musical pipes in the hands of
our virtuoso, who confessed ingenuously, that he broke
such quantities of pipes that he almost broke himself,
before he brought this piece of music to any tolerable
perfection."
Balancing to
bacco - pipes was a novel
feat introduced for London's
amusement : in 1743 a Turk
named Mahommed Caratha,
performed on the slack-rope
at Sadler's Wells, firing pistols
from each hand as he stood
upon it, and balancing at the
same time seven tobaccopipes on a ring held in his
mouth : as shown in our cut,
copied from a rare engraving
published at the time. He performed for some years,
and was succeeded by an Englishman named Maddox,
who flourished from 1753 to 1770, balancing the same
number of pipes on his chin, " two pipes crossways on
a hoop," holding also in his hands a chain and a
coach wheel ! Powel, the fire-eater, in one of his
advertisements [circa 1770), notes among his other
A POETICAL PIPE-MAKER.
175
176
PIPE MANUFACTURE.
177
178
FRENCH PIPES.
179
i8o
FRENCH PIPES.
[81
i82
FRENCH PIPES.
i3
'
184
FRENCH PIPES.
185
1 86
FRENCH PIPES.
187
1 88
FRENCH PIPES.
189
190
191
19*
RUSSIAN PIPES.
"93
194
THE MEERSCHAUM.
195
196
* This is an " extreme case, " but many tobacconists are conversant with
customers willing to pay for a due amount of smoking in new pipes.
THE MEERSCHAUM.
197
198
GERMAN PIPES.
199
200
201
202
GERMAN SMOKERS.
203
204
TURKISH PIPES.
205
206
EGYPTIAN PIPES.
207
208
EGYPTIAN SMOKERS.
209
handsome.
Cherry-stick pipes, which are never
covered, are also used by many persons, particularly
in the winter. In summer, the smoke is not so cool
from the cherry-stick pipe as from the kind before
mentioned. The bowl (called hhag'ar) is of baked
earth, coloured red or brown.* The mouth-piece
{fooiri, or turkee'beh) is composed of two pieces or more
of opaque, light-coloured amber, interjoined by orna
ments of enamelled gold, agate, jasper, carnelian or
some other precious substance. It is the most costly
part of the pipe : the price of one of the kind most
generally used by persons of the middle order is about
from one to three pounds sterling. A wooden tube
passes through it. This is often changed, as it soon
becomes foul from the oil of the tobacco. The pipe
also requires to be cleaned very often, which is done
with tow, by means of a long wire. Many poor men
in Cairo gain their livelihood by going about to clean
pipes.
" The tobacco smoked by persons of the higher
orders, and some others, in Egypt, is of a very mild and
delicious flavour. It is mostly from the neighbour
hood of El-La'dickee'yeh, in Syria. The best kind
is the ' mountain tobacco ' {dookkkha'n geb'elee). A
stronger kind, which takes its name from the town
of Soo'r [dookHkhan Soo'ree), sometimes mixed with
geb'elee, is used by most persons of the middle orders.
* To preserve the matting or carpet from injury, a small brass tray is
often placed beneath the bowl ; and a small tray of wood is made use of
to receive the ashes of the tobacco.
210
AFRICAN SMOKERS.
211
213
time, the tobacco used being cut into very fine shreds,
and sometimes supplied by a servant at every inha
lation. The Chinese have a tradition that tobacco
was introduced with the Yuen dynasty, a.d. 1300.
But most things connected with China are difficult of
substantiation, and ask for a large amount of faith.*
The only country of the Indian Archipelago, in the
annals of which any direct mention is made of the date
in which tobacco was first introduced, is Java. This
refers to the year 1601, or one hundred and eighteen
years after the discovery of America, and ninety years
after the first appearance of the Portuguese in the
waters of the Archipelago. It was therefore most
probably introduced through them to the Chinese.
We conclude our specimens with a Japanese pipe of
silver, inlaid with flowers and insects in enamelled
214
SMOKING IN PARAGUAY.
215
216
SPANISH CIGARS.
217
21 8
GERMAN CIGARS.
219
Emperors.
La Famas.
La Unions.
1 ngenuidads.
Laranagas.
Kings. Queens.
Dukes.
Patrons.
Recompenzas.
Cavallos.
Fragancias.
Isabellas.
Lord Byrons.
Prensados.
Gems.
Medianas.
La Normas.
La Presidents.
La Primeras.
La Esperanzas.
La Esparteros.
Garantizados.
La Flor de Cabana.
La Martinez.
Panetellas.
Figaros.
Tomecos.
Yaras.
La Lealtads.
Cacadores.
Planters.
Cubas.
Bengals.
Pilots.
Trinidads.
Gondolas.
Mexicans.
Favorites.
Eldorados.
Albonias.
Elections.
Wellingtons.
Crusaders.
Alhambras.
ENGLISH CIGARS.
221
222
Cigars are sometimes asserted to have a superiorityover pipes, because they consume the oil of tobacco ;
but this is a fallacy, inasmuch as the oil is no more
burnt away or evaporated than in a pipe ; it is, in
fact, drawn to, and condensed in, that part of the cigar
between the lips of the smoker ; hence cigars, though
mild in smoking, contract a rankness of flavour when
consumed to the last inch, which is generally thrown
away. This has led to the invention of cigar-tubes, or
holders, by which they are kept at a distance from the
lips and may be entirely consumed. These are some
times made of meerschaum clay, and occasionally
decorated with sculptured figures, as in the example
engraved, where a lion is baited by dogs. Such sculp
ture serves another purpose than mere ornament, as
it gives the smoker's fingers a firmer hold, for which
CIGAR-HOLDERS.
223
In Berlin, a few years ago, an ingenious pocketknife, entirely of steel, was fabricated for the use of
cigar-smokers, of which we here give an engraving.
224
225
226
TOBACCO-BOXES.
227
228
TOBACCO-BOXES.
229
It is not uncommon to find the old Dutch tobaccobox engraved all over with quaint pictures and
inscriptions, sometimes allusive to life in a similar
strain.
The old brass tobacco-box was generally oblong,
and contained all the smoker required, including ma
terials for lighting the pipe, consisting of tinder, flint
and steel, all packed in proper divisions. The round
tobacco-box belongs to the last century. Tin and
horn were both used as material for their fabrication ;
and there is a horn tobacco-box preserved in London,
which, worthless in itself, is enshrined in so many
valuable cases, that it is the most remarkable tobaccobox existing. It belongs to a club consisting of the
past overseers of the parishes of Saint Margaret and
Saint John the Evangelist, Westminster, who venerate
it highly, and have published a curious illustrated
volume devoted to its history. Mr. Henry Monck,
one of the parishioners, purchased at Horn Fair* in
17 1 3, the original box, which cost him four-pence ;
this he presented to his parish club, and they kept it
in memory of a worthy associate. Seven years after
the gift, the lid of the box was decorated with a silver
rim ; and it was placed in the care of the senior
overseer of the parish (the club consisting of such
persons as were serving, or had served the office, or
* At this ancient fair, held at Charlton, in Kent, it was customary to
sell all kinds of articles manufactured from horn. It was also usual for
persons to wear horns on the head, and for men to go disguised in female
attire ; the fair was, in fact, a complete Saturnalia.
230
TOBA CCO-BOXES.
23'
232
TOBACCO-STOPPERS.
233
234
TOBA CCO-STOPPERS.
235
cr>
236
TOBACCO-STOPPERS.
237
238
CHAPTER V.
SNUFF AND SNUFF-BOXES.
240
OLD RECIPES.
241
242
243
244
SATUFF-KASPS.
245
246
PERFUMED SNUFFS.
247
248
RASPING TOBACCO.
249
250
SNUFF-SHOP SIGNS.
25 1
252
FASHIONABLE SNUFFS.
253
254
POISONED SNUFF.
255
256
VARIETIES OF SNUFF.
257
258
259
26o
FANCY SNUFF-BOXES.
261
262
SNUFF-TAKERS DESCRIBED.
263
264
The Edinburgh
SNUFF IN FRANCE.
265
266
BLESSING SNEEZERS.
267
268
OF WIMBLE'S SNUFFS.
per lb. , s. d.
d.
Best English Rappee
0
4 0
2 0
6
Common
do
2
0
6
Good Plain do
2 6
6
Best Scotch
2 0
0
Common do
2 6
Ordinary English Rappee
0
6
High-flavoured
do. ... 3 6
Composite do.
do. ... 2 6
0
* The author is acquainted with a gentleman who fills his pipe with
tea for smoking.
VARIETIES OF SNUFF.
pel- lb. ,
Fine English Rappee
Carrot Rappee
Romano's Hollande...
Best Dunkerque Rappee .
Macabao
.
Scotch
Fine do
s. d.
3 6
3 0
2
6
4 0
4 0
3 6
8 0
2
3
6
4
0
0
269
per lb , s. d.
2
0
Rappee Bergamot
1
0
Low Rappee
2
Plain Scotch
0
Natural English Rappee... 3 0
High-flavoured do.
3 0
Cephalic
5 0
6 0
St. Domingo
Brazil Imitated
5 0
24 0
Best Brazil
20
0
Second do
16 0
Third do
10
Best Spanish
0
Second do
8 0
6 0
Best Havannah
Common do. *
4 0
270
A SNUFF ADVERTISEMENT.
27r
272
CELEBRATED SNUFF-TAKERS.
273
274
275
276
SCOTTISH MULLS.
277
278
POEMS ON SNUFF.
279
28o
VARIETIES OF SNUFF.
281
282
283
284
SATIRES ON SNUFF.
285
z86
INDIAN SNUFF-MILLS.
287
288
INDIAN SNUFF.
289
290
EASTERN SNUFF-BOXES.
291
292
POLITICAL SNUFF-TAKING.
293
s.
15
d.
5."
t The tree was cut down by the (Ir-)Reverend Francis Gastrell, to save
himself the trouble of showing it to strangers. He rented Shakespeare's
house (New Place) and grounds, and he ended by pulling the house down
in revenge for the taxation he paid during his absence from it.
294
WHIMSICAL BOXES.
295
CHAPTER VI.
THE CULTURE, MANUFACTURE, AND CONSUMPTION
OF TOBACCO.
PLANTING TOBACCO.
297
298
GATHERING TOBACCO.
299
300
PACKING TOBACCO.
301
302
303
3<M
"STRIPPING" TOBACCO.
305
306
307
303
TOBACCO-CUTTING.
309
310
ROLL TOBACCO.
3"
312
CIGAR MANUFACTURE.
313
to warehouse. They all earned more than the tobaccocutters, and were looked upon as the artists of the
trade. They had the privilege of picking the finest
leaf from the hogshead for their use ; and the first
process with them was to strip the central stalk away;
a process usually effected by boys. The cigar maker
received the leaf on his bench in small quantities, and
spread each half leaf on a square block of wood before
him, cutting it into gore-shaped pieces, which were
used to roll round the central tobacco, consisting of a
gathering of the smaller pieces cut off, and the leaves
which were torn, or with holes; and which, though
equally good, will not do for coverings. The proper
size of each cigar is then tested in a gauge ; trimmed
to its proper length ; and finally rolled in a strip of
leaf, which spirally envelopes it, and is twisted at one
end to secure it. This end is the first thing cut off by
the smoker when the cigar is put between his lips.
In our previous chapter we have noted the great
increase of the cigar trade, the large variety of cigars
manufactured, and their names and qualities. The
rate of duty on foreign cigars is very high, and
amounts to a restriction of the article to the humbler
classes. Nine shillings per pound duty thus imposed
on tobacco leaf requiring so small a cost in manu
facture (much less than is bestowed on cut tobaccos,
the leaf itself being worth about seven-pence a pound),
has the effect of restraining choice foreign cigars to
the morocco cases of the wealthy. But as this has
little to do with the quality of the leaf, and imposes a
314
SNUFF-MAKING.
315
316
317
318
TOBACCO COMMERCE.
319
320
AMERICAN EXPORTS.
321
New Hampshire
Massachusetts ...
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York ...
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Total
Manufactured
hogslbs,
heads.
3
110,525 and 1,221
1.429
105
1,600 and 1,952
2,140
780
2,025
624
180
S
and 3,203
8
and 28,992
and 61,203
3.S40
and 5,290
and 5,471
117.874
112,428
322
'793
'794
I79S
898 26
1890 16
4255
4
Drawbacks.
dols. cents.
444
272
18
49
59
59
TOBACCO MONOPOLIES.
323
1821
1831
1841
1851
Consumption.
lbs.
15,598,152
19.533.84'
22,309,360
28,062,841
Duty.
per lb.
4s. od.
3
3 o *
3 o *
Population.
21,282,960
24,410,439
27,019,672
27,452,692
Consumption
per head,
oz.
II 71
12-80
13-21
i6'86
324
CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO.
325
326
DISQUISITION ON SMOKING.
327
328
DISQUISITION ON SMOKING.
329
330
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
331
332
THE END.
[September, 1875.
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