Bob Ackert's SIEG SC4 Manual
Bob Ackert's SIEG SC4 Manual
Bob Ackert's SIEG SC4 Manual
(Revised)
With Gear Change Charts, Recommended Cutting Speeds and
Other Helpful Information
Robert Ackert
5/21/2014
Supplement to the instruction manual supplied with the SIEG SC4 bench lathe with information on
controlling carriage movement, changing gears, gear charts, recommended cutting, drilling and reaming
speeds and tooling, detailed instructions for cutting standard thread forms and mounting alternate
chucks.
Robert Ackert
Page 1
Disclaimer/Preface
This supplement to the Instruction Manual supplied with the SIEG SC4 Bench Lathe was prepared as part
of the learning experience with a newly purchased SIEG SC4 Bench Lathe. The information and data was
compiled by means of direct measurements, calculations and trial and error and, where possible,
verified using published information. While a lot of care was taken to provide accurate information, the
author cannot be held responsible for material contained herein which may be inaccurate or out of date
in regard to any other lathe than his own. This supplement is provided to help other hobbyists and nonprofessionals to learn how to use and enjoy their SIEG SC4 lathes. No representation is made that any
procedure or data provided here-in represents best practice. The use of the information is entirely at
the risk of the reader.
Shop practice and especially the use of power tools can be dangerous. The reader is cautioned to learn
and practice all safety procedures relevant to the work at hand. Do not operate any power tool until
after you have read and understand the safety procedures outlined in the instruction manual provided
by the manufacture.
The author is neither an employee nor an agent of SIEG or any other company referenced in this
document and he does not sell or represent any product discussed. Any opinions expressed are his own.
The SIEG CS4 is a robust lathe with a 1000 watt variable speed motor that provides plenty of power for a
small lathe. The controls are simple and intuitive (once you have read SIEGs manual and this
supplement). Dynamic motor braking and auto reversing are appreciated features, especially when
cutting screw threads, as is the power cross feed. The machine lacks a quick change gear box. However,
the two feed rates possible using the half nut and power transfer levers as outlined in section 5 largely
make up for this lack and changing the gears in the SC4 for thread cutting is simple and straight forward.
The SC4 also lacks a reversing lever for the leadscrew. As it is, you have to swap a gear and a spacer on
the spindle drive to reverse the leadscrew rotation relative to the spindle, as shown in section 6.1. This
is a small compromise and the gear change is quite easy and not frequently required.
Robert Ackert
October, 2012
Revision February 9, 2014
The main revision is to the gear change chart for metric threading Section 6.4 and to the text in Section
6. The previous version included some gear combinations that would not fit onto the lathe due to gears
interfering with each other and other parts of the machine. A new out of the box modification has
been added to Section 4 (replacing the cap screw holding the gear cover closed with a thumb screw).
Some minor text revisions were also made for clarity and a few typing errors were corrected.
Robert Ackert
February, 2014
Revision May 21, 2014
This revision is not so much a revision as an addition in that the only change is the addition of a fifth
recommended out-of-the-box modification on page 8.
Robert Ackert
May, 2014
Robert Ackert
Page 2
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5
2.
3.
Lubrication ...................................................................................................................................... 6
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Page 3
9.
10.
11.
Things You May Want to Buy (and Where to Buy Them) ............................................................ 29
Robert Ackert
Page 4
1. Introduction
This document is a supplement to the instruction manual supplied with the SIEG SC4 lathe. It does not
replace the manual provided by SIEG. Please read it thoroughly to learn the safety precautions and
basic machine operating functions prior to using your lathe. However, the supplied manual lacks some
important information which this document endeavors to supply. I recommend that you read both
documents prior to using your lathe.
Robert Ackert
Oil Port
Page 5
3. Lubrication
A pump-style oil can containing machine oil is an important part of the turners tool kit. Locate all the oil
ports on the machine, including the ones on the ends of the gear posts. Pump a small amount of oil into
each port at the beginning of each turning session. Also lightly oil all exposed sliding surfaces. Lubricate
the change gears regularly with a small amount of grease. Any modern gear grease will do but do not
over do it because the excess grease will fling of and contaminate the drive belt. Motorcycle chain
grease such as Permatex Chain Lub or NAPA Open Gear Lube can also be used to lubricate the gears.
They comes in a spray can, lubricate both the gears and their bearings and overall are less messy that
paste-type greases in the open gear case. Just be careful to keep the spray away from the drive belt.
Chain lube can also be used to lubricate sliding surfaces and has the advantage that it does not hold dirt.
Only a little bit is required.
Page 6
taper on the workpiece. However, when cutting threads the required angle is measured in relation to
the transverse axis of the work piece. If the protractor scale covered a full 360o, you would set the angle
of the compound at the complement to the desired thread angle (NOTE: Two angles are complimentary
to each other when they add up to 90o). However, the scale only goes to 50o in either direction. Since
thread angles are generally 30o the required
complimentary angle (60o) cannot be set on the SC4s
protractor scale. The simple solution is to add two
more reference marks at +90o and -90o to the factory
reference mark. To do this, place the 45o point on the
right side of the scale at the factory reference mark,
secure the compound with the cap screws and then
carefully stamp a mark at the left 45o point on the
scale. On the other side, the 50o and 40o points have to
be used. A x lathe bit sharpened as shown can
be used to make the required marks (round the back
Factory mark
Added marks
end and wear safety glasses.)
Note that if you are referencing this document for
other lathe models you may find that there is not
enough room on the carriage assembly to place the
additional marks at the + and 90o positions. In these
cases you can place the additional marks at the + and
30o positions and use them as your reference when
threading.
The third modification is to replace the cap screw holding
the gear cover closed with a thumb screw and washer and
cutting the hole out as shown to the right so that you only
have to undo the thumb screw a turn or two to open the
cover.
The fourth modification is to convert the chuck so that it
can be mounted with studs rather than with the supplied
bolts, as outlined in Section 10.
The fifth modification is not really a modification but an
addition. I managed to knock the plastic lens protecting
the LCD screen inward out of its mount on the inside of
the control panel a couple of times. This lens is held in
place only by friction and any pressure on it will dislodge it. To prevent this from happening, I made a
protective Lucite lens dimensioned as shown below. Friction holds this lens in place in the LCD recess on
the outside of the control panel so that any pressure on it tends to hold it in place more firmly. I left the
original lens in place on the inside of the panel just because it was in place when I made the new one. I
Robert Ackert
Page 7
used the 5.7 mm thick Lucite because I just happened to have it and it worked out perfectly. I cut the
Lucite to size using a saw and then cut the recessed edge with a very sharp carbide end mill on the
milling machine. I used a moderate cutter speed to prevent melting the Lucite.
30mm
23.4mm
69 mm
5.7 mm
2 mm
63.9 mm
Robert Ackert
Page 8
6. Gear Changing
The SC4 is a metric lathe with a leadscrew pitch of 2mm and metric module #1 change gears. The gear
combinations shown in the metric chart in Section 6.4 give exact metric thread pitches except for the
5mm size. A 127 tooth gear is included in the change gear set so that Imperial (inch) thread pitches can
be cut. All gear combinations shown in the inch chart in Section 6.3 give the exact number of threads
per inch (TPI) shown except for 13 TPI which does not have the 127 tooth gear in it. It is included in the
chart because inch SAE coarse threaded bolts use 13 TPI. See the page 10 for more discussion
regarding 13 TPI and the 5mm pitch.
Robert Ackert
Page 9
The A/B/C/D gear positions referenced in the gear change charts are shown below.
B
C
D
Swing
arm
locking
screw
The B/C gear set is mounted on a swing arm that pivots around the leadscrew behind gear D. The stud
for this gear set screws into a T-nut on the back side of the arm. Proper meshing is achieved by sliding
the B/C set up and down the arm to mesh C with D, locking them in place with the T-nut and then
pivoting the arm to achieve proper mesh between B and A. The swing arm is locked in place by use of
the socket screw on the arm behind D. Do not mesh the gears too tightly. A small amount of lash (play)
is necessary to maintain proper lubrication between the gears. If the gears bind or if there is excessive
drag when the chuck is rotated by hand, loosen them a bit. If they are too noisy when running under
power, tighten them just a bit. Experience is the best teacher here.
My SC4 lathe was supplied with the following gear set in addition to the two 42-tooth gears
permanently installed on the spindle and the position in back of A.
Robert Ackert
Page 10
Tooth
Count
30
35
40
45
49
Number
In Set
1
1
1
1
1
Tooth
Count
50
55
56
60
70
Number
In Set
2
1
1
1
1
Tooth Number
Count In Set
80
1
100
2
120
2
127
1
Some versions of the SIEG SC4 are supplied with a gear set that includes 87, 90 and 94 tooth gears but
these are not required to cut any of the thread sizes shown in the inch chart in Section 6.3. They are
required for few of the metric pitches shown in section 6.4. The 87, 90 and 94 tooth gears can be
purchased as a set from Littlemachineshop.com for $29.95 plus tax and shipping. The link
http://lmscnc.com/4214 will take you directly to it. They also have a free gear change calculator at
http://littlemachineshop.com/Reference/change_gears.php that is a real time saver when determining
gear combinations for thread pitches not included in the charts. This calculator gives only combinations
that will physically fit the lathe. When using the calculator for the SC4, choose LMS 8.5x16 HiTorque
Bench Lathe which is a version of the SIEG SC4. The 87/90/94 gear set is worth the investment when
cutting threads not included in the charts.
All the thread calculations are exact except for 13 TPI and the 5mm pitch size. The 49/Any Gear/50 gear
combination for 13 TPI actually produces 12.959 TPI. Experience has shown this to be close enough for
the common nut and bolt type applications for which 13 TPI is used. The 50/94/90/49 combination is
included for those who have the 90 and 94 tooth gears. It gives 12.999 TPI which gives a better fit than
required for 13 TPI work.
Gear combinations and feed rates other than those shown in the charts are possible. However, other
gear combinations may not physically fit onto the lathe due to gears interfering with each other and
other parts of the machine. For example, a 60 tooth gear in position A has only about a 0.5 mm
clearance to the stud on the end of the drive spindle. Larger gears will not fit at this location. The gear
sizes are calculated using the equation:
Where:
Feed rate is the carriage movement per one revolution of the spindle achieved using the
half nut lever.
A, B, C and D are the tooth counts for gears at position A, B, C and D.
When B = C in the above calculation, use the any gear combination explained in Section 6.2.
Robert Ackert
Page 11
The feed rate for the power transfer lever is calculated by multiplying the result of the above equation
by 0.18.
The same equation is used to find the fed rate in inches except the result is divided by 25.4 since there
are exactly 25.4 mm in one inch.
When calculating metric thread pitches, the thread pitch being cut equals the feed rate (in mm). When
cutting inch threads, the threads per inch (TPI) is calculated as one divided by the feed rate (in inches).
Sometimes, two wrenches used as shown are required
to remove a gear without withdrawing the gear stud
on which it is mounted. When reinstalling gears, do
not over tighten the retaining nuts. If the retaining
nuts cannot be easily removed, remove the entire stud
assembly; place the small square end securely in vise
and use the larger wrench to remove the nut. Check to
make sure that neither end of the bearing area of the
stud has been peened over making it difficult to
remove the gear. If there is any peening, mount the
stud in the lathe chuck and remove the peening using
a fine file. The author had to do this for the B/C stud
on his lathe.
Spacer
A
Robert Ackert
Page 12
A
B
C
D
Spacer
Robert Ackert
Page 13
Half Nut
PT Feed
TPI
Pitch (in)
7
0.1429
0.0257
8
0.1250
0.0225
9
0.1111
0.0200
10
0.1000
0.0180
11
0.0909
0.0164
12
0.0833
0.0150
13
0.0772
0.0139
13
0.0769
0.0138
14
0.0714
0.0129
15
0.0667
0.0120
16
0.0625
0.0113
18
0.0556
0.0100
20
0.0500
0.0090
24
0.0417
0.0075
Any Gear
13
A
50
50
50
50
50
50
49
50
30
40
30
30
30
30
100
127
100
127
100
127
100
127
100
127
100
127
50Any Gear50
94
90
120
127
120
127
120
127
120
127
120
127
120
127
D
35
40
45
50
55
60
50
49
35
50
40
45
50
60
Robert Ackert
Page 14
Half Nut
Pitch (mm) Pitch (in)
0.15
0.0057
0.20
0.0079
0.25
0.0098
0.30
0.0118
0.35
0.0138
0.40
0.0157
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.75
0.80
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
3.00
4.00
5
0.0177
0.0197
0.0236
0.0276
0.0295
0.0315
0.0394
0.0492
0.0591
0.0689
0.0787
0.1181
0.1575
0.2000
PT Feed
(mm)
(in)
0.0263
0.0010
0.0360
0.0014
0.0450
0.0018
0.0540
0.0021
0.0630
0.0025
0.0720
0.0028
30
30
30
30
35
40
120
120
120
100
100
100
35
40
60
60
60
60
120
100
120
120
120
120
0.0810
0.0900
0.1080
0.1260
0.1350
0.1440
0.1800
0.2250
0.2700
0.3150
0.3600
0.5400
0.7200
0.9144
30
30
30
50
45
50
50
50
45
35
50
45
60
60
100
60
50Any Gear50
50Any Gear50
100
70
50Any Gear50
100
80
120Any Gear120
100Any Gear100
50Any Gear50
50Any Gear50
100Any Gear100
90
120
50Any Gear50
100
127
80
120
100
100
120
100
100
80
60
40
50
40
30
30
0.0032
0.0035
0.0043
0.0050
0.0053
0.0057
0.0071
0.0089
0.0106
0.0124
0.0142
0.0213
0.0283
0.0360
60
There is very little clearance between the 60 tooth gear and the stud
holding the 42 tooth gear on the spindle.
See text on page 12 for explanation.
Any Gear
Robert Ackert
Page 15
Workpiece
Material
Aluminum
Brass and
Bronze
Copper
Cast Iron soft
Cast Iron
Hard
Steel Mild
Steel Alloy
(Hard)
Steel Tool
(not hardened)
Steel Stainless
Drilling
(sfm*)
Reaming
(sfm*)
240
200
150
400
120
110
100
80
250
250
100
100
75
65
50
150
80
60
90
250
100
55
40
150
30
15
50
150
45
30
60
180
50
30
Robert Ackert
Page 16
Workpiece
Material
Aluminum
Brass and
Bronze
Copper
Cast Iron soft
Cast Iron
Hard
Steel Mild
Steel Alloy
(Hard)
Steel Tool
(not hardened)
Steel Stainless
Drilling
(MPM*)
Reaming
(MPM*)
73
61
46
122
37
34
31
24
76
76
31
31
23
20
15
46
24
18
27
76
31
17
12
46
15
46
14
18
55
15
Robert Ackert
Page 17
The turning speeds given above are suggested starting points. The experienced user may find that
higher speeds are possible but with increased tool wear.
When drilling on a lathe, the holes are generally deeper than when using a drill press. It is essential that
that the drill be extracted from the hole frequently to remove chips to prevent binding the drill. A
cutting lubricant is recommended. The speeds given above give good results and exceeding them is not
recommended.
Reaming and boring are the only methods that produce truly round holes. For boring, use the
recommended turning speed calculated on the diameter of the bored hole. For reaming, the use of a
good cutting lubricant is considered essential. Exceeding the indicated cutting speeds is strongly
discouraged when using HSS reamers.
Appendix 2 presents the data from this section in tabular form for those who prefer to work from tables
rather than formulas and equations.
Robert Ackert
Page 18
External Thread
Minor
Diameter
Major
Diameter
The angle of the thread is 60o for all modern standard metric and SAE screw threads. The major
diameter is usually just a tiny bit below the nominal diameter of the fastener with a tolerance for being
undersized. The major and minor dimensions and tolerances can be found on the internet using the
search string thread dimensions.
http://www1.mscdirect.com/PDF/FASTENERS/ThreadsAndMaterials.pdf is a good source for both metric
and inch fasteners. The form of the truncation may be flat with rounded corners or the crest and root
may be a complete radius. In theory the exact shape changes for every different thread pitch. Therefore
a different forming tool is required for each thread type and pitch in order to produce a theoretically
perfect thread. While this is practical for commercial producers it is impractical for the hobbyist and
non-professional and even for many professional turners making one-offs or a very limited run of parts.
Robert Ackert
Page 19
Fortunately compromises to theory can produce very acceptable threaded parts for most applications.
Standards allow for +/- tolerances on all measurements. If manufacturers keep within these tolerances
their parts are compatible with those of other manufacturers and the degree of thread engagement will
generally be in the range of 55 to 75%. With 55% thread engagement, the holding power of a threaded
hole will exceed the strength of the fastener when the length of the threaded portion of the hole is 2/3 of
the diameter of the fastener. In other words, a nut with a thickness equal to 2/3 the diameter of the bolt
will have a holding power equal to or greater than the strength of the bolt when only 55% of the
available thread height is engaged between the two parts (assuming both parts are made from similar
material). We can take advantage of these tolerances to cut acceptable threads on a lathe over a wide
range of pitches using one single point cutting tool. External threads cut with a single point tool bit on a
lathe look like this.
External Thread
Minor
Diameter
Major
Diameter
The crest should be left slightly flat. The root is sharp or it can be formed as a radius by putting a radius
on the tool bit. In the majority of cases the tip of the tool bit needs only be slightly rounded with a
diamond hone. The error introduced by producing a true minimum diameter a bit smaller than the listed
minor diameter is inconsequential in most cases. However, in critical highly stressed applications the
thread cutting tool should be given a more generous
o
radius. This is critical when the fastener is to be heat
60
treated after machining.
There are many types and shapes for thread cutting tool
bits, but the most practical and by far the most
commonly used in small lathes is a square tool bit ground
as shown to the right. They can be purchased pre-formed in HSS or
carbide. However, most turners grind their own using a square HSS
tool bit blank and a small bench grinder. A small container of water
is kept close at hand to cool the bit when it becomes too hot to
hand hold. A measuring gauge such as either of the two shown here
helps to get the 60o angle just right. The 10o relief angle ground on
both sides of the bit is not critical at the slow turning speeds used
for thread cutting on a manual lathe but it should be high enough to
Robert Ackert
10o
Page 20
keep the face of the tool from rubbing on either side of the spiral thread groove being produced.
In use, the cutting tool is set a 90o to the long axis of the workpiece and level with the centerline, as
shown below. Either of the gauges shown above can be used to help achieve the 90o approach to the
workpiece.
Workpiece
90
Tool Bit
Workpiece
Major Diameter
Portion to be
Threaded
Robert Ackert
Page 21
Page 22
stop the lathe before the tool bit gets back to the workpiece. The threads should still be a bit
oversized but run a trial fit with a nut or, if you have one, a go-no-go gauge (alternately, a thread
micrometer or a standard micrometer and a special set of measuring wires can be used). Most
turners use a nut.
21. Continue to repeat steps 13 to 18 until a proper fit is achieved. At this point, the tool bit is
probably cutting into the minor diameter section a little
bit. You can see why if you refer back to the top drawing
on page 19.
22. Disengage the half nuts and move the carriage out of the
way. Run the lathe up to a moderate speed and run a
fine file over the threads, then use a stiff wire brush to
clean up the threads.
23. You are done.
The description above seems like a lot of work with many
individual steps, but it comes quickly with practice and practice
with sacrificial material is recommended before committing to
serious work. It is important to stay focused and not allow any
distractions.
Robert Ackert
Page 23
Carriage travel
Hollow
Workpiece
Tool Bit
Direction of
Movement of
Compound
Slide
Witness area to be faced off
Robert Ackert
Page 24
Carriage travel
Hollow
Workpiece
Tool Bit
Direction of
Movement of
Compound
Slide
Robert Ackert
Page 25
P/2 + 0.010
The metric trapezoid thread is very similar to the Acme thread except the angle is 30o. These thread
forms are commonly used for linear actuators such as the leadscrew on metal lathes and in power lifting
and holding applications such as screw jacks and vise screws. While cutting the trapezoidal thread forms
is possible by making the adjustments given in Section 8.5, threading long screws on a lathe is a lot
harder than making a good short one because of the deflection of the bar being cut. This is function of
the material being cut and geometry of the part and is not a reflection on the lathe. When long screws
with trapezoidal threads are required, purchasing them rather than making your own is recommended.
An internet search will find suppliers for Acme threaded rod and their metric counterparts. If you
application involves linear measurement such as the X-Y screws for a milling machine or the leadscrew
for a lathe, purchase precision threaded rod. Make sure whether you need right or left hand thread
before purchasing because some machinery components use left hand threads.
There are other considerations to cutting Acme threads but since a fellow that goes by the moniker of
tubalcain on youtube.com has two good videos covering the subject they are not covered here. To
find the videos, enter the search string tubalcain machine shop tips acme into a Google search.
Page 26
the chuck and a center in the tailstock. In these cases, allow enough sacrificial stock to begin and end
the cut. About (6mm) is required to make sure all lash is out of the leadscrew and gear chain before
the cutter enters the good portion of workpiece.
Page 27
The advantage of this arrangement is that a separate adapter plate is not required when an alternate
chuck is purchased as long as the alternate chuck is 100 mm in diameter. Note that almost all new 4
plane-back chucks sold today are actually 100 mm and will fit the SC4 but older 4 chucks made in North
America may not.
Dismounting the chuck for the first time can be
problematic since there is no way to lock the drive spindle.
If the mounting bolts are torqued too tightly at the factory
you may not be able to apply enough counter torque by
using the chuck key in its socket in the chuck as a grip.
Using a bar crosswise in the chuck jaws to provide
sufficient counter torque is not recommend for fear of
breaking or bending something. A better solution is to
use a strap wrench around the chuck or a socket extension
bar or a bolt mounted tightly in the chuck and a socket
ratchet handle and the supplied 14 mm wrench to remove
the bolts, as shown to the right. In an extreme case, you
may have to grind flats on the bolt to prevent its slipping in
the chuck.
Before dismounting the chuck, make two adjacent punch marks, one on the chuck and one on the
mounting plate as witness marks for remounting the chuck. It helps when realigning the bolt holes. A
wooden cradle placed below the chuck as shown above prevents dropping the chuck onto the ways or
Robert Ackert
Page 28
your fingers. If you do not make a cradle, at least put a piece of wood over the ways. Your fingers heal
but the chuck is heavy enough to make a permanent ding in the ways.
Now to the one feature on the SC4 that the present author
does not like. It is very difficult to line up the proper bolt
holes in the mounting plate and chuck and feed the bolts
through. It does not help that the bolts are longer than the
space between the plate and the headstock. To correct
this problem, make some 25 mm long studs for the chucks
by cutting the heads off some 30 mm M8 x 1.25 mm bolts.
Wrap the ends of the studs going into the chucks with
about 13 wraps of Teflon joint sealing tape. The Teflon
prevents the studs from screwing back into the chuck
when the nuts are being applied. You could use Loctite to
glue the studs in place but the Teflon provides a tight
enough fit and the studs can still be removed easily if the
need ever arises. If you do this, make sure to trim away
any excess Teflon so that stray pieces will not work their
way between the chuck and mounting plate. Now it is easy
to change from the 3-jaw chuck to the 4-jaw chuck. A
wrench on the nuts and the chuck key in its socket provide
enough counter torque to secure the chuck in place.
Stud
Nut
Page 29
3. Permatex Chain Lube amazon.com for 4.55 or at local motorcycle or auto supply shop for
about $10.
4. Quick change tool post set, Tormach OXA and tool post mount for SC4 at
littlemachineshop.com part numbers 3112 ($129.95) and 4117 ($9.95). Additional tool
holders (part no. 3114) available for 13.95 each. The stock 4-way tool post supplied with the SC4
is serviceable and sufficiently robust to do the job required of it. However, like all other such
tool posts, you have to fiddle with shims to get the tool height set correctly. Quick change tool
posts are much more convenient to use.
5. 5-piece 3/8 Indexable carbide tool bit set with C6 inserts available from grizzlytools.com,
cdcotools.com, littlemachineshop.com and eBay.com for less than $50. Replacement inserts
can be bought at carbidedepot.com. They sell the Carbi- Universal TCMT 21.51 insert for $5.25
each in packs of ten. Inserts can also be commonly found on eBay.com but the prices are
generally not all that good and the providers do not usually tell you what the inserts are
designed to cut (there are some significant differences). The Carbi-Universal inserts are for
general purpose machining on all workpiece materials. For details, see
http://www.carbidedepot.com/detail.aspx?ID=149188.
6. 8 pc. HSS 5/16" pre-ground tool bit set - grizzlytools.com part no. H5871 $41.95. Similar
items are also available from other suppliers and on ebay.com.
7. P-type parting blade (cut-off blade) make sure that the blade you buy is compatible with your
parting blade holder. The author uses and likes his 3 mm wide x 12 mm Empire blade in his
Tormach OXA parting blade holder but he got lucky to find the Empire blade on ebay.com.
These blades can be hard to find. However, shars.com lists their 1/8 x P3S "P" Type HSS Cutoff Blade (part no. 404-1666) for $5.50.
8.
Live center MT2 these are available from most machinery supply houses (grizzlytools.com,
busybeetools.com, cdcotools.com, shars.com, littlemachineshop.com) for about $25 to $30 and
sometimes as little as $12 new on ebay.com. Do not buy a used live center on eBay.
9.
The 87, 90 and 94 tooth change gears can be purchased as a set from Littlemachineshop.com for
$29.95 plus tax and shipping. The link http://lmscnc.com/4214 will take you directly to it. The
87/90/94 gear set is worth the investment when cutting threads not included in the charts.
Robert Ackert
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Appendix 1 Chatter
Sooner or later, every turner experiences lathe chatter. It occurs when the cutting action of the tool bit
fluctuates in harmony with the natural vibration period of any part of the tool, tool holder or workpiece.
It may ruin a part and, in its extreme, be damaging to the lathe. At minimum, it can be alarming to the
inexperienced person and frustrating to the experienced operator. Some materials are more
problematic than others. Changing the material grade or even the heat treatment within a grade can
make a difference. For example, low carbon cold roll steel chatters much more than SAE 12L14, a steel
grade specifically designed for machining. Some grades of brass are particularly problematic but grade
360 brass machines well. Likewise, some grades of aluminum are difficult to machine but the most
common grade 6061 machines well. Long slender parts chatter more than short, stubby ones.
The usual steps for curing chatter are (more or less in the order that you should try):
1. Make sure that your cutting bit is set correctly height of cutting tip right on the centerline of
the workpiece and oriented correctly, as illustrated below.
Robert Ackert
Page 31
e. Use the tail stock center and make sure it is properly snugged up to the workpiece and
locked into place. If you are using a dead center, grease it properly (just a bit of grease
is required, but make sure you do not squeeze it all out by over tightening the center).
f. Use a follow rest, if available.
5. Change the tool angle in relation to the workpiece. A radial cutting edge (90o to the long axis of
the work piece) will chatter much more than one than one at a lower angle. Even a 10o shift can
make a difference.
< 90o
6. Decrease the depth of cut and increase the rate of feed. (If the power of the lathe allows, you
may try increasing both the depth of cut and the feed rate.) Just decreasing the depth of the cut
will often eliminate chatter.
7. Change the cutting speed, up or down.
8. Wrapping a piece of soft lead sheet stock around the workpiece or clamping a weight to the
workpiece will change its natural harmonic which may reduce chatter.
9. Change the cutting direction to cut away from the headstock rather than towards it. In this
case, it is best to use a ball bearing live center in the tailstock if available. If not, make sure to
grease the dead center well.
10. If you are using a live center in the tail stock and cutting towards the headstock, change to a
dead center (grease it well).
11. Check to make sure the gibs on the cross slide, compound slide and carriage are properly
adjusted.
12. Check the spindle bearings for looseness and adjust if required. (Note, end play does not usually
present a problem unless your feed rate is far too small).
13. Small parts are better held in collet rather than with a jawed chuck.
When using a small lathe, you may occasionally find a piece of material which just will not turn without
chattering. Perhaps more time spent on establishing the correct bit geometry would lead to success,
but patience wears out before success and you put the material into the scrap bin and restart with
something else. This happens most frequently when working a low machinability grade such as cold
rolled SAE 1018 steel bar. It is worth the price to buy machining grade materials for some applications.
SAE 12L14 steel, 360 brass and 6061 aluminum round bar are excellent for turning and can usually be
purchased from local suppliers or on ebay.com.
Robert Ackert
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