Social Organization and Structure

SOCIAL GROUP
SOCIAL GROUP it consists of two or more persons

who are in social interaction, who are guided by
similar norms, values, and expectations, and who
maintain a stable pattern of relations over a period of
time (Homans 1950; Stark 1998; Kendall 2000)
SOCIAL GROUP
A person is a sociable being, born into a group, and
living in a social group.
Social group are essential to persons existence.
One is born into a family, is raised up in a family,
plays in the neighborhood, goes to school, worships
with others, and joins work groups and other
associations.
From the group, one acquires personal habits,
values, attitudes, ambitions; social identity.
TYPES OF SOCIAL
GROUPS
SOCIAL GROUPS VARY IN SIZE, PURPOSE, STRUCTURE,
QUALITY OF GROUP INTERACTION.
Primary and secondary groups

The in-group and the out-group
Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft
Formal and informal groups
PRIMARY GROUP AND SECONDARY GROUP

PRIMARY GROUPS characterized by intimate faceto-face association and cooperation (Cooley,
1957).
Building blocks of larger society.
The relationship is personal and intimate.
Pervading the whole group is the pakikisama or
attitude of getting along with members of the
group so that one thinks in terms of the whole
group.
e.g. family, friendship group
Peer
group
SECONDARY GROUP characterized by impersonal,

business like, contractual, casual relationships.
The group composition is heterogeneous, and
membership is numerous and widespread.
Communication is through telephone, mail, digital
technology, media.
Focus on development of skills and specialized
know-how, enabling members to perform
effectively
Task-oriented
E.g. business, labor, economic, political, religious
organizations
GEMEINSCHAFT AND GESSELSCHAFT

GEMEINSCHAFT close communal relationships or
community (Toennies, 1951).
A community of intimate, private, and exclusive
living and familism.
Their activities, interests, and personalities center
around the large family groups and neighbors.
Filipino context: damay, bayanihan
E.g tribal group, fishing villages
GESSELSCHAFT organized impersonal relationships

or society.
Characterized by impersonal, secondary,
contractual, and rationalized relationships.
Coexist but independent of one another.
There is division of labor, specialization, functional
interdependence, and solidarity or cohesion are
achieved.
IN-GROUP AND OUT-GROUP

A kind of perspective
relationship that exists in the
minds as an individual learns
to use pronoun s we to
refer to the in-group, and
they, to refer to the outgroup.
IN-GROUP the group in which the individual

identifies and which gives him/her a sense of
belonging, solidarity, camaraderie, and a
protective attitude toward the other members.
Members share common norms, activities, goals,
and background.
OUT-GROUP it is a group which an individual is in

sufficient contact with as to be aware of its
existence, but which he/she is prone to criticize or
ridicule.
One usually feels strangeness , indifference, dislike,
avoidance, and/or antagonism toward the outgroup.
There is a tendency to think of those in the outgroup in terms of stereotypes.
FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMAL

GROUPS
FORMAL ORGANIZATION this groups are important
in industrialized, complex societies.
They are social structures which are deliberately
organized for the attainment of specific goals which
meet their most fundamental needs.
Individual members come and go, but these
organizations will continue to function.
Conflict may arise within the formal organization.
E.g. school, churches, hospitals, industrial

establishment, trade unions, government agencies,
political parties, military, civic organization
INFORMAL GROUPS include dyad

(two-person groups), triads (threeperson groups), cliques, friendship
groups, or circles.
Memberships and organization
may coincide with the units of the
large organizations, but may not
consonance with the activity of
the formal group.
They may introduce new and
unofficial groups into a group;
redefine channels of
communication and interaction;
or create new procedures to get
a job done.
THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY

The concept of the society was formulated during
the 16th and 17th centuries to represent of the whole
organization as distinct from the state.
SOCIETY includes the totality of social organizations
and the complex network of interconnected,
interdependent, and overlapping social
relationships.
A large social grouping that shares the same

geographical territory and is subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural expectation.
TWO ASPECTS OF SOCIETY

1. Society is external
to the individual.
e.g. culture of the
society precede the
individuals who are born
into it or join it.
2. The members
perceive society and
its experiences as a
constraints upon their
lives.
e.g. the society exists in a
natural environment to
w/c its members must
adapt if it is to survive.
AGGREGATE
A number of persons cluster but
do not interact with each other.
Characteristic: shared physical
space
e.g. people standing in a street
corner waiting for a
jeepney/bus/fx; people sharing
an elevator ride
SOCIAL CATEGORY
Groups whose members may never have met and
do not interact socially, but possess common
identifying status characteristics.
Male female
Infant children youth adult the aged
Age
Race
Income
Occupation
Religion
Ethnicity
COLLECTIVITY
Temporary groups like crowds, masses, public, and
social movements are clusters of people interacting
with each other, but the interactions are passing or
short-lived.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GROUPS

1. Motivational base shared by individuals
individuals find themselves together in similar
social situations that may have motivational
implications for group formation social needs,
desires, interests, noble activities, insecurities.
2. Size of the group the size of a group may range
from two (dyad) to more members.
3. Type of group goals the structural patterns of

social groups are affected by its goals.
4. Kind of group cohesion Group cohesion refers to
the degree to which members of a group are able to
function and interact towards the pursuit of their
goals.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Refers to the patterned social relationships
and interrelationship of parts guided by the
norms, expectations, and values of the
social units members.
SOCIAL FUNCTION
A component of social structure.
It refers to the results of action that occur in
relation to a particular structure, including
the results of activities by individuals
occupying particular statuses (Schwatz,
1968).
THE BUREAUCRACY
Formal organization has an
administrative machinery that is
aimed to enable members to meet
their goals. This administrative
structure is called bureaucracy.
BUREAUCRACY refers to a formal,
rationally organized social structure
involving clearly defined patterns of
activity in which every series of
actions of fundamentally related to
the purpose of the organization.
MAX WEBERS CHARACTERISTICS OF

IDEAL BUREAUCRACY:
1. Position and offices are clearly define and exist
independent of the incumbent.
2. The hierarchical arrangement of authority, rights, and
obligations is specifically drawn and clear-cut (e.g.
chain of command).
3. The personnel are selected on the basis of technical of
professional qualification, expert training, and
competence.
4. Definite rules govern official behavior (e.g.
jurisprudence).
5. Security of tenure and the pursuit of a career with
promotion in the hierarchy are assured.
Among the DYSFUNCTIONS (Merton, 1957):

red tape or extreme adherence to rigid procedures and
paper works;
Tendency of those in power to maintain the status quo by
withholding vital information from members of out-groups;
boss officials in key positions who feel that they have
become indispensable fixtures of the social organization
gentlemanly malingerers or employees who have
become so secure and contended in their jobs that they
feel they do not have to work too hard.
In Philippine context: vulnerable to nepotism and favoritism
due to strong family ties; red tape has resulted to graft and
corruption; oligarchic elite group administers the spoil system.
REFERENCE GROUPS
Is the group to which the individual relates or aspires
to relate to psychologically (symbolic reference)
Becomes individuals frame of reference and
source for ordering his/her experiences,
perceptions, cognitions, and ideal self (anchorage
to total experience).
Ones membership group to which he/she is
officially attached or recognized or belonging.
E.g. family, fraternity/sorority, peer group, school
group, religious organization, political group, civic
group
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Refers to an abstraction which is an organized system
of social norms, beliefs, values, and material objects
formed around the social needs of people.
Standardized way of doing something and performs
certain functions in society.
It differs to formal organization
Religion (institution) Roman Catholic Church (organization)
Education (institution) FEU Tech (organization)
LEADERSHIP
Refers to the exercise of
influence over a group and
directs behavior toward
particular results or goals.
2 important roles to perform:
the task or instrumental roles
(task-oriented) and the
socioeconomic or expressive
relationship roles (personoriented).
TYPES OF LEADERSHIP
1. AUTOCRATIC LEADER thoroughly directive; a
dictator that orders all actions and techniques to
be used in achieving the goal; likely to have
tension, hostility and conflict.
2. DEMOCRATIC LEADER members are given
leeway to participate in determining policies of
the group, choosing procedures for
accomplishing the group goals, and deciding the
course of action.
3. LAISSEZ FAIRE LEADER members are allowed
almost complete freedom to make decisions and
choose alternative actions.

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SOCIAL GROUP

SOCIAL GROUP it consists of two or more persons

Primary and secondary groups

PRIMARY GROUP AND SECONDARY GROUP

SECONDARY GROUP characterized by impersonal,

GEMEINSCHAFT AND GESSELSCHAFT

GESSELSCHAFT organized impersonal relationships

IN-GROUP AND OUT-GROUP

IN-GROUP the group in which the individual

OUT-GROUP it is a group which an individual is in

FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMAL

E.g. school, churches, hospitals, industrial

INFORMAL GROUPS include dyad

THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY

A large social grouping that shares the same

TWO ASPECTS OF SOCIETY

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GROUPS

3. Type of group goals the structural patterns of

MAX WEBERS CHARACTERISTICS OF

Among the DYSFUNCTIONS (Merton, 1957):

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