The 2014 Lake Plan

Lake Ontario St.
Lawrence River
Plan 2014
Protecting against extreme water levels,
restoring wetlands and preparing for
climate change
June 2014
A Report to the Governments of

Canada and the United States by the
International Joint Commission
For more information on regulation of Lake Ontario and St Lawrence River water levels or the
International Joint Commission (IJC), please visit the IJCs website: www.ijc.org. Information also can
be obtained by contacting any of the following IJC offices:
United States Section Office
2000 L Street, NW, Suite 615
Washington, DC 20440
Phone: 202-736-9000
Fax: 202-632-2006
Canadian Section Office

234 Laurier Avenue West
22nd Floor
Ottawa, ON K1P 6K6
Phone: 613-995-2984
Fax: 613-993-5583
Great Lakes Regional Office

100 Ouellette Avenue
8th Floor
Windsor, ON N9A 6T3
Phone: 519-257-6700
Fax: 519-257-6740
This report may be cited as:

International Joint Commission (2014). Lake Ontario St. Lawrence River Plan 201: Protecting against
extreme water levels, restoring wetlands and preparing for climate change.
ISBN: E95-2/18-2014E-PDF
978-1-100-24424-2
Cover: Istockphoto.com
@IJCsharedwaters
Facebook.com/internationaljointcommission
Preface
The Akwesasne people have lived in the territory
that currently straddles the borders of Ontario,
Quebec and New York for centuries. Although
divided by an international border today, the
Akwesasne live as one community, with some
people in this nation residing just two miles
downstream of the Moses-Saunders dam on
Kawhno:ke, also known as Cornwall Island.
I ask you to think about the Mother Earth, for she

continues to carry out her responsibility to us, never
ceasing in her responsibility. We say that if you look at
the colors of the soils of that world, in those colors of
those soils you see the colors of every one of our skins
and we know that she is our mother and that she will
continue in her responsibility. So I ask you to bring
together your minds and think about the Mother Earth,
and can we agree that she is important to us?
The Akwesasne live within sight of the MosesSaunders Dam and in the 1950s they watched the
dam be built across their western view. Perhaps they,
more than any, appreciate the change to nature that
was made, and they continue to press their concerns
for the well-being and long-term health of the Lake
Ontario and St. Lawrence River basins.
Today we have concentrated on the waters and the

fishes of this world; they have been most important to
our discussions and we know that they will continue
to carry out their responsibilities. And they dont need
anyone to teach them what their responsibilities to us
are, but they continue to do this. So I ask you to bring
together your minds and think about the waters and the
aquatic life like our fishes, and can we agree that they
are important to us?
On July 19, 2013 during the International Joint

Commissions Public Hearings on Plan 2014 that
were held throughout communities within the
basins, Henry Lickers, Environmental Science Officer
and former member of the International Lake
Ontario St Lawrence River Study Board, honored
Commissioners with an invocation that traditionally
opens and closes his nations meetings with
governments and contains the teachings of how
one is to conduct ones self in harmony with the
natural world.
These words that come before all else are the ones that
open everything, and we heard a little bit about the
good mind and bringing your mind together to think
about the problems. These are all of our problems. These
are our issues and we feel responsible for them, whether
its my boating friends or my little minnow, we have a
responsibility to them.
And we say whenever we are gathered, one of us is
chosen to do a greetings and thanks giving and Id like
you to think about the people of this world. There are
many people that arent as well off as we are and they
live across this world and across this River. And I would
say to you that my sons and daughters and your sons
and daughters live in that water as well. So I ask you to
bring together your minds and think about the peoples
of this world, and can we agree that they are important
to us?
I know that we have spent a little time talking about the

plants of this world, and the Haudenosaunee looked
at the plants and we have a special relationship with
them. We have three, called the Three Sisters: corn, beans
and squash that have helped sustain our populations.
But we also know that in those waters have been many
medicine plants that can help us and it seems that the
waters and the marshes and the wetlands seem to be
those places where those medicine plants are. And then
we talk about the trees. The trees that give so much to us
and all of the things we see around us that are beneficial
to make our lives a better place to live upon this world.
So I ask you to bring together your minds and think
about the plants of this world, and can we agree that
they are important to us?
We dont live here alone. We live here with many other
species and this morning I rose and heard the crows
crying in my backyard, waking me as usual. But we also
have other animals; the four legged type. Some of them
living in our own homes and we call them our pets but
we treat them like theyre our brothers and sisters. And
so I would say to you that all of the animals and birds
of this world deserve the same respect and deserve the
same as our brothers and sisters. And so I ask you to
bring together your minds and think about the animals
and birds of this world, and can we agree that they are
important to us?
Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Plan 2014
Today as we look outside we see the Four Great Winds

getting ready to blow us a blustering night I think,
and during that time we will hear the voices of our
grandfathers. We call those the Thunderers, and they
speak to us. But what they tell us is to be ever vigilant
as we live upon this land for the land is changing and
we must be ready for it. We must be the ones that help
fulfill our responsibilities to the world around us. And so
I ask you to bring together your minds and think about
the Four Great Winds and those Thunderers, and can we
agree that they are important to us?
Again we know that we dont exist here alone but we

know that theres a spiritual world that surrounds us
and that there are many spirits out there that can help
us in our deliberations. The Haudenosaunee say that
whenever our deliberations are so tough and that we
really need to think about our answers and questions,
that if we look deep into our souls those answers will
come to us and lead us to peace and harmony upon this
world. And so I ask you to bring together your minds and
think about the spiritual world that surrounds us, and
can we agree that they are important to us?
This morning our elder brother the sun rose as he has

done millennium after millennium, never ceasing in his
responsibility to us and to all of creation. That we could
carry out our responsibilities as such, this would truly be
a wonderful thing. So I ask you to bring together your
minds and think about our elder brother the sun, and
can we agree that he is important to us?
We know that there are many other teachers in this

world and we sit here today and listen to our problems
that we have, but we know that we have the knowledge
that come to us down the corridors of time from elders
and ancestors that have preceded us and each of us
have those trusted elders that we have listened to in the
past and hear their knowledge today and we will build
on that knowledge that this will be a better place. And so
I ask you to bring together your minds and think about
those teachers of the world, and can we agree that they
are important to us?
This evening well see our grandmother moon as she

turns her face to us every 28 days, and that 28-day cycle
is the cycle of all female things in this world. And without
that 28-day cycle it would truly be a lonely place. But
shes also very powerful and she has the ability to move
all of the waters of this world, even the waters of the
first environment: the womb. And so I ask you to bring
together your minds and think about grandmother
moon and through her all female things upon this world,
and can we agree that she is important to us?
In the evening we see the stars as they shine down
upon us, and the Haudenosaunee say these are our
aunties and uncles and they are still here with us looking
down upon us. They guide us across the surface of this
Earth and foretell of great events that will occur in
our communities, but they too are carrying out their
responsibilities to us. And so I ask you to bring together
your minds and think about those stars, and can we
agree that they are important to us?
It has come that at this time we will cover our Council fire
and as the Haudenosaunee would say unbind that stout
cord that bound us all in this place that we could talk
about our responsibilities to the world. And Ill cut that
cord now that we may each go our own separate way.
But before we do that, the Haudenosaunee say we must
never ask anything of the Creator, but on your behalf
today Ill ask two things of the Creator: Ill ask that as you
proceed from this place to your homes, your lodgings
and your communities, that no impediment is placed in
your way and that you arrive there safely. And the second
thing Ill ask on your behalf is that when you arrive at
your homes, your lodgings and your communities, that
you see the happy smiling faces of your people and that
no misfortune has befallen them while youve been here.
And so now those words have been said and our Council
fire is closed but I call on you my friends one last time
to bring together your finest thoughts and your finest
thanksgiving and well pile them in a huge pile before
us to send to the Creator of all things for the beauty that
surrounds us. Ne onkwaniknra
ii

Canada and United States
Commission mixte internationale

Canada et tats-Unis
The United States of America and Canada are the applicants on the St. Lawrence Power Project as well
as the Parties to the Boundary Waters Treaty. The International Joint Commission (the Commission)
seeks the views and concurrence of the United States and Canada on the matter of amending the Order
of Approval for the St. Lawrence Power Project (Docket No. 67 and 68). The Commission submits its
conclusions on the matter of regulating Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River levels and flows in a spirit
consistent with the Boundary Waters Treaty.
The International Joint Commission, after 14 years of scientific study and public engagement, advances
Plan 2014 as the preferred option for regulating Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River water levels and flows.
Scientific studies reveal that the Commissions 1956 Orders of Approval and regulation of the flows through
the power project following Plan 1958D with deviations, have harmed ecosystem health primarily by
substantially degrading 26,000 hectares (64,000 acres) of shoreline wetlands. After exhaustive consideration
of alternative plans, the Commission concludes that Plan 2014 offers the best opportunity to reverse some
of the harm while balancing upstream and downstream uses and minimizing possible increased damage to
shoreline protection structures.
The Commission was created by a century-old treaty between the United States and Canada to help the
two countries address challenging issues arising from managing their shared waters. The Commission has
respectfully considered the diverse and often competing uses and interests affected by any regulation plan
in reaching its conclusion that the current method of regulating the levels and flows of Lake Ontario and the
St. Lawrence River needs to be modified. The Commission seeks the concurrence of the Parties on revising
the Order to consider ecosystem health with respect to all other interests and uses of the Lake Ontario-St.
Lawrence River system.
Plan 2014 is designed to provide for more natural variations of water levels of Lake Ontario and the St.
Lawrence River that are needed to restore ecosystem health. It will continue to moderate extreme high and
low levels, better maintain system-wide levels for navigation, frequently extend the recreational boating
season and slightly increase hydropower production. More year-to-year variation in water levels improves
coastal health. Thriving wetland habitats support highly valued recreational opportunities, filter polluted
run-off, and provide nurseries for fisheries and wildlife. Ecosystem health was not considered in the 1950s
when decisions were made to artificially compress the natural variability of levels of Lake Ontario.
Plan 2014 incorporates insights from more than 50 years of operational experience, significantly increased
knowledge gained through the Commissions five-year landmark study, and additional analysis by U.S. and
Canadian experts and important contributions from Quebec, Ontario and New York State, as well as from
municipal governments, indigenous governments, and shipping, fishing, recreational, riparian, cultural,
environmental and other interests that depend upon the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario.
The Commission acknowledges that erosion and storm damage are realities along the Lake Ontario
shoreline. Varying degrees of erosion and damage to structures built close to the shoreline were present
before the dam was built, are present under Plan 1958D with deviations (Plan 1958DD) and will exist under
Plan 2014 or any other regulation plan. Due to local geology, as well as land use and development patterns,
some south shore areas of Lake Ontario are uniquely vulnerable to occasional higher waters. In comparing
Plan 2014 to Plan 1958DD, the Commission recognizes that costs to maintain hardened shoreline protection
structures, such as shorewalls and revetments, may increase by a relatively small amount under Plan 2014.
iii
However, before selecting Plan 2014, the Commission considered an exhaustive list of options in order to
select the best possible plan to provide significant environmental restoration with overall economic benefits
and the smallest increase in damage to any property, infrastructure, shipping or recreational interests.
Based on the science and consultations that guided the development of Plan 2014 as well as on the
principles and objectives of the recently reaffirmed Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement the Commission
recommends that governments and the Commissions Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence Board adopt an adaptive
management strategy to foster a binational technical network, and support performance evaluation. The
Board will provide regular public engagement opportunities through annual and special meetings, regular
electronic updates, and timely responses to questions and comments received through its website or via
social media.
Recognizing that modifications to Plan 1958DD have been the subject of discussion for several decades,
the Commission believes Plan 2014 should be implemented soon after a timely review and concurrence by
the Parties on the question of amending the Order of Approval. Once adopted, no significant changes would
occur to Plan 2014 without a convenient opportunity for all interested parties to be heard and consultation
with the governments. The accompanying report provides a brief historical overview, description of Plan
2014, responses to common concerns, alternatives considered and information on its public engagement
process. Annexes provide further technical aspects of Plan 2014 regulation rules, governance, and an
adaptive management program.
Plan 2014 represents the culmination of considerable work undertaken by all interests in the basin. Plan
2014 found widespread but not unanimous support throughout the basin. The Commission appreciates
the more than $20 million financial investment by the Governments of Canada and the United States, which
made possible the extensive scientific studies and public engagement that provide the foundation for Plan
2014. The Commission thanks the scores of Study Board and Public Advisory Group participants, hundreds
of involved scientists and technical experts, its own staff and the thousands of people who have commented
on the impacts of regulating levels and flows in Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. On whole, the IJC is
confident that Plan 2014 is the best management path for the human, plant, and animal communities and for
the commercial interests that depend on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River system in both Canada and
the United States.
Lana Pollack
United States Chair
Gordon Walker
Interim Canadian Chair
Richard Moy
Commissioner
Benot Bouchard
Commissioner
Dereth Glance
Commissioner
iv
Executive Summary
This report to the Governments of Canada and
the United States presents the conclusions of the
International Joint Commission (IJC) investigation
regarding needed changes to the 1952 and 1956
Orders of Approval for the St. Lawrence River Power
Project.
After years of intensive analysis and extensive
consultation with governments, experts, Lake
Ontario and St. Lawrence River interests, and the
public, the IJC concludes that a new approach to
regulating the flows and levels of the St. Lawrence
River and Lake Ontario, Plan 2014, should be
implemented as soon as possible. A summary
description of Plan 2014 is included in the main
body of this report, with further technical details
provided in the annexes.
The IJC finds that the regulation of water levels
and flows in the St. Lawrence River in accordance
with the 1952 and 1956 Orders of Approval has
damaged ecosystems along the coast of Lake
Ontario and upper St. Lawrence River over the last
50 years or more. The effects of the regulation of
water flows and lake levels on ecosystems were
not fully understood or considered when the
existing Order of Approval and regulation plan were
developed. However, robust coastal ecosystems are
now recognized as essential in both countries, and
the IJC finds that the effects on ecosystems should
now be considered along with effects to other
interestsand uses.
The IJC has reached these conclusions in
consideration of the results from 14 years of study
and extensive open public consultations with all
interested parties. In 2000, the U.S. and Canadian
governments agreed to provide about $20 million
over five years for the IJC to conduct a thorough and
comprehensive study to evaluate and recommend
improvements to the regulation of Lake Ontario
levels and outflows, including, among other issues,
environmental concerns. This investment enabled
the IJC to undertake scientific studies to understand
and measure the effects of water levels and
conduct extensive engagement with people from
all interests in the formulation and evaluation of

hundreds of potential alternative regulation plans.
Among the conclusions of its 2006 final report
(IJC, 2006), the IJCs Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence
River Study Board found that the compression of
the range of water levels on Lake Ontario and the
upper river has degraded coastal wetlands. It found
that environmental conditions could be improved
by changing the regulation plan, but not without
tradeoffs that will reduce some existing economic
benefits.
The IJC invited public comment and undertook
a thorough review of the 2006 report and public
comments. In 2008, the IJC invited comment on a
proposed new Order of Approval and regulation
plan, known as Plan 2007, based on one of the
three options recommended by the Study Board.
The IJC heard widespread opposition to Plan
2007 throughout the Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence
River basin. In 2008, the IJC concluded that Plan
2007 was not viable, and sought the advice of
governments on how to proceed.
In 2009, a new group was established with officials
appointed by the two federal governments and the
governments of New York, Ontario and Quebec to
advise the IJC on the potential for a new regulation
plan. Of the many regulation plans developed to
date, the group determined that a plan that resulted
in more natural flows and lake levels was preferable.
It then worked to refine a regulation plan that the
IJC developed into Plan 2014.
The IJC finds that Plan 2014 provides the best
response to the range of issues that must be
considered in regulating the water levels and flows
of the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River system.
Plan 2014 will mitigate much of the harm done
by the existing regulation regime to the shoreline
environment, while striving to maintain the benefits
to other interests and users throughout the system.
Plan 2014 will respect the order of precedence of
uses specified in the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909,
while protecting interests that may be harmed by
regulation.
Plan 2014 returns Lake Ontario levels to more natural variability, while continuing
to moderate extreme low and high water levels
Figures Ex-1, Ex-2 and Ex-3 are examples of what are known as a spaghetti graph. In these graphs,
each years water levels are shown as a separate line running from January to December. These three
simulations of Lake Ontario levels were run using the historical water supply data for 1900-2000. The
thick black dashed lines in each graph follow the minimum and maximum levels of Plan 1958DD for any
year.
Under Plan 1958DD, the range of water levels is more compressed, particularly at the beginning of the
year, when lower levels mean less productive wetlands.
By contrast, Plan 2014 represents a return to more natural level variability for Lake Ontario. It would
relax the compressed Lake Ontario levels of Plan 1958-DD, but with the upper levels still substantially
controlled to protect Lake Ontario riparians. The maximum level simulated under Plan 2014 is only 6 cm
(a little more than 2 in) higher than the maximum level under Plan 1958DD.
The Natural Plan (referred to as Plan E in study documents) represents the release of Lake Ontario water
through the existing flow control structures equivalent to what would occur with the unregulated
river as it was circa 1953-1955 after removal of Gut Dam, but before any of the structures or channels
approved in the 1952 and 1956 Orders were built, with minimal adjustments to reflect necessary ice
management with the structures in place.
The reduction in high levels from Plan E to either Plan 2014 or Plan 1958DD represents the benefit
provided to riparians along the Lake Ontario shoreline in terms of reduced damages to coastal shoreline
protection structures and fewer flooded houses. In water supply conditions more extreme than
historical conditions, Plan 2014 would operate under the same premise as Plan 1958DD: protecting
riparians both upstream and downstream of the control structures.
vi
Figure Ex-1
Lake Ontario Levels, Simulated for Plan 1958DD
(1 line for each of 101 years historical record)
Feet
Meters
249.3
76.0
247.7
75.5
246.1
75.0
244.4
74.5
212.8
74.0
241.1
73.5
IGLD 1985
Highest 1958DD levels
Lowest 1958DD levels

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Figure Ex-2
Lake Ontario Levels, Simulated for Plan 2014
Feet
Meters
249.3
76.0
247.7
75.5
246.1
75.0
244.4
74.5
212.8
74.0
241.1
73.5
IGLD 1985

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Figure Ex-3
Lake Ontario Levels, Simulated for No Regulation (Plan E)
Feet
Meters
249.3
76.0
247.7
75.5
246.1
75.0
244.4
74.5
212.8
74.0
241.1
73.5
IGLD 1985

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
vii
Compared to the existing regulation plan for Lake

Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, Plan 2014 will:
provide essentially the same level of benefits to

domestic water uses;
of lake levels resulting from the application of the

current regulation regime (called Plan 1958-D with
deviations, or Plan 1958DD);
provide essentially the same level of benefits for
Figure Ex-2 shows the lake levels with
increase by a small amount the generation of
Figure Ex-3 shows what levels would be with no
provide riparians (owners of shoreline property)
The compression of lake levels shown in Ex-1 has

benefitted property development along the Lake
Ontario shore, but caused substantial harm to
coastal ecosystems. To address that harm, Plan 2014
produces more natural water level cycles, while
continuing to moderate extreme high and low
water levels. The benefit provided to Lake Ontario
shoreline property interests under either Plan 2014
or Plan 1958DD is clear when comparing Figure Ex-3
to either of the other two figures. The IJCs analysis
found that without lake level regulation, property
damage along the Lake Ontario shoreline would
average more than $45 million1 per year
(IJC, 2006).
navigation;
hydropower at the Moses-Saunders dam and the

Hydro-Quebec facilities on the St. Lawrence River;
on the upper and lower river essentially the same
level of protection;
result in a small reduction of benefits to riparians

on Lake Ontario, in the form of increased costs of
maintaining shoreline protection structures;
work to restore the natural environment of Lake

Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence River that
support wetlands, birds, amphibians, fish, and
mammals;
have a mixed effect on recreational boaters; and,

provide essentially the same benefits
downstream of the dam as does the current
regulation regime.
Some of the benefits now enjoyed by domestic

water users, commercial navigation, hydropower
producers and riparians on the St. Lawrence River
are the result of ad hoc, discretionary decisions
by the International St. Lawrence River Board
of Control. Plan 2014 will make these benefits
more assured and predictable, by removing the
discretionary aspect of many of these decisions and
formally making them part of the Plans regulation
rules.
Regulation of Lake Ontario outflows since 1960
has substantially compressed the range of Lake
Ontario water levels compared to what would have
occurred without regulation. Figures Ex-1 to Ex-3
illustrate this compression using what have come to
be known as spaghetti graphs. These three graphs
show 101 years of Lake Ontario water levels, with
each years level shown as a separate line running
from January to December. These simulations were
run using the historical water supply data for
1900-2000:
1
viii
Figure Ex-1 shows the compression of the range
All economic values are expressed in $US 2005.
Plan 2014
applied; and
regulation except that minor amount necessary to

control ice jam flooding.
Plan 2014 is projected to have little effect on

buildings compared to the current plan but likely
will increase the costs of shore protection structures,
such as sea walls and revetments. Plan 2014 will
continue to provide significant benefits for riparians
relative to what they would experience if there were
no lake level regulation.
Plan 2014 will have little impact on

buildings compared to the current
plan, but is likely to increase the cost
of shore protection.
Despite a 10-year open and vigorous competition

to design the ideal regulation plan, no plan has
ever been developed that can help restore coastal
ecosystems, maintain all the benefits to other
interests and gain unanimous public support. After
examining many alternative regulation plans, the IJC
concludes that no regulation plan can meaningfully
reduce the current risk of damage to some shoreline
protection structures and some properties along
the south shore of Lake Ontario. However, it may
be possible to significantly reduce that risk through
better coastal zone and floodplain management.
The IJC acknowledges the domestic efforts to
address coastal hazard risks and offers its support to
these efforts as requested.
Plan 2014 should be implemented as soon as
possible. In the near term, Plan 2014 will provide
benefits to coastal ecosystems around Lake Ontario.
Its more natural variation in levels and generally
higher fall-through-spring water elevations
will benefit wetlands, birds, fish, mammals, and
amphibians. In most years, Plan 2014 will extend
the boating season on Lake Ontario. Plan 2014 will
slightly increase the production of hydropower.
Overall, navigation will be held whole. Shippers
will benefit from more consistent available drafts
at different sections on the route from Montreal to
Lake Ontario that will occur with Plan 2014, though
tonnage transported per ship between Lake Ontario
ports will be reduced in the driest years. Important
opportunities to restore coastal wetlands arise
with low and high water supply conditions that
historically have occurred every few decades. If such
an opportunity to expand meadow marsh is lost
due to delayed implementation of Plan 2014, then
the next opportunity may not arise for decades.
Since the IJC began regulating flows and water
levels in the St. Lawrence River, much information
and knowledge have been gained. Realizing
that there is always more to learn, Plan 2014
performance will be tracked and evaluated.
Applying an adaptive management framework,
which includes ongoing monitoring and evaluation
of plan performance, as well as continued public
involvement, will allow for additional scientific
knowledge to suggest opportunities to further
improve and refine the plan over time. In this
approach, both countries will continue to benefit
from the investments made by the governments
to develop an evaluation system for the regulation

plans. Research over the last two decades has
identified key areas, such as long-term weather
forecasting, where improvements to information
could further strengthen performance of the plan.
Adaptive management will provide insights
and prompt recommendations, but once a new
to the Order of Approval is approved and Plan
2014 is implemented, changes to the Order and
regulation plan will occur only after considerable
public consultation and the concurrence of the
Governments of the United States and Canada.
The IJC concludes that Plan 2014 will provide the
best possible balance between the multiple
and sometimes conflicting uses and interests,
including domestic and sanitary use, navigation,
hydropower, and coastal development, while
addressing environmental harm caused by past
regulation and enhancing recreational boating
opportunities in most years. The IJC has found
widespread support for Plan 2014 with people
around the basin, as well as strong opposition
concentrated in Lake Ontario south shoreline
property owners in New York. After thoroughly
reviewing and considering thousands of comments
from people throughout the Lake Ontario and St.
Lawrence River watershed, the IJC believes that Plan
2014 is the best plan to maintain and improve Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River water levels and flows for
all uses and interests.
Despite an open and vigorous design

competition to produce the ideal
regulation plan, no plan has ever been
developed that gained the support of
all interests.
ix
Table of Contents
Letter of Transmittal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Executive Summary . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . v
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.1
1.2
Purpose of the Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Setting . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4
2. Regulating Water Levels and Flows of the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.1

History of the Project and Current Regulation Plan. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7

2.1.1
The 1952 Order of Approval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
2.1.2
The 1956 Order of Approval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2.1.3
Deviations from Plan 1958-D. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10

2.2

Review of the Regulation Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2.1
Levels Reference Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.2
Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11
2.2.3
Development of Plan 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.4
Development of Plan 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Public Participation in Plan Development. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14
2.3
3. Regulation Plan 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3.1
Rationale . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18

3.2

Key Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.1
A More Natural Hydrological Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.2
Adjusting for Changing Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.3
Short-Term River Deviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2.4
Less Frequent Need for Major Deviations from the Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3
4. Effects of Plan 2014 on the Uses and Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.1

Municipal and Industrial Water Use . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26

4.1.1
Overview of the Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.1.2
Effects of Plan 2014 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26

4.2

Commercial Navigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2.1
4.2.2
Effects of Plan 2014 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27

4.3

Hydropower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3.1
4.3.2
Effects of Plan 2014 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30

4.4

Coastal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4.1
Overview of the Interest. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30
4.4.2
Effects of Plan 2014 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32
4.4.3
Prevention of Coastal Damage in the Province of Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.4.4
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

4.5

Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.5.1
4.5.2
Effects of Plan 2014 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 43

4.6

Recreational Boating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.6.1
4.6.2
Effects of Plan 2014 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47
4.7
Protection of Other Benefits to the Interests . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48
4.8
Summary of Effects of Plan 2014 on the Uses and Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5. The Role of Adaptive Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Annex
A. Proposed Regulation Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
B. Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence Plan 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
C. Directive to the International Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Board on Operational 69
Adjustments, Deviations and Extreme Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
D. Directive to the International Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
E. Adaptive Management Strategy. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76
F. References. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 80
G. Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
List of Figures
Ex-1 Lake Ontario Levels, Simulated for Plan 1958DD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Ex-2 Lake Ontario Levels, Simulated for Plan 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Ex-3 Lake Ontario Levels, Simulated for No Regulation (Plan E). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1.
Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Drainage Basin. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5
2.
Recorded Lake Ontario Net Total Supplies 1860-2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
3.
Timeline of Significant Events, Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
4.
Control Structures at Cornwall, ON and Massena, NY. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8
5.
Moses-Saunders Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
6.
Portion of 1960 IJC Telegram to the Board of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.
Portion of IJC 1999 Letter to Governments . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11
8.
A Meeting of the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. PIAG Members Participating in a Review of Performance Metrics during the
Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15
10. Location of Public Meetings on Lake Ontario Regulation, 2005-2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11. Crescent Beach, Wayne County, NY . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31
12. Monroe County, NY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
13. Examples of Shore Protection, Lake Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
14. Increases in Lake Ontario Coastal Damage under Plan 2014, by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
15. Comparing Maximum Triggering Levels of the Two Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
16. Spaghetti Graphs of Plan 1958DD and Plan 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Lake Ontario Water Level Ranges, Plan 2014 and Plan 1958DD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Upper St. Lawrence River Wetland. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39
Summary of Shoreline Protection, Erosion and Flooding Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Compressing Natural Water Level Variability Reduces Plant and Animal Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Plan 2014 Would Help Several Species of At-risk Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Lake St. Louis Levels, Plan 1958DD, Historical Supplies . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46
Lake St. Louis Levels, Plan 2014, Historical Supplies . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47
Preferred Lake Ontario Water Level Ranges of Recreational Boating Interests . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48
List of Tables
1. Environmental Performance Indicators for Six Regulation Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2. Average Annual Net Economic Benefits for Six Regulation Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3. Gross and Net Damage to Lake Ontario Coastal Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4. Summary of the IJCs Response to Key Concerns Expressed by Residents of
Lake Ontarios South Shore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5. Summary of Effects of Plan 2014 on the Uses and Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose of the Report
This report to the Governments of Canada and
the United States presents the conclusions of the
International Joint Commission (IJC) investigation
regarding needed changes to the 1952 and 1956
Orders of Approval regulating water levels and flows
in Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.
After more than 14 years of intensive analysis and
extensive consultation with governments, experts,
Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River interests, and
the public, the IJC concludes that a new approach to
implemented as soon as possible.
The report presents:
an overview of the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence

River setting;
a review of the history of the regulation of

Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River since
the 1950s;
a review of the IJCs efforts to develop a
new regulation plan and the role of public
participation in this effort;
a description of the rationale and key features of
Plan 2014;
a review of the expected effects of Plan 2014 on
the uses and interests in the Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River basin, including ecosystems;
and,
a discussion of the role that adaptive
management can play in improving the outcomes
of Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River water level
regulation.
The Annex provides technical details on the
operations of Plan 2014, information on an adaptive
management strategy, references, and a glossary.
1.2 Setting
Figure 1 shows a map of the Lake Ontario-St.
Lawrence River system drainage basin. Lake Ontario
has a water surface area of about 18,960 km2
(7,340 mi2). The lakes watershed is about 64,030 km2
(24,720 mi2) in size, though it receives water draining

from the entire Great Lakes watershed, which covers
more than 765,000 km2 (more than 295,000 mi2).
The St. Lawrence River at the northeast end of Lake
Ontario is the natural outlet for the Great Lakes.
Numerous rocky islands and reefs dominate the
broad channel of the river for the first 80 km (about
50 mi) forming the section known as the Thousand
Islands. The river then flows through the Galops
channels, and into Lake St. Lawrence. Approximately
160 km (100 mi) downstream from Lake Ontario are
the structures that are used to control the flow from
Lake Ontario. The Moses-Saunders powerhouses
use most of the flow and the roughly 24.5 m (80 ft)
drop from Lake St. Lawrence into Lake St. Francis for
hydroelectric generation. Additional water may be
released through the gates of the nearby Long Sault
Dam. From Lake St. Francis, the river flows through
the Beauharnois Power and Navigation Canal and
down the adjacent Coteau Rapids to Lake St. Louis,
and then down the Lachine Rapids at Montreal.
At Montreal, the St. Lawrence River is joined by its
largest tributary, the Ottawa River, which drains
a basin of about 146,300 km2 (56,500 mi2). From
Montreal, the river flows through the St. Lawrence
lowlands to Lake St. Pierre and finally to the Gulf of
St. Lawrence.
The St. Lawrence River and Seaway connects the
Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean and provides
navigation for lake and ocean-going vessels with
drafts to up to 8.08 m (26.5 ft). Typically, the Seaway
from Montreal to Lake Ontario is open from mid
or late March until late December, depending in
part on ice conditions in the river. The Montreal
and downstream ports of the St. Lawrence River
are open year-round and can accommodate larger,
deeper-draft ships.
The net water supplies to Lake Ontario and the
upper St. Lawrence River are made up primarily
of inflow from Lake Erie (about 80% of the total),
precipitation onto the lakes surface and runoff
to the lake from streams that drain its watershed,
minus evaporation from the lakes surface. Each of
these components varies on timescales that range
from seconds to seasons to decades (Figure 2).
Within each year from 1860 to 2013, there re wet
and dry periods. But decades-long trends are also

visible for example, the long decline to the 1940s,
the high supplies of the 1950s before the dam was
built, a relatively quick return to the very dry 1960s,
followed by three decades of high levels. Scientists
have tried to understand the driving factors behind
these long-term cycles, but for now they are
unpredictable.
The water level of Lake Ontario changes in response
to the difference between the supply it receives and
its outflow. The supply is uncontrolled, while the
Moses-Saunders and Long Sault Dam on the
St. Lawrence control the outflow. A change in
outflow of 323 cubic meters per second (m3/s) for a
period of one week will cause a change of
1 centimeter (cm) in the Lake Ontario level, while a

change in flow of this amount will cause a change in
the level of Lake St. Lawrence of 16 cm and of Lake
St. Louis of 10 cm.2 The use of the dam to change
the amount of water that would naturally flow from
Lake Ontario into the St. Lawrence River provides
some control over the impacts of water levels,
but that control is very limited. There are physical
limits to the amount of water that can be released.
Larger releases may reduce Lake Ontario flooding
but increase river flooding. Smaller releases can
deepen water at Lake Ontario ports but reduce
Seaway depths. A release that makes sense based
on current supply conditions may or may not seem
right in retrospect, but the ability to foresee water
supply conditions even two months away is limited.
Figure 1
Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Drainage Basin
In US customary units, about 29,000 cubic feet per second (cfs) for 1 week equates to a 1 inch change in the Lake Ontario level, while this change in
flow of 29,000 cfs would change the level of Lake St. Lawrence by 16.5 inches and of Lake St. Louis by 10 inches.
Figure 2
Recorded Lake Ontario Net Total Supplies 1860-2013
10000
Net Total Supply (m3/s)
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
1860
6 month moving average
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
YEAR
Measurement Units Used in the Report

Metric units are presented first in this report, given that most of the collection, modeling and analysis of
data undertaken in this study and previous studies used the metric system. The equivalent United States
customary system units are provided, as well.
All water surface elevations are referenced to the International Great Lakes Datum, 1985 (IGLD 1985).
2. Regulating Water Levels and Flows of the

Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River System
This section presents a review of the history of the
regulation of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence
River since the 1950s. It describes the efforts of the
IJC to develop a new regulation plan and provide
interested parties with opportunities to comment
on various proposed plans. Figure 3 presents a
timeline of significant events in the history of Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River regulation.3
2.1 History of the Project and Current

Regulation Plan
2.1.1 The 1952 Order of Approval
In accordance with the Boundary Waters Treaty of
1909, the Governments of Canada and the United
States submitted an application to the IJC in June
1952 for approval to develop a hydroelectric power
project in the International Rapids section of the
St. Lawrence River (Figure 4). Operation of this
project would determine the outflow from Lake
Ontario and thus affect the water levels of the lake

as well as the flows and levels of the St. Lawrence
River from Lake Ontario downstream as far as
Trois Rivires, QC. The design and operation of
the hydropower dam would affect the design and
operation of the St. Lawrence Seaway, then under
construction. Under the terms of the Treaty, the
hydropower use could not materially conflict with or
restrain the navigation use.
The IJC considered the information received from
the governments and from public hearings in
1952 on the application. On October 29, 1952,
the IJC issued an Order of Approval adopting
conditions for the construction and operation of the
project presented by the governments. The Order
established the International St. Lawrence River
Board of Control (the Board of Control) to carry out
the IJCs instructions and ensure that the provisions
in the Order related to flows in the river were met.
Figure 3
Timeline of Significant Events, Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Regulation
1956: IJC amends
Orders of Approval
to compress Lake
Ontario levels to
protect property
owners along the
shore.
Mid 1960s: Record

drought requires
deviation from
Plan 1958-D
1974 and 1976

damages to riparian
properties near
Montreal
1950s
1960s
1970s
1963: Regulation
with plan 1958-D
begins
1973 high levels

cause damages to
U.S. and Canadian
shoreline of
Lake Ontario
1952: IJC issues

Orders of Approval
with conditions to
build and operate
hydroelectric power
plant in rapids section
of St. Lawrence River
1993: High levels

damage U.S. shore
of Lake Ontario
1980s
1986-1993
Levels Reference
Study
1990s
2008: Hearings on
Plan 2007
2000s
2013: Hearings
on Plan 2014
2010s
2000-2006 2009-2012:
Lake Ontario- Interagency
St. Lawrence Working Group
River Study
T his report focuses on the regulation of water levels and flows of Lake Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence River since the 1950s. However, the
natural regime of the outlet from Lake Ontario into the St. Lawrence River was first changed in 1825 to facilitate navigation. By 1850, works in the
St. Lawrence River provided a minimum channel depth of 2.7 m (9 ft) from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Ontario. Between 1884 and 1905, a canalbuilding program undertaken by the Canadian government enabled ships with a 4.3 m (14 ft) draft to navigate from Montreal to Lake Superior.
(Source: IJC,1976)
In 1952, following record floods in the early 1950s,

the governments asked the IJC to determine,
having regard for all other interests, whether
measures could be taken to regulate the level of
Lake Ontario for the benefit of property owners on
the shores of the lake, having in mind the order of
precedence to be observed in the uses of boundary
waters as provided in Article VIII of the Boundary
Waters Treaty of 1909 (IJC, 1952). The historical
record up to that time showed that the range of
Lake Ontario monthly average levels had been more
than 1.8 m (6 ft). The IJC advised the governments
that the project could be operated so that Lake
Ontario could be regulated within a narrower 1.2 m
(4 ft) target range of elevations from April through

November for the benefit of shoreline property
owners, provided that natural water supplies were
no more extreme than those experienced in the
past. As was the norm at the time, environmental
interests were not considered in the analysis.. The
IJC recommended 11 criteria for regulating Lake
Ontario outflows and a regulation plan for setting
the outflows in a manner that would meet the
criteria. It also listed the benefits that the project
and Order would provide to shoreline owners on
Lake Ontario, to navigation on Lake Ontario and
in the International Rapids section, and to power
development in the International Rapids section.
Figure 4
Control Structures at Cornwall, ON and Massena, NY
2.1.2 The 1956 Order of Approval

In December 1955, the governments approved
the provisions recommended by the IJC. After
additional public hearings, the IJC amended its
Order of Approval on July 2, 1956 to incorporate
the design range of elevations for Lake Ontario,
the 11 criteria, and a regulation plan. The project
was to provide no less protection for navigation
and riparian interests (shoreline property owners)
downstream than with unregulated flows. The
criteria addressed:
regulated outflows from Lake Ontario and their
effect on the minimum level of Montreal Harbour;
winter outflows to permit power generation;

outflows during the annual spring break-up in
Montreal Harbour and during the annual flood

discharge from the Ottawa River;
minimum regulated outflows to secure the

maximum dependable flow for power;
limiting the maximum outflow to reduce the

required channel excavation;
r eduction in the frequency of high Lake Ontario

levels to benefit riparians; and,
both maximum and minimum lake levels
intended to benefit shoreline owners on Lake

Ontario and navigation and other interests.
Several of these criteria are contingent on the water

supplies to Lake Ontario being within the range of
supplies experienced during the period of record
(1860-1954), adjusted to account for the diversions
into and out of the Great Lakes basin. The IJC
recognized that not all of the criteria could be met
when water supplies to Lake Ontario were more
extreme than those experienced in the past. The
11th criterion, criterion k, specifies how Lake Ontario
outflows should be regulated when water supplies
are higher or lower than those experienced in the
past.
The project includes many components. The
principal structure used to regulate Lake Ontario
outflows is the Moses-Saunders Power Dam that
crosses the St. Lawrence River between Cornwall,
Ontario, and Massena, New York (Figure 5). The
nearby Long Sault Dam acts as a spillway when
specified outflows from Lake Ontario exceed the
capacity of the power dam. In addition, the river
channel was enlarged in several locations to carry
the higher flows needed to reduce maximum Lake
Ontario levels and to facilitate navigation.
Initially, an evolving set of rules was used to
determine how much water to release from Lake
Ontario on a weekly basis, with each ruleset named
Plan 1958 and a dashed letter suffix to denote the
version. The IJC put Plan 1958-A into operation in
April 1960. The IJC approved revised versions of
Figure 5
Moses-Saunders Dam
that plan that were made operational in January

1962 (Plan 1958-C) and October 1963 (Plan 1958-D).
These refined plans were developed to better meet
the criteria specified in the 1956 Order of Approval
(IJC, 1963).
Figure 6
Portion of 1960 IJC Telegram to the Board of Control
Plan 1958-D has remained in effect since 1963. Its

rules use recent water supplies to the lake, lake
levels, the time of year, Ottawa River flows, and
various flow limits to determine the flow to be
released for the coming week. These rules have
been programmed to produce the specific weekly
release for any given set of conditions.
2.1.3 Deviations from Plan 1958-D

The regulation criteria, Plan 1958-D, and the project
were designed for the hydrological conditions
experienced from 1860 to 1954. For that reason,
Plan 1958-D without deviations would not have
performed well for riparians under the more
extreme high water supply conditions experienced
since that time. Without the deviations required by
criterion k of the 1956 Order to deal with supplies
more extreme than those experienced from 1860 to
1954, Plan 1958-D would have raised Lake Ontario
levels to about 77.0 m (about 253 ft.). In spite of
the major deviations from Plan 1958-D made in
accordance with criterion k during these periods
of extreme supplies, Lake Ontario levels have been
outside the 1.2 m (4 ft.) target range specified in the
1956 Order for a total of 78 weeks since regulation
began, with actual levels ranging about 0.3 m (1 ft)
above and below the target range.
In a 1960 telegram to the Board of Control, the IJC
granted authority to temporarily deviate from the
regulation plan flow under emergency conditions
and when ice formed and broke up during winter
operations (Figure 6) (IJC, 1960).
In 1961, at the Boards request, the IJC granted
discretionary authority for the Board to deviate
temporarily from the plan to provide beneficial
effects or relief from adverse effects to an interest,
without causing appreciable adverse effects to any
of the other interests. Given that the Lake Ontario
outflow is quite often different from the Plan 1958-D
outflow because of deviations, the current approach
4
10
to regulation now is called Plan 1958-D with

deviations or 1958DD.
2.2 Review of the Regulation Plan

2.2.1 Levels Reference Study
During the record high water levels of 1986 on
the upper Great Lakes, the governments issued
a reference4 to the IJC to examine and report on
methods of alleviating the adverse consequences
of fluctuating water levels in the Great LakesSt.
Lawrence River basin (the Levels Reference Study).
One of the specific requests in the reference was for
A reference is a request from the governments for the IJC to study and recommend solutions to a transboundary issue. The word is derived from
Article IX of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, which stipulates that such issues shall be referred from time to time to the International Joint
Commission for examination and report, whenever either the Government of the United States or the Government of the Dominion of Canada shall
request that such questions or matters of difference be so referred.
the IJC to review and revise its earlier studies on lake

level regulation.
Figure 7
Portion of IJC 1999 Letter to Governments
The IJC s Levels Reference Study Board report

(IJC, 1993) recommended that the Orders of
Approval for the regulation of Lake Ontario be
revised to better reflect the current needs of the
users and interests of the system. Among other
recommendations, the Board suggested that criteria
should be added that consider the environmental
interests on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.
2.2.2 Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study

In April 1999, the IJC informed the Governments of
Canada and the United States that it was becoming
increasingly urgent to review the regulation
of Lake Ontario levels and outflows in view of
dissatisfaction on the part of some riparians and
boaters, in light of environmental concerns, and
because of the potential for climate change to affect
lake levels (Figure 7). In response, the governments
appropriated approximately $20 million for the IJC
to undertake the five-year Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence
River study (IJC, 2006).
The IJC appointed a binational Study Board to
conduct the study (Figure 8). The Board was to
assess the impacts of fluctuating water levels on
the affected uses and interests and present the IJC
with options for regulating the lake. Approximately
200 researchers and more than 20 organizations
participated directly in the study.
The IJC also created an independent Public Interest
Advisory Group (PIAG) as part of the Study (see
section 2.3, below). The Study Board and PIAG
interacted from the beginning to create a rigorous,
thorough and transparent study. The U.S. and
Canadian PIAG co-chairs were also Study Board
members.
The analysis was carried out by technical work
groups. Six of the groups were formed around the
interest areas of navigation, municipal and industrial
water use, hydropower, recreation, coastal impacts
and the environment. Other groups managed
climatological and hydrological research, common
data needs such as Geographic Information System
(GIS) of nearshore topography and bathymetry,
data archiving and storage, and the formulation
5
Figure 8
A Meeting of the Lake Ontario- St. Lawrence River
Study Board
and evaluation of regulation plans. Each group was

composed of experts and stakeholders5.
In planning its work, the Study Board recognized
that there are many possible effects that changes
to the regulation of Lake Ontario outflows could
have on the interests and uses. As not every
possible effect could be studied and evaluated in
detail, the Study Board chose to limit the extent
of impact studies in all water sectors to those that
best fit the studys purpose (that is, determining
whether improvements can be made in flow
regulation), budget, and timeline. The measures
For a full list of participants in the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study, see IJC, 2006.
11
used to characterize the effects on each interest

were consistent with widely-accepted planning and
evaluation principles.
Economic performance indicators (for example, the
value of additional hydropower energy produced)
were approved by a separate advisory panel of four
economic experts and based on scopes of work
approved by the Study Board.
An binational team of environmental scientists
worked with the Study Board to select the
quantitative environmental performance
indicators used in its evaluation (for example, an
index of reproductive success for the Black Tern).
Their selection was based on the sensitivity of the
indicator to changes in water levels and flows, the
significance and representativeness of the indicator,
and the certainty in the research results.
Experts and members of the public worked with
the Study Board to create a sound and transparent
review and decision-making process. Together,
they defined regulation plan objectives and then
collaborated to create a computer evaluation model
that measured how well alternative regulation plans
met those objectives. The Study Board conducted
six practice decisions using this collaborativelybuilt model starting in the second year of the
five-year study to refine the decision framework
and make sure that the research being done was
sufficient for the decision. After each practice
decision, the results were disseminated through the
PIAG to the larger public and adjustments made to
the research and models based on the feedback.
This collaborative framework supported a
wide-ranging plan formulation and evaluation
effort. Four plan formulation teams worked
in friendly competition, each taking a different
design approach. One team tried to improve the
parameters in Plan 1958-D; another added rules to
modify the pre-project or natural releases in order
to moderate extreme levels; a third used interestsatisfaction curves; and a fourth used optimization
models. The teams collaborated electronically, and
then worked together in workshops to compare
results and share lessons learned. Their intensive
6
12
use of the evaluation model also provided an

effective peer review of that model.
The design of the evaluation model allowed
each plan formulator to evaluate new plan rules
quickly, and that in turn permitted a much more
thorough exploration of alternative regulation
plans than would have been possible in traditional
water resources studies. The legacy of the Studys
comprehensive and collaborative approach is
a framework that has been used since 2006 to
formulate and evaluate hundreds of alternative
regulation plans, including Plans 2007, Bv7 and
2014. In addition, the approach will be used in the
future to support adaptive management.
Consideration of Climate Change and Variability
To ensure that the regulation plans developed in
the study could perform under a wide range of
water supply conditions, plans were tested with
stochastically-generated water supplies6 as well as
the historical water supplies. The plans also were
tested with four climate chan ge scenarios.
The historical supplies covered the period 19002000. The stochastic data provided the equivalent
of another 495 water supply datasets, each set 101
years long. Some sequences had much wetter and
some much drier periods than any experienced
in the 20th century. All the economic evaluations
shown in Table 2, in section 4, are based on the
stochastic water supplies.
The four climate change supply sequences were
based on the range of predictions from scenarios
from the latest available two Global Circulation
Models (Mortsch et al, 2005). The changes from base
temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed
and solar radiation for each of these four scenarios
were used to adjust the historical recorded series of
these climate properties.
To quantify the impact climate change might have
for Lake Ontario interests, the evaluation model was
run for each of these four different climate change
scenarios using Plan 1958DD in all four evaluations.
The warmest and driest of four scenarios was
the most damaging. With this scenario, Lake
Stochastic generation is a statistical method used in water resources studies for nearly 50 years to develop simulated water supply data that include
conditions both wetter and drier than the historical data. The stochastic supplies are considered plausible because they have the same statistical
properties as the historical supplies (e.g., the same average, standard deviation). The rules in Plan 1958-D (without deviations) were flawed because
they were based on an analysis using recorded data from 1860-1954. Actual water supplies in the 1960s were lower than any in the 1860-1954
record, and supplies in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s were wetter, requiring deviations from 1958-D.
Ontario levels and flows were generally lower than

experienced with historical supplies, reducing
hydropower benefits by more than $68 million a
year, and recreational boating opportunities were
reduced by almost $50 million a year (IJC, 2006). On
the plus side, Lake Ontario shore protection damage
was reduced slightly by about $1 million per year.
Alternative plans were also tested to determine their
suitability under climate change and other extreme
climate scenarios. These analyses showed that
changes in climate could overcome the influence
of regulation plans to protect stakeholders. For
example, when tested using the driest portion of
the stochastic water supplies, Lake Ontario levels
dropped to 73.04 m (239.63 ft) under Plan 1958DD.
This is 74 cm (2.5 ft) lower than the historical
1958DD minimum. By comparison, using the same
water supplies but replacing Plan 1958DD with Plan
2014, the minimum Lake Ontario level simulated
was 73.20 m (240.15 ft). This is clearly higher than
the comparable 1958DD minimum, but still about .6
m (2 ft) below the historical levels. Similarly, when
water supplies were extremely high, Plan 2014 and
Plan 1958DD produce very high but very similar
levels (76.62 m/251.4 ft for Plan 2014; 76.56 m/251.2
ft for Plan 1958DD).
Key Study Board Findings
The Study Board used the evaluation model to
determine the limits of lake level regulation to
address stakeholder concerns. The Study Board
found that regulation has provided significant
economic benefits to basin interests, particularly
to riparians on Lake Ontario. The assessment
of benefits to riparians included substantial
information on the minimum level of risks under
any regulation plan. The Board found that even
if Lake Ontario were regulated solely for the
benefit of Lake Ontario shoreline property owners,
disregarding the interests of shoreline owners on
the lower river, navigation and all other uses and
interests, then Lake Ontario shoreline damages
would be reduced by only about 5% from the levels
produced by Plan 1958DD. Lake Ontario shoreline
protection structures in particular were vulnerable,
with many too low to avoid destruction no matter
how the lake was regulated. In addition, erosion
of the unprotected shoreline could not be slowed
appreciably by regulation.
The Study Board also found that the compression

of the range of Lake Ontario levels had resulted
in a more narrowly defined transition zone within
wetlands from submerged to upland plants, thus
reducing the diversity of plant types along the shore
and populations of animal species who feed on and
live in the environments affected by the reduced
water level ranges. Regulation also has caused
dewatering drawdowns in the fall through early
spring, to the detriment of some habitat. The Study
Board noted that these degraded environmental
conditions could be improved by changing the
regulation plan, but not without tradeoffs that
would reduce some existing economic benefits.
The evaluation of alternative plans

showed that Lake Ontario shoreline
protection structures in particular were
vulnerable, with many too low to avoid
destruction no matter how the lake
was regulated.
The Study Board proposed three regulation plans
(Plan A+, Plan B+, and Plan D+) that provided net
economic and environmental improvements when
compared to Plan 1958DD, but with varying tradeoffs among the uses and interests on the lake and
river. The Study Board found that, compared to the
case without regulation, Plan 1958DD reduced the
damages due to fluctuating water levels on Lake
Ontario shoreline properties by about 60%, that
coastal damages occur regardless of the regulation
plan, and that the current Regulation Plan 1958-D
with Deviations comes close to minimizing damages
for Lake Ontario shoreline property owners.
2.2.3 Development of Plan 2007

Following the release of the Study Boards final
report, the IJC invited public comment and
subsequently undertook a thorough review of
the report and public comments. The IJC then
asked experts who had been associated with the
Study to explore whether any of the three plans
recommended by the Study Board could be refined
to restore more of the environmental benefits
while maintaining as much as possible the level of
protection and benefits that other interests and
uses enjoy under Plan 1958DD. This new work by
13
the IJC resulted in additional candidate plans being

developed.
In March 2008, the IJC invited comment on a
proposed new Order of Approval and regulation
plan, known as Plan 2007. The proposed new Order
of Approval, among other things, made provision
for the environment and recreational boating. The
simulation models developed in the Lake Ontario
St. Lawrence River Study showed that the proposed
regulation plan would have provided net economic
improvements compared to Plan 1958DD and
benefits to shoreline property owners comparable
to those currently received under Plan 1958DD. The
models also showed that Plan 2007 would have
provided more environmental improvements than
the existing Plan 1958DD. Nonetheless, at the public
hearings held on the proposal in the summer of
2008, the IJC heard widespread opposition to Plan
2007 throughout the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence
River basin.
In September 2008, the IJC wrote the U.S.
Department of State and the Canadian Department
of Foreign Affairs and International Trade to inform
them that the testimony at the hearings and the
approximately 1,200 comments submitted outside
the hearings showed serious divisions by political
unit and little support for Plan 2007, but broad,
strong interest in returning to more natural levels
and flows.
The IJC informed the governments that the
Commission has determined that Plan 2007 is not a
practical option for implementation and concludes
that the regulation of water levels and flows should
be based on a revised set of goals and objectives
and criteria, specifically moving towards more
natural flows to benefit the environment, while
respecting other interests.
2.2.4 Development of Plan 2014

In October 2009, the IJC wrote to the governments
of the United States, Canada, Quebec, New York and
Ontario asking each government to nominate two
senior officials to a Working Group to advise the IJC
on its proposals on how to:
manage water levels and flows in the Lake

Ontario-St. Lawrence River system; and,
14
better define and adequately protect all interests

economic, social and environmental both
upstream and downstream of the MosesSaunders Dam, in compliance with the Boundary
Waters Treaty of 1909.
After reviewing the range of regulation plans that

had been developed to date, the Working Group
agreed to investigate and further refine a set of
release rules based on Plan B+, known as Bv7
(that is, the seventh version of the candidate B
plan). The Working Group also considered a more
detailed adaptive management strategy to respond
to climate change, modifications to the plans
management oversight structure and policies on
deviations from the plan.
All of the design and analysis done leading up to
Plan 2007 and to Plan Bv7 used the same evaluation
model and, with several minor improvements, the
same performance indicators that the Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River Study Board had developed with
stakeholders. Using that system, the Working Group
was able to evaluate about 60 variations on Plan Bv7
before recommending a version to the IJC.
In 2012, the IJC conducted public information
sessions and invited comment on Plan Bv7. After
further consultation with stakeholders, deliberation
and refinement to the proposed regulation plan
and the other components, the IJC then developed
a formal proposal, known as Plan 2014. Plan 2014
included modifications to the rules of Bv7 to better
balance Lake Ontario and river levels during low
supply periods. Also, set of high and low lake levels
were added to trigger special actions to better
protect water intakes, navigation, boating and
riparian interests.
Tables 1 and 2, presented in section 4, summarize
a comparison of the environmental and economic
performance of Plan 2014 and other regulation
plans as measured using the performance indicators
developed in the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River
Study.
2.3 Public Participation in Plan

Development
Throughout the studies into regulating Lake
Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, the IJC has made
extensive efforts to involve all interested parties in
the formulation and evaluation of new regulation
plans. These efforts have allowed the people whose

lives would be affected by lake level regulation
to help define the problem and the measures of
success, help design new plans and communicate
the results (Figure 9). The efforts during and after
the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study were
preceded by public outreach and involvement
activities of the Board of Control.
Figure 9
PIAG Members Participating in a Review of
Performance Metrics during the Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River Study
Public Interest Advisory Group Role in the Lake

Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study
Figure 10 shows the locations where the IJC hosted
hearings, technical sessions and other public
meetings during and after the Lake Ontario-St.
Lawrence River Study.
During the work that led up to the 2006 report, the
20 members of PIAG worked with organizations and
interests throughout the study area and conducted
public participation activities on key issues to assist
the Study Board in its deliberations. PIAG members
acted as liaisons to each of the study science
teams, suggesting performance metrics that were
used in the coastal, environment and recreational
boating technical work groups. PIAG members
also reviewed the candidate plans and provided
feedback into the Study Boards decision-making
process.
Figure 10
Location of Public Meetings on Lake Ontario
Regulation, 2005-2013
In the executive summary of its final report, the

PIAG reported that it could not find a consensus on
a regulation plan (see text box). The inability of the
PIAG as a group to endorse any of the candidate
plans (regulation plans presented as options from
the Study Board for the IJC) was the first, but not the
last indication that no regulation plan can satisfy all
interests.
In the executive summary of its final report, the
PIAG reported that it could not find a consensus on
a regulation plan (see text box). The inability of the
PIAG as a group to endorse any of the candidate
plans (regulation plans presented as options from
the Study Board for the IJC) was the first, but not the
last indication that no regulation plan can satisfy all
interests.
The inability of the Public Interest

Advisory Group to endorse any of the
candidate plans was the first, but not
the last, indication that no regulation
plan can satisfy all interests.
In the summer of 2013, the IJC held hearings or

technical sessions on Plan 2014 in Alexandria Bay,
Cornwall, Jordan, Lockport, Montreal, Rochester,
Williamson, and Oswego. There was widespread
strong opposition to the plan in south shore
communities, with a minority expressing support.
Shipping industry representatives in Montreal
supported the ecosystem goals so long as the order
of precedence was maintained. There was strong,
widespread support for Plan 2014 elsewhere around
the lake and in communities along the river.
15
Executive Summary from Public Interest Advisory Group Final Report

November 30, 2005
The International Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Study has been a trailblazer. The International Joint
Commission (IJC) decided prior to the initiation of this Study to have the public represented at the table
right from the start. The Public Interest Advisory Group (PIAG) had a separate mandate from the IJC,
allowing it to act independently. We were an internal peer review group for the Study. To develop this
peer review group, the IJC selected members of the public, in many cases, who were the toughest and
most active critics of the International St. Lawrence River Board of Controls operations prior to the Study.
Through this process, PIAG members met and learned from each other, gaining a better understanding
of the system geographically and technically and of the various concerns of the regions. Consequently,
the Study has now developed a cadre of lay-experts available to the International Joint Commission in
the public interest.
Another facet of our mandate was to ensure effective communication between the public, which we
represented, and the Study and its technical work groups. We provided input to Study decisions and
communication and education to the public. We were there at the table for all Study Board discussions.
The PIAG assisted the decision process, ensuring that the public input was considered and that the
process remained transparent.
The Study Board kept an arms-length approach to our activities. We tested several innovative
instruments of public outreach; the results of what worked and what did not work will be provided to
the International St. Lawrence River Board of Control.
The two main lessons learned from the Study are:
We have to realize that the Study cannot satisfy the needs of all of the interests all of the time. This is
indeed the case as the PIAG as a group does not favor any one candidate plan over another.
Communications cannot be an ad hoc procedure. The IJC must commit funds to ensure proper
communications of the Board of Control by means of dedicated communication person(s) and budget
to allow publication of meetings and other important communications, using techniques developed by
PIAG during this Study and other valid methods of ensuring two-way communication.
(From: Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Public Interest Advisory Group, 2005)
Public Hearings on Plan 2014

In the summer of 2013, the IJC invited public
comment and convened public hearings on the
proposed Plan 2014. More than 5,500 comments
were received, in total. This included 206 oral
testimonies at the 12 hearings and public
teleconferences, over 3,500 signatures on four
different petitions, more than 700 post cards and
form letters, and nearly 1,000 written website, email
and unique letter responses. This latter group of
responses ranged from short endorsements or
rejections of Plan 2014 to formal responses from
local governments, governmental departments and
non-governmental organizations.
16
The response was polarized. Most south shore

property owners in New York State who participated
in the hearings and their local governments strongly
opposed Plan 2014, though a few respondents from
that area either supported Plan 2014 or supported
the environmental objective but not Plan 2014
itself. Save our Sodus, a non-profit group, presented
a petition with more than 400 comments that either
opposed Plan 2014 or documented past flooding
and erosion problems that had occurred under
the current regulation rules. The concerns of these
citizens were that the higher high water levels of
Plan 2014 would cause more shoreline damage, and
that the lower low levels would make boating more
difficult.
The U.S. Department of Transportation raised

concerns that the priority given to environmental
objectives in Plan 2014 violated the Treaty, reflecting
similar statements by several other respondents
involved with commercial navigation on the seaway,
including the St. Lawrence Seaway Management
Corporation, the Canadian Shipowners Association
and the Shipping Federation of Canada. The
concern from commercial navigation was that Plan
2014 would create significantly lower levels on Lake
Ontario in a few years out of a hundred, thus forcing
ships to carry reduced loads.
Other than these groups, there was general, and
often strong, support for Plan 2014. For example,
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
supported Plan 2014, writing that Plan 1958DD has
significantly degraded Lake Ontario wetlands and
vital fish and wildlife populations, and that Plan
2014 would increase the diversity and functioning
of 26,000 ha (64,000 acres) of coastal wetlands.
Conservation Ontario wrote to explain the
significant economic value of wetlands and asserted
that Plan 2014 would contribute to the economic,
ecological and social well-being of the Lake Ontario
and St. Lawrence River. The U.S. Department of the
Interior wrote that Plan 2014 would best meet the
stated goals and that it represented the most logical
approach to bringing water level regulation into
the 21st century. The City of Montreal supported

Plan 2014, as well. The Nature Conservancy noted
that selecting Plan 2014 would reverse decades
of environmental harm, while rejecting it would
not solve the coastal impact problems that would
have to be confronted no matter the regulation
plan. Audubon New York wrote to advise that Plan
2014 was central to the long-term success of the
Great Lakes Restoration Initiative and the overall
restoration of this important ecosystem. Ducks
Unlimited commented that the IJC and other
principal interests had done an outstanding job of
balancing the needs and requirements of all the
major parties, and encouraged the IJC to implement
Plan 2014.
Selecting Plan 2014 will reverse

decades of environmental harm;
rejecting Plan 2014 will not solve
coastal damage problems.
- The Nature Conservancy
17
3. Regulation Plan 2014

Section 3 presents:
the rationale for Plan 2014;

a description of the key features of the plan; and,
an overview of the role of the International Lake
OntarioSt. Lawrence River Board in overseeing
implementation of the plan.
3.1 Rationale
Based on the comprehensive Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River Study, extensive consultations
with governments and the public on two revised
regulation plan proposals, and subsequent analysis
and refinements, the IJC finds that Plan 2014
provides the best response to the range of issues
that must be considered in regulating the flows
through the Moses-Saunders Dam. These issues

include the requirement of Article VIII of the Treaty
to follow the order of precedence of water uses
while providing suitable and adequate protection
for interests that may be harmed by operation of
the project.
Plan 2014 maintains the order of precedence while
addressing the harm done by the 1956 Order and
existing regulation rules to Lake Ontario coastal
ecosystems. The IJC finds that the coastal and
riverine ecosystems are an interest that existed
but was not considered when the 1956 Order was
developed. The design of Plan 2014 takes into
consideration the more extreme water supplies
experienced since 1954, the even more extreme
supplies that may be experienced in the future, and
other improvements in knowledge and analytical
techniques.
Plan 2014 has been designed to satisfy the
conditions and criteria specified in a revised Order
of Approval for Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River
regulation. These conditions and criteria are listed
in Annex A of this report.
Highlights of the Proposed Conditions and Criteria of an Order of Approval

Lake Ontario regulation plans must be consistent with the IJC Order of Approval governing the
operation of the control structures. The IJC has concluded that some of the conditions and criteria in the
1952 and 1956 Orders of Approval for the St. Lawrence Power Project must be updated. Annex A lists
the conditions and criteria to be included in a new Order of Approval that would govern Plan 2014 and
subsequent plans.
The new conditions provide formal recognition of an established practice, which is that the IJC may issue
directives to guide regulation of the discharge in addition to the criteria listed in this condition. The
requirement that no less protection be provided for interests downstream than would have occurred
under pre-project conditions carries over from the 1956 Order. The period of supplies used to evaluate
plans is updated to 1900-2008, which encompasses more extreme high and low supply events than the
1860-1954 supply sequence upon which the criteria of the 1956 Order were based.
18
The criteria establish objectives and performance standards that Plan 2014 and any future regulation
plans must meet when tested with the 1900-2008 supply sequence. The updated criteria recognize
that:
low levels at any time of year affect Port of Montreal navigation (the Port operates all year) as well
as water intakes and other uses and interests, and that the frequency of low levels is of concern in
addition to the minimum level;
low levels affect water intakes as well as navigation and other uses and interests on Lake St. Louis;
a dequate levels for navigation in the Montreal to Lake Ontario section of the river need to be
considered together for Seaway uses;
r eleases above certain thresholds can cause currents that threaten safe navigation or reduce
hydropower production if they are above the capacities of the hydropower plants;
m
aintaining minimum flows as high as possible maintains a dependable amount of electricity
generation;
h
igh levels can damage shoreline property and other uses and interests affected by flooding on Lake
St. Louis and Lake St. Lawrence throughout the year;
h
igh levels can damage shoreline property and other uses and interests affected by flooding and
erosion on Lake Ontario throughout the year, and that the seasonality of supplies to the lake, ice
restrictions on winter flows and the fall storm season warrant maximum levels that vary through the
year;
w
hen tested with the more extreme 1900-2008 supplies, no plan can maintain Lake Ontario levels
within the range set in 1956;
low levels can impact water intakes, shipping, boating and other uses and interests on Lake Ontario
throughout the year, and that the seasonality of supplies to the lake warrant minimum levels that
vary through the year;
w
hen Lake Ontario water levels reach or exceed extremely high levels, management of releases
should provide all possible relief to the riparian owners upstream and downstream;
w
hen Lake Ontario levels reach or fall below extremely low levels, management of releases should
provide all possible relief to municipal water intakes, navigation and power purposes, upstream and
downstream;
d
eviations from the approved plan to provide all possible relief to interests are more clearly triggered
by specific Lake Ontario levels, rather than supplies outside the range of the past, which is more
ambiguous;
r eleases must be adjusted to avoid ice jam flooding whenever ice forms, to protect uses and interests
upstream and downstream;
w
ater levels affect ecosystems and that releases must be managed to enhance wetland health
whenever possible; and,
releases must be managed to benefit recreational boating whenever possible.
In addition, current practices authorized in various letters are formally recognized in the Order for
the first time. A new condition states that the IJC will issue directives to guide peaking and ponding
operations and for deviations from the plan of regulation to address such matters as winter operations,
emergencies and other special short-term situations. The installation of ice booms in the St. Lawrence
River is also authorized subject to established conditions.
19
3.2 Key Features

This section summarizes the features of Plan 2014.
For more technical information on the plan, see
Annexes B and C.
3.2.1 A More Natural Hydrological Regime
The objective of Plan 2014 is to maintain beneficial
uses for the key water-using interests while
returning the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River
system to a more natural hydrological regime,
thereby helping to restore coastal and riverine
ecosystems. This approach was first used during
the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study to
create Plans B and B+, and in 2012 to create Plan
Bv7 (see Annex B for more details). Plan Bv7
included revisions made to Plan B+ by the IJC
based on advice from the working group, public
and stakeholder input. These revisions included
additional rules to maintain navigation and flood
reduction benefits on the St. Lawrence River below
the control dam, rules to maintain navigation
and boating benefits on Lake St. Lawrence, and
adjustments to better balance Lake Ontario and St.
Lawrence River levels below the dam.
Plan 2014 will use the releases prescribed by Plan
Bv7 rules until Lake Ontario levels reach specified
high or low trigger elevations. If levels reach the
high trigger levels, then the Board will provide all
possible relief to the riparian owners upstream and
downstream. If the levels reach the low triggers,
then the Board will provide all possible relief to
municipal water intakes, navigation and power
purposes, upstream and downstream. This is the
same logic the Board applies when it operates
under criterion k of the existing 1956 Order.
Unlike the current plan, which is not based on the
natural release, Plan 2014 rules start with the natural
release, adjust it for supply conditions and then
modify it when necessary to protect the various
interests and the uses in the order of precedence of
Article VIII of the Treaty.
In its natural state, without a dam regulating the
release, the outflow from Lake Ontario is mainly a
function of the lake level and, to a lesser degree, the
resistance to flow in the river. Heavy vegetation or
ice in the river channel can reduce the flow. If the
20
lake rises, then the natural release increases. As lake

levels change gradually, natural releases change
gradually, as well.
Unlike the current plan, which is not

based on the natural release, Plan
2014 rules start with the natural
release and then modify it to protect
the various interests and the uses in
the order of precedence of Article VIII
of the Treaty.
3.2.2 Adjusting for Changing Supplies
The eventual outcome of a water release decision
cannot be fully known at the time it is made,
because the outcome depends in part on future
water supply conditions. Adjusting the release
based on trends in the long-term supply and using
supply forecasts, even though uncertain, improves
release decisions. The release rules in Plan 2014 use
an index of the long-term trend in supplies and a
short-term statistical supply forecast to adjust the
natural release. Although the releases in Plan 2014
tend to change less from week to week than with
Plan 1958-D, this adjustment to the natural flow
makes Plan 2014 respond to changing supplies
more quickly than nature would to reduce the risk
of coastal damage, unsafe navigation conditions, or
other undesirable outcomes.
As in Plan 1958-D, flow limits are used in Plan 2014
to satisfy some of the criteria set out in the Order
of Approval. This includes preventing river levels
from falling too low or rising too high, facilitating
stable river ice formation and providing acceptable
navigation conditions and safe operating conditions
for control structures. However, the Plan 2014 flow
limits improve upon those in Plan 1958-D that
were developed in the 1950s before the project
started operation. The Plan 2014 limits incorporate
the knowledge gained from more than 50 years of
operational experience, including during times of
extreme supplies outside the design range of Plan
1958-D.
3.2.3 Short-Term River Deviations

From time to time, the Board of Control has used
the authority granted to it by the IJC to deviate
from the releases specified by Plan 1958-D, first to
avoid a temporary problem and then later to restore
Lake Ontario levels to what they would have been
without the deviation from the Plan specified flow.
For example, ships entering the St. Lawrence River
may encounter shallower conditions than expected
based on forecasts of river levels used to load the
ships in overseas ports.
The Board of Control occasionally has discharged
more than the plan release for a day or two to
increase river depths by up to several centimeters (a
few inches) near Montreal, thus avoiding the need to
re-direct the ship to another port or transfer cargo
to lighten the ship. The larger releases lowered Lake
Ontario by a fraction of a centimeter below the plan
intent, so the Board then ordered a discharge less
than the plan release to bring Lake Ontario back
to its plan intended level. This practice was not
foreseen in the 1956 Order but has developed under
a policy approved by the IJC in 1961 to grant the
Board of Control the authority to make discretionary
deviations from the Plan specified release to provide
benefits or relief to interests when they can be
made without adverse impacts to others.
Under the proposed new order, these deviations for
shipping and similar short-term river deviations
would be specifically directed by the IJC and would
continue in an identical manner under Plan 2014,
except that the cumulative effect of these minor
deviations would be limited to the equivalent of
plus-or-minus 2 cm (nearly 1 inch) of water on Lake
Ontario, unless there is a special approval by the IJC.
3.2.4 Less Frequent Need for Major Deviations
from the Plan
Both Plans 1958-DD and 2014 include major
deviations to moderate Lake Ontario levels from
what they otherwise would be if the plan rules were
followed as written. However, under Plan 2014,
these major deviations would be less frequent and
more clearly exercised. Criterion k of the 1956 Order
requires that the release provide all possible relief
to the riparian owners upstream and downstream
when supplies exceed those experienced from

1860 to 1954, and to provide all possible relief to
navigation and power interests when supplies
are less than 1860-1954 supplies. The Board of
Control advises the IJC when supplies are outside
the 1860-1954 range, but it is the IJC that makes
the determination that releases should be made
according to this criterion, not the Board of Control.
Under criterion H14 of the proposed new Order, the
same relief would be provided to riparian owners
upstream and downstream when Lake Ontario
levels hit high trigger levels. All possible relief to
municipal water intakes, navigation and power
purposes, upstream and downstream, would be
provided when Lake Ontario reaches low trigger
levels. Weekly Lake Ontario levels are expected
to be at or above the higher trigger levels 2% of
the time, and at or below the low trigger levels
5% of the time. The IJC directive to the Board on
deviations from Plan 2014 is provided in Annex C.
Some future water supplies likely will be greater
and some likely smaller than any on record. The
supplies of the 1960s dipped lower and the supplies
of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s peaked higher than
the 1860-1954 supplies that were used to design
Plan 1958-D. The magnitude and frequency of these
extreme supplies were estimated by hydrologists
by using stochastic modeling. The high trigger
levels are nearly as high as recorded highs on Lake
Ontario, so they do not diminish coastal damages
significantly based on 20th century supplies.
However, in more extreme supply conditions, the
sustained application of criteria k and H14 tends to
make Plan 2014 and Plan 1958DD releases, levels
and projected damages more similar.
The more natural, but still compressed, Lake Ontario
levels of Plan 2014 are shown in comparison to
those of Plan 1958DD and the Natural plan in
Figures Ex-1 through Ex-3 of the Executive Summary.
3.3 International Lake Ontario

St. Lawrence River Board
The IJC establishes boards to ensure compliance
with its Orders of Approval and to put its approved
regulation plans into operation. Typically, the IJC
appoints to its boards experienced water managers
21
from government agencies on both sides of the

border and other people with expertise on the
water uses and an understanding of how local
interests are affected by water regulation. These
boards: direct the dam owners as to the amount
of water they must release to comply with the
regulation Orders; oversee the day-to-day regulation
operations; maintain a liaison with stakeholders and
the public; and report to the IJC on conditions and
regulation actions.
The IJC will transform the existing International
St. Lawrence River Board of Control into the
International Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River Board
to implement the Plan 2014 regulation plan and the
directives stemming from the Order of Approval.
This new Board would be responsible for making
release decisions in accordance with the rules of
the regulation plan (Annex B) and the directive on
deviations (Annex C), and other duties assigned by
IJC directives. The new Board will have at least 10
members, with an equal number from each country,
including at least one Board member from each of
the five federal, provincial and state jurisdictions. In
addition, the IJC would appoint members to obtain
a balance of expertise on the Board from across the
Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River basin, including
First Nations and Tribes.
22
The IJC would appoint one member from each

country to serve as co-chairs of the Board. Each
of the co-chairs of the Board would appoint a
Regulation Representative who would maintain
a database of hydrological information for the
Board, conduct the regulation plan calculations,
make needed within-the-week flow adjustments,
coordinate and keep account of flow deviations, and
advise the Board on regulation operations.
The new Board would also: oversee the normal
hourly and daily flow variations carried out by the
hydropower entities according to the directive on
peaking and ponding issued by the IJC; guide the
development and implementation of an adaptive
management plan; and promote outreach and
engagement with the public and industry so that
everyone interested in the regulation of the Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River system can access
the Boards information and has opportunities to
express views regarding regulation. The Board will
report at least semi-annually to the IJC.
Annex D addresses the governance of Plan 2014 in
more detail.
4. Effects of Plan 2014

on the Uses and Interests
The Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 lists an order
of precedence for the uses of boundary waters. It
gives precedence to water uses for domestic and
sanitary water purposes, uses for navigation, and
for hydroelectric generation and irrigation. The
Treaty also requires that the IJC ensure, as part of its
approval of a project, that suitable and adequate
provision be made for the protection and indemnity
of all interests on either side of the boundary. The
IJC respects the order of precedence of the listed
uses while ensuring that all legitimate interests are
protected.
Section 4 presents an overview of the projected

effects of Plan 2014 on the uses and key interests
served by the waters of Lake Ontario and the
St. Lawrence River, compared to the effects under
the existing Plan 1958DD. The uses and interests
are:
municipal and industrial water use;

commercial navigation;
hydropower generation;
coastal development;
ecosystems; and,
recreational boating.
Tables 1 and 2 summarize the expected
environmental and economic performance,
respectively, of Plan 2014 relative to five other
regulation plans, including the existing plan, Plan
1958DD. Performance estimates used in this section
of the report are drawn from these tables.7
E conomic effects in Table 2 are expressed in U.S. dollars using the Canadian exchange rate of 0.833 of September 2005, reflecting the study
timeframe. Updating costs and benefits to current dollars would entail consideration of changes in the exchange rate, energy and real estate prices,
changes in the costs of operating ships, and more. However, updated costs would not change the conclusions of the analysis summarized in this
section.
23
Table 1
Environmental Performance Indicators for Six Regulation Plans
Environmental Performance, Ratio to

1958DD, Historical water supplies
Regulation plans
Natural 1958DD
2007
B+
Bv7
2014
Lake Ontario
Meadow marsh
1.56
1.00
1.22
1.44
1.46
1.41
Spawning habitat supply (Low Veg 18C)
0.88
1.00
0.93
0.95
0.96
0.96
Spawning habitat supply (High Veg 24C)
1.08
1.00
1.01
1.00
0.98
0.99
Spawning habitat supply (Low Veg 24C)
1.11
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.05
1.04
Northern Pike - YoY recruitment
1.03
1.00
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.99
Largemouth Bass - YoY recruitment
0.96
1.00
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
Least Bittern - reproductive index
1.13
1.00
0.93
1.04
1.12
1.11
Virginia Rail reproductive index
1.15
1.00
0.96
1.11
1.16
1.15
Black Tern reproductive index
1.16
1.00
0.97
1.12
1.19
1.16
Yellow Rail preferred breeding habitat
1.01
1.00
0.99
1.01
1.04
1.02
King Rail preferred breeding habitat
1.27
1.00
1.04
1.10
1.19
1.16
Spawning habitat supply - Low Veg 18C
1.04
1.00
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.01
Spawning habitat supply - High Veg 24C
1.02
1.00
1.02
1.01
1.00
1.01
Spawning habitat supply - Low Veg 24C
1.04
1.00
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.01
Northern Pike - YOY recruitment
1.06
1.00
1.00
1.03
1.03
1.03
Largemouth Bass - YOY recruitment
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Northern Pike - YOY net productivity
2.07
1.00
1.01
1.46
1.39
1.39
Virginia Rail (RALI) - reproductive index
1.33
1.00
1.31
1.27
1.17
1.17
Muskrat house density,drowned river mouth wetlands
14.29
1.00
1.35
2.99
2.59
2.56
Golden Shiner - suitable feeding habitat area
1.01
1.00
1.02
1.00
1.00
Wetlands fish - abundance index
0.97
1.00
0.81
0.90
1.00
Migratory wildfowl - habitat area
0.94
1.00
1.00
0.97
0.98
Least Bittern reproductive index
1.06
1.00
1.03
1.03
1.02
Virginia Rail reproductive index
1.04
1.00
0.96
1.05
1.03
Migratory wildfowl productivity
1.02
1.00
1.00
1.01
Black Tern reproductive index
1.01
1.00
0.95
0.97
1.01
Northern Pike reproductive area
1.01
1.00
0.97
1.03
1.01
Eastern Sand Darter reproductive area
1.00
1.00
1.03
0.99
1.00
Upper River
Lower River
See note
1.01
Spiny Softshell Turtle reproductive habitat area
1.01
1.00
1.01
1.01
0.99
Bridle Shiner reproductive habitat area
0.97
1.00
1.06
0.92
0.95
Muskrat surviving houses
1.05
1.00
1.14
0.99
0.96
Shading indicates species at risk

Note: Scores above 1.1 and below 0.9 are considered significantly different from Plan 1958DD results. Lower river results for Bv7 are
not available; scores for a similar plan ranged from 0.94 (Muskrat) to 1.03 (Virginia Rail and Wetland fish abundance index)

24
Table 2
Average Annual Net Economic Benefits for Six Regulation Plans

(in $US million 2005)
Economic Benefits (Net Average Annual,
using stochastic water supplies)
Natural 1958DD
2007
B+
Bv7
2014
-$20.80
$0.00
$3.55
$1.31
$1.61
$3.12
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
St. Lawrence River one time infrastructure costs
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Lake St. Louis water quality investments
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
-$0.05
$0.00
-$0.29
-$1.24
-$0.02
$0.00
Ontario
-$0.02
$0.00
$0.00
-$0.01
-$0.01
-$0.01
Seaway
-$0.02
$0.00
-$0.31
-$1.19
-$0.01
$0.00
Montreal
-$0.01
$0.00
$0.02
-$0.04
$0.00
$0.01
Hydropower
$12.59
$0.00
$2.37
$6.08
$5.40
$5.26
NYPA-OPG
$8.77
$0.00
$0.77
$3.85
$3.45
$3.41
Hydro-Quebec
$3.82
$0.00
$1.60
$2.22
$1.95
$1.85
-$29.88
$0.00
$0.16
-$2.78
-$3.17
-$2.23
-$27.38
$0.00
$0.06
-$2.53
-$3.11
-$2.22
Shore protection maintenace
-$19.85
$0.00
$0.03
-$2.16
-$2.62
-$1.94
Erosion to unprotected developed parcels
-$0.58
$0.00
$0.01
-$0.17
-$0.17
-$0.16
Flooding
-$6.94
$0.00
$0.02
-$0.20
-$0.32
-$0.11
Upper St. Lawrence River flooding
-$2.00
$0.00
$0.01
-$0.04
-$0.07
-$0.01
Lower St. Lawrence River flooding
-$0.49
$0.00
$0.08
-$0.22
$0.00
$0.00
-$3.46
$0.00
$1.32
-$0.74
-$0.60
$0.10
-$5.31
$0.00
-$0.15
-$1.42
-$1.33
-$0.68
Ontario
-$4.93
$0.00
-$0.27
-$1.18
-$1.11
-$0.57
Alexandria Bay
-$0.36
$0.00
$0.06
-$0.29
-$0.25
-$0.14
Ogdensburg
-$0.07
$0.00
$0.01
$0.00
-$0.02
-$0.01
Lake St. Lawrence
$0.05
$0.00
$0.05
$0.05
$0.04
$0.05
Below the dam
$1.85
$0.00
$1.47
$0.68
$0.72
$0.78
Lake St. Louis
$1.03
$0.00
$0.74
$0.49
$0.45
$0.48
Montreal
$0.64
$0.00
$0.55
$0.19
$0.20
$0.22
Lake St. Pierre
$0.18
$0.00
$0.18
$0.00
$0.07
$0.08
Total
Municipal and industrial water use
Commercial Navigation
Coastal
Ontario total
Recreational Boating
Above dam
25
4.1 Municipal and Industrial Water Use

4.1.1 Overview of the Use8
Municipal and industrial water uses include public
and private sector organizations using water for
domestic, municipal and industrial purposes. This
group includes owners/operators of municipal
water and wastewater treatment facilities and large
self-supplied industrial plants.
4.1.2 Effects of Plan 2014
The analysis concludes that there would be no
change in the economic impacts on municipal and
industrial water and wastewater use under Plan
2014. Regulation under Plan 2014 would continue
to provide benefits to domestic water uses in
the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River region. In its
2006 report, the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River
Study Board concluded that domestic use on the
St. Lawrence River would be affected by water
levels regardless of the regulation plan. However,
additional analysis undertaken for this study
concludes that there would be no difference in
those effects between Plans 2014 and 1958DD.
The Study Boards municipal and industrial water
use studies9 were based on the responses to
questionnaires sent to 43 water treatment plants
and 79 wastewater treatment plants in the basin.
Shore well10 and industrial users were also studied.
Researchers and utility managers considered how
low and high critical lake and river level elevations
would affect domestic water uses.
The questionnaire responses were supplemented
by telephone conversations and on-site visits in
Quebec, New York and Ontario. Other issues, such
as the impact of frazil ice at lower water surface
elevations, were investigated, as well.
The Study Board identified two potential low
water issues: whether water supply plants could
draw water through the intake; and whether the
quality of water drawn in at those levels would
require additional treatment to avoid taste and
odor problems. In general, evaluation of the ability
to withdraw water was based on the minimum

amount of water or cover that an operator would
prefer to have above an intake structure. On Lake
Ontario, water intakes are at least 3.6 m (12 ft) below
chart datum (also known as low water datum), with
large system intakes 12 to 18 m (40 to 60 ft) deep.
St. Lawrence River water treatment plant operators
reported taste and odor problems had occurred
at low river stages, and researchers developed
cost estimates for treatment based on operator
experience.
The Study Board concluded that during long
droughts, St. Lawrence River municipal water
suppliers would need to undertake additional
treatment because of taste and odor issues caused
by the tendency for increased algal blooms at lower
water elevations. However, the frequency and
magnitude of this effect would be the same under
Plan 2014 as under Plan 1958DD.
The Study Board also identified potential high water
effects on water supply operations and wastewater
treatment discharges. Flood damages to plant and
shore protection structures were measured under
the coastal sector in the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence
River Study. Wastewater treatment plant operators
identified the high and low water elevations that
would begin to affect or even interrupt the services
they provided.
During and after the 2000-2006 Study, concerns
were raised about the flooding of water supply
and wastewater infrastructure on the Lake Ontario
south shore. In all these cases, the facilities reported
experiencing problems with the lake levels in
recent decades under the current regulation plan.
Following additional interviews and analysis, the
Study Board concluded that, municipal, industrial
and domestic water-use facilities are generally not
vulnerable to water level changes. For example,
the Study Board reported that the Ginna Nuclear
Generating Station planned to address design issues
relating to the intake of water at low water levels
that could occur with any regulation plan. However,
the Monroe County potable water treatment plant
in Greece on the south shore of Lake Ontario would
Based on Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Municipal, Industrial and Domestic Water Uses Technical Work Group Report (IJC, 2006a).
IJC, 2004
10
A shore well is a well close to a lake in which the well water levels are directly influenced by lake levels.
8
9
26
experience problems even within the historical high

water level range.
The Study Board also found that the Montreal water
supply system could be at risk in the future if river
levels fell below historical lows in conditions similar
to those modeled with the driest climate change
scenario.
During the IJCs 2013 public hearings on Plan 2014,
representatives from the Village of Sodus Point, NY,
reported that the main municipal sewer lift station
was at an elevation of 248 feet above sea level and
that higher Plan 2014 water levels would create a
health and environmental hazard from some lowlying Wayne County septic systems (Figure 11). As
noted earlier in this report, the IJC acknowledges
that Lake Ontario levels would exceed this level
slightly more often under Plan 2014 than under Plan
1958DD. However, Lake Ontario has risen above
75.59 m (248.0 ft) under Plan 1958DD in the 1970s
and 1990s and will under any regulation plan with
high water supplies to the lake. Parts of Wayne
County, including septic tanks on Crescent Beach,
will continue to be vulnerable to flooding and
erosion under any regulation plan.
Regulation of Lake Ontario levels under either Plan
2014 or Plan 1958DD greatly reduces the frequency
and depth of flooding in Sodus Point that would
occur without regulation. The IJC recognizes that
Lake Ontarios shoreline, particularly the south
shore, is vulnerable to damage that can occur with
any regulation plan due to extremely high supplies
that have occurred a few times in the 20th century.
The IJC supports collaborative attempts to reduce
this vulnerability. Moreover, the IJCs extensive
work with communities along the Lake Ontario-St.
Lawrence River shoreline in Canada and the United
States provides a unique opportunity to promote
greater public and private collaboration to address
this challenge.
4.2 Commercial Navigation

Commercial navigation uses include domestic
and international commercial ships transporting
goods in the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario system,
including the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Port
11
of Montreal. Ship traffic at the Port of Montreal

includes ship transiting the Seaway and larger,
deeper-draft ocean-going ships.
An estimated 70,000 jobs and nearly $4 billion in
income and expenditures have been attributed
to St. Lawrence River-Great Lakes commerce
that transited the New York State waters (Martin
Associates, 2011). The Port of Montreal handles
more than 30 million tonnes of cargo annually and
over 1 million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent unit
containers) (Port of Montreal, 2012).
The St. Lawrence River hydropower project was
designed and built separately from the Seaway
locks and channels but was to be adaptable to the
improvement of the International Rapids Section
of the St. Lawrence River for navigation purposes
(IJC, 1952). The regulation of water levels and flows
affects the water depths available on Lake Ontario
and the St. Lawrence Seaway, which runs from
Lake Ontario to Montreal. Lake Ontario outflow
regulation also affects the levels at the Port of
Montreal and those in the St. Lawrence ship channel
as far downstream as Trois Rivires, QC.
The IJC finds that, overall, Plan 2014 would provide
about the same benefits as Plan 1958DD for
commercial navigation in the Lake Ontario-St.
Lawrence Seaway, as well as for ships using the Port
of Montreal and lower St. Lawrence River.
Plan 2014 was developed and refined in
collaboration with representatives of the navigation
industry, including officials from the Canadian and
U.S. St. Lawrence Seaway agencies and the Port
of Montreal. The plan includes rules to support
adequate levels for full-draft ships on the Seaway
at all points in the navigation channel from Lake
Ontario to Lake St. Louis. Formalized rules built into
the plan mean that the Seaway would no longer
have to rely on discretionary deviations by the
Board of Control to provide adequate levels on Lake
St. Lawrence and Lake St. Louis for shipping.
To address situations when water supplies are
extremely low and threaten the plans ability
to maintain full depths throughout the system,
the revised Orders would give authority to the
Based on Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Commercial Navigation Technical Work Group Report (IJC, 2006b).
27
Board to deviate from the Bv7 release rules when

Lake Ontario levels are at low trigger levels to
provide relief to water intakes, navigation and
hydropower in the system, consistent with the
order of precedence of uses specified in the Treaty.
In response to comments received during public
consultations on Plan 2014, the IJC modified the
draft directive to grant the Board the authority to
deviate without first needing approval from the IJC
(see Annex C).
The revised Order would establish the International
Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Board, reporting to
the IJC, to oversee daily operations and oversight
of Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River water levels and
flows. In recognition that safe navigation depends
on adequate water levels throughout the system,
navigation expertise will be included on this Board.
Shipping Costs
The IJCs Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study of
the effects of regulation on commercial navigation
was designed by experts from the Great Lakes-St.
Lawrence Seaway Navigation community12. The
Study measured the impact of available water
depths and water velocities on shipping costs in
the different reaches of the Lake Ontario and St.
Lawrence River system. Table 2 lists the results using
the Studys commercial navigation performance
indicators.
The Commission finds that, overall,

Plan 2014 will provide about the
same benefits as Plan 1958DD for
commercial navigation in the Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence Seaway as well
as for ships using the Port of Montreal
and lower St. Lawrence River.
12
13
14
28
Review of the navigation performance indicators

after the Study found that the cost of light-loading13
ships due to limited available depths downstream
of Montreal had been underestimated, as only the
effect on the ship travel cost on the St. Lawrence
River had been included rather than the effect on
travel costs on the entire ocean route. (A post-study
analysis showed that correcting this error would
not change plan rankings). Later, Seaway entities
also questioned several of the assumptions in the
Studys economic analysis of navigation, particularly
those regarding costly ship stoppages due to unsafe
velocities in the international section of the St.
Lawrence River (St. Lawrence Seaway Management
Corporation. 2008). They suggested that instead of
an economic analysis, an analysis of water levels and
flows resulting from the regulation plans would be
more appropriate.
A full suite of water level and flow statistics defined
by the Study Boards navigation work group is
available for all regulation plans, including Plan
2014. This analysis indicates the frequency and
magnitude of levels that require light-loading by
ships on different routes and the frequency of flows
greater than that considered safe by the Seaway.
Although such statistics do not reveal the economic
impact on navigation, the IJC did consider these
statistics in its evaluation. This analysis shows that:
the frequency of low levels on the St. Lawrence

River at Montreal would be about the same
under Plan 2014 as Plan 1958DD;
Plan 2014 would increase the frequency of rare
low levels Lake Ontario14 that cause some ships

that operate only on Lake Ontario to light-load;
and,
overall, there would be slightly fewer draft
restrictions due to low levels for ships transiting

the route from Lake Ontario to Montreal with
Plan 2014 than with Plan 1958DD, which is the
result of the rules built into Plan 2014 that better
coordinate levels on the river with those on
the lake.
T he Navigation Technical Working Group was led by representatives from the Canadian St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation, the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, and the Shipping Federation of Canada. It also included members from the Port of Montreal, the Montreal Port Authority,
Transport Quebec, the Canadian Coast Guard, and the U.S. St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation (IJC 2006).
To light-load means to take on a load less than the ship capacity or less than a complete cargo, as the fully loaded ship would be too close to the
channel bottom because of low water levels
Analyses using the stochastic 50,000-year water supply set indicated that the frequency of quarter-month mean Lake Ontario levels below 74.27
m (the lake level required for full Seaway draft ships to transit without restrictions) during the nominal seaway season would increase from 1.8% to
3.3% of the time. The frequency of Lake Ontario levels below 74.00 m during the nominal seaway season would increase from 0.3% to 0.8% of the
time.
Some navigation interests are concerned that lower

Plan 2014 Lake Ontario levels, while very infrequent,
could significantly impact commercial operations.
Ships that do not leave Lake Ontario would have to
carry reduced loads in those periods. However, most
ships that traverse Lake Ontario are on their way
to the St. Lawrence River or upper Great Lakes, and
are loaded based on the minimum depth available
along their entire route. The loading depths of
ships that transit Lake Ontario and the upper Great
Lakes may not be affected by lower Lake Ontario
levels due to even shallower conditions on the
upper lakes. The Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River
Study navigation analysis models did not consider
the effect that water levels on the upper Great
Lakes may have on shipping, but historical data
demonstrate that Lakes Superior, Michigan and
Huron are far more likely to determine ship loading
than Lake Ontario levels under Plan 2014. Depths of
water shown on Great Lakes navigation charts are
referenced to one low water elevation called chart
datum on each lake. Based on simulations using
historical water supplies, Lake Ontario would be
below chart datum during the seaway season 4%
of the time under Plan 2014, while Lake Superior
would be below chart datum 19% of the time and
Lakes Michigan and Huron, 21% of the time. Thus,
though Plan 2014 does not affect levels of any of
the Great Lakes except Lake Ontario, water levels on
the upper lakes should be taken into consideration
when evaluating the effects of Lake Ontario
regulation plans.
In addition, minor deviations authorized now as part

of Plan 1958DD to provide short-term assistance
to commercial navigation would continue under
Plan 2014. Deviations from the new regulation plan
are expected to be much less frequent, because
procedures to provide adequate river levels in the
Seaway have been built into the new plan that were
not in Plan 1958-D.
Other Benefits to Navigation Interests
4.3 Hydropower
The IJC concludes that Plan 2014 would offer

benefits for navigation beyond providing adequate
shipping depths. These additional benefits include
the following:
Certainty of benefits that have previously been
obtained through deviations at the discretion of the

Board of Control. Criterion H1 of the conditions to
be included in a new Order of Approval (Annex
A) would mandate limits on the occurrence
of low levels at the Port of Montreal to rates
similar to what has been achieved through past
discretionary deviations from Plan 1958-D by
the Board of Control. Criterion H2 would provide
15
similar protection of levels on the Seaway at Lake

St. Louis.
Clearer definition of the conditions required for
long-term major deviations that help commercial

navigation. Criterion H14 would provide
protection for navigation similar to criterion k of
the current orders. The IJC changed the Directive
on Deviations based on comments received
during the 2013 Hearings on Plan 2014 so that
the Board would no longer need to seek IJC
approval to make these deviations. Under the
current orders, the IJC has to approve criterion k
deviations.
Greater ability to improve operations. With an
adaptive management framework in place, the

performance of Plan 2014 for navigation would
be monitored and suggested improvements
tested.
S afer velocities. More natural changes in flow

from week to week and better maximum
outflow rules would provide safer velocities for
navigation in some circumstances.

Hydropower uses include: the two hydroelectric
generating stations on the international section of
the St. Lawrence River (the Robert-Moses station
owned by the New York Power Authority and
the Robert H Saunders station of Ontario Power
Generation, which together form the Moses
Saunders Dam); and the Beauharnois and Les Cedres
stations of Hydro Quebec at the outlet of Lake
St. Francis.
Combined, these power plants have an annual
hydropower production of approximately
Based on Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Hydroelectric Power Generation Technical Work Group Report (IJC, 2006c).
29
25 million MWh (13 million MWh at Moses-Saunders

and 12 million MWh at Beauharnois-Les Cedres).
The market value of this energy is approximately
$1.5 billion U.S. a year at current market rates.16
These hydroelectric plants produce enough energy
to meet the needs of about two million homes.

Under Plan 2014, the slightly higher and more
natural fall through spring Lake Ontario levels that
benefit coastal ecosystems also would slightly
increase the head17 and thus, energy production
at the Moses-Saunders power plants. Plan 2014
also would slightly increase the amount and value
of hydropower produced at the Hydro-Quebec
plants. Although the higher Lake Ontario levels
also would slightly reduce the head at the Niagara
power plants, the net effect would be to increase
the production of hydropower at all these plants by
about 0.4%, or enough to supply the needs of about
8,000 homes.
In the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study, the
economic experts panel advised the Study Board
that the best metric to reflect societal impact in
the energy sector was the increase in the value of
hydropower energy caused by different regulation
plans. Other societal metrics, such as the reduction
in carbon emissions, were acknowledged but not
evaluated in economic terms.
The Hydropower Technical Work Group of the Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study helped design
other metrics that were important to hydropower
producers, termed the stability and predictability
of flows. More stable releases change less from
week to week, while more predictable releases
change less from month to month. When possible,
hydropower producers will take turbines out of
production for maintenance only when the water
release can be routed through other turbines that
remain in service. A large, unexpected release
increase may require spilling part of the release
(that is, releasing the water but not running it
through a turbine to create electricity). Plan 2014
16
17
18
19
30
would provide slightly more stable and predictable

releases, thereby reducing the chance of energy
losses during turbine maintenance.18
4.4 Coastal Development

4.4.1 Overview of the Interest19
Coastal development interests include individuals
and organizations with a direct interest in the
property along the shorelines of Lake Ontario
and the St. Lawrence River (riparian property),
particularly private property owners.
Approximately 60% of the Lake Ontario and St.
Lawrence River shoreline is devoted to residential
land use. In some of the developed counties, such as
Monroe County, in New York on the southeast shore,
the percentage of developed property is much
higher, at almost 90% (Figures 11 and 12).
The Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study
concluded that an estimated 25,000 privately
owned riparian properties are located on Lake
Ontario and the St. Lawrence River upstream of the
Moses-Saunders Dam. More than 3,000 shoreline
property parcels are located below elevation 76.2
m (250 ft) and could be at risk of flooding on Lake
Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence River.
On the St. Lawrence River downstream of the
Moses-Saunders dam, there are an estimated
5,770 single-family dwellings within the 100-year
floodplain, with an estimated value of $380 million.
Shoreline protection structures are already present
for a large percentage of riparian properties
exposed to flooding and erosion hazards around
the shores of Lake Ontario (Figure 13). Analysis
undertaken as part of the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence
River Study found that approximately half of the
developed shoreline length has been armoured
with some sort of shorewall or revetment. In
addition, shore protection measures have been
added to about half of the total frontage on both
the Canadian and American shores of the lower
St. Lawrence River.
Estimated price of $60 per MWh.

T he change in elevation between the water level upstream and downstream of the hydropower dam. Head, flow and turbine efficiency determine
how much power is generated. All else being equal, greater head means more power generation.
Flow into a turbine can be redirected to other turbines when it is necessary to perform maintenance or repair tasks, but only if the total flow is small
enough to fit the capacity of the remaining turbines. When possible, turbine maintenance is scheduled for periods when releases are expected to
be low. Plan 2014 releases do not change as much as 1958DD releases from week to week or even month to month.
Based on Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Coastal Processes Technical Work Group Report (IJC, 2006d).
Figure 11
Crescent Beach, Wayne County, NY
Figure 12
Monroe County, NY
These photographs, taken in March 2012, show two locations on the south shore of Lake Ontario when water levels are at 74.98 m
(246.00 ft) IGLD 1985. This level is slightly above average for that time of the year, more typical of mid-summer levels, though 0.78 m
(2.6 ft) below the maximum recorded level. Almost all the damage estimated by Lake Ontario coastal computer models is related to
shore protection structures (either damage to existing structures or erosion that requires a new structure to protect a building). But
there are some buildings that are vulnerable to flooding and storm damage, no matter the regulation plan.
31
Figure 13
Examples of Shore Protection, Lake Ontario
(source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)

Over the past several decades, many property
owners and their municipal and state elected
representatives on the south shore on Lake Ontario
in New York have expressed concern about coastal
property damage from high lake levels. During
public hearings on Plans 2007 and 2014, property
owners spoke to the IJC about damage that has
occurred in the past and additional damage that
could result with a change in the regulation plan.
The damages, as identified in Table 3, suggest
that Lake Ontario coastal development will be
vulnerable, no matter the regulation plan. Both the
gross and net damages in Table 3 show that these
damages are mainly to shore protection structures,
not homes. The vulnerable shore protection
structures typically are revetments made of large
rocks piled in a sloping cross-section on the graded
bank of the shore, or vertical shore walls made of
concrete or steel sheet-piles capped by a concrete
or stone pad, or a combination of these structures.
32
The structures are meant to stop erosion of the bank

by absorbing or reflecting the energy of coastal
waves. The size of the rock, the steepness of the side
slope and especially the elevation of the top of the
structure are all important factors in the design of a
revetment. A single major storm event with waves
that rush over the top of such structures can cause
significant erosion damage to the structure.
Computer simulations show that average annual
damages to the Lake Ontario coastal development
are expected to be somewhat larger under Plan
2014 than under Plan 1958DD. These long-term
simulations are based on estimates of the damages
under 1958DD and each alternative plan. For
example, the average net increase in damage to

all Lake Ontario shore protection structures for
Plan 2014 is estimated at $1.94 million per year
(the difference between estimated average annual
damages of $15.48 million for Plan 1958DD and
$17.43 million for Plan 2014).
these, there are more scenarios in which Plan 2014

damages are greater than Plan 1958DD damages,
but many in which Plan 1958DD is more damaging.
The near-term future could include either type of
water supply sequence.
The fact that Plan 2014 would cause more

damage on average does not mean that
continued regulation under Plan 1958DD would
guarantee lower coastal damages. In some future
circumstances, Plan 2014 could reduce damages
compared to those under Plan 1958DD. The
damages summarized in Table 3 are based on
thousands of simulations of different water supply
scenarios, each representing a different, possible
sequence of water flowing into Lake Ontario. Of
Coastal damage will occur no matter

the regulation plan
Most of the damage is to shore
protection structures, not homes
More often than not, Plan 2014 would
increase damages compared to Plan
1958DD
Table 3
Gross and Net Damage to Lake Ontario Coastal Development

(in $US millions 2005)
Expected Average Annual Lake Ontario Coastal Damages
1958DD
2014
Bv7
Natural
Damages
$18.15
$20.37
$21.26
$45.53
Shore Protection Maintenance
$15.48
$17.43
$18.11
$35.33
Erosion to Unprotected Developed Parcels
$2.50
$2.66
$2.67
$3.08
Flooding
$0.17
$0.28
$0.49
$7.11
% total damage attributed to shore protection structures
85%
86%
85%
78%
$0.00
$2.22
$3.11
$27.38
Net damages to shore protection structures
$1.94
$2.62
$19.85
% of changes attributes to shore protection structures
88%
84%
73%
Net change from 1958DD damages
Under either Plan 1958DD or Plan 2014, only about 1% of expected coastal damage is due to flooding of buildings; the rest is due to
damage to existing shore protection (85-86%) and the costs of new shore protection because of erosion of unprotected developed
parcels (13-14%). Five percent of the increase in coastal damages along Lake Ontario under Plan 2014 is due to increased flooding.
The Natural Plan (referred to as Plan E in Study documents) represents the release of Lake Ontario water through the existing flow
control structures equivalent to what would occur with the river as it was circa 1953-1955 after removal of Gut Dam, but before any
of the structures or channels approved in the 1952 and 1956 Orders were built, with minimal adjustments to reflect necessary ice
management with the structures in place. Plan 2014 combines the release rules of Bv7 with deviations described in Annex C.
33
Tradeoffs in Managing the Natural and

Developed Shore
There are challenges to balancing healthy coastal
wetlands and property damage along the Lake
Ontario shoreline. In its 2006 report, the Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Board found that
Plan 1958DD came close to minimizing damages
for Lake Ontario shoreline property owners but had
reduced the diversity of plant types along the shore
and populations of animal species that feed on and
live in the environments affected by the reduced
water level ranges.
The Study Board and Working Group produced
a range of regulation plans that met the Treatys
requirements but that produced different levels
of benefits among interests. No plan, however,
could completely overcome this inherent conflict.
Plans that restored a significant measure of coastal
ecosystem health did so with more natural lake
levels. More natural levels, by contrast, increased
damages to vulnerable shoreline development. An
alternative such as Plan 2007, which relaxed the
compressed summer levels Lake Ontario while
keeping autumn and winter levels unnaturally low,
resulted in a slight reduction in coastal damages
on average, but did little to reverse the harm to the
environment.
In selecting a new regulation plan, the IJC chose to
strike a balance between the two objectives. Plan
2014 produces a large improvement in coastal
ecosystems in return for a small reduction in the
benefits provided in the 1956 Order for those
shoreline property owners who need to maintain
shore protection to limit erosion and flooding.
Most south shore residents who testified in the 2013
hearings opposed Plan 2014. They argued that Plan
2014:
would cause significant coastal damage;

is based on past studies that underestimated
impacts to south shore residents;

is unfair because only the south shore would be
hurt by Plan 2014;
changed the rules for regulating Lake Ontario
water levels after decades of long-term
development decisions were made based on the
previous regulation rules;
34
damages should be mitigated if the plan were

implemented; and,
is based on flawed wetland science.
The IJC considered each of these concerns carefully

before making its findings in support of Plan 2014.
Concern 1: Coastal Damage
Some south shore residents expressed concern
that the new regulation plan would destroy coastal
development and with it, the associated tax revenue,
property values and tourism opportunities upon
which shoreline counties depend.
This risk exists no matter the regulation plan.
While models demonstrate that Plan 2014 is likely
to increase coastal damage to shore protection
structures on Lake Ontario by a relatively small
margin, the same models also demonstrate that
coastal damage could occur under either plan in the
near future.
About 87% of the increase in expected damages
to Lake Ontario coastal development under Plan
2014 would be to shore protection structures
(Figure 14). This incremental damage could be
avoided by designing such structures a few inches
higher. Another 7% of the increase in cost would
be due to new shore protection structures for
currently unprotected developed properties. These
structures would be built with either Plan 2014 or
Plan 1958DD. But it is expected that they would be
needed sooner with the higher frequency of higher
levels under Plan 2014.
Figure 14
Increases in Lake Ontario Coastal Damage under
Plan 2014, by Type
Flooding
Erosion
Shore protection
Figure 15
Comparing Maximum Triggering Levels of the
Two Plans
The potential for record-breaking water supplies

to cause serious damage to shoreline property was
noted in testimony before the IJC. The risks of this
level of damage are about the same under Plan
1958DD and Plan 2014. Because of the triggers,
the more extreme the water supplies, the more
Plan 2014 levels and releases would resemble Plan
1958DD levels and releases. At Lake Ontario levels
of 76.0 m (249.34 ft) and higher, Plan 1958DD levels
are higher than Plan 2014 levels 50% of the time.
Concern 2: Measurement of Effects
Based on historical supplies, Plan 2014s projected

maximum level would be 6 cm (2.4 in) higher than the
maximum level under 1958DD. By way of comparison,
a tennis ball is about 6.7 cm in diameter
The incremental increase from Plan 1958DD to

Plan 2014 flooding damage to homes and other
buildings is about 5%. Based on the best estimates
available to the IJC, Plan 2014 would not change
the floodplain delineation. Rather, the 5% increase
in damages is based on the use of standard depth
damage relationships that show the typical increase
in damages with each additional centimeter
(or inch) of flooding. The Plan 2014 maximum
Lake Ontario level in the historical simulation, for
example, is 6 cm (less than 3 inches) higher than the
Plan 1958DD maximum level (Figure 15).
Water levels could be both higher and lower than
any on record, regardless of the plan. With Plan
2014, if Lake Ontario water levels reach the high
trigger levels, then releases from the dam would
need to provide all possible relief to the riparian
owners upstream and downstream. This is the same
release requirement provided by criterion k of the
1956 Order. The proposed new Order would define
a clear threshold for the relief to riparians, thus
eliminating the need for IJC authorization.
As noted, the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River

Study Board had to limit studies in all categories,
including coastal property damage, to those effects
that were significant and useful in discerning
differences between alternative regulation plans.
An expert panel of economists advised the Study
Board that measurement of secondary effects
would have been practically impossible and, more
importantly, unnecessary for plan ranking because
the secondary effects moved proportionately with
the major economic and environmental effects.
The Study Board accepted the expert opinion. The
IJC endorses this finding.
Concern 3: Distribution of Effects
The negative net effects of Plan 2014 are all above
the dam, because Plan 2014 is designed to reverse
some of the environmental damage caused by
compression of the range of Lake Ontario levels
called for in the 1956 Order to reduce Lake Ontario
coastal damage.
The compression of Lake Ontario levels

since 1960 helped some riparians and
hurt coastal ecosystems.
More natural levels hurt some
shoreline protection structures and
help coastal ecosystems.
Plan 2014 eliminates much of the
environmental damage caused by past
regulation while preserving most of the
benefits to riparians.
35
As Table 3 shows, without water level regulation the

damage to existing development on Lake Ontario
and the St. Lawrence River would be more than
$27 million per year higher on average than under
the current regulation regime. Plan 2014 would
eliminate much of the environmental damage
caused by past regulation while preserving most of
the benefits to shoreline property owners.
The meadow marsh performance indicator was
used by the Study Board as an important indicator
of how well a regulation plan produced diverse and
robust wetland ecosystems. As shown in Tables 1
and 2, Plan 2014 would restore about 72% of the
lost natural meadow marsh performance indicator20
and a third of the lost natural northern pike youngof-year net productivity21 at only about 8% of the
Lake Ontario coastal damage expected in the

natural unregulated system (Natural Plan/Plan E).
Plan 2014 produces significant environmental gains
while reducing the level of coastal damages caused
by Plans B+ and Bv7. Wildlife biologists and coastal
engineers worked together for years to achieve this
result.
Concern 4: Past Siting and Design Decisions
During the 2013 hearings, the IJC heard testimony
from some representatives of Lake Ontarios south
shore that the IJC should not change the regulation
plan because so many siting and design decisions
had been made based on the lake levels expected
with the 1956 Order.
Figure 16
Spaghetti Graphs of Plan 1958DD and Plan 2014. Lake Ontario Levels
Note: historical water supplies, spliced at mid-year to compare levels.

Plan 2014 increases the frequency of high lake elevations compared to 1958DD, but water levels under either plan will destroy shore
protection designed for only the 1.22 m (4ft) range.
20
21
36
T he meadow marsh indicator is the ratio of the area of meadow marsh created by a plan after a long drought compared to the area produced by
Plan 1958DD. The simulation of the Natural Plan (which is not, strictly speaking, a regulation plan, but rather refers to measures that are necessary
in winter to avoid ice jams), produced a meadow marsh score of 1.56; Plan 2014 scores 1.41, a 41% increase in meadow marsh area. Damage to
riparians was estimated in the Flood Erosion and Protection System (FEPS) model; three coastal damage indicators were used by the Study Board:
flooding, erosion and shore protection damage, measured as the average annual change in damages or costs in each of the three sectors. The FEPS
modeling indicated that the Natural Plan would on average cause $27.38 million more in damages along the Lake Ontario shore than Plan 1958DD,
while Plan 2014 would cause $2.22 million. Comparing these two indicators, Plan 2014 gets 72% of the Natural Plan meadow marsh score for 8% of
the E coastal damage cost.
Young-of-year productivity is the amount of young fish (egg, fry, and juvenile, stages before sexual maturity) introduced into the system each year,
measured in terms of the number and weight of the fish.
Note that the nearly as may be clause

acknowledged even then that natural variation in
water supplies could cause a wider range of levels.
The criteria in the IJCs 1956 Order were clearly
formulated on the knowledge that this range could
not be guaranteed if supplies were more extreme
than supplies of the past period of record (18601954). Water supplies to Lake Ontario in the 1970s,
1980s and 1990s were more extreme than those of
the 1860-1954 period. As the split-screen spaghetti
graph in Figure 16 shows, water levels under either
plan will exceed the 1.22 m (4 ft) range even with
historical supplies.
The fact that Lake Ontario levels will, despite the
best efforts of the Board of Control under the
existing 1956 Order, rise above and fall below the
1.22 m target range was demonstrated in the 1960s,
1970s and 1990s. Stochastic hydrology analysis
developed by scientists during the Lake Ontario-St.
Lawrence River Study suggests that it is possible
that Lake Ontario levels under Plan 1958DD could
rise above 76.5 m (251 ft) and fall below 73.0 m.
(240 ft), a range of 3.5 m (11 ft) (Figure 17). These
elevations were the most extreme reached in
the simulation using the stochastic supplies. The
damaging water elevations seen in 1952 (before
regulation), 1973 and 1993 are not uncommon. As
a result, some communities along the south shore
will suffer coastal damages, again no matter the
regulation plan.
As suggested by the stochastic supply analysis, it
is likely that future water levels will again reach
the high levels recorded in the 1970s and 1990s,
Figure 17
Historical
Lake Ontario Water Level Ranges, Plan 2014 and

Plan 1958DD
Stochastic
However, the IJC also heard testimony that

development in this region typically has not been
designed to withstand the actual levels experienced
with the existing regulation plan, Plan 1958DD.
Some testified that south shore development that
flooded in the 1970s flooded again in the 1990s
and will flood again at those same elevations. The
IJC also heard testimony from south shore citizens
during the hearings that shore protection structures
are still being designed based on only a 1.22 m (4 ft)
range in Lake Ontario levels. The four-foot range
is a reference to the first part of a phrase in the
1956 Order to regulate Lake Ontario levels within a
range of stage from elevation 74.15 meters (243.3 feet)
(navigation season) to elevation 75.37 meters (247.3
feet), as nearly as may be.
Plan 2014
Plan 1958DD
76.62m. 2514
76.56m. 2512
75.74m. 2486
75.68m. 2484
73.56m. 2414
73.15m. 240
73.78m. 2421
72.98m. 2395
The stochastic water supply data include much wetter and drier
periods than have been recorded. Plan 2014 maximum Lake
Ontario levels are 6 cm (2 in) higher than Plan 1958DD for the
historical simulations, shown as solid lines in the figure above, as
well as for the stochastic simulations, shown as dashed lines.
regardless of the regulation plan. The Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River Study evaluation models verify
this, showing that when the stochastic supplies are
used as input to the plans, the average annual shore
protection costs on Lake Ontario are $15.48 million
under Plan 1958DD, and $17.43 under Plan 2014
(Table 3).
The projected effects of first-floor flooding of homes
and other buildings and erosion to unprotected
developed parcels are much smaller. Flooding
damages under Plan 1958DD average $170,000 per
year and $280,000 per year under Plan 2014. Study
models do not indicate an increase in the number
of homes flooded by Plan 2014 compared to Plan
1958DD.
Analysis using models developed for the Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study suggests that Plan
2014 would not trigger a change in the floodplain
delineation or in the base flood elevation. As noted,
the difference in the maximum Lake Ontario levels
of Plan 2014 and 1958DD in the historical water
supply simulation is 6 cm (about 2.4 in). Given that
floodplains are delineated at whole-foot increments,
they are unlikely to be affected by such small
increases in static levels.
37
Analysis by the Study Board suggests

that Plan 2014 would not change the
floodplain delineation or the base
flood elevation, which is specified in
whole-foot increments.
Study models do not indicate an
increase in the number of first-floor
flooding of homes under Plan 2014
compared to 1958DD.
The performance indicator used in the Studys
evaluation model that accounts for the erosion of
unprotected developed parcels of land measures
the cost of future shore protection built when
erosion brings the top of the shoreline within 10 m
(33 ft) of the building to be protected. Plan 2014
would not change the number of these shoreline
structures that eventually would be needed to
protect their buildings, but typically would require
homeowners to build the protection structures
earlier, because the rate of erosion of the bank
would be slightly higher. That is, the increase in
average Plan 2014 erosion costs over Plan 1958DD
costs represents the cost of building the same
structure sooner. The two categories of damage
relating to shore protection structures account for
about 99% of the coastal damage under Plan 2014,
with about 1% related to the flooding category.
Concern 5: Mitigation of Damages
The regulation of the outflows from Lake Ontario
under the rules of Plan 2014 would continue to
substantially reduce natural high levels and reduce
the damages the south shore would experience
without regulation of flows. As a result, Plan 2014
would benefit, not injure, south shore riparians
relative to the unregulated condition.
The IJCs studies have underscored what other
studies and past experience have shown: that future
high Lake Ontario levels under any regulation
plan, coupled with storms and wave action, can
be expected to damage or threaten existing shore
protection, water and wastewater systems and even
some homes.
The IJC recognizes the complexity and difficulty of
coastal zone and floodplain management, and the
38
evolving and varied views evident in the responses

to Hurricanes Hazel (1954), Katrina (2005) and Sandy
(2013). However, the IJC believes that complex
decisions to invest and manage coastal zones and
floodplains should be based on the best available
evidence of risk.
The level of risk accepted in the design of homes,
structures and infrastructure systems is addressed
by domestic regulations. The IJC can only inform
those considerations with evidence from its own
investigations. The IJC heard testimony and
collected evidence in its own studies showing that
damages or expense to avoid damages to shore
protection structures and water and wastewater
systems would occur under either Plan 1958DD or
Plan 2014 more often than the common 1-in-100
years standard.
The IJC is considering the findings and
recommendations from its International Great
LakesSt. Lawrence River Adaptive Management
Task Team (IJC, 2013). The Task Team, led by experts
from Environment Canada and the United States
Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), investigated ways
to adaptively manage the risks of and response
to the impacts of low and high Great Lakes water
levels, including those that cannot be managed
through regulation of the levels of Lakes Superior
and Ontario. The Task Team recommended that the
negative impacts of very high and very low levels
could be reduced if stakeholders and managers
more effectively shared existing information on
these risks to better support strategic decisions and
investments.
Concern 6: Assessment of Damage to Wetlands
Some riparians who opposed Plan 2014 because of
the effects on property on the south shore of Lake
Ontario told the IJC that the environmental studies
used as the basis for justifying Plan 2014 were
flawed. The IJC reviewed the findings of the Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study, the peer review
commissioned by the IJC, and subsequent evidence
and arguments on this subject before concluding
that the evidence is overwhelming that current
regulation rules damage the environment.
The Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Board
sought out leading Great Lakes scientists to
investigate and quantify the relationship between
water levels and various aspects of coastal
Figure 18
Upper St. Lawrence River Wetland
the level of integration among the models should
be more dynamic, with feedback loops that would

constitute a true systems model; and,
ongoing monitoring and analysis are needed to
provide a strong scientific basis for long-term

decision making about water level and flow
regulation in the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River
basin.
(Photo: Doug Wilcox)
ecosystem health. The relationships were based on

extensive field data and each study was required to
validate the results.
As the Study used new data and methods, the IJC
engaged the U.S. National Research Council and the
Royal Society of Canada to conduct an independent
peer review. The Study Board also conducted an
extensive internal review process. The National
Research Council review concluded that the breadth
of the study was impressive, and commended
the scale and inclusiveness of the studies and
models (National Research Council, 2006). On the
environmental studies, the reviewers concluded
that given the complexity of the LOSLR22 system,
binational interests, and the range of scientific and
other information compiled, the undertaking of this
comprehensive study is a major contribution by
itself and that the identification and inclusion of
performance indicators advance understanding of
the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River system.
Concluding that there were few precedents for
a study of this scale and that opportunities for
improvement were to be expected, the peer
reviewers raised three general criticisms:
the level of empirical su pport varied among
The Study Board co-chairs and technical work group

leads responded to the peer review (IJC, 2006e),
concluding that none of the concerns raised by the
reviewers challen ged the appropriateness and
sufficiency of the studies and models used to inform
decisions related to regulation plan options. The
co-chairs agreed with and addressed some of the
peer review comments, but concluded that on other
issues, such as lack of available documentation
and the temporal resolution of the models, the
peer review process should have allowed more
communication between reviewers and study
scientists. Study Board decisions were formulated
after extensive debate among leading experts and
in cooperation with the PIAG. The peer review
process guaranteed the independence of peer
reviewers, but as structured, that independence
provided them with less information than study
experts used in their decision making.
The peer review did raise questions about the
wetlands study, and those questions were answered
by the Study Board (IJC, 2006e). The wetlands study
was published in a peer-reviewed journal after the
Study Board finished its work (Wilcox and Xie, 2007),
and, still later, the relationships between water levels
and wetland plants were verified in a published
study based on historical aerial photographs
(Wilcox et al., 2008).
The IJC accepts the Study Boards response to the
peer review and the scientific conclusions of the
Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study, including
in particular, the Study Board findings on the
relationships between Lake Ontario water levels and
coastal ecosystems.
different studies (there were more data

supporting some performance indicator
algorithms than others);
22
Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River
39
4.4.3 Prevention of Coastal Damage in the

Province of Ontario
Conservation Authorities Act to enable an authority

to acquire lands for recreation and conservation
purposes and to regulate hazard lands for the safety
of the community.23
Modeling undertaken for the Lake Ontario-St.

Lawrence River Study indicates that there would
be coastal damage on the Canadian shore of Lake
Ontario, particularly in the Niagara and Halton
regional municipalities, under any regulation plan.
However, the response from riparian interests
along the Canadian shore of Lake Ontario has been
markedly different. No concern was expressed
in Ontario about Plan 2014 damage to coastal
development during the 2013 hearings on Plan
2014. There was some concern expressed during
the meetings in Ontario held by the PIAG in 2005,
but in public meetings in the province from 2005
through 2013, the objective of more natural
regulation received strong support.
4.4.4 Summary
The Ontario response can be attributed in part to a

different history and institutional setting. In 1954,
Hurricane Hazel caused about $1 billion ($Cdn 2013)
dollars damage in the Toronto region, killing 81
people and leaving thousands homeless. After the
hurricane, the provincial government amended the
In summary, the IJC recognizes that there are

challenges to balancing ecosystem protection
40
interests and benefits to shore property
35
development interests along the Lake Ontario
shoreline. Each regulation plan involves a tradeoff
30
among interests. Plans that restore a significant
Figure 19
Summary of Shoreline Protection, Erosion and Flooding Effects
Average Annual Costs ($Million US$)
40
35
Jhe biggest cost category is maintenance of shore protec5on structures. Regula5on of lake
levels under any plan cuts costs in half. Plan 2014 costs are expected to be higher on average
than 1958DD costs. Building taller shore protec5on structures would reduce these costs and
essen5ally eliminate the dierence in costs between Plan 2014 and 1958DD
30
25
20
Buildings on eroding lakeside parcels will eventually be threatened by erosion,

no maRer the regula5on plan. Regula5on delays the day shore protec5on would
have to be built, thus reducing average costs over the next 30 years. 1958DD
delays these costs a liRle longer than Plan 2014, and so there is about a 7S
dierence in costs between the two plans in this category.
15
10
Regula5on has eliminated 98S of the ooding damages

above the dam and reduced ooding below the dam.
Some vulnerable buildings remain that will ood no
maRer the plan.
5
0
L Ontario Shore L Ontario

Protec5on
Erosion to
Unregulated Maintenance Unprotected
Developed
Exis5ng Plan
Property
Plan Bv7
Plan 2014
23
40
Environment Canada website, Hurricane Hazel Mitigation

http://www.ec.gc.ca/ouragans-hurricanes/
Lake Ontario
Upper St.
Lower St.
Flooding
Lawrence River Lawrence River
Flooding
Flooding
Average Annual Costs ($Million US$)
Along parts of the Ontario shore of Lake Ontario,

local and regional governments are converting
privately owned waterfront properties at risk of
flooding or erosion to public space. For example,
after the flooding of the 1970s, the City of
Burlington, Halton Region and Conservation Halton
began the Beach Property Acquisition Program with
support from the Province of Ontario. After the
purchase of 129 properties on a willing seller basis,
less than 4% of the designated area remains under
private ownership (City of Burlington et al., 2011).
25
20
Jhe biggest cost cate

levels under any plan
than 1958DD costs.
essen5ally eliminate
Build
no m
have
delay
dier
15
10
5
0
L Ontario Shore L O
Protec5on
Ero
Unregulated Maintenance Unp
Dev
Exis5ng Plan
Pr
Plan Bv7
Plan 2014
measure of coastal ecosystem health do so with

more natural lake levels. More natural levels, by
contrast, could increase damages to shoreline
development.
In selecting a new regulation plan, the IJC chose to
strike a balance between the two objectives. Plan
2014 would produce a large improvement in coastal
ecosystems in return for a small reduction in the
benefits provided in the 1956 Order for those who
live along the shore of Lake Ontario. The effects of
Plan 2014 on shoreline property on the lake and
river are summarized in Figure 19.
South shore residents who opposed Plan 2014 in

the public hearings identified a range of concerns.
The IJC considered each of these concerns carefully
before making its findings in support of Plan
2014. Table 4 summarizes the IJCs response to the
concerns.
The IJC finds that costs will have to be borne to
maintain hardened shore structures along the shore
of Lake Ontario regardless of the future regulation
plan. Furthermore, the IJC finds that the benefits
to wetlands are scientifically credible and that the
evidence of harm by the current regulation plan is
too great to ignore.
Table 4
Summary of the IJCs Response to Key Concerns Expressed by Residents of Lake Ontarios South Shore
Public Concern
IJC Response
1. Coastal Damage
Plan 2014 is not expected to change the floodplain delineation

along Lake Ontarios shoreline
Coastal damage will be experienced under either existing plan or
Plan 2014
Most of this damage is to shoreline protection structures
Most of the increase in damage to shore protection structures
expected with Plan 2014 could be avoided by building these
structures a few cm (inches) higher
New shore protection structures will eventually be needed for
currently unprotected developed properties under either plan,
but likely would be needed sooner under Plan 2014
2. Measurement of Effects
IJC accepts the findings of the Study Board and its expert
panel of economists that measurement of secondary effects is
unnecessary for plan ranking, because secondary effects move
proportionately with the major economic and environmental
effects
3. Distribution of Effects
The compression of Lake Ontario levels under the existing plan

helped some riparians and hurt coastal ecosystems
Plan 2014 strikes a balance; it does not fully restore ecosystem
health so that it can preserve most of the protection to riparians
41
Public Concern
IJC Response
4. Past Siting and Design Decisions
IJC heard testimony that many designs are not based on the
current plan; some shore protection structures are being
designed to accommodate only a 1.2 m (4 ft) range of water
levels, even though the range of levels under Plan 1958DD has
been about 1.8 m (6 ft)
More than 90% of the impact to coastal property involves
existing or new protection structures; as a result, some
communities along the south shore will suffer coastal damages
to existing development, no matter the regulation plan
Plan 2014 is not expected to change the floodplain delineation
that has guided home design along the Lake Ontarios shoreline
5. Mitigation of Damages
Future high Lake Ontario water levels under any regulation

plan can be expected to damage or threaten existing shore
protection, water and wastewater systems, and even some
homes
Meaningful reductions in the level of risk can only be realized
through the design of homes, structures and infrastructure
systems; while these are addressed by domestic regulations, the
IJC can inform those considerations with evidence from its own
investigations
6. Assessment of Damage to
Wetlands
The IJC reviewed the findings of the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence

River Study, the peer review of that Study, and subsequent
evidence and arguments on the subject of the integrity of the
environmental science before concluding that the evidence
is overwhelming that current regulation rules damage the
environment
4.5 Ecosystems
times daily, to the seasonal cycle, to changes that

occur over decades and longer.
The biological effects of water level fluctuations are

greatest in shallow water, where even small changes
in water levels can result in conversion of a standing
water environment to an environment in which
sediments are exposed to the air, or vice versa. The
localized effects of this change in the environment
are evident in the relatively immobile plant
communities that occur in wetlands. In fact, the
patterns of water level change are the driving force
that determines the overall diversity and condition
of wetland plant communities and the habitats they
The ecosystems interest includes the biological

components of the natural environment of Lake
Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, together with
the ecological services that the natural environment
provides to people who live and work in the region.
The biological communities of Lake Ontario and
the St. Lawrence River have, by necessity, evolved to
adapt to the natural range of water levels and water
level changes that occur on time scales ranging
from wind-driven seiches that can occur several
24
42
Based on Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Environmental Technical Work Group Report (IJC, 2006f ).
provide for a multitude of invertebrates, amphibians,

reptiles, fish, birds and mammals.
There are more than 80 species of plants and
animals in the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence coastal
zone that are sensitive to water level fluctuations
and that are being tracked as species of concern by
the Natural Heritage Program in New York and the
Natural Heritage Information Centre in Ontario. Of
these species, 30 are officially designated by state,
provincial or federal authorities as threatened or
endangered. In the Quebec section of the lower
St. Lawrence River, there are 13 special concern,
vulnerable, threatened and/or endangered species
affected by water levels.
The coastal wetland area within Lake Ontario and
the St. Lawrence River is about 26,000 ha (64,000
acres) in size. These wetlands are made up of
four basic types: submerged aquatic vegetation;
emergent marsh; meadow marsh; and upland
vegetation (trees/shrubs) (Wilcox, et al., 2005).
More than 80% of the wetland area occurs in the
eastern half of the Lake Ontario basin and Thousand
Islands region.
Further down the river, the ecological value of Lake
St. Pierre marshes has been recognized by their
designation as a Ramsar wetland by an international
compact. The lake is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
and is included as a protected site under the Eastern
Habitat Joint Venture. With more than 12,000 ha
(30,000 acres) of swamps and marshes, Lake St.
Pierre accounts for 80% of lower St. Lawrence River
wetlands. The lake also supports a large population
of nesting blue heron, a major staging area for
migratory wildfowl and 167 species of nesting birds.
Permanently submerged areas, wetlands and the
spring floodplain are home to 13 amphibian and 79
fish species, many of which are sought by sport and
commercial fisheries.

concluded that the:
current regulation plan has reduced the
range and occurrences of extreme Lake Ontario
levels as intended under the existing Order of
Approval. From an environmental perspective,
this has resulted in a smaller transition zone

within wetlands from submerged to upland
plants, thus reducing the diversity of plant
life along the shore and negatively impacting
birds, fish and mammals that depend on those
plants. Regulation has also caused dewatering
drawdowns in the fall through early spring, to the
detriment of some habitat. (IJC, 2006)
Comparing the variability of the 101 years of Lake
Ontario water levels resulting with no regulation
and with regulation under Plan 1958DD (shown in
Figures Ex-1 and Ex-3 in the Executive Summary)
demonstrates that regulation of Lake Ontario has
restricted the natural fluctuations of its water levels,
both in terms of reducing its extremes and yearto-year variability. These figures also show that
Plan 1958DD typically has reduced the lake levels
significantly in the winter compared to the natural
levels.
Different plants have different watering
requirements. The compression of the range of lake
levels has allowed the trees and shrubs to grow
closer to the water and cattails and other emergent
plants that tolerate persistent flooding to expand
their range up the shoreline, squeezing out meadow
marsh plants in-between (see Figure 20). The strong
correlations between plant types and flooding
history were evident in the extensive sampling of
wetlands at 32 sites around Lake Ontario during
the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study. Study
researchers carefully inventoried the kinds of plants
growing at different elevations, and were then able
to show strong relationships between the type of
plants found on the shore and how recently the
shore had been flooded at that elevation (Wilcox
et al., 2005). They determined that upland plants
dominated above elevations that had not been
inundated in the past 30 years. As well, there was
little meadow marsh vegetation at elevations that
had been kept wet in the growing season for the
last five years.
These results were consistent with the published
water tolerances for upland and meadow marsh
plants. Regulation plans could then be evaluated
based on these evident relationships. Plan 2014
would allow both more frequent low and more
frequent high Lake Ontario water levels that would
43
Figure 20
Compressing Natural Water Level Variability Reduces Plant and Animal Diversity
Source: Wilcox, 2012
expand the meadow marsh areas from time to

time, creating a dynamic diversity in wetland plants
and the animal life associated with them, while still
controlling most of the high levels that can damage
coastal development.
Plan 2014 also would help restore bird species such
as the Black Tern, Least Bittern, and King Rail (Figure
21), which are listed as at-risk by either New York
State or the Province of Ontario (DesGranges et al.,
2005).
The health of muskrat and northern pike species
is an indication of the health of the ecosystem
more generally. The more natural fall-winterspring drawdown of Lake Ontario levels with Plan
2014 would benefit the environment for muskrat
overwintering survival and northern pike access
to spawning habitat in the spring. Environmental
44
scientists and organizations that responded during

the IJCs 2013 public hearings supported these
findings, though in some cases they expressed
concern that the implementation of a new plan was
taking years and that Plan 2014 ceded some of the
environmental benefits attributed to Plans B+ and
Bv7.
The U.S. Department of Interior, the USEPA,
Conservation Ontario, and many environmental
non-governmental organizations in New York,
Ontario and Quebec that responded during the
2013 hearings supported Plan 2014 because of its
environmental benefits. Many of these respondents
noted the finding from IJC studies that past
regulation of Lake Ontario levels has caused the
loss of wetland plant diversity. Even some residents
of Lake Ontarios south shore said during the 2013
hearings that they had personally observed this
Figure 21
Plan 2014 Would Help Several Species of At-risk Birds
Black Tern
Least Bittern
King Rail
Regulation of Lake Ontario levels since 1960 has greatly reduced the variability of water levels, and for over 50 years, that has
affected natural life along the coastal zone of the lake. Plan 2014 would restore enough of the natural variability to make significant
improvements to the environment while protecting most of the benefits to riparians along the Lake Ontario shorelines.
Ecosystem performance indicators associated with particular species, such as the three at-risk bird species shown here, often have
broader significance because they are applicable to many species with the same habitat requirements.
impact over the decades they had lived there. In

addition to confirming the scientific assessment of
the relationship between water level patterns and
wetland health, several thousand expressions of
support for a regulation plan that addressed the
environment were received by the IJC, documenting
the public interest in ecosystem health.
The restoration of more natural water level regimes
in Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River is not
a traditional wetland restoration project, which
typically includes harvesting and planting, physical
transformations of the wetlands, or cleanup of
pollutants. Nonetheless, as the USEPA noted, Plan
2014 will increase the diversity and functioning
of 64,000 acres of coastal wetlands by allowing
hydrologic conditions to support native wetland
plant seed germination and growth(USEPA, 2013).
Focusing on scale alone, there are few wetland
restoration projects in the history of such projects
in North America that have affected as large an
area. By comparison, the Everglades Restoration is
much larger, costing billions of dollars and affecting
millions of acres, but is considered the largest
ecosystem restoration project in the world. Napa

Sonoma Marsh Restoration project in California,
when completed, is expected to restore as many
as 10,000 acres at a cost of $55 million (2004 U.S.
dollars) USACE, 2004). The Emiquon Floodplain
Restoration on the Illinois River, near Peoria, Illinois,
will restore about 5,400 acres at a cost of over $13
million (USACE, 2014).
Ecosystem Effects of Plan 2014 on the Lower
St. Lawrence River
As shown in Table 1, there are no significant
differences to ecosystems on the lower river among
the various regulation plans. The relationship
between releases from the Moses-Saunders dam
and each lower river ecosystem performance
indicator is different. Factors such as mean water
depth or levels, mean current velocity and water
level decrease over certain parts of the year are
important drivers of many of these indicators.
However, the changes from the Plan 1958DD
release patterns to Plan 2014 patterns were not
enough to make a significant difference to the
45
lower river ecosystem given the defined sensitivity

of the indicators to changes in those parameters.
Variability of the flows from the Ottawa River and
other tributaries dampen the effects of the release
patterns at the Moses-Saunders dam. The spaghetti
graphs of Lake St. Louis in Figure 22 (for Plan
1958DD) and Figure 23 (for Plan 2014) show how
little the river levels change between the two plans.
River levels downstream of Lake St. Louis are even
less affected by the change in plans.
To conclude, the IJC finds that:
robust coastal ecosystems are in the interests of

both countries;
the existing regulation plan has harmed and

continues to harm those ecosystems; and,
Plan 2014 would address much, though not all, of

this damage over time.
The IJC, therefore, believes that Plan 2014 should be

implemented as quickly as possible.
Figure 22
Lake St. Louis Levels, Plan 1958DD, Historical Supplies
Level
Feet
23.1
75.8
22.8
74.8
22.5
73.8
22.2
72.8
21.9
71.9
21.6
70.9
21.3
69.9
21.0
68.9
20.7
67.9
20.4
66.9
Level (m, IGLD 1985)
Level
Meters
65.9
20.1
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
quarter month
46
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Figure 23
Lake St. Louis Levels, Plan 2014, Historical Supplies
Level
Feet
23.1
75.8
22.8
74.8
22.5
73.8
22.2
72.8
21.9
71.9
21.6
70.9
21.3
69.9
21.0
68.9
20.7
67.9
20.4
66.9
Level (m, IGLD 1985)
Level
Meters
65.9
20.1
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
quarter month
4.6 Recreational Boating

The recreational boating interest includes pleasure
boating and fishing, marinas and the commercial
cruise ship industry. Lake Ontario and the St.
Lawrence River support a large recreational boating
and sport fishing industry. Analysis undertaken
for the IJCs Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River
Study found that recreational boaters in the U.S.
and Canada spent an estimated $430 million on
boating-related trips taken on Lake Ontario and the
St. Lawrence River in 2002.

Compared to Plan 1958DD, Plan 2014 would reduce
average recreational boating benefits on Lake
25
Ontario and the river upstream of Ogdensburg,

NY and increase them on Lake St. Lawrence and
the river below the dam (see summary in Table
2). However, Plan 2014 did receive some support
from many boaters upstream of Ogdensburg. Field
studies and statements during public meetings and
hearings suggest that there are two reasons for this
upstream support.
Firstly, in most years, upstream boaters would
prefer Plan 2014 because of the higher water levels
later in the autumn, which would extend their
boating season. The tradeoff is that there also
would be summers in which Lake Ontario levels
were noticeably and more naturally lower, which
allows the re-establishment of meadow marsh
vegetation at lower shore elevations. Those low lake
level summers would be relatively rare. In terms of
economic impacts, the adverse effects of the bad
Based on Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Recreational Boating and Tourism Technical Work Group Report (IJC, 2006g).
47
summers would be slightly greater than the benefits

enjoyed in the good summers and fall, largely
because there are more boaters in the summer.
are outside this range more than 30% of the time.

However, many boaters have dockage better suited
to a wide range of water levels and would not be
as affected by the occasional low summer levels
caused by Plan 2014.
Secondly, it is important to note that despite the

negative impacts, many upstream boaters will not
be affected during the low summers. The negative
economic impacts result in part from the fact that
some docks are so shallow that they are unusable
even when Lake Ontario is at average water levels.
In fact, the range of lake levels with no impact on
boaters is significantly narrower than the fourfoot range referenced by south shore (Figure 24).
Boaters who participated in plan formulation and
evaluation exercises asked plan formulators to
minimize the frequency, severity and duration of
water levels on Lake Ontario below 74.74 m
(245.2 ft) or above 75.35 m (247.2 ft) from April 15th
through to October 15th. Under Plan 1958DD, levels
4.7 Protection of Other Benefits to the

Interests
Some benefits to interests are provided in an ad
hoc manner now under Plan 1958DD. However, the
balance among interests would be more assured
and predictable under Plan 2014 than under
Plan 1958DD. The performance estimates in this
report for Plan 1958DD are modeled in part on the
judgments that the Board of Control has applied
when it deviated from the prescriptive rules of Plan
1958-D. However, changes in the membership of
the Board could result in different judgments.
Figure 24
Preferred Lake Ontario Water Level Ranges of Recreational Boating Interests
76.1
Graphs showing
the distribution
of Lake Ontario
water elevations
for three plans
from the second
half of April
through the first
half of November.
76
75.9
75.9
75.8
75.8
75.7
75.7
75.6
75.6
75.5
75.5
75.4
75.4
75.3
75.3
75.3
75.2
75.2
75.2
75.1
75.1
75.9
75.8
75.7
75.6
75.5
Lake Ontario Level (m)
76.1
76.1
76
76
75.4
75.1
75
74.9
74.8
Natural/E
76.18m
73.88m
74.7
74.6
74.5
Highest and
lowest
elevations
for each plan
74.8
74.7
74.6
74.4
74.3
74.3
74.2
74.2
74.1
74.1
0%
5%
10%
15%
1958DD
75.68m
73.92m
74.9
74.8
74.7
74.6
20%
Frequency
0%
2014
75.74m
73.72m
4 ft. range
75.38m
74.16m
74.5
74.5
74.4
Preferred
Boating
Range
75.35m
74.4m
75
75
74.9
Boaters preferred range of

Lake Ontario levels is
narrow, roughly the upper
half of the four foot range.
Boating expanded during
the 70s, 80s and 90s when
water levels were high.
Historical
1958DD levels
are between
74.2m and
74.3m 2% of
the time
5%
10%
15%
Frequency
20%
74.4
74.3
74.2
74.1
0%
Modeled using historical water supplies

Levels are for the boating season only
5%
10%
15%
20%
Frequency
This graph shows the frequency of water levels in 10 cm (4 in) bands for three regulation plans using the historical water supplies.
The 1.22 m (4 ft) range of the 1956 Order and the range of levels preferred by boaters are superimposed. The preferred range
was provided by boaters and verified in a study of dock depths and the drafts of registered boats undertaken for the Study Board
(Connelly et al., 2005). The most common depths under Plan 1958DD are within the preferred boating range, though 1958DD levels
are below the range about 20% of the time. The most common 2014 depths straddle the lower edge of the range boaters prefer. Not
all boats are kept in shallow docks.
Plan 2014 received some support from boaters because it generally provides greater Lake Ontario and upper river depths in the fall,
extending the boating season.
48
The Board of Control sometimes must address

inherent potential for conflict. For example:
in times of high supply, releases to reduce high
Lake Ontario levels could cause flood damages

downstream, especially during the spring freshet
when flows from the Ottawa River and other
downstream tributaries are also high; and,
in times of low supply, increased releases to
maintain adequate downstream levels for water

intakes and ships using the Seaway or the Port of
Montreal could adversely affect levels for boating
and navigation above the dam.
By some estimates, about half of the weekly releases

include deviations made by the Board of Control.
As a result, these deviations are a key part of the
performance of Plan 1958DD. For example, based
on simulations using the historical supplies, the
maximum Lake Ontario level under Plan 1958-D (no
deviations) would be 77.07 m (252.85 ft). Modeled
deviations from the rules of 1958-D reduce that to
75.68 m (248.29 ft). If a future Board negotiated
deviations differently or future IJC Commissioners
made different determinations about whether to
invoke criterion k, then future results could vary
considerably under the existing Order and plan.
By contrast, the results from Plan 2014 would
be inherently more predictable. Plan rules were
designed around a longer supply record with a
much wider range of supplies than those used in
the 1950s to design Plan 1958-D. Consequently, the
written rules can be used much more frequently,
perhaps in more than 90% of future decisions.
Under Plan 2014, the maximum level of Lake Ontario
using the historical supplies would be the same with
or without deviations.
Table 2 indicates, that on the whole, Plan 2014

would maintain the balance struck under the
1956 Order and 1958DD. Effects on municipal and
industrial water intakes are the same under both
plans (that is, $0 net difference). There is a slight
shift in recreational boating benefits from above to
below the dam, primarily because of the modeled
tradeoff between typically higher autumn and
the occasional low summer levels induced by Plan
2014, which would create, on average, about 5% less
recreational opportunities above the dam and 5%
more below the dam. Overall, impacts to navigation
are neutral.
Under the existing plan, if Lake Ontario levels get
very high or very low and the IJC wants to trigger
a major deviation so as to provide relief to affected
interests, then it first must determine, on the advice
of its Board of Control, whether the current supplies
fall outside the range of past supplies. Under the
Order for Plan 2014, no action by the IJC would be
needed for the Board to act. When Lake Ontario
levels hit the high-trigger levels, the Board would
deviate from the Plan as needed to protect riparians
upstream and downstream, and when the Lake
levels hit the low triggers, the Board would deviate
to protect municipal water intakes, navigation and
hydropower production.
4.8 Summary of Effects of Plan 2014 on

the Uses and Interests
Table 5 presents a summary of the effects of Plan
2014, compared to the current Plan 1958DD, on
each of the uses and interests.
49
Table 5
Summary of Effects of Plan 2014 on the Uses and Interests
Uses/Interests
Effects of Plan 2014
Municipal and Industrial Water Use
Overall, no difference in economic effects between the two plans

With low water levels:
no net effect on Lake Ontario water treatment plants
no change in frequency and magnitude of effects on St.
Lawrence River municipal water suppliers during long
droughts
With high water levels:
most water supply and treatment plants not vulnerable
septic tanks in some rural New York state areas along the
lakes shoreline would continue to be vulnerable to flooding
and erosion under any regulation plan
50
Commercial Navigation
Overall, no difference in economic effects between the two plans

No change in frequency of low levels on the St. Lawrence River at
Montreal
Lower levels several months per century would force some ships
(mainly those that operate only on Lake Ontario) to carry lighter
loads
Slightly fewer draft restrictions due to low levels for ships
transiting the route from Lake Ontario to Montreal
Allows for safer currents
Provides greater predictability/certainty of benefits
Provides flexibility to improve operations on an ongoing basis
Hydropower Generation
Increases hydropower energy generation slightly

Provides slightly more stable and predictable releases, allowing
for more effective scheduling of maintenance
Coastal Development
Provides riparians on the upper and lower river essentially the

same level of protection
Results in a small reduction of benefits to riparians on Lake
Ontario in the form of increased costs of maintaining shoreline
protection structures
No change in risks of serious damage to shoreline property from
water levels outside historical levels
Ecosystems
Helps restores ecosystem diversity and function of coastal

wetlands along Lake Ontario due to more natural water level
regimes and cycles
5. The Role of Adaptive Management

Adaptive management is an ongoing planning
process that can improve actions through long-term
monitoring, modeling and assessment a learning
by doing approach that compares actual and
predicted results. Through adaptive management,
decisions can be reviewed and adjusted as new
information and knowledge become available or as
conditions change.
research was explicitly designed and organized to
The 2012 Protocol amending the Canada-United

States Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
(Governments of Canada and the United States,
2012) noted the role of adaptive management.
The Protocol confirmed adaptive management as
a guiding principle and approach for the Parties
in working towards the goals of the Agreement.
The Parties also committed to using adaptive
management as a framework for organizing science
to provide and monitor the effectiveness of sciencebased management options.
research and models were saved so as to be more
The IJC concludes that adaptive management is

a cost-effective way to improve the outcomes of
Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River level regulation.
Adaptive management can provide an objective
measure of how well a plan is meeting its goals,
replacing the current ad hoc approach to regulation
plan improvement. It can focus basin research on
the issues of particular importance to the interests.
designed the research and modeling approach
of that study to facilitate adaptation of new
information. For example:
quantitative analyses were done to identify the
address the objectives for regulation developed

by the Study Board in consultation with the
public;
the evaluation models used by the Study Board

were designed to be both comprehensive and
easy to use and adapt; and,
easily accessible to future users.
There were concerns raised during the 2013 public

hearings on Plan 2014 that adaptive management
could lead to changes in the regulation plan that
were not considered and reviewed by stakeholders.
The IJC appreciates these concerns but confirms
that this will not be the case. While adaptive
management is expected to more effectively
produce suggestions for changes in the regulation
plan, the process for implementing a revision to
the plan would not change. The IJC intends to
maintain its extensive consultations with the federal
governments as Parties to the Treaty, with the state
of New York and provinces of Ontario and Quebec,
and with industry, shoreline stakeholders, and the
public at large. Proposed changes to the regulation
rules in Plan 2014 would be widely publicized and
any significant changes would require a public
review process, as is the case now.
Annex E provides more details on the role of
adaptive management as an important tool
for improving the outcomes of Lake Ontario-St.
Lawrence River regulation.
issues where advances in knowledge, such as

better long-term weather forecasting, would likely
improve outcomes from Lake Ontario regulation;
51
6. Summary
River and Lake Ontario is needed.
The IJC finds that the regulation of water levels and
flows in the St. Lawrence River in accordance with
the 1952 and 1956 Orders of Approval has damaged
ecosystems along the shores of Lake Ontario and
St. Lawrence River over the last 50 years. Under
likely future water level and climate conditions,
further damage to coastal ecosystems and shoreline
property can be expected.
The IJC acknowledges that the effects of the
regulation of water flows and lake levels on
ecosystems were not fully understood in the
development of the existing Order of Approval and
regulation plan. However, the IJC finds that these
effects should now be considered.
Compared to the existing regulation plan for Lake

Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, Plan 2014 would:

domestic water uses;

navigation;
increase, by a small amount, the generation of
hydropower at the Moses-Saunders dam and the

Hydro-Quebec facilities on the St. Lawrence River;
provide riparians on the upper and lower river

essentially the same level of protection;
result in a small reduction of benefits to riparians

on Lake Ontario, in the form of increased costs of
maintaining shoreline protection structures;
work to restore the natural environment of Lake
Ontario and the St. Lawrence River that supports

wetlands, birds, amphibians, fish, and small
mammals;
The IJC must act on this finding, and is therefore

seeking the concurrence of the Governments of
the United States and Canada that Plan 2014 be
have a mixed effect on recreational boating
Plan 2014 would respect the order of precedence

of uses specified in the Boundary Waters Treaty of
1909, while protecting interests that may be harmed
by regulation.
In addition, some of the benefits now enjoyed

by domestic water, navigation, hydropower and
riparians on the St. Lawrence River are the result of
ad hoc, discretionary decisions by the International
St. Lawrence River Board of Control. Plan 2014
would make these benefits more assured and
predictable, by removing the discretionary aspect of
many of these decisions and formally making them
part of the Plans regulation rules.
interests; and,
provide essentially the same benefits downstream

of the dam as does the current regulation regime.
The implementation of Plan 2014 would produce

a substantial improvement in coastal ecosystem
health while preserving most of the benefits
currently enjoyed by riparians along the shoreline
of Lake Ontario. The IJC does not control coastal
property management, but will support, when
requested, efforts to reduce the vulnerability
of coastal structures. In this regard, adaptive
management can play a helpful role.
52
Annex A
Proposed Regulation Conditions Adaptive
International Joint Commission Order of
Approval for Lake Ontario St. Lawrence
River
Note: All elevations use the 1985 International Great
Lakes Datum and metric system of measurement.
A1. Regulation conditions

A. All interests on either side of the International
Boundary which are injured by reason of the
construction, maintenance and operation of
the works shall be given suitable and adequate
protection and indemnity in accordance with
the laws in Canada or the Constitution and
laws in the United States respectively, and in
accordance with the requirements of Article VIII
of the Treaty.
B. The works shall be so planned, located,
constructed, maintained and operated as not to
conflict with or restrain uses of the waters of the
St. Lawrence River for purposes given preference
over uses of water for power purposes by the
Treaty, namely, uses for domestic and sanitary
purposes and uses for navigation, including the
service of canals for the purpose of navigation,
and shall be so planned, located, constructed,
maintained and operated as to give effect to the
provisions of this Order.
C. The works shall be constructed, maintained and
operated in such manner as to safeguard the
rights and lawful interests of other engaged or
to be engaged in the development of power in
the St. Lawrence River below the International
Rapids Section.
D. The works shall be so designed, constructed,
maintained and operated as to safeguard so far
as possible the rights of all interests affected by
the levels of the St. Lawrence River upstream
from the Iroquois regulatory structure and
by the levels of Lake Ontario and the lower
Niagara River; and any change in levels resulting
from the works which injuriously affects such
rights shall be subject to the requirements
of paragraph A relating to protection and
indemnification.
E. The hydro-electric plants approved by this Order

shall not be subjected to operating rules and
procedures more rigorous than are necessary
to comply with the provisions of the foregoing
paragraphs B, C and D.
F. Before Ontario Power Generation or any
successor make any changes to any part of
the works, it shall submit to the Government
of Canada, and before the New York Power
Authority makes any changes to any part of the
works, it shall submit to the Government of the
United States, for approval in writing, detailed
plans and specifications of that part of the
works located in their respective countries and
details of the program of construction thereof
or such details of such plans and specifications
or programs of construction relating thereto
as the respective governments may require.
Following the approval of any plan, specification
or program, if Ontario Power Generation or the
New York Power Authority wishes to make any
change therein, it shall first submit the changed
plan, specification or program for approval in a
like manner
G. A Board to be known as the International Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River Board (hereinafter
referred to as the Board) consisting of an
equal number of members from Canada and
the United States, shall be established by the
Commission. The Board shall include but is not
limited to at least one member each nominated
by the State of New York, the Province of
Quebec, the Province of Ontario, and the United
States and Canadian federal governments.
The duties of the Board shall be to execute
the instructions of the Commission as issued
from time to time with respect to this Order.
The duties of the Board shall be to ensure that
the provisions of the Order relating to water
levels and the regulation of the discharge of
water from Lake Ontario and the flow of water
through the International Rapids Section as
herein set out are complied with, and Ontario
Power Generation and the New York Power
Authority shall duly observe any direction
53
given them by the Board for the purpose of

ensuring such compliance. The Board shall
report to the Commission at such times as
the Commission may determine. In the event
of any disagreement among the members of
the Board which they are unable to resolve,
the matter shall be referred by them to the
Commission. The Board may, at any time, make
representations to the Commission in regard to
any matter affecting or arising out of the terms
of the Order with respect to water levels and the
regulation of discharges and flows.
H. The discharge of water from Lake Ontario and
the flow of water through the International
Rapids Section shall be regulated to meet the
requirements of conditions B, C, and D hereof
and shall be regulated within a range of levels
as specified in the below listed criteria, as nearly
as may be, and following the Commissions
directive(s). The project works shall be operated
in such a manner as to provide no less protection
for navigation and riparian interests downstream
than would have occurred under pre-project
conditions and with the 1900 to 2008 adjusted
supplies and conditions specified in the basis of
comparison. The Commission will indicate in an
appropriate fashion, as the occasion may require,
the inter-relationship of the criteria, the range of
elevations and the other requirements.

54
H1. The regulated outflow from Lake Ontario

shall be such as not to increase the
frequency of low levels or reduce the
minimum level of Montreal Harbour below
those listed in the table below which
would have occurred with the 1900 to
2008 adjusted supplies and conditions
(hereinafter called the supplies of the
past as adjusted) that are defined in
the document Basis of Comparison
Conditions for Lake Ontario St. Lawrence
River Regulation .
Montreal Jetty #1
Level IGLD
meters
feet
Number of quarter-months
in 1900-2008 below level
5.55
18.21
811
5.50
18.21
679
5.40
17.72
366
5.30
17.39
153
5.20
17.06
83
5.10
16.73
45
5.00
16.40
15
4.90
16.08
4.80
15.75
4.70
15.42
minimum

shall be such as not to increase the
frequency of low levels or reduce the
minimum level of Lake St. Louis below those
listed in the table below which would have
occurred with the supplies of the past as
adjusted.
Lake St. Louis at Pointe Claire
Level IGLD
meters
feet
in 1900-2008 below level
20.70
67.01
735
20.60
67.58
161
20.50
67.26
87
20.40
66.93
21
20.30
66.6
20.20
66.27
20.10
65.94
20.10
65.94
minimum

shall be such that the frequencies of
occurrence of high water levels on Lake
St. Louis as measured at the Pointe Claire
gauge are not greater than those listed
below with supplies of the past as adjusted.
Level IGLD
Meters
Feet
22.50
73.82
22.40
73.49
22.33
73.26
15
22.20
72.83
51
22.10
72.51
97
22.00
72.18
221
22.48
73.75
maximum
H5. The regulated winter outflows from Lake

Ontario shall be maintained so that the
difficulties of river ice management for
winter power operation are minimized in
the International Rapids Section of the St.
Lawrence River and the outlet of Lake St.
Francis.
H6. Under regulation, the frequency of

occurrences of monthly mean elevations
of approximately 75.07 meters (m), 246.3
feet (ft) IGLD 1985 and higher on Lake
Ontario shall not be greater than would
have occurred with supplies of the past as
adjusted and with pre-project conditions.
H7. The regulated monthly mean water levels

of Lake Ontario, with supplies of the past as
adjusted shall not be less than the following
elevations (IGLD 1985) in the corresponding
months.
in 1900-2008 above level
Lake Ontario
Level IGLD
H4. The regulated monthly mean level of Lake

Ontario shall not exceed the following
elevations (IGLD85) in the corresponding
months with the supplies of the past as
adjusted.
Lake Ontario
Level IGLD
month
(m)
(ft)
January
73.56
241.34
February
73.62
241.54
March
73.78
242.06
April
73.97
242.68
May
74.22
243.50
June
74.27
243.67
month
(m)
(ft)
July
74.26
243.64
January
75.26
246.92
August
74.15
243.27
February
75.37
247.28
September
74.04
242.91
March
75.33
247.15
October
73.83
242.22
April
75.60
248.03
November
73.67
241.70
May
75.73
248.46
December
73.57
241.37
June
75.69
248.33
July
75.63
248.13
August
75.49
247.67
September
75.24
246.85
October
75.25
246.88
November
75.18
246.65
December
75.23
246.82
H8. Consistent with other requirements,

the outflow from Lake Ontario shall be
regulated so as to maintain adequate levels
for navigation in the Montreal to Lake
Ontario section of the St. Lawrence River.
55
56
H9. Consistent with other requirements, the

maximum regulated outflow from Lake
Ontario shall be maintained as low as
possible to maintain safe velocities for
Seaway navigation and to minimize spill
at the hydropower facilities in the St.
Lawrence River.

minimum regulated monthly outflow
from Lake Ontario shall be such as to
secure the maximum dependable flow for
power.

levels of Lake Ontario shall be regulated
for the benefit of property owners on
the shores of Lake Ontario in the United
States and Canada so as to reduce
extremes of stage which have occurred
under pre-project conditions and
supplies of the past as adjusted on Lake
Ontario.

regulated so as to enhance biodiversity
and the resiliency of wetlands on Lake
Ontario and on the St. Lawrence River.

regulated so as to benefit recreational
boating on Lake Ontario and on the St.
Lawrence River.
H14. In the event that Lake Ontario water

levels reach or exceed extremely high
levels, the works in the International
Rapids Section shall be operated to
provide all possible relief to the riparian
owners upstream and downstream.
In the event that Lake Ontario levels
reach or fall below extremely low levels
the works in the International Rapids
Section shall be operated to provide
all possible relief to municipal water
intakes, navigation and power purposes,
upstream and downstream. The high
and low water levels at which this
provision applies will be established by a
Commission directive to the Board.
The Commission shall approve a plan of regulation,

and associated operational guides and issue
directives for the discharge of water from Lake
Ontario and its flow through the International
Rapids Section of the St Lawrence River that
satisfy the criteria and conditions of this Order
with criterion H14 governing principles of relief,
should extreme levels be experienced. The flow of
water through the International Rapids Section of
the St Lawrence River in any period shall equal the
discharge of water from Lake Ontario as determined
for that period.
The Commissions directives to the Board shall make
provision for peaking and ponding operations and
for deviations from the plan of regulation to address
such matters as winter operations, emergencies and
other special short-term situations.
Subject to the requirements of conditions B, C and D
hereof, and of the range of levels, and criteria, above
written, the Board, after obtaining the approval
of the Commission, may temporarily modify or
change the restrictions as to the discharge of water
from Lake Ontario and the flow of water through
the International Rapids Section for the purpose
of determining what modifications or changes in
the plan of regulation may be advisable. The Board
shall report to the Commission the results of such
experiments, together with its recommendations
as to any changes or modifications in the plan of
regulation. When the plan of regulation has been
improved so as best to meet the requirements of
all interests, within the range of levels and criteria
above defined, the Commission will recommend to
the two governments that it be implemented and, if
the two governments thereafter agrees, such plan of
regulation shall be given effect as if contained in this
Order. Should there be a change to the approved
regulation plan, then the Commission will consult
with governments as appropriate.
I. The works shall be operated so that the forebay
water level at the power houses does not
exceed a maximum instantaneous elevation of
74.48 m (244.36 feet).
J. Ontario Power Generation and the New York

Power Authority, and any successor entities, shall
maintain and supply for the information of the
Board accurate records relating to water levels
and the discharge of water through the works
and the regulation of the flow of water through
the International Rapids Section as the Board
may determine to be suitable and necessary,
and shall install and maintain such gauges, carry
out such measurements, and perform such
other services as the Board may deem necessary
for these purposes.
K. The installation, maintenance, operation and
removal of the ice booms in the St. Lawrence
River by Ontario Power Generation and the New
York Power Authority, and any successor entities,
are subject t o the following:
1. Any significant modifications in the design
or location of the booms shall require the
approval of the Commission;
A2. Definitions:
1. St. Lawrence River the section of the St.
Lawrence River that is affected by flow
regulation, which stretches from Lake Ontario to
the outlet of Lake St. Pierre.
2. International Rapids Section - the section of
the St. Lawrence River that prior to the project
was characterized by series of rapids from
Ogdensburg, NY- Prescott, ON to Cornwall,
ON Massena, NY.
3. Pre-project conditions the hydraulic channel
characteristics that existed in the Galops
Rapids Section of the St. Lawrence River as of
March 1955 that formed the control section
for Lake Ontario outflows prior to the project.
This is defined by a stage-discharge capacity
relationship for this condition that also accounts
for the effects of glacial isostatic adjustment.
2. The placement and removal of ice booms

shall be timed so as not to interfere with the
requirements of navigation; and
3. The St. Lawrence Seaway Management
Corporation and the St. Lawrence Seaway
Development Corporation, and any
successor entities, shall be kept informed of
all such operations.
L. The Board shall report to the Commission as of
31 December each year on the effect, if any, of
the operation of the down-stream hydro-electric
power plants and related structures on the
tail-water elevations at the hydro-electric power
plants approved by this Order.
No later than 15 years after the effective date of this
Order,and periodically thereafter, the Commission
will conduct a review of the results of regulation
under this Order. This review will be to assess
the extent to which the results predicted by the
research and models used to develop any approved
regulation plan occurred as expected, consistent
with the adaptive management plan. The review
will be based upon the information available at the
time of the review and may provide the basis for
possible changes to the regulation of water levels
and flows.
57
Annex B
Lake Ontario St. Lawrence Plan 2014
Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence Plan 2014 is the
combination of the mechanistic release rules
labeled Bv7 together with discretionary decisions
made by the International Lake Ontario - St.
Lawrence River Board to deviate from the flows
specified by the release rules Bv7 according to the
Directive on Operational Adjustments, Deviations
and Extreme Conditions. In that regard, Bv7 is
analogous to Plan 1958-D. Each is a set of functions
that can be programmed to produce a release based
on established categories of input conditions such
as current water levels. The following is a technical
description of the Bv7 algorithm or release rules.
B1. Technical Description of Plan Bv7

Release Rules
B1.1 Objectives
The objective of the Bv7 release rules is to return the
Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River System to a more
natural hydrological regime, while limiting impacts
to other interests. Bv7 rules build on the B+ rules
developed during the International Lake Ontario St. Lawrence River Study. Bv7 differs from B+ in
that it includes additional rules to maintain
navigation and flood reduction benefits on the
lower St. Lawrence River (Lake St. Louis to Lake
St. Pierre) and adjustments to the B+ rules to
balance Lake Ontario and lower river levels. Bv7
maintains most of the benefits of the current
regulation regime because the range of levels and
flows that Bv7 produces are closer to the current
regulation regime than to unregulated conditions.
B1.2 Goals
The goals of the rules are to:
Maintain more natural seasonal level and flow

hydrographs on the lake and river;
Provide stable lak e releases;
Maintain benefits to coastal interests as much

as possible while enhancing environmental
conditions;
Maintain benefits to recreational boating as
much as possible while enhancing environmental

conditions;
Obtain inter-annual highs and lows required for

healthy vegetation habitats;
Enhance diversity, productivity, and sustainability

of species sensitive to water level fluctuations;
Provide flood and low water protection to the
lower St. Lawrence River comparable to Plan 1958D with Deviations; and,
Maintain benefits as much as possible for
municipal water intakes, commercial navigation

and hydropower interests while taking other
interests into account.
Bv7 uses short-term forecasts and a longer-term

index of water supplies in conjunction with the preproject stage-discharge relationship to determine
lake releases. Rules are included to reduce the
risk of flooding on the lake and river. Flow limits
are applied to prevent river flows from falling too
low, facilitate stable river ice formation, provide
acceptable navigation conditions, provide safe
operating conditions for control structures, and
ensure controlled week-to-week changes in flows.
B2. Approach
B2.1 Rule Curves
Lake releases are primarily a function of a sliding
rule curve based on the pre-project stage-discharge
relationship adjusted to recent long-term supply
conditions. The open-water pre-project stagedischarge relationship, in units of cubic meters per
second (m3/s) is:
Pre-project release = 555.823(Lake Ontario level 0.035-69.474)1.5
In the equation above, the 0.035 meter term adjusts
the Lake Ontario level (referenced to IGLD 1985)
58
for differential crustal movement fixed to the year

201026. The pre-project relationship is that from
Caldwell and Fay (2002), but here the ice retardation
effect is not considered.
lake releases are increased. As supplies trend below

normal, lake releases are decreased.
For supplies above normal (the index is greater
than or equal to 7,011 m3/s), the lake release is
determined by:
The flow computed with this equation is then

adjusted depending on the recent supply
conditions. As water supplies trend above normal,
Table B1.
Bv7 Rule Curve Parameter Values based on Historical Supplies

Climate
A_NTSmax
A_NTSavg
A_NTSmin
Historical (1900-2000)
8552 m3/s
7011 m3/s
5717 m3/s
The rule curve parameters should be updated periodically to account for climate change.
For supplies below normal (the index is less than

7,011 m3/s), the lake release is determined by:
The flow is further reduced by 200 m3/s if the

52 week (48 quarter-month) running lake level
mean is less than or equal to 74.6 m IGLD 1985.
Variability of releases from one week (or quartermonth) to the next is smoothed by taking the
average of short-term forecasts27 of releases four
weeks (or quarter-months) into the future:
In the equation above, F_NTS is a supply index

based on the net total supply for the past 52 weeks
(48 quarter-months), and A_NTS represents the
maximum, minimum and average statistics of the
annual net total supply series. The constants C1 and
C2 determine the rate of flow adjustment to the
pre-project release. C1 is further dependent on
the long-term trend in supplies. If the categorical
long-term trend indicator is 1 (demonstrating above
normal supplies; that is, when the current supply
value exceeds 7,237 m3/s) and the confidence
indicator is 3 (indicating high confidence in extreme
supplies; that is, when the current supply value
exceeds 7,426 m3/s), then C1 is set to 2,600 m3/s,
otherwise it is equal to 2,200 m3/s. The value of
C2 is 600 m3/s. The exponents P1 and P2 serve to
accelerate or decelerate the rate of flow adjustment.
The values of P1 and P2 are 0.9 and 1.0, respectively.
26
27
This averaging also has the impact of accelerating

releases during periods of rising lake levels (typically
spring), and decelerating releases during periods of
falling lake levels (typically fall). Sensitivity analysis
indicated that forecasts four quarter-months into
the future were optimal.
Bv7 also has a rule to reduce the risk of Lake Ontario
and St. Lawrence River flooding in the following
spring and summer. If the level of Lake Ontario is
relatively high, then it adds to the rule curve flow
to reduce the level of Lake Ontario in the fall. It
lowers otherwise high Lake Ontario by the onset
of winter, thus preparing for spring and making
temporary lake storage available for reduced flows
during the Ottawa River freshet. It also provides
T he year 2010 was selected by the ILOSLRS Plan Formulation and Evaluation Group to compare what pre-project conditions would be near the
completion of the Study. The year should be fixed as otherwise there would be a gradual increase in the lake level due to the continual adjustment
for glacial isostatic uplift of the lakes outlet.
See Lee (2004) for the derivation of the forecast algorithms
59
some benefit (relative to the Natural Plan) to

the lower river muskrats by reducing winter den
flooding. The rule strives to lower Lake Ontario to
74.8 m by January 1 whenever Lake Ontario level is
above 74.8 m at the beginning of September. The
rule curve flow is linearly increased by the amount
needed to eliminate the storage on the lake above
74.8 m over the remaining time before January 1. A
check is made to ensure that the adjusted flow for
the first week of September does not exceed that
of the last week in August to prevent falling levels
affecting Lake St. Lawrence recreational boaters
through the Labor Day weekend. The adjusted flow
is constrained by the L Limits.
B2.2 Flow Limits

Several flow limits, adapted from previous plan
development, are used in Bv7. If the rule curve flow
(described above) falls outside of these limits, then
the lowest of the maxima, or the minimum limit, as
applicable, constrains the rule curve flow.
J Limit maximum change in flow from one week

(or quarter-month) to the next unless another
limit takes precedence. Flows are permitted to
increase or decrease by up to 700 m3/s. If the lake
is above 75.2 m, and ice is not forming, then the
flow may increase by up to 1,420 m3/s from one
week (or quarter-month) to the next.
M Limit minimum limit flows t o balance low
levels of Lake Ontario and Lake St. Louis primarily

for Seaway navigation interests. This limit uses a
one week (or quarter-month) forecast of Ottawa
River and local tributary flows to estimate the
inflows to Lake St. Louis, other than those from
28
60
Lake Ontario. In actual operation, the flow will

be adjusted from day-to-day to maintain the
level of Lake St. Louis above the applicable level
determined by the Lake Ontario stage.
I Limit maximum flows for ice formation and
stability.28 During ice cover formation, either

downstream on the Beauharnois Canal or on the
critical portions of the International Section, the
maximum flow is 6,230 m3/s. Once a complete
ice cover has formed on the key sections of the
river, the winter flow constraint prevents the river
level at Long Sault from falling lower than 71.8 m.
(Note the J limit also applies.) This limit may apply
in the non-Seaway season whether ice is present
or not. This flow limit is calculated using the
stage-fall discharge equation for Kingston-Long
Sault, which includes an ice roughness parameter
that must be forecast for the coming period.
This limit prevents low levels that might impact
municipal water intakes on Lake St. Lawrence, and
also acts to limit the shear stress on the ice cover
and maintain stability of the ice cover. The I limit
also limits the maximum flow with an ice cover
present in the Beauharnois and/or international
channels to no more than 9,430 m3/s.
L Limit maximum flows to maintain adequate
levels and safe velocities for navigation in the

International Section of the river (navigation
season) and the overall maximum flow limit (nonnavigation season). Maximum releases are limited
to 10,700 m3/s if the Lake Ontario level should rise
above 76.0 m during the navigation season and
11,500 m3/s during the non-navigation season.
Managing flows during ice formation on the Beauharnois Canal and upstream is paramount, since a restriction caused by a build-up of rough ice in
the Beauharnois Canal or upper river can constrain outflows the remainder of the winter which may, in some cases, exacerbate high Lake Ontario
levels. During ice formation, operation of the Iroquois Dam must be done in consideration of ice conditions on Lake St. Lawrence.
Table B2.
M Limits as used in Plan Bv7.

Lake Ontario level
(m, IGLD 1985)
Total Flow from Lake St. Louis

(m3/s)
Approximate Corresponding Lake St.

Louis level at Pointe Claire
(m IGLD 1985)
> 74.2
> 74.1 and 74.2
> 74.0 and 74.1
> 73.6 and 74.0
73.6
6,800
6,500
6,200
6,100
Minimum of 5,770 or
pre-project flow
20.64
20.54
20.43
20.39
20.27 or less
Table B3.
L Limits as used in Plan Bv7.

Lake Ontario level (m, IGLD 1985)
L Limit Flow (m3/s)
For Seaway navigation season

(i.e. quarter-months 13-47):
74.22
> 74.22 and 74.34
> 74.34 and 74.54
> 74.54 and 74.70
> 74.70 and 75.13
> 75.13 and 75.44
> 75.44 and 75.70
> 75.70 and 76.00
> 76.00
Any
5,950
5,950+1,333 (Lake Ontario level 74.22)
9,910
10,200
10,700
For outside Seaway season
(i.e. quarter-months 48-12) all levels
11,500
Table B4.
Lake St. Louis (Pointe Claire) levels corresponding to Lake Ontario levels for limiting lower St. Lawrence River
flooding damages (F limits).
Lake Ontario level (m, IGLD 1985)
Pte. Claire level (m, IGLD 1985)
< 75.3
75.3 and < 75.37
75.37 and < 75.5
75.5 and < 75.6
75.6
22.10
22.20
22.33
22.40
22.48
61
An additional rule limits the maximum flow in the

Seaway season to prevent the weekly mean level
of Lake St. Lawrence at Long Sault Dam from falling
below 72.60 m. To deal with very low levels, if the
Lake Ontario level is below chart datum (74.20 m)
then the level of Lake St. Lawrence at Long Sault
Dam in this rule is allowed to be equally below the
72.60 m level.
the best available real-time forecasts would be

used. In addition, because week-ahead forecasts
will generally be imperfect, it is expected that in
actual operations the flows will be adjusted within
the week29 taking into account the actual ice and
downstream inflow conditions to achieve the intent
of the Bv7 rules and limits.
B3.1 Procedure
A final check ensures that the L Limit does not

exceed the actual channel hydraulic capacity (in
m3/s) defined as (Lee et al., 1994):
1. For each of the next four weeks (quartermonths), calculate the Lake Ontario annual net
total supply index, forecast the weekly (quartermonthly) Lake Erie inflow and Lake Ontario net
basin supply, Ottawa River and local tributary
flows to Lake St. Louis, and ice roughness.
channel capacity = 747.2(Lake Ontario level 69.10)1.47
F limit the maximum flow to limit flooding on
Lake St. Louis and near Montreal in consideration

of Lake Ontario level. It is a multi-tier rule that
attempts to balance upstream and downstream
flooding damages by keeping the level of Lake
St. Louis below a given stage for a corresponding
Lake Ontario level as follows:
2. For each of the next four weeks (quartermonths), sequentially route the supplies and
determine forecasts of lake outflows using the
sliding rule curve.
3. Average the next four weeks (quarter-months)
forecast releases to determine the next periods
release.
This limit uses a one week (or quarter-month)

forecast of the Ottawa River and local tributary
inflows and the following relationship between Lake
St. Louis outflows and levels at Pointe Claire:
In this equation, R is the roughness factor and Q

(in m3/s) is the total flow from Lake St. Louis. In
operation the flow will be adjusted from day to day
to maintain the level of Lake St. Louis below the
applicable level determined by the Lake Ontario
stage.
B3. Application
Bv7 uses imperfect forecasts of Lake Ontario
total supplies, Ottawa River and local tributary
flows, ice formation and ice roughness. The water
supply forecasts are based on time-series analysis
of the historical data as described in Lee (2004).
Overall, the statistical forecasts were found to
have similar error to those in use operationally.
Because the operational methods generally rely
upon hydrometeorological data not available for
either the historical time series or the stochastic
time series, actual forecasts could not be used.
However, it was envisioned that operationally,
29
62
See Annex C for more on operational adjustments
4. If the current time period is within September

through December inclusive, and Lake Ontario
was at or above 74.8 m on September 1 (end of
quarter-month 32), then increase the basic rule
curve by the amount needed to achieve 74.8 m
by January 1, not exceeding the flow in the week
before Labor Day (quarter-month 32) in the flow
in the Labor Day week (quarter-month 33).
5. Apply the M, L, I, J and F limits. If the plan flow is
outside of the maximum of the minimum limits
and the minimum of the maximum limits, the
appropriate limit becomes the plan flow.
B4. S imulation of Bv7 with 1900-2008

Hydrology and Ice Conditions
The tables on the following pages are based only on
the Bv7 release rules, not the deviations in Plan 2014.
The tables show how often under Bv7 water levels
will be above a range of levels for Lake Ontario, Lake
St. Lawrence, Lake Louis and Montreal Harbour, and
how often releases from the Moses-Saunders dam
will be above certain flows. The tables are based
on a simulation of Bv7 on a quarter-monthly time
step and with the 1900-2008 dataset of supplies and
inflows, ice conditions, channel roughness factors,
and related conditions. This 109-year simulation

includes 436 quarter-months for each calendar
month, 5,232 quarter-months in all. For example,
in Table B-5, Lake Ontario never rises above 75.80
meters, but rises above 75.70 meters six times in
May and three times in June.
Table B 6 Bv7 Historical Lake Ontario Outflows

Table B 7 Bv7 Historical Lake St Lawrence at Long
Sault Dam Levels
Table B 8 Bv7 Historical Lake St. Louis Levels

Table B 9 Bv7 Historical Montreal Harbour at
The tables are:
Jetty 1 Levels
Table B 5 Bv7 Historical Lake Ontario Levels

Table B5.
Bv7 Historical Lake Ontario Levels
Lake Ontario
Quarter-monthly mean levels
Number of Occurences Above Level Shown ... 1900-2008 supplies simulation
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
All
Months
Level
(m IGLD 1985)
75.8
75.7
75.6
10
12
34
75.5
12
23
27
13
77
75.4
24
43
52
30
159
75.3
39
90
91
61
18
311
75.2
12
15
19
70
143
146
107
46
573
75.1
17
28
33
115
183
204
176
99
26
894
75.0
32
50
68
166
241
269
245
179
69
11
1341
74.9
63
79
115
216
296
322
312
251
136
34
17
23
1864
74.8
121
138
166
274
340
357
357
312
230
116
66
76
2553
74.7
163
185
226
339
381
397
389
368
306
230
143
135
3262
74.6
209
223
266
371
410
420
412
402
361
310
257
215
3856
74.5
306
295
335
397
418
420
419
410
394
351
321
312
4378
74.4
360
366
379
410
426
428
426
417
410
392
363
364
4741
74.3
390
390
396
418
428
429
432
421
413
408
391
388
4904
74.2
407
405
401
425
434
436
435
427
418
412
411
408
5019
74.1
415
409
411
428
436
436
436
436
423
418
420
414
5082
74.0
420
419
420
434
436
436
436
436
434
424
421
422
5138
73.9
424
424
427
435
436
436
436
436
436
429
424
424
5167
73.8
424
425
432
436
436
436
436
436
436
434
428
424
5183
73.7
431
432
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
433
430
5214
73.6
432
435
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
432
5223
73.5
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
5232
Maximum Level
75.31
75.39
75.46
75.7
75.75
75.72
75.65
75.59
75.36
75.26
75.22
75.25
75.75
Minimum Level
73.55
73.56
73.72
73.84
74.16
74.24
74.2
74.12
73.96
73.76
73.61
73.55
73.55
63
Table B6.
Bv7 Historical Lake Ontario Outflows
Lake Ontario
Quarter-monthly mean Outflows
Number of Occurences Above Flow Shown ... 1900-2008 supplies simulation
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
All
Months
Flow (m3/s)
64
10400
10200
10000
9800
14
15
44
9600
18
21
10
62
9400
22
24
16
82
9200
10
27
26
21
104
9000
15
12
37
37
25
10
152
8800
19
18
40
53
33
15
203
8600
24
31
61
70
61
32
24
331
8400
10
34
42
75
93
80
52
45
20
20
27
500
8200
24
48
66
104
115
95
65
59
30
29
29
669
8000
11
36
61
92
123
137
114
86
79
49
46
42
876
7800
13
48
76
114
147
165
135
108
110
69
59
52
1096
7600
26
63
97
130
175
192
172
132
139
86
73
67
1352
7400
33
76
121
168
201
220
207
165
164
114
91
84
1644
7200
38
97
149
212
244
259
250
216
199
136
115
100
2015
7000
50
128
178
246
292
299
290
260
238
178
147
114
2420
6800
99
174
211
284
326
340
322
297
262
212
179
146
2852
6600
123
224
256
325
356
365
360
333
286
251
225
177
3281
6400
151
265
305
358
390
387
376
374
347
312
279
216
3760
6200
322
338
349
386
401
407
414
415
403
376
348
331
4490
6000
373
375
394
399
408
419
428
432
420
405
382
381
4816
5800
398
401
409
404
421
429
434
434
427
412
400
403
4972
5600
416
416
415
412
425
432
436
436
434
427
414
413
5076
5400
424
422
421
421
431
435
436
436
435
431
423
425
5140
5200
429
429
427
429
433
436
436
436
436
432
430
434
5187
5000
434
435
431
431
435
436
436
436
436
432
435
435
5212
4800
435
436
433
434
436
436
436
436
436
435
436
435
5224
4600
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
5232
Maximum Flow
9910
9290
9910
9910
10200
10200
9910
9880
9150
9220
9060
9180
10200
Minimum Flow
4620
4910
4650
4780
4870
5250
5640
5760
5290
4800
4980
4780
4620
Table B7.
Bv7 Historical Lake St. Lawrence at Long Sault Dam Levels
Lake St. Lawrence at Long Sault Dam

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
All
Months
Level (m IGLD
1985)
74.4
74.3
74.2
74.1
10
74.0
13
19
73.9
21
10
48
73.8
30
67
139
130
95
52
19
553
73.7
44
10
18
138
208
209
190
141
28
13
15
33
1047
73.6
60
11
46
212
277
280
255
210
94
82
57
63
1647
73.5
90
14
76
278
336
314
287
259
177
155
138
134
2258
73.4
114
20
110
323
373
353
318
300
223
211
203
195
2743
73.3
136
29
132
369
397
386
346
331
270
267
257
242
3162
73.2
156
41
156
392
418
409
382
351
314
301
292
285
3497
73.1
186
65
188
414
428
422
409
374
341
336
328
323
3814
73.0
208
88
216
431
431
432
423
399
368
362
359
350
4067
72.9
221
114
242
433
432
434
429
412
393
388
381
374
4253
72.8
241
152
264
434
433
436
433
427
415
404
400
391
4430
72.7
261
180
292
434
435
436
435
433
426
416
417
410
4575
72.6
275
212
312
436
436
436
436
436
436
435
428
425
4703
72.5
299
228
331
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
433
432
4775
72.4
320
257
349
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
435
434
4847
72.3
339
276
359
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
434
4896
72.2
351
291
373
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
4939
72.1
359
307
382
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
4972
72.0
370
323
392
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
5009
71.9
376
336
402
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
5038
71.8
401
380
424
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
5129
71.7
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
5232
Maximum Level
74.35
74.09
73.88
73.92
73.92
73.93
73.93
73.91
73.86
73.74
73.81
74.29
74.35
Minimum Level
71.74
71.71
71.72
72.66
72.66
72.84
72.69
72.66
72.63
72.6
72.39
72.22
71.71
65
Table B8.
Bv7 Historical Lake St. Louis Levels

Number of Occurences Above Level Shown ... 1900-2008 simulation
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
All
Months
22.5
22.4
Level (m IGLD
1985)
66
22.3
10
17
33
22.2
14
26
11
51
22.1
27
45
15
97
22.0
15
80
85
26
221
21.9
14
25
107
101
45
316
21.8
13
20
39
131
123
58
19
10
424
21.7
23
35
57
162
155
77
30
10
18
579
21.6
43
63
72
200
196
101
44
17
22
28
801
21.5
68
96
96
237
240
145
79
30
22
23
34
40
1110
21.4
93
128
134
276
279
188
114
63
51
41
52
63
1482
21.3
133
157
156
311
318
229
152
91
77
73
91
86
1874
21.2
175
193
179
337
347
268
187
128
110
90
124
106
2244
21.1
234
240
222
366
375
308
241
167
148
125
157
144
2727
21.0
279
280
262
394
397
344
288
226
190
165
183
183
3191
20.9
347
337
298
405
409
380
326
271
241
203
211
223
3651
20.8
385
369
335
413
419
404
366
318
277
245
249
263
4043
20.7
405
406
384
421
426
415
393
369
329
301
295
321
4465
20.6
423
419
412
428
436
436
436
430
418
412
408
402
5060
20.5
431
427
423
432
436
436
436
436
426
421
419
417
5140
20.4
435
433
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
430
421
427
5198
20.3
436
434
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
435
5229
20.2
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
435
5231
20.1
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
435
5231
20.0
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
5232
Maximum Level
22.16
22.17
22.2
22.48
22.48
22.48
22.04
21.86
21.74
21.94
21.98
22.08
22.48
Minimum Level
20.35
20.21
20.41
20.41
20.63
20.61
20.62
20.55
20.42
20.38
20.38
20.1
20.1
Table B9.
Bv7 Historical Montreal Harbour at Jetty 1 Levels

Montreal Harbour at Jetty #1
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
All
Months
Level (m IGLD
1985)
9.2
9.0
8.8
8.6
18
8.4
22
40
8.2
18
40
74
8.0
53
66
12
143
7.8
11
84
85
21
210
7.6
15
23
115
103
27
291
7.4
22
32
157
132
38
403
7.2
14
32
63
199
181
60
11
579
7.0
32
51
88
240
224
85
34
13
15
23
814
6.8
60
86
119
286
273
124
58
23
21
27
37
1122
6.6
96
144
152
321
328
185
106
43
37
43
67
65
1587
6.4
139
182
189
350
356
239
155
88
70
75
112
94
2049
6.2
183
224
239
382
375
291
201
144
114
107
144
130
2534
6.0
262
295
287
399
402
343
271
198
174
148
179
185
3143
5.9
300
327
306
410
411
362
296
237
205
176
195
206
3431
5.8
336
352
333
415
419
381
322
272
234
196
214
225
3699
5.7
368
373
361
420
423
396
352
305
267
235
236
252
3988
5.6
384
397
381
427
431
410
380
336
289
267
272
286
4260
5.5
404
414
402
428
434
422
393
373
321
309
316
316
4532
5.4
413
420
417
430
436
426
420
411
392
365
355
359
4844
5.3
427
430
428
432
436
433
434
430
416
406
396
397
5065
5.2
432
433
434
435
436
436
436
435
426
421
412
410
5146
5.1
436
434
435
435
436
436
436
436
431
423
420
426
5184
5.0
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
430
431
431
5216
4.9
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
434
5230
4.8
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
435
5231
4.7
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
435
5231
4.6
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
436
5232
Maximum Level
9.08
9.17
8.34
8.96
8.94
8.9
7.73
7.26
7.19
7.4
7.5
7.69
9.17
Minimum Level
5.11
5.03
5.03
5.06
5.43
5.27
5.21
5.2
5.01
4.94
4.91
4.7
4.7
67
B5. References
Caldwell, R. and Fay, D.(2002). Lake Ontario Pre-project Outlet Hydraulic Relationship Final Report. Hydrology
and Hydraulics Technical Work Group, International Joint Commission Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study.
Lee, D. (2004). Deterministic Forecasts for Lake Ontario Plan Formulation. Plan Formulation and Evaluation
Group, International Joint Commission Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study.
Lee, D.H., Quinn, F.H., Sparks, D. and Rassam, J.C. (1994). Simulation of Maximum Lake Ontario Outflows.
Journal of Great Lakes Research 20(3) 569-582.
68
Annex C
Directive to the International Lake Ontario St. Lawrence River Board on Operational Adjustments,
Deviations and Extreme Conditions
This directive was created in conjunction with the
proposed revised Order of Approval. It provides
specific protocols and guidance to the International
Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Board for
implementing a regulation plan approved by the
Commission, particularly as they relate to making
operational adjustments, deviating from that plan,
and managing extreme conditions. This directive
updates and replaces all past directives on these
topics to the former International St. Lawrence
River Board of Control, including letters from the
International Joint Commission (the Commission)
dated May 5, 1961 and October 18, 1963 that vested
the Board with limited authority to deviate from the
approved regulation plan.
Plan 2014 is the combination of the mechanistic
release rules labeled Bv7 (described in Annex B)
together with discretionary decisions made by the
International Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Board
to deviate from the flows specified by the rules of
Bv7 according to this directive on deviations. In that
regard, Bv7 is analogous to Plan 1958-D; each is a set
of release rules that solves algorithms to produce an
unambiguous release amount each week.
Under the revised Order of Approval, the
International Lake Ontario St. Lawrence River
Board is responsible for ensuring compliance
with the Order pertaining to the regulation of
the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario and
any requirements outlined in directives from
the Commission. This includes setting weekly
discharges for the St. Lawrence River through the
flow control structures of the Moses-Saunders
hydro-electric plant located at Cornwall-Massena
according to the regulation plan approved by the
Commission. Bv7 release rules are designed to
handle a broader range of water supply situations
than the previous release rules (Plan 1958-D). In
most instances, it will be important to release flows
as determined by the release rules in order to realize
its expected benefits. Therefore, the Commission
anticipates fewer, more limited instances where flow

releases would differ from those of the release rules
than was the case with 1958-D.
The following sections of this Annex describe and
differentiate between operational adjustments,
minor, major, and emergency deviations. The
Annex also explains when and how the Board can
adjust and deviate from the outflows prescribed by
the regulation plan. If the Board cannot establish
consensus regarding deviations from plan outflows,
then the issue shall be raised immediately to the
Commission through the Commissions Engineering
Advisors located in Washington, DC and Ottawa, ON.
In such cases, the Board must reach consensus on
an interim outflow in consideration of the particular
circumstances at the time and that is consistent with
the Treaty, while the Commission makes a decision.
C1. Operational Adjustments due to

Inaccurate Forecasts
The rules and logic of the regulation plan determine
the flow to be released for the coming week based
on observed and forecasted hydrologic and ice
conditions. As forecasts of conditions have some
uncertainty, there will be occasions when the actual
within-the-week conditions experienced differ
significantly from the forecasted conditions used to
calculate the regulation plan flow. Due to inaccurate
forecasts, in some cases adjustments to the flows
determined by the regulation plan at the beginning
of the regulation week will be required later in the
week in order to maintain the intent of the plan.
The Board will consider these flow adjustments as
within-plan operations and not as deviations from
the plan.
The rules and logic of the plan provide protection
against extreme high and low levels downstream
in balance with Lake Ontario levels. The Board shall
oversee operational adjustments to successfully
manage rapidly varying flood and low flows coming
69
from the Ottawa River in accordance with the rules

set out in the regulation plan, unless conditions
require minor or major deviations as defined below.
The plan also includes rules, based on decades of
operational experience, to form and manage the ice
cover in the river reaches of importance upstream
of the Moses-Saunders and Beauharnois hydroelectric plants. The Board shall also continue flow
changes as needed for ice management in these
river reaches consistent with the intent of the
plan. Ottawa River discharges and ice conditions
can change significantly from day-to-day, and the
week-ahead forecasts of Ottawa River flows and
ice conditions used for regulation calculations are
subject to rapid variations due to changing weather
conditions. Therefore, short-term within-the-week
flow adjustments will be made when needed to
avoid flooding near Montreal consistent with the
intent of the plan when the Ottawa River flow is
very high and changing rapidly. Such adjustments
will also be made when required to maintain
St. Lawrence River levels above the minimums
specified in the plan when inflows to the river are
varying. As ice conditions can vary quickly due to
changing weather conditions, it is anticipated that
adjustments will also be necessary for the formation
of a smooth ice cover to prevent ice jams in the
International Rapids Section of the St. Lawrence
River and the Beauharnois Canal. Within-the-week
flow adjustments may also be required to address
other unexpected within-the--week changes
in river conditions. These flow adjustments are
consistent with and accounted for in the design
of the regulation plan, which was developed with
the assumption that the flows during the Ottawa
River freshet, droughts and the ice formation would
be adjusted in practice within the week as they
have been with Plan 1958DD. Therefore, no future
offsetting adjustments are needed to compensate
for within-the-week flow adjustments due to
uncertainties in forecasts of Ottawa River flows, ice
conditions, or other weather-related circumstances
that are made to maintain the intent of the Plan.
The Board may direct its Regulation Representatives
to be responsible for monitoring conditions, making
operational flow adjustments and tracking their
use. Tracking records will be used to replicate plan
results, as needed for subsequent plan reviews.
70
C2. Minor Deviations for the

St. Lawrence River
To respond to short-term needs on the St. Lawrence
River, the Commission will allow the Board to make
minor discretionary deviations from the approved
regulation plan that have no appreciable effect
on Lake Ontario levels. Minor deviations are
made to provide beneficial effects or relief from
adverse effects to an interest when this can be
done without appreciable adverse effects to other
interests, and consistent with the requirements of
the Order of Approval. Unlike flow adjustments
made to maintain the intent of the plan, minor
deviations from the plan require accounting and
flow restoration.
Minor deviations, while not necessarily limited to
only these situations, could include those to address
contingencies such as:
short-term flow capacity limitations due to

hydropower unit maintenance;
assistance to commercial vessels on the river due

to unanticipated low water levels;
assistance, when appropriate, with recreational

boat haul-out on Lake St. Lawrence or Lake
St. Louis at the beginning or at the end of the
boating season; and,
unexpected ice problems on the river

downstream of Montreal.
These deviations will affect levels on Lake St.

Lawrence and the St. Lawrence River downstream
to Montreal, but due to the relatively small volume
of water involved, such deviations would have
a very minor effect on Lake Ontario levels and
the river upstream of Cardinal, ON. The intention
is for minor flow deviations to be restored by
equivalent offsetting deviations from the plan flow
as soon as conditions permit to avoid or minimize
cumulative impacts on the Lake Ontario level and
avoid changing the balance of benefits under the
approved regulation plan. Some discretion will be
left to the Board as to whether conditions permit
the restoration of the volume of water released or
held back by these deviations. However, the Board
shall not allow the cumulative effect of these minor
deviations to cause the Lake Ontario level to vary
by more than +/- 2 cm from that which would
have occurred had the releases prescribed by the
approved plan been strictly followed. The intent is

to accommodate, where possible, those needs of the
river interests that are difficult to foresee and build
into the plan, while being consistent with the intent
of the regulation plan and Order of Approval.
The Board will provide post-action reports to the
Commission of these minor deviations from plan
flows as part of normal semi-annual reporting
requirements. However, if circumstances are such
that minor deviations cause the Lake Ontario level
to vary more than +/- 2 cm from the level resulting
from the approved plan (i.e., potentially having a
significant impact on Lake Ontario levels), then
the Board shall advise the Commission in advance
as soon as the potential need for the longerterm deviation is known. If there is a need for a
longer-term deviation, the Board must provide a
flow restoration plan and obtain approval from
the Commission, or obtain a waiver from the
Commission not requiring flow restoration. It is
intended that such a waiver be rarely used so as to
avoid changing the balance of benefits associated
with the approved regulation plan.
The Board may direct its Regulation Representatives
to approve minor deviations from plan flow, within
parameters set by the Board.
C3. Major Deviations

Major deviations are significant departures from the
approved regulation plan that are made in response
to extreme high or low levels of Lake Ontario in
accordance with criterion H14 of the revised Order
of Approval:
In the event that Lake Ontario water levels reach
or exceed extremely high levels, the works in the
International Rapids Section shall be operated to
provide all possible relief to the riparian owners
upstream and downstream. In the event that
Lake Ontario levels reach or fall below extremely
low levels, the works in the International Rapids
Section shall be operated to provide all possible
relief to municipal water intakes, navigation and
power purposes, upstream and downstream. The
high and low water levels at which this provision
applies will be established by a Commission
directive to the Board.
Major deviations are expected to significantly alter

the level of Lake Ontario compared to the level that
would occur by following the approved regulation
plan. Although the approved regulation plan
was developed to perform under a wide range of
hydrological conditions and with the experience
gained in four decades of regulation operations,
extreme high or low Lake Ontario water levels could
require major deviations from the plan. Extreme
high and low Lake Ontario levels to trigger major
deviations are set out in Table C-1 of this report
based on quarter-month levels through the year. If
the Board expects that lake levels will be outside
the range defined by the trigger levels, then based
on analysis using the technical expertise at its
disposal, the Board will inform the Commission
that it expects to make a major deviation from the
plan once the trigger level is reached to moderate
the extreme levels. The Board is authorized to
use its discretion to set flows in such conditions
and deviate from the approved plan to provide
balanced relief to the degree possible, upstream
and downstream, in accordance with criterion
H14 and the Treaty. For example, if the lake level is
above the high trigger, then the Board could decide
to increase the flow to the maximum specified by
the limits used in the approved regulation plan if
the plan flow is not already at this maximum, or it
could apply the maximum flow limits used in Plan
1958DD, or it could release another flow consistent
with criterion H14. While major deviations take
downstream interests into account, they are not
triggered by downstream levels, as the Bv7 release
rules are designed to prevent extreme levels
downstream, provided that Lake Ontario levels are
not at extremes.
The Commission emphasizes that for the objectives
of the approved regulation plan to be met, the
regulation plan needs to be followed until water
levels reach any of the defined triggers. The
Board shall keep the Commission informed of the
difference between the Lake Ontario level and
the defined trigger levels. The Board will provide
regular reports on implementation of the major
deviation to the Commission. As the extreme event
ends, the Board shall develop for Commission
approval a strategy to return to plan flows and
recommendations as to whether or not equivalent
offsetting deviations from the plan flow should be
made, as appropriate on a case-by-case basis.
71
The effectiveness of major deviations initiated

with the trigger levels defined in Table C-1 will
be assessed as part of the adaptive management
process through follow-up monitoring and
modeling. The trigger levels or implementation
of major deviations could be modified by the
Commission through future directives if warranted.
Table C1.
Lake Ontario Trigger Levels for Major Deviations
C4. Emergency Deviations

Emergency situations are considered to be those
that threaten the physical integrity of the water
management system and that may lead to a loss
of the ability to control the flows in the system,
or unusual life-threatening situations. Examples
could include the failure of a lock gate, flooding
of the hydropower control works, failure of a
spillway gate, dike failure, a regional power outage,
or other such active or imminent incidents. Such
incidents arise only on extremely rare occasions.
In such cases, immediate action is required and
the Board is directed to authorize the Regulation
Representatives to direct and approve, on the
Boards behalf, emergency flow changes as required.
The Regulation Representatives will report any such
emergency actions as soon as possible to the Board
and immediately thereafter the Board will report
such actions to the Commission.
The Board will determine the need to make
subsequent equivalent offsetting deviations from
the plan flow, as appropriate, on a case-by-case
basis.
72
Annex D
Directive to the International Lake Ontario St. Lawrence River Board
This directive updates and replaces the November
16, 1953 directive that created the International
St. Lawrence River Board of Control. This directive
creates and directs the International Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River Board as a new Board, with
any further direction to the new Board to be
issued by the International Joint Commission (the
Commission) from this date forward.
D1. Function and Composition of

the Board
The International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence
River Board (Board) is responsible for ensuring
compliance with the Order of Approval pertaining
to the regulation of flows and levels of the St.
Lawrence River and Lake Ontario, the regulation
plan approved by the Commission and any
requirements or duties outlined in directives from
the Commission.
The Board shall perform duties specifically
assigned to it in the Order of Approval as well as
those assigned to it by the Commission directives.
Under the Order, the Board has duties related to
flow regulation and responsibilities related to
adaptive management, communications and public
involvement. To carry out these duties, the Board
shall meet at least twice a year, hold teleconferences
as needed, and provide semi-annual reports to the
Commission. It will also hold at least two meetings
with the public annually.
The Board shall have an equal number of members
from each country. The Commission shall determine
the number of members (normally a minimum of
10) and shall normally appoint each member for a
three-year term. Members may serve for more than
one term. Members shall act in their personal and
professional capacity, and not as representatives
of their countries, agencies or institutions. They are
to seek decisions by consensus according to the
tradition of the Commission.
Within this binational balance, at least one
Board member will be from each of the five
jurisdictions federal, provincial and state. The

jurisdictions may nominate members to serve on
the Board. The Commission will review nominees,
in consultation with the respective nominating
federal, state or provincial jurisdiction, to ensure
that all Board members are suited to fulfilling the
new and continuing responsibilities of the Board.
The expertise of potential Board members, their
ability to act impartially and effectively with good
judgment, their commitment to work towards
Board consensus, engage appropriately with the
public and reach decisions quickly when necessary
will be key considerations for the Commission in
the appointment of candidates to the Board. The
Commission will appoint the nominees if it finds
them suitable. If the Commission determines
a nominee is not suitable, it will request the
nominating jurisdiction to make an additional
nomination (or nominations) until the Commission
determines the nominee is suitable. In addition
to members nominated by the jurisdictions, the
Commission itself may appoint members to obtain
an appropriate balance of expertise and geographic
representation on the Board. The Commission shall
appoint one member from each country to serve as
co-chairs of the Board. Each co-chair is to appoint a
Secretary, who, under the general supervision of the
chair(s), shall carry out such duties as are assigned
by the chairs or the Board as a whole. Upon request
to the Commission, either co-chair may appoint an
alternate member to act as Chair when they are not
available to the Board.
The co-chairs of the Board, through the assistance
of the Board secretaries, shall be responsible for
maintaining proper liaison between the Board and
the Commission, among the Board members and
between the Board and its sub-groups. Chairs shall
ensure that all members of the Board are informed
of all instructions, inquiries, and authorizations
received from the Commission and also of activities
undertaken by or on behalf of the Board, progress
made, and any developments affecting such
progress.
73
In order to provide prompt action which may be

necessary under winter operations or emergency
conditions, each of the co-chairs of the Board
shall appoint a Regulation Representative who is
authorized by the Board to act on its behalf in such
situations. Among other duties, the Regulation
Representatives shall maintain a database of
hydrological information for the Board, conduct the
regulation plan calculations, make needed withinthe-week flow adjustments, coordinate and keep
account of flow deviations, and advise the Board on
regulation operations.
The Board shall appoint an Operations Advisory
Group (OAG) composed of representatives from the
operating entities and shall keep the Commission
informed of OAG membership. The Board and the
Regulation Representatives may consult with OAG
members individually or collectively as the occasion
requires.
D2. Flow Regulation

The Board shall set flows from Lake Ontario into
the St. Lawrence River through the Moses-Saunders
Dam and Long Sault Dam in accordance with the
Order of Approval, normally as specified by the
approved weekly flow regulation plan and directives
from the Commission. It shall also approve the gate
setting at the Iroquois Dam in consideration of Lake
St. Lawrence levels and ice management, which may
be delegated to the Regulation Representatives for
prompt action.
The Board shall oversee the normal flow variations
carried out by the hydropower entities according
to the directive on peaking and ponding issued
by the Commission. The Board shall also supervise
the Regulation Representatives in their conduct of
within-the-week flow adjustments and shall direct
minor and major flow deviations when required,
consistent with the Commissions directive and
Order of Approval.
Following the regulation plan will be important
over the long-term to ensure that the expected
objectives for system regulation are achieved.
D3. Adaptive Management

The Board will take part in an adaptive management
plan designed to verify that the effects of the
74
new regulation plan over time are as anticipated,

react to the influence of changing conditions
such as climate change, and adapt or improve the
implementation of the regulation plan as required.
The Board may also use the information acquired
through the adaptive management strategy to
propose to the Commission modifications to the
plan should it learn over time that conditions
(climatic, socio-economic or environmental) have
changed enough such that the plan is no longer
meeting its intended objectives or improvements to
the plan could realize increased benefits.
D4. Communications and Public

Involvement
The Board is directed to have a communications
committee. The aim of the communications
committee is to ensure that everyone interested
in the regulation of the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence
River system is informed and has opportunities
to express personal views regarding regulation.
The communications committee will ensure that
the Board is proactive in acquiring knowledge
about stakeholder needs and perspectives on an
ongoing basis and in providing them with regular
information about Board decisions and the issues
before the Board. The Commission encourages
the Board to take advantage of multiple means,
including modern technology and alternative
communications fora, to better inform and receive
input from stakeholders and the public within the
framework of the Commissions communication
strategy. The Board may collaborate with other
Commission boards, governmental and quasigovernmental organizations to effectively
strengthen information delivery and involve the
public.
The Commission (through its public information
officers) shall be informed, in advance, of plans
for any public meetings or public involvement in
the Board deliberations. The Board shall report
in a timely manner to the Commission on these
meetings, including representations made to the
Board.
The Board shall provide the text of media releases
and other public information materials to the
Secretaries of the Commission for review by the
Commissions Public Information Officers, prior to
their release in English and French.
Reports, including semi-annual reports, and

correspondence of the Board shall normally
remain privileged and be available only to the
Commission and to members of the Board and
its committees (including appropriate individuals
who support these entities with respect to Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River activities) until their
release has been authorized by the Commission.
Board members and committees shall maintain
files in accordance with the Commission policy on
segregation of documents. All Board members shall
be provided with these policy documents at the
time of their appointment to the Board.
The Board shall provide minutes of Board meetings
to the Commission within 45 days of the close of
the meeting in keeping with the Commissions April
2002 Policy Concerning Public Access to Minutes of
Meetings. The minutes will subsequently be put on
the Commissions website.
To facilitate communication between the Board
and the relevant federal, state and provincial
jurisdictions of the Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River
system, the Commission shall request from these
jurisdictions the name of an appropriate contact
person and provide these names to the Board. The
Board should note that its communications with the
jurisdictions are only with respect to the carrying
out of the functions of the Board, as set out in the
Order of Approval and associated directives. It
will remain the role of the Commission to engage
all the jurisdictions (federal, state, provincial), as
appropriate in the consideration of any changes
to the regulation plan or directives to the Board.
Any issues raised by the jurisdictions with the
Board in these respects should be redirected to the
Commission.
D5. Other Aspects

According to need and on an ad-hoc basis, the
Board may establish any other committees and
working groups as may be required to discharge its
responsibilities effectively. The Commission shall
be kept informed of the duties and composition of
any committee or working group. Commissioners
and relevant Commission staff are invited to any
meetings of the Board and any committees the
Board may establish. Unless other arrangements
are made, members of the Board, committees, or
working groups will make their own arrangements
for reimbursement of necessary expenditures. The
Commission should also be informed of the Boards
plans and progress and of any developments or cost
impediments, actual or anticipated, that are likely to
affect carrying out the Boards responsibilities.
If, in the opinion of the Board or of any member,
any instruction, directive, or authorization received
from the Commission lacks clarity or precision,
then the matter shall be referred promptly to the
Commission for appropriate action. In the event of
any unresolved disagreement among the members
of the Board, the Board shall refer the matter
forthwith to the Commission for decision.
75
Annex E
Adaptive Management Strategy
The International Joint Commission (IJC) is working
with the governments in the basin to develop
adaptive management as an important tool for
improving management of the Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River regulation plan. An adaptive
management strategy will enable the IJC to take
advantage of future scientific and management
advances, to ensure that the effects of regulation
are those that have been calculated by the model
used to develop the regulation plan, and to adjust
for possible long-term changes in the amount of
water entering the system (net basin supplies).
The IJC does not have the resources or capacity to
undertake adaptive management alone, but will
work with jurisdictions and stakeholder groups
that have capacity for monitoring various effects
of regulation to identify the most important
monitoring needs. The IJC will act on the results,
as appropriate, using its standard procedures of
reviews, consultations and hearings, if necessary,
to make adjustments or changes. The benefits of
an adaptive management strategy would apply
to any regulation plan. Given that the adaptive
management components will be funded and
managed collaboratively by different governments
and stakeholders, the list of components will
gradually be built up and evolve over time. The
IJC has worked with funding sources and interest
groups to establish a framework for a Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River adaptive management
strategy based on the key monitoring priorities
and estimated costs. The aspects of regulation
that are incorporated into or affected by adaptive
management include the regulation rules, the
directive on deviations from those rules, and
governance procedures.
E1. The Adaptive Management Process

Adaptive management is a process for improving
decisions that cycles through these steps:
estimate the impacts of a decision using best
available models, but identify areas of uncertainty

in those model predictions;
76
make a decision that produces an appropriate

balance of estimated impacts;
monitor indicators of the impacts of the decision

related to the key areas of uncertainty and
compare them to what the models predicted;
change the models if necessary based on

monitoring evidence; and,
change the decision if warranted based on the

revised models.
There are two main areas of uncertainty in

evaluating the performance of regulation rules for
the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River system:
1. Will future water supplies be different from
those used to test the rules?
2. Will the impacts of levels and flows be different
from the modeled impacts used in designing
the rules?
The adaptive management strategy will address
the water supply and impact uncertainties and
will support periodic evaluations to determine if
new evidence can be used to develop improved
regulation rules. Review of the regulation rules may
occur at any time monitoring evidence suggests
that it is warranted, but the first review is to take
place within 15 years of the implementation of the
adaptive management program.
E1.1. The Adaptive Management Committee

The International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River
Board will oversee an Adaptive Management
Committee (Committee) made up of technical
experts who will coordinate the monitoring,
research and modeling needed to carry out the
adaptive management strategy. The Committee
members will be appointed by the IJC with the
advice of its boards. They will report to the Board
on their work and present periodically their
assessment of the monitoring results. The Board
may use information developed by the Committee
to propose modifications of the regulation rules
to the IJC. The Committee will work with the
Board to provide for public input to the adaptive

management process. Changes to the regulation
plan, as always, will require approval of the
Commissioners.
E2. Water Supply Research and

Monitoring
The outcomes of regulation rules will depend
on the water supplies that occur in the coming
years, so there is a potential to improve the
rules if more is known about future climate. The
adaptive management strategy identifies three
areas in which reduced uncertainty could improve
regulation rules; forecasting, triggers and climate
research.
E2.1 Forecasting
Two categories of forecast in particular hold promise
for better regulation, and will have the highest
priority for adaptive management research.
1. Better forecasts of supplies could help further
reduce flooding along the shores of Lake
Ontario and the St. Lawrence River caused by
extremely wet winters and severe ice conditions
that limit the winter outflow. If it were possible
to improve the six-to-eight month forecasts
of the amount of water entering Lake Ontario
during the coming winter and early spring, then
the regulation rules could be adjusted in the fall
and winter depending on the risk of unusually
wet conditions in the coming months. This
could reduce property damage along the Lake
Ontario coast while still improving ecosystem
health.
2. Integrated Lake Ontario-Ottawa River forecasts.
Independent forecasting systems exist or are
under development for Lake Ontario supplies as
well as Ottawa River flows, but there is no joint
probabilistic forecast of Lake Ontario supplies
and Ottawa River flow. An integrated Lake
Ontario and Ottawa River ensemble forecasting
system would support better short-term (2-4
week) water level forecasts, which could, for
example, help the shipping industry forecast
the available water draft for ships arriving at the
Port of Montreal.
E2.2 Refined Deviation Triggers

The Proposal for Lake Ontario St-Lawrence River
regulation includes authority for the Board to
deviate from the regulation rules when Lake Ontario
levels reach trigger levels. Currently these triggers
are set using statistics based on the historical record.
There are high triggers for each quarter-month of
the year which represent levels that are expected
to be exceeded 2% of the time; the low triggers are
levels that Lake Ontario is expected to be below
5% of the time. Adjusting releases at these triggers
improves economic benefits without significant
impact to the ecosystem, but further research might
produce even better economic and environmental
results using a different mix of trigger levels.
E2.3 C
reation of a Coordinated Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River Climate
Change Model
Water supply datasets for the lake and river are
needed to simulate the effects of climate change
with different regulation rules. Datasets that reflect
many different possible future climates for Lake
Ontario have been developed, but there are not as
many for the river. Given that the impact of climate
change on lake and river levels is uncertain, it is
important to test regulation rules using a wide
array of supplies. Developing river datasets is more
difficult because the flow from the major tributary
to the St. Lawrence the Ottawa River is affected
by the operation of a number of reservoirs in its
basin. This adds a significant amount of work
compared to what is necessary for estimating lake
supplies because in addition to modeling rainfall,
evaporation and runoff, the operating policies for
these reservoirs on the Ottawa River have to be
determined and simulated to estimate the inflows
to the St. Lawrence River. It is also necessary to
have a coordinated model to properly simulate
the coincidence of high and low supplies to Lake
Ontario with high and low flows from the Ottawa
River basin. The development of a coordinated
climate model for these two regions would help
assure that regulation rules will work well under
different possible future climate conditions.
77
E2.4. E
nvironmental Impact Research and
Monitoring
The Shared Vision Model of the Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River system combines all of the
performance models and the data used to design
and evaluate the proposed regulation rules. The
Integrated Ecological Response Model (IERM)
portion of the Shared Vision Model demonstrates
that the proposed rules will help wetland
vegetation, bird communities, northern pike and
muskrat (the muskrat is important because it is
an indicator for the general health of a riparian
ecosystem). Performance indicators for these
elements of the Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence
River environment played a critical role in plan
selection because they were sensitive to water
level changes and representative of a broader
ecosystem response. The monitoring design for
these four indicators will seek to isolate water level
changes from other stressors and drivers that could
influence the performance indicators response.
Efforts have already been initiated to establish
mid- and long-term monitoring protocols. The
Integrated Ecological Response Model predicts
that the proposed regulation rules will not make
a significant difference in the lower St. Lawrence
River environment relative to the current regulation
rules. However, there will be an effort to integrate
existing monitoring data requirements to ensure
that the proposed regulation rules do not result in
unexpected negative environmental impacts on the
lower St. Lawrence River.
E3. Economic Impact Research and

Monitoring
The Flood and Erosion Prediction System (FEPS)
portion of the Shared Vision Model indicates
that the rules will increase maintenance costs
to existing shore protection structures on Lake
Ontario. However, those estimates rely heavily
on the assumptions made by coastal engineers
when the model was developed. The Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River Study Board recognized the
uncertainty in this assumption and suggested that
measurements of the actual elevations of the top of
structures be made.
Surveys of some of these structures already have
been made and indicate considerable variability
in the height of these shore protection structures,
78
with many structures being higher than previously

assumed for these locations. The higher the shore
protection height, the less likely they are to be
overtopped. Given that, this limited survey suggests
some shore protection structures in the surveyed
areas would be less sensitive to the changes in
water levels brought about by the proposed
regulation rules than is currently estimated by FEPS.
Although FEPS shows very little change in flooding
with the proposed regulation rules, work has
also been initiated to assess the use of a different
model - the Flood Tool - to estimate the sensitivity
of shoreline flooding impacts with a broader range
of storm surge and wave conditions. Under the
adaptive management strategy, measurements of
shore protection in more areas would be taken and
the use of the Flood Tool evaluated for a number
of sites. The results of these activities will support
continued improvements to the Flood and Erosion
Prediction System and a refined assessment of
potential effects along the Lake Ontario shoreline.
While refinements to the Flood and Erosion
Prediction System have the highest priority among
the economic indicators, the Adaptive Management
Strategy will also address updates to model the
impacts to recreational boating, hydropower, and
navigation as funding becomes available.
Models of recreational boating requirements and
use in the Shared Vision Model predict that the
proposed regulation rules will tend to provide
deeper water in the fall on Lake Ontario and the
river compared to the current rules, but less depth
on the lake and River during those years that
experience the driest summers. On balance, the
models predict slightly negative boating impacts
above Lake St. Lawrence, because the estimated
boating activity in summer months is much higher
than in fall. Future boat ownership and use could
change these assumptions. Adaptive management
could include a targeted survey of boat ownership
and use patterns throughout the boating season.
The proposed regulation rules produce about the
same loading conditions for commercial navigation
on average as the current rules, but the proposed
rules are expected to provide a modest increase
in the value of hydropower produced at both the
Moses-Saunders and Beauharnois plants. The Study
Board recognized that there was less uncertainty in
the models used to evaluate these sectors and that
hydropower and shipping agencies already gather

much of the data needed for tracking performance.
The adaptive management strategy assumes data
for these sectors will continue to be available in the
future for regulation rule evaluations, but updates to
the model may be needed.
E4. Periodic Assessments of the

Regulation Rules
Over time, the evidence collected from the water
supply and impact research and monitoring may
suggest there is need to develop an improved set
of regulation rules. The adaptive management
strategy calls for the maintenance of the tools and
expertise developed during the Lake Ontario-St.
Lawrence River Study to facilitate the formulation
and evaluation of regulation rules in the future.
The tools include: the Shared Vision Model; the
Integrated Ecological Response Model for Lake
Ontario and the St. Lawrence River; the Integrated
Ecological Response Model for the lower St.
Lawrence River; the Flood and Erosion Prediction
System; a subsequent flood impact analysis
tool developed for Lake Ontario to more closely
assess local flooding and wave surge impacts; and
information management systems to make the
latest research and best data readily available. The
Shared Vision Model has already been re-designed
for use in adaptive management. The adaptive
management strategy calls for periodic model
exercises and training to maintain agency familiarity
with the tools needed to evaluate plans.
E5. Summary
The IJC always has strived to improve its regulation
rules over time; adaptive management is a more
structured, science-based and effective way of doing
it because:
data collection is more purposeful and better
coordinated, increasing the chances that the data

needed to inform regulation decisions will be
available;
on-going evaluation of the rules should be
easier because the tools and knowledge needed

to assess performance are maintained on a
continuing basis, with a relatively small, steady
effort; and,
decisions are more transparent because the
community of experts, decision makers and

stakeholders that helped build the models used
in adaptive management will be sustained in the
outreach efforts of the new International Lake
Ontario St. Lawrence Board.
79
Annex F
References
Note: All International Joint Commission-related reports and publications, as well as full text of the Boundary
Waters Treaty of 1909 and the 2012 Protocol to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, are available through
the website of the IJC: www.ijc.org
Burlington, City of, Halton Region and Conservation Halton (2011). Burlington Beach Waterfront Park Master
Plan Review. http://cms.burlington.ca/AssetFactory.aspx?did=19560.
Canada and th e United States, Governments of (1909). Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909.
--
--
(1952). Letters of reference to the International Joint Commission, June 25, 1952.
(2012). Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Protocol.
Connelly, Nancy A., Jean-Francois Bibeault, Jonathan Brown, and Tommy L. Brown (2005). Estimating the
Economic Impact of Changing Water Levels on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River for Recreational
Boaters and Associated Businesses: A Final Report of the Recreational Boating and Tourism Technical Working
Group. International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study. March 2005
DesGranges, J-L., J. Ingram, B. Drolet, C. Savage, J. Morin, and D. Borcard (2005). Wetland bird response to water
level changes in the Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River hydrosystem. Final report to the International Joint
Commission in support of the International Lake Ontario St. Lawrence River Water Regulation Review Study.
Canadian Wildlife Service, Qubec and Ontario Regions. Environment Canada. Unpublished report xi + 133p.
International Joint Commission (1960). Telegram to the International St. Lawrence River Board of Control.
September 16, 1960.
-- (1963). Regulation of Lake Ontario; Plan 1958 D. Report to the International Joint Commission from
the International St. Lawrence River Board of Control, July 1963.
--
(1976). Further Regulation of the Great Lakes. An IJC Report to the Governments of Canada and the
United States.
-- (1993). Levels Reference Study: Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin. Prepared by the Levels
Reference Study Board. March 1993.
-- (2006). Final Report, Options for Managing Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River Water Levels and
Flows. Prepared by the International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Board. March 2006.
-- (2006a). Municipal, Industrial and Domestic Water Uses Technical Work Group Report to the
International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Board.
-- (2006b). Commercial Navigation Technical Work Group Report to the International Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River Study Board.
-- (2006c). Hydroelectric Power Generation Technical Work Group Report to the International Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Board.
-- (2006d). Coastal Processes Technical Work Group Report to the International Lake Ontario-St.
Lawrence River Study Board. to the International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Board.
-- (2006e). Study Directors Response to the December 2005 National Research Council/Royal Society of
Canada Retrospective Review of the LOSLR Study. Stakhiv, E. and Cuthbert D. April 20, 2006.
-- (2006f ). Environmental Technical Work Group Report to the International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence
River Study Board.
80
-- (2006g). Recreational Boating and Tourism Technical Work Group Report to the International Lake
Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Board.
---- (2013). Building Collaboration Across The Great Lakes St. Lawrence River System: An Adaptive
Management Plan For Addressing Extreme Water Levels. Prepared for the IJC by the International
Great LakesSt. Lawrence River Adaptive Management Task Team, May 30, 2013.
Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Study Public Interest Advisory Group (2005). Final Report to the International
Joint Commission, November 30, 2005.
Martin Associates (2011). The Economic Impacts of the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System, http://
www.greatlakes-seaway.com/en/pdf/eco_impact_full.pdf.
Mortsch, L.D., M. Alden and J. Klaassen (2005). Development of Climate Change Scenarios for Impact and
Adaptation Studies in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Basin, Downsview, ON: Adaptation and Impacts Research
Group, Meteorological Service of Canada, 22pp.
National Research Council (2006). Review of the Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River Studies. Committee to
Review the Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River Studies, National Research Council. The National Academies
Press. Washington, D.C. 2006.
Port of Montreal (2012). The Port of Montreal in Brief. December 10, 2012.
St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation (2008). Position Paper on IJCs Proposed New Order of
Approval and Plan 2007. July 10, 2008.
Wilcox, D.A. and Y. Xie (2007). Predicting wetland plant responses to proposed water-level-regulation plans for
Lake Ontario: GIS-based modeling. Journal of Great Lakes Research 33:751-773.
Wilcox, Douglas A., Joel W. Ingram, Kurt P. Kowalski, James E. Meeker, Martha L. Carlson, Yichun Xie, Greg P.
Grabas, Krista L. Holmes, and Nancy J. Patterson (2005). Evaluation of Water Level Regulation Influences on
Lake Ontario and Upper St. Lawrence River Coastal Wetland Plant Communities. Final Project Report to the
Lake Ontario- St. Lawrence River Study. March 2005.
Wilcox, Douglas A., Kurt P. Kowalski, Holly L. Hoare, Martha L. Carlson and Heather N. Morgan (2008). Cattail
Invasion of Sedge/Grass Meadows in Lake Ontario: Photointerpretation Analysis of Sixteen Wetlands over
Five Decades. Journal of Great Lakes Research 34: 301-323.
United States Army Corps of Engineers (2004). Napa River Salt Marsh Restoration Project Draft Final
Feasibility Report, May 2004.
--- (2014). Emiquon Floodplain Restoration Fact Sheet. February 19, 2014.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2013). Letter to Secretary, U.S. Section of the IJC, from Judith
Enck; USEPA Regional Administrator. November 8, 2013.
81
Annex G
Glossary
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT A planning process that can provide a structured, iterative approach for improving actions
through long-term monitoring, modeling and assessment. Through adaptive management, decisions can be reviewed,
adjusted and revised as new information and knowledge becomes available or as conditions change.
BASIN; WATERSHED The region or area of which the surface waters and groundwater ultimately drain into a
particular course or body of water.
BASIN (LAKE ONTARIO ST. LAWRENCE RIVER) The surface area contributing runoff to Lake Ontario and the St.
Lawrence River downstream to Trois Rivires, QC.
BOUNDARY WATERS TREATY OF 1909 The agreement between the United States and Canada that established
principles and mechanisms for the resolution of disputes related to boundary waters shared by the two countries. The
International Joint Commission was created as a result of this treaty.
CHART DATUM The water level used to calculate the water depths that are shown on navigation charts and are a
reference point for harbor and channel dredging. Also known as Low Water Datum.
CLIMATE The prevalent weather conditions of a given region (temperature, precipitation, wind speed, atmospheric
pressure, etc.) observed throughout the year and averaged over a number of years.
CLIMATE CHANGE A change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity, that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere, and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable
time periods.
COAST The land or zone adjoining a large body of water.
COASTAL EROSION The wearing away of a shoreline as a result of the action of water current, wind and waves.
COSMOS MODEL Name of the erosion prediction numerical model used in the 2006 Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River
Study.
DEVITATIONS Temporary changes to a regulation plan to provide beneficial effects or relief from adverse effects to an
interest, without causing appreciable adverse effects to any of the other interests.
DIRECTIVE .An IJC instruction to a new or existing Study Board specifying the studys terms of reference, including
tasks and responsibilities.
DRAINAGE BASIN The area that contributes runoff to a stream, river, or lake.
ECOSYSTEM A biological community in interaction with its physical environment, and including the transfer and
circulation of matter and energy.
ENVIRONMENT Air, land or water; plant and animal life including humans; and the social, economic, cultural, physical,
biological and other conditions that may act on an organism or community to influence its development or existence.
EROSION The wearing away of land surfaces through the action of rainfall, running water, wind, waves and water
current. Erosion results naturally from weather or runoff, but human activity such as the clearing of land for farming,
logging, construction or road building can intensify the process.
FLOOD AND EROSION PROTECTION SYSTEM (FEPS) A series of numerical models including COSMOS that compile
and evaluate shoreline data to compute flood and erosion damages.
FLOODING The inundation of low-lying areas by water.
FLOODPLAIN The lowlands surrounding a watercourse (river or stream) or a standing body of water (lake), which are
subject to flooding.
FRAZIL ICE Stream ice with the consistency of slush, formed when small ice crystals develop in supercooled stream
water as air temperatures drop below freezing. These ice crystals join and are pressed together by newer crystals as they
form.
FRESHET The sudden overflow or rise in level of a stream as a result of heavy rains or snowmelt.
82
HABITAT The particular environment or place where a plant or an animal naturally lives and grows.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER Electrical energy produced by the action of moving water.
ICE JAM An accumulation of river ice, in any form which obstructs the normal river flow.
INTERESTS In the context of the report, the groups or sectors served by the waters of Lake Ontario and the St.
Lawrence River, including municipal and industrial water uses, commercial navigation, hydroelectric power generation,
coastal development, ecosystems, and recreational boating. Under the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, the interests of
domestic and sanitary water uses, navigation and hydroelectric generation and irrigation are given order of precedence
in water uses in the development of regulation plans.
INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION (IJC) International independent agency formed in 1909 by the United States
and Canada under the Boundary Waters Treaty to prevent and resolve boundary waters disputes between the two
countries. The IJC makes decisions on applications for projects such as dams in boundary waters, issues Orders of
Approval and regulates the operations of many of those projects. It also has a permanent reference under the Great
Lakes Water Quality Agreement to help the two national governments restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and
biological integrity of those waters.
INTERNATIONAL LAKE ONTARIO - ST. LAWRENCE RIVER STUDY A study, sponsored by the IJC and completed in
2006, to examine the effects of water level and flow variations on all users and interest groups and to determine if better
regulation is possible at the existing installations controlling Lake Ontario outflows.
INTERNATIONAL REACH The portion of the St. Lawrence River that is between Lake Ontario and the
Moses-Saunders Dam.
INTERNATIONAL ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BOARD OF CONTROL Board established by the International Joint
Commission in its 1952 Order of Approval. Its main duty is to ensure that outflows from Lake Ontario meet the
requirements of the Commissions Order. The Board also develops regulation plans and conducts special studies as
requested by the Commission.
LIGHT LOAD A load less than the ship capacity, required when a fully loaded ship would be too close to the channel
bottom because of low water levels.
LOWER ST. LAWRENCE RIVER The portion of the St. Lawrence River downstream of the Moses-Saunders Dam is called
the lower St. Lawrence in this Study. It includes Lake St. Francis, Lake St. Louis, Montreal Harbour, Lake St. Pierre and the
portions of the River connecting these lakes as far downstream as Trois Rivieres, QC.
MARINA A private or publicly-owned facility allowing recreational watercraft access to water, and offering mooring
and related services.
MARSH An area of low, wet land, characterized by shallow, stagnant water and plant life dominated by grasses and
cattails.
MEASURE, STRUCTURAL Any measure that requires some form of construction. Commonly includes control works
and shore protection devices.
MODEL, COMPUTER A series of equations and mathematical terms based on physical laws and statistical theories
that simulate natural processes.
MONTHLY MEAN WATER LEVEL The arithmetic average of all past observations (of water levels or flows) for that
month.
ORDERS OF APPROVAL In ruling upon applications for approval of projects affecting boundary or transboundary
waters, such as dams and hydroelectric power stations, the IJC can regulate the terms and conditions of such projects
through Orders of Approval to maintain specific targets with respect to water levels and flows in the lakes and
connecting channels.
PEAKING The variation of hourly water flows above and below the daily average flow (for instance, midday flow
higher than evening and night flows), primarily due to hydroelectric generating operations during which water is
stocked during periods of off-peak demand in order to increase hydroelectric power generation at peak periods.
PERFORMANCE INDICATOR A measure of economic, social or environmental health. In the context of the Study,
performance indicators relate to impacts of different water levels in Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.
PLAN FORMULATION METHOD A particular way of searching for a better regulation plan; mathematical optimization
based on economic benefits, for example.
83
PONDING The variation of daily water flows above and below the weekly average flow (for instance, average weekday
flow higher than average weekend flow), primarily due to hydroelectric generating operations.
PUBLIC INTEREST ADVISORY GROUP (PIAG) The group of volunteers from the United States and Canada that
worked to ensure effective communication between the public and the 2006 International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence
River Study Board.
REFERENCE A request from government for the IJC to study and recommend solutions to transboundary issue. The
word is derived from Article IX of 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty, which stipulates that such issues shall be referred from
time to time to the International Joint Commission for examination and report, whenever either the Government of the
United States or the Government of the Dominion of Canada shall request that such questions or matters of difference
be so referred.
REGULATION PLANS In the context of the report, the control of waterflows through regulatory structures to meet
the needs of various water-using interests in a basin. These plans have incorporated the specific objectives established
in the IJCs Orders of Approval, established monthly outflow levels, and allocated flows to various water-using interests,
such as hydroelectric generation.
REGULATORY STRUCTURES Adjustable structures, such as a gated dam, that can be raised or lowered to adjust water
levels and flows both upstream and downstream.
REVETMENT A natural (e.g., grass, aquatic plants) or artificial (e.g., concrete, stone, asphalt, earth, sand bag) covering to
protect an embankment or other structure from erosion.
RIPARIAN Of, relating to or found along a shoreline.
RIPARIANS Persons residing on the banks of a body of water. Typically associated with private owners of shoreline
property.
SHORE WELL A well close to a lake in which the well water levels are directly influenced by lake levels.
SHORELINE Intersection of a specified plane of water with the shore.
STAKEHOLDER An individual, group, or institution with an interest or concern, either economic, societal or
environmental, that is affected by fluctuating water levels or by measures proposed to respond to fluctuating water
levels within the Lake OntarioSt. Lawrence River Basin.
STOCHASTIC Random. A stochastic process is one whose behavior is non-deterministic, in that a systems subsequent
state is determined both by the processs predictable actions and by a random element.
STOCHASTIC SUPPLIES Simulated sequences of water supply conditions that reflect climate variability.
UPPER ST. LAWRENCE RIVER The portion of the St. Lawrence River upstream of the Moses-Saunders Dam is called
the upper St. Lawrence River. It includes the entire river from Kingston/Cape Vincent to the power dam and locks at
Cornwall-Massena, including Lake St. Lawrence.
WATER LEVEL The elevation of the surface of the water of a lake or at a particular site on the river. The elevation is
measured with respect to average sea level.
WATER SUPPLY Water reaching the Great Lakes as a direct result of precipitation, less evaporation from land and lake
surfaces.
WATERFOWL Birds that are ecologically dependant on wetlands for their food, shelter and reproduction.
WAVE An oscillatory movement in a body of water which results in an alternate rise and fall of the surfaces.
WAVE CREST The highest part of a wave.
WETLANDS An area characterized by wet soil and high biologically productivity, providing an important habitat for
waterfowl, amphibians, reptiles and mammals.
84

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What is the International Joint Commission and what is its role regarding Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River?

What is the International Joint Commission and what is its role regarding Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River?

What are some of the concerns of the Akwesasne people regarding water levels and flows in the Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River basins?

What are some of the concerns of the Akwesasne people regarding water levels and flows in the Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River basins?

Lake Ontario St.

A Report to the Governments of

Canadian Section Office

Great Lakes Regional Office

This report may be cited as:

I ask you to think about the Mother Earth, for she

Today we have concentrated on the waters and the

On July 19, 2013 during the International Joint

I know that we have spent a little time talking about the

Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Plan 2014

Today as we look outside we see the Four Great Winds

Again we know that we dont exist here alone but we

This morning our elder brother the sun rose as he has

We know that there are many other teachers in this

This evening well see our grandmother moon as she

Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Plan 2014

International Joint Commission

Commission mixte internationale

Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Plan 2014

all interests in the formulation and evaluation of

Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Plan 2014

Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Plan 2014

Highest 1958DD levels

Lowest 1958DD levels

Highest 1958DD levels

Lowest 1958DD levels

Highest 1958DD levels

Lowest 1958DD levels

Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Plan 2014

Compared to the existing regulation plan for Lake

provide essentially the same level of benefits to

of lake levels resulting from the application of the

provide essentially the same level of benefits for

Figure Ex-2 shows the lake levels with

increase by a small amount the generation of

Figure Ex-3 shows what levels would be with no

provide riparians (owners of shoreline property)

The compression of lake levels shown in Ex-1 has

hydropower at the Moses-Saunders dam and the

result in a small reduction of benefits to riparians

work to restore the natural environment of Lake

have a mixed effect on recreational boaters; and,

Some of the benefits now enjoyed by domestic

Figure Ex-1 shows the compression of the range

All economic values are expressed in $US 2005.

Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Plan 2014

regulation except that minor amount necessary to

Plan 2014 is projected to have little effect on

Plan 2014 will have little impact on

Despite a 10-year open and vigorous competition

to develop an evaluation system for the regulation

Despite an open and vigorous design

Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence River Plan 2014

Purpose of the Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

History of the Project and Current Regulation Plan. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7

Review of the Regulation Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

provide essentially the same level of benefits to

provide essentially the same level of benefits for

Figure Ex-2 shows the lake levels with

increase by a small amount the generation of

Figure Ex-3 shows what levels would be with no

provide riparians (owners of shoreline property)

result in a small reduction of benefits to riparians

work to restore the natural environment of Lake

have a mixed effect on recreational boaters; and,

Figure Ex-1 shows the compression of the range

All economic values are expressed in $US 2005.

an overview of the Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence

a review of the history of the regulation of

2. Regulating Water Levels and Flows of the

2.1 History of the Project and Current

regulated outflows from Lake Ontario and their

winter outflows to permit power generation;

minimum regulated outflows to secure the

limiting the maximum outflow to reduce the

r eduction in the frequency of high Lake Ontario

both maximum and minimum lake levels

manage water levels and flows in the Lake

better define and adequately protect all interests