Lecture Notes ON WASTER WATER TREATMENT
Lecture Notes ON WASTER WATER TREATMENT
Lecture Notes ON WASTER WATER TREATMENT
in
Code CE 2037
DepartmentofCivilEngineering
CE2037 Industrial Waste Management
Lecturenotes
Prepared
By
Mrs.C.Arthi JENIFER
Assistant professor
Prepared by
Mrs.C.Arthi Jenifer, M.E.,
Assistant Professor, Civil
FMCET, Madurai.20
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Code CE 2037
CE2037
INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
LTPC 3003
OBJECTIVE
This subject deals with the pollution from major industries and methods of controlling the
same. The student is expected to know about the polluting potential of major industries in
the country and the methods of controlling the same.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
8
Types of industries and industrial pollution Characteristics of industrial wastes
Population equivalent Bioassay studies effects of industrial effluents on streams,
sewer, land, sewage treatment plants and human health Environmental legislations
related to prevention and control of industrial effluents and hazardous wastes
UNIT II CLEANER PRODUCTION
8
Waste management Approach Waste Audit Volume and strength reduction Material
and process modifications Recycle, reuse and byproduct recovery Applications.
UNIT III POLLUTION FROM MAJOR INDUSTRIES
9
Sources, Characteristics, waste treatment flow sheets for selected industries such as
Textiles, Tanneries, Pharmaceuticals, Electroplating industries, Dairy, Sugar, Paper,
distilleries, Steel plants, Refineries, fertilizer, thermal power plants Wastewater
reclamation concepts
UNIT IV TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
11
Equalization Neutralization Removal of suspended and dissolved organic solids Chemical oxidation Adsorption - Removal of dissolved inorganics Combined
treatment of industrial and municipal wastes Residue management Dewatering Disposal
UNIT V HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
9
Hazardous wastes - Physico chemical treatment solidification incineration Secure
land fills
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. M.N.Rao & A.K.Dutta, Wastewater Treatment, Oxford - IBH Publication, 1995.
2. W .W. Eckenfelder Jr., Industrial Water Pollution Control, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New Delhi, 2000.
REFERENCES
1. T.T.Shen, Industrial Pollution Prevention, Springer, 1999.
2. R.L.Stephenson and J.B.Blackburn, Jr., Industrial Wastewater Systems Hand book,
Lewis Publisher, New York, 1998
3. H.M.Freeman, Industrial Pollution Prevention Hand Book, McGraw-Hill Inc., New
Delhi, 1995. 4. Bishop, P.L., Pollution Prevention: Fundamental & Practice, McGrawHill, 2000.
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LESSON PLAN
S.I No
Syllabus Topic
UNIT 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
No.Of
Periods
Reqd.
Cumuli.
Periods
Page Numbers
T1
T2
R1
R2
Rem
INTRODUCTION
Types of industries and industrial pollution
Characteristics of industrial wastes
Population equivalent and Bioassay studies
Effects of industrial effluents on streams
Effects of industrial effluents on sewer, land &
sewage treatment plants
Effects of industrial effluents on human health
Environmental legislations to prevention and
control of industrial effluents
Environmental legislations to prevention and
control of hazardous wastes
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FMCET, Madurai.20
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Prepared by
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Assistant Professor, Civil
FMCET, Madurai.20
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UNIT 1
Code CE 2037
INTRODUCTION
Genetic Industry
1. Genetic industries are engaged in re-production and multiplication of certain
spices of plants and animals with the object of sale.
2. The main aim is to earn profit from such sale.
3. E.g. plant nurseries, cattle rearing, poultry, cattle breeding, etc.
Extractive Industry
1. Extractive industry is concerned with extraction or drawing out goods from the
soil, air or water.
2. Products of extractive industries come in raw form and they are used by
manufacturing and construction industries for producing finished products.
3. E.g. mining industry, coal mineral, oil industry, iron ore, extraction of timber and
rubber from forests, etc.
Manufacturing Industry
1. Manufacturing industries are engaged in transforming raw material into finished
product with the help of machines and manpower.
2. The finished goods can be either consumer goods or producer goods.
3. E.g. textiles, chemicals, sugar industry, paper industry, etc.
Construction Industry
1. Construction industries take up the work of construction of buildings, bridges,
roads, dams, canals, etc.
2. This industry is different from all other types of industry because in case of other
industries goods can be produced at one place and sold at another place.
3. But goods produced and sold by constructive industry are erected at one place.
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Service Industry
1. In modern times service sector plays an important role in the development of the
nation and therefore it is named as service industry.
2. The main industries, which fall under this category, include hotel industry,
tourism industry, entertainment industry, etc.
Quaternary Industries
1. Involve the use of high tech industries.
2. People who work for these companies are often highly qualified within their field
of work.
3. Research and development companies are the most common types of businesses
in this sector.
Goods
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
All of the companies are linked in one way or another. For example
The raw material cotton is extracted by primary industries
The cotton may then be turned into an item of clothing in the secondary industry.
Tertiary industries may advertise the goods in magazines and newspapers.
The quaternary industry may involve the product being advertised or researched
to check that the item of clothing meets the standards that it claims too.
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
1. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, humans were able to advance
further into the 21st century.
2. Technology developed rapidly, science became advanced and the manufacturing
age came into view.
3. With all of these came one more effect, industrial pollution.
4. Earlier, industries were small factories that produced smoke as the main pollutant.
5. Since the number of factories were limited and worked only a certain number of
hours a day, the levels of pollution did not grow significantly.
6. But when these factories became full scale industries and manufacturing units, the
issue of industrial pollution started to take on more importance.
7. Any form of pollution that can trace its immediate source to industrial practices is
known as industrial pollution.
8. Industrial pollution takes on many faces.
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9. It contaminates many sources of drinking water, releases unwanted toxins into the
air and reduces the quality of soil all over the world.
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3. Out of all the by-products, if some are in huge quantities and the processing is
cost effective, the industrialist preserves the by- products.
5. If the processing of waste is a cost prohibitive one, then the industrialist throws
the waste into the environment in the form of gas, liquid or solid.
6. The gases are usually released into the atmosphere, the liquids are discharged into
aquatic bodies like canals, rivers or sea and solid wastes are either dumped on the
land or in aquatic bodies.
7. There are about 17 industries which are declared to be most polluting.
8. These include the caustic soda, cement, distillery, dyes and dye intermediaries,
fertilizers, iron and steel, oil refineries, paper and pulp, pesticides and
pharmaceuticals, sugar, textiles, thermal power plants, tanneries and so on.
9. Due to industrial activities, a variety of poisonous gases like NO, SO2, NO2, SO3,
Cl2, CO, CO2, H2SO4 etc. - volatile chemicals, dusts etc., are liberated into the
atmosphere causing acute pollution problem.
10. For example, Methyl Isocyanate gas leakage from Union Carbide factory at
Bhopal caused mass killing which is known as Bhopal gas tragedy.
Types of pollution from industries
Industry
1.
Caustic Soda
2.
Cement dust,
smoke
Distillery
Fertilizer
3.
4.
5.
Dye
6.
Wastes Produced
Type of
Pollution
Mercury, Chlorine gas Air, water and
land
Particulate matter
Organic waste
Ammonia, cyanide,
oxides of nitrogen,
oxides of Sulphur
Inorganic waste
pigment
Smoke, gases, coal
dust, fly ash, fluorine
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Organic chemicals
1. The tests may be divided into those used to measure gross concentrations of
organic matter greater than about 1 mg/l.
2. Laboratory methods commonly used today to measure gross amounts of organic
matter(greater than 1 mg/l) in wastewater include
i.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
ii. Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
iii. Total organic carbon (TOC).
Organic pollutants
1. Effluent from industrial sources contains a wide variety of pollutants, including
organic pollutants.
2. Primary and secondary sewage treatment processes remove some of these
pollutants, particularly oxygen-demanding substances, oil, grease and solids.
3. Others, such as refractory (degradation- resistant) organics (organochlorides, nitro
compounds etc.) and salts and heavy metals, are not efficiently removed.
4. Soaps, detergents and associated chemicals are potential sources of organic
pollutants.
5. Water contaminated with these compounds must be treated using physical and
chemical methods, including air stripping, solvent extraction, ozonation and
carbon adsorption.
Canning (fruit/vegetables)
500
Pea processing
85-400
Tomato
50-185
Carrot
160-390
Potato
215-545
Citrus fruit
55
Chicken meat
70-1600
Fish
300-2300
Sweets/candies
40-150
Sugar cane
50
20-100
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Trends
in
Bioassay
Use
for
Effluent
Management\Bioassays and Wastewater Quality
Main conclusions
1. A broad range of micropollutants and their effects wereeliminated by more than
80% after the advanced treatments.
2. There was no evidence for a toxicity increase due to a constantformation of stable
toxic ozonation by-products.
3. An ozonation should be followed by a final filtration step withbiological activity.
4. Quality of treated effluent was significantly improved, leading to improved
surface water quality.
Evaluation of Bioassays and Wastewater Quality
Project Strategy Micropoll
1. The aim of the project Strategy Micropoll of the Swiss Federal Office for the
Environment (FOEN) was to develop a strategy regarding micro pollutants
originating from municipal wastewater.
2. A situation analysis was conducted in order to assess thecontamination of Swiss
surface waters with micro pollutants
3. Possibilities for financing measures for advanced wastewater treatment were
evaluated.In order to evaluate possible technical treatments to reduce the
concentrations and effects oforganic micro pollutants in surface waters, two largescale pilot studies were conducted.
4. In bothstudies the efficiency of complementary wastewater treatment for the
elimination ofmicropollutants from wastewater treatment effluent was assessed,
such as ozonation followed bysand filtration (ozonation-SF) and different
processes including powdered activated carbon addition (PAC).
5. Technical aspects as well as a performance review regarding the elimination
ofmicropollutants using chemical measurements and ecotoxicological test systems
were included.
Approach of bio-assay
1. A broad range of biotests for the evaluation of water and wastewater quality is
available.
2. Animportant goal of this project was to identify appropriate bioassays sensitive
enough to detect theeffects of micro pollutants.
3. The selection of eco toxicological test systems was based on preliminary studies
conducted before the first pilot study by measuring specific cellular effects, as
well as integrative tests with whole organisms group on ecotoxicology.
4. Bioassays were selected based on one or more of the following selection criteria.
Test sensitivity is Standardized test methods are available.
Consideration of different trophic levels (bacteria, algae, macrophytes,
invertebrates, vertebrates)
5. Application of different types of sample processing and test systems:
Assessment of enriched wastewater samples
High enough to detect contaminant effects in treated wastewaterin the
preliminary studies
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7. Waste treatment facilities are being improved across the India to make sure
hazardous material can be dealt with safely.
8. There is also a risk that hazardous waste is exported abroad where it may be dealt
with in unsafe conditions.
The Indias Approach to Waste Management
1. Waste management approach has evolved over the last 30 years through a series
of environmental action plans and a framework of legislation that aims to reduce
negative environmental and health impacts and create an energy and resource
ecient economy.
2. This led to the development of a long-term strategy on waste.
3. The 2015 Thematic Strategy on Waste Prevention and Recycling resulted in the
revision of the Waste Framework Directive, the cornerstone of Indias approach
to waste management
4. It includes targets for IndianState Members to recycle 50% of their municipal
waste and 70% of construction waste by 2020.
5. The Directive introduces a ve-step waste hierarchy where prevention is the best
option, followed by re-use, recycling and other forms of recovery, with disposal
such as landll as the last resort.
Moving Up the Waste Hierarchy
Prevention
Preparing for re-use
Recycling
Other recovery
Disposal
WASTE AUDIT
Purpose
1. The purpose of a waste audit is to gain a detailed understanding of the types and
weights of material being generated.
2. Audit results are used to improve the economic and environmental performance
of waste management efforts.
3. There are three major components to the waste audit:
A. Preparation
B. Sorting, recording, and cleanup
C. Analysis and reporting.
4. When undertaking an audit, one person should be designated as the audit
coordinator.
5. This person is responsible for preparing and leading the audit.
6. When first beginning to conduct waste audits, it is advisable to seek assistance
from regional waste education officers if they are available.
7. The audit coordinator must ensure that all preparations are carried out before
participants begin auditing and measuring waste
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Preparation
1. Identify which material streams will be audited.
2. Use the materials stream categorization guide to help.
3. Ensure that the waste is sorted into separate piles based on waste stream, day
collected, or source location if auditing specific areas or buildings.
4. Choose an adequate sample size for the audit.
5. The % of waste audited will depend on total waste generation of the organization
larger numbers yield more accurate results.
6. Locate a suitable facility for storing the waste and conducting the audit.
7. Verify the number of participants who will be helping with the audit and obtain
the required safety materials.
8. Choose an auditing procedure that best suits the needs of the firm.
9. Obtain the materials required for that method.
10. Conduct a training session with the audit participants.
11. Training requirements will differ according to chosen audit type.
12. Give the people who are data recording the auditing packages and have them
review the sheets and ask any questions before sorting begins.
13. Assign groups according to the chosen audit type.
Procedures
1. There are significant differences between auditing methods.
2. There is also some flexibility in how the audits are performed.
3. The audit coordinator can adjust the procedures as required to best suit the needs
of the firm.
Types of auditing
a.
b.
c.
d.
Roles Explained
Audit Coordinator:
1. This person is responsible for preparing and leading the audit.
2. They must ensure that all preparations are carried out before participants begin
auditing and measuring waste.
3. If possible, the audit coordinator should play a role in forming or overseeing the
waste management plan for the organization.
4. It would be beneficial of this person read the waste management manual to
understand the purpose of the audit and the role of waste characterization studies
in waste management.
Data Recorders
1. This position involves weighing the sorted contents of the audit.
2. They will be responsible for weighing the bins and the sorted waste, recording
data, and taking notes during the audit.
3. They may also be tasked with taking pictures.
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audit
coordinator
sorter
disposal
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Cleanup
1. All waste should be disposed of properly according to local area sorting
requirements.
2. This will need to be done on an ongoing basis throughout the audit.
3. For bulk auditing no additional sorting step is required for disposal.
4. Any waste residues or spills should be cleaned up immediately.
5. Team leaders should give data to the audit coordinator and explain any unclear
data on the sheets.
6. The audit coordinator should briefly look over the data to ask any questions they
may have about recorded data while data recorders are on hand.
7. Materials and equipment should be returned to the audit coordinator
Analysis and Reporting
1. Enter the data values into the excel spreadsheet auditing tool.
2. The tool will only allow manipulation of cells which require data entry and these
cells are highlighted in yellow.
3. If you wish to alter the tool, you must first unprotect the sheet
4. Once all the data is entered, enter the % of waste audited and the % of waste that
has been sub-categorized.
5. The detailed sub-categorization data will automatically be added to the larger data
set for contamination.
6. It will also be represented graphically
7. Summary tables will be automatically produced showing the projected annual
waste production values and contamination rates based on the contamination data
set and the sub-categorization data.
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Case Studies
Selected brewery examples which provide more detail of water and wastewater reduction
programs.
Water Usage &Wastewater Generated By Craft Brewers
1. Beer is about 95% water in composition; however, the amount of water used to
produce a container of beer is far greater than the amount of water contained in
the beer that is actually packaged and shipped out.
2. Although water usage varies widely among breweries and is dependent upon
specic processes and location.
3. Most craft brewers receive their water from municipal suppliers, while a few use
well water as an alternative source.
4. In addition to the water used in production, wastewater generation and disposal
presents another improvement opportunity for brewers.
5. Most breweries discharge 70% of their incoming water as efuent.
6. Efuent is dened as wastewater that is generated and ows to the sewer system.
7. In most cases, brewery efuent disposal costs are much higher than water supply
costs.
8. In many communities, breweries may be the largest consumer of water and the
largest source of organic efuent that must be treated by the municipal treatment
plant.
9. This presents unique supply and cost concerns.
10. Water awareness and conservation practices provide an effective mechanism for
brewers to reach out into communities.
11. Outreach efforts have a number of benets, including building brand image and
being recognized as an important part of the community.
12. Within a brewery, there are four main areas where water is used:
Brew house
Cellars
Packaging
Utilities.
In addition, ancillary operations such as food service and
restrooms contribute to water usage.
Packaging
38%
Utilities
20%
Brewhouse
25%
Cellars 17%
Environmental Drivers
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GATHERING
EVIDENCE
WORKIN
G WITH
DATA
TARGET
SETTING
5. From establishing a data collection routine and ensuring the data is accurate, to
creating key performance indicators and setting goals.
Data Collection
1. Successful data management enables cost-effective decisions to be made.
2. Data management often goes beyond collecting usage and cost data from a
monthly utility invoice.
3. It includes identifying process areas, support functions, and facility operations
that have the greatest opportunities for improvement.
4. Strategies include tracking water metrics as part of process improvement
activities.
5. Understanding water use is critical to starting an effective conservation program.
Where to start?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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The cost of water use at a facility can be much greater than the amount on the water bill.
Typical Reductions in Water Use
Water saving measure possible application typical reduction in process use (%)
Closed loop recycle
Fermenter cooling
Cleaning-in-place
(CIP) New CIP
Re-use of wash water
Cask washer
Countercurrent rinsing
CIP
Good housekeeping
Hose pipes
Cleaning-in-place
Optimization of CIP
Spray/jet upgrades
Cask Washer
Brushes/squeegees
Fermenter cleaning
>90
set 60
50
set 40
30
set 30
20
20
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Closed-loop economy
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Examples of E-waste
1. Every year 20 to 50 million tons of e-waste are generated worldwide.
3. By 2020 e-waste from old computers in South Africa and China will
have jumped by 200-400% and by 500% in India from 2007 levels.
4. One billion PCs will be in use by the end of 2008 - two billion by 2015
with most growth in emerging Brazil, Russia, India, and China
1. "Going green" can be profitable through the expanding market of
environmental goods and services.
2. Recycling market offers a competitive 'sink' as an alternative to increasingly
expensive landfill, incineration, and other treatment options.
3. Significant opportunities that exist for the private sectors could be divided in
three categories:
Equipment & technology
1. Water equipment and chemicals, air pollution control, instruments and
information, waste management (waste minimization, resource recovery
technology, etc.), process / prevention technology.
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Secondary pollutant
Automobiles
Pulp and paper, petroleum refining.
Combustion sources
1. By combustion sources is meant operations where primarily fossil fuels, coal,
natural gas, petrol, diesel and furnace oil are burnt to obtain energy.
2. This includes power plants, industrial boilers, domestic heating and automobiles.
Automobiles
1. In urban areas automobiles form a significant source of a number of air pollutants,
namely, particulates, NOx, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and lead.
2. These pollutants are produced when fuel is burnt under less than ideal conditions.
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3. Non-uniform oxygen supply within the combustion chamber and lower flame
temperature leads to incomplete combustion releasing CO, HC and unburnt
particles in the exhaust.
4. Tetraethyl lead is added to petrol as anti-knock additive.
5. Where such petrol is used lead is emitted in the exhaust fumes as inorganic
particulates.
Industrial sources
Only two sources are discussed here
Cement manufacture
1. Raw materials include lime, silica, aluminum and iron. Lime is obtained from
calcium carbonate.
2. Other raw materials are introduced as sand, clay, shale, iron are and blast furnace
slag.
3. The process consists of mining, crushing, grinding, and calcining in a long
cylindrically shaped oven or kiln.
4. Air pollutants can originate at several operations as listed below
Source
Raw material crushing, grinding
Kiln operation and cooling
Product grinding and packaging
Emission
Particulates
ParticulatesCO, SO2 , NOx, HC
Particulates
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iii.
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Industrial
CE involve
2037 four principal work steps or
Majority ofWaste
metalManagement
finishing operations Code
typically
process operations which are listed below:
i.
Surface preparation
ii. Pre-treatment
iii. Electroplating
iv.
Post treatment
Surface preparation
1. Though is not a part of electroplating process but is necessary for ensuring strong
and uniform adhesion of the coating on the substrate.
2. It includes smoothening of the substrate surface (item to be coated) before the
plating operation.
3. Surface preparation includes only physical process and no chemicals are used.
The surface preparation namely buffing done by scrapper can be done either
manually or mechanically.
Pre-treatment
1. This process aims to prepare and remove the contaminants from the items for
plating. Contaminants includes:
i. Oil
ii. Grease
iii. Dirt
iv. Mineral oils (Rust protection oils, Cutting fluids,
coolants)
v. Miscellaneous organic soils (paints, fingerprints
vi. Polishing compounds
BUFFING/SURFACE PRFRFRATION
PRE-TREATMENT
iv.
B
U
F
F
PLATING
I
N
G
/
S
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Industrial
Waste Management
WASTE TREATMENT
FLOW SHEET FOR Sugar
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Product
By-product
Potable water
Process water
Wastewater
Final product
Final wastewater collection & control
Residue management
What is residue management?
1. Pacific Island farmers use left-over plant materials (leaves, branches, stalks, etc.) called
residue or slash on their fields to nourish and protect their topsoil.
2. Leaving soil bare and uncovered in tropical climates often causes problems.
3. Instead of leaving the soil bare in your fields, arrange plant matter left over from the
harvest in strips across the slope or beneath orchard trees.
4. Then plant the next crop into the plant matter, by hand either with a digging stick or
tool, or with special machinery.
5. This is a very respected and traditional practice used by farmers around the Pacific.
Why use residue management?
1. Pacific Island farmers can benefit from residue management on their farm. Using
this practice can:
Save labor on collecting and burning slash.
Protect the soil surface and help preventraindrop erosion.
slow water down and let it to soak intothe soil
Fertilize the crops and increase the harvest, especially if using slash from
nitrogen fixing crops (called legumes) that are rich innutrients.
Organic matter from plantmaterial helps the soil become more
fertile
and easier to work.
Protect new plantings and smother outweeds.
Provide food and shelter for wildlife.
Where and when is residue management used?
Between rows in crops
Under fruit trees
Early in the growing season when newcrops are still small
and filling in Between growing seasons when fields are left
unplanted
Where is residue management not used?
1. If your field is infected with certain plant diseases, crop residues may infect the
next crop. Don't place residue directly against plant stems and trunks.
2. Consider using crop rotations to break disease cycles. Consult with the
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Commercial, 11%
Industrial, 5%
Institutional
(including hospitals), 4%
4. Large scale industries are not the only generators of industrial waste. Smallscale industry, small workshops, garages, and very small production units
collectively produce large quantities of industrial wastes.
5. Some of the common industrial waste sources in Egypt include:
Electric power generation.
Fertilizer and agricultural chemical production.
Food production and related by-products.
Chemical production.
Iron and steel manufacturing.
Leather and leather product manufacturing.
Nonferrous metal manufacturing and foundries
Plastics and resin manufacturing.
Pulp and paper manufacturing.
Rubber and miscellaneous rubber products manufacturing.
Stone, glass, clay, and concrete products production.
Textile manufacturing.
6. Manufacturing processes commonly generate all forms of waste including liquid
and solid wastes.
7. Some of these waste products have particularly dangerous properties and can
negatively impact human health and the environment.
Industrial Waste Characterization and Classification
1. Understanding the enormous diversity of characteristics of the solid waste
generated by industry is important for the following reasons:
2. They define the potential hazards of handling the material.
3. They define the design of transportation, treatment, and disposal systems
incorporated
into a solid waste management programto handle them.
4. They define the procedures and precautions that must be used
in collection and disposal.
5. They determine how the material will be classified underEgyptian
environmental regulations.
6. They may determine which of the industrial solid waste generated
in any particular industry is actually managed in a private sec
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Dewatering
What is Dewatering?
1. Dewatering systems are routinely used in the construction industry to provide
temporary reductions in ground water levels for structures which extend to below
groundwater level.
2. A dewatering system generally comprises an array of wells or sumps which are
continuously pumped so as to lower the water table to provide stable and dry
conditions to facilitate excavation.
3. Dewatering systems may be used around open cut excavations or in conjunction
with shoring or retaining walls used to support the excavation.
4. Where retaining walls are used the dewatering well array may be installed
internally to exploit the cut-off effect of the shoring arrangements.
5. Alternatively an external well array may be deployed to reduce the hydrostatic
loading on the shoring system or allow use of lower cost shoring arrangements
such as contiguous piles as opposed to secant piles.
Purpose of Dewatering Containers
1. Required when the waste product contains high water content and is not a strong
candidate for pumping into a vacuum truck
2. This box will separate water from the sludge
3. Come in a standard 25 yard size
Benefits of Dewatering Containers (Boxes)
1. Use to remove water content before transporting the waste
2. Dewatering reduces the waste volume, save cost and results in reduced
transportation weight
3. T-Gasket door for exceptional sealing
Transportation of Dewatering Containers (Boxes)
1. Extremely versatile and can be transported over the road using most standard
rolloff frames and straight trucks
2. Single or double frame trucks can be used to transport vacuum rolloffs
3. Clean Harbors has the transportation resources available to service all of your
container delivery and removal needs
Availability of Dewatering Containers (Boxes)
Typically found in Gulf and West Coast markets; however Clean Harbors can
provide dewatering boxes in other areas as required
Industry Uses of Dewatering Containers (Boxes)
Waste Disposal
Industrial Maintenance
Field Services
Refinery & Petrochemical
Chemical & Specialty Chemical
Utilities
Engineering & Consulting
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Procedure
1. Groundwater control extends this definition to encompass any pumping or
recharge system used to manipulate groundwater levels for a range of
purposes.
2. Recharge systems used to limit external drawdown and mitigate settlement
risks.
3. Vacuum drainage systems for pore pressure control in fine soils.
4. Hydraulic barriers used to control migration of contaminate.
5. Groundwater lowering used to under-drain and consolidate weak soils;
and groundwater lowering to facilitate pile construction.
6. The choice of pumping system used for dewatering or groundwater
systems depends on the amount of drawdown required and the ground
condition
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FMCET, Madurai.20
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16. By donating used electronics tothe schools, NGOs, and lower income families,
which cannotafford the new-purchase, the society can be benefited.
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Aeration Tanks
1. In aeration tank feed is entered.
2. The treated water of chemical coagulation process is feed for aeration tank.
3. The feed is enters from top of tank.
4. At the bottom of the tank air pipe is provided.
5. In that air is supplied at flow rate of 0.566 m3/min (optimal flow rate).
6. The purpose of filtration is to remove suspended solids.
7. In this process removing odour and taste causing substances by means of
oxidation.
SOLIDIFICATION
1. Solidification was conducted using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration fly ash to solidify and stabilize three
different types of industrial sludge.
2. A total of eight mix proportions for each sludge type were prepared for
compressive strength and leachate tests.
3. The specimens were air-cured and tested for their 3-day and 7-day compressive
strength. The results showed significant increase in the compressive strength of
those specimens treated with fly ash and cement.
4. Specimens with only 5%-15% cement content was observed to be insufficient to
achieve the target compressive strength of 0.3 MPa required for landfill disposal.
5. Fly ash was found to be a good material in stabilizing the heavy metal sludge.
6. The optimum mix was found to be that having 45% fly ash, 5% cement and 50%
sludge. TCLP tests indicated leaching from the stabilized matrix was reduced to
very low levels.
Solidification procedure
1. The protection of public health and environment from hazardous pollutants has
always been an important priority for most industrialized nations.
2. With the advancement in technology, there has also been a rise in the amount of
waste sludge produced from these high-tech processes.
3. Landfilling such sludge is widely practiced, but there are many limitations.
4. Sludge can be stabilized through biological and non-biological means such as
i.
Sludge digestion
ii.
Chlorine oxidation
iii. Lime stabilization
iv.
Chemical-fixation
v.
Heat treatment
vi.
Chemical fixation
vii.
Cementitious stabilization
5. Cementitious stabilization has a great appeal because of its simplicity and low
cost.
6. Hazardous materials could be turned into inert waste Crete just by adding
cement or fly ash.
7. It limits the solubility of the hazardous elements in the waste and improves its
handling characteristics and physical properties.
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8. This method of stabilization also has the added advantage of reusing fly ash,
which otherwise would also be disposed of at landfills.
Materials & Methods
1. Preparation of different mix proportions.
2. The MSW fly ash used in this experiment was collected from the Senoko
Incineration Plant.
3. The three industrial waste sludges (labeled as A, B and C) were collected from
different chemical and electronics plants in Singapore.
4. During this experiment, efforts were made to ensure the homogeneity of the fly
ash and sludge by taking samples from different locations.
5. Wet curing was initially selected but samples with a high proportion of fly ash
disintegrated in the curing water.
6. This is due to the high lime content in the fly ash, which reacts with water.
7. The heat released caused thermal cracking in the cubes and weakened the sludge
matrix.
8. Air curing was subsequently adopted for all the samples.
9. Only mix proportions 3 to 8 were cast for the three sludge samples, as mix
proportions 1 and 2, which were without OPC, were deemed to be too weak for
compressive strength tests.
Compressibility Tests
1. Compression strength of the specimens was tested using the unconfined
compression machine with a maximum load of 5 kN.
2. The cubes were tested for their 3-day and 7-day compression strength at a
loading rate of 1.52 mm/min.
3. Between 1 and 3 test samples for each mix series were tested.
4. While efforts were made to provide 3 samples for each test series, some samples
were damaged during the demoulding process due to their very low strength.
INCINERATION
1. Incineration is the process of destruction of all high calorific and highly toxic
wastes by burning the waste at high temperature.
2. Incineration at 12000 C mineralizes (breaks down into basic non-toxic
components) all kinds of organic matter in the waste.
3. However, the process of incineration releases toxic air pollutants like dioxins,
furans, etc., if the waste is not incinerated at very high temperature.
4. Therefore, destruction efficiencies of toxic compounds during incineration
(effectively 99.99%) with no generation of persistent organic pollutants (POP)
should be the prime criteria for design of an incinerator system.
5. Incineration serves the dual purpose of reduction of both the toxicity and the
volume of the waste, which is an important consideration when the disposal of
wastes is finally destined for landfills.
6. Most of the process wastes from chemical unit operations can very well be treated
in properly designed incinerators.
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SECURE LANDFILLS
1. A landfill is a facility which is designed for the safe disposal of solid wastes.
2. The bottom liners and a top Cover, of the landfill are considered as the most
critical components.
3. Penetration of Leachate in to the soil is the major problem in landfills.
4. For existing landfills the main factor affecting the quality of liners/covers is its
permeability which should not be greater than 1.0109 m/sec.
5. The compacted ball clay in the form of tiles (green) had undergone heavy
compaction which in turn reduces permeability and the thickness of the
liners/covers.
6. By reducing the thickness of liners more amount of municipal solid waste can
be accommodated.
7. Usage of alternative materials will reduce the overall thickness of liner system
by about 40-50cm
8. The hazardous wastes generated by industries are required to be collected in
secure landfill.
9. But latter these landfill sites generate leachate.
10. This leachate, if not collected and treated properly, can contaminate the
groundwater resources.
11. CPCB has taken up a project on Development of Standards for leachate from
Hazardous Waste Disposal Site.
12. The Project has been ready and the draft report has been prepared.
13. The criteria for disposal of hazardous wastes in landfill and leachate
collection, removal and detection systems, as suggested in the report.
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14. The following listed wastes should not be allowed to dispose off directly into
the landfill facility
i.
Waste, which is a fluid, slurry or paste?
ii.
Waste, which is delivered under pressure or under vacuum.
iii. Waste, which has an obnoxious odour.
iv.
Waste, which reacts with moisture to produce considerable amount
of heat or gases.
v.
Waste, which is highly inflammable (flash point < 550C).
vi.
Waste, which contains shock sensitive substances.
vii.
Waste, which contains very strong oxidizing agents.
viii. Waste, which contains volatile substances of significant toxicity.
ix. Waste, which falls below a pH value of 4 and exceeds the value of
13, if evaluated in distilled water in the ratio of 1: 10.
15. Waste, which possesses a calorific value of more than 3200 Kcal/kg. These
wastes have to go for authorized energy recovery or for incineration
METHODOLOGY
Sample collection
1. Sample of Dwaraka Tirumala ball clay occurring near Bhimadolu, West
Godavari Dist, A.P, India is collected from M/S Vennar ceramic Industries
Ltd., Perikigudem, near Gudiwada Krishna Dist, A.P, India
Preparation of granulated ball clay powder
1. Ball clay ground in pot mill with 40% of water, for 3 minutes and the slurry is
transferred into a Galvanized Iron (GI) tray.
2. This slip is dried in a lab oven and the dried flakes are ground.
3. 6% of water is sprinkled on the powder, mixed and made to pass through 20
IS mesh to prepare granulated powder.
4. This powder is tested for bulk density using a density bottle.
Preparation of ball clay tiles (green)
1. Granulated ball clay powder is pressed in a lab scale hydraulic press at a
pressure of 100kg/cm2 to obtain the green tile.
2. These tiles are subjected for testing of flexural strength, dry shrinkage, bulk
density
Testing of vitrified ceramic tiles
1. Samples of vitrified tiles of 300x300x10mm are collected from the market and
subjected to testing of flexural strength, water absorption, chemical resistance
in accordance with IS 15622.
2. Further it is tested for reactivity with leachate by keeping it in solid waste for
2 months and comparing with fresh sample.
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