458

Chapter 11 Design of Two-Way Slabs andPlates

ports are so low that the stiffness ratio IXhas a value close to 0.2, gradually approachin
the condition of a flat plate. It is not applicable when IX=O.If it is to be used in the lau g
condition, however, we can assume that part of the slab in the column region acts aser
beam. Thickness h cannot be less than the following values:
a
Slabs without beams or drop panels
Slabs without beams, but with drop panels
Slabs with beams on all four edges with a value of IXfrn
at least equal to 2.0

5in.
4in.
3.5in.

h also has to be increased by at least 10% for flat-plate floors if the end panels have no
edge beams and by 45 % for comer panels.
In addition, in the equations above,

IX= ratio of flexural stiffnessof beam sectionto flexural stiffnessof a widthof slab
bounded laterally by the center line of the adjacent panel (if any) on each side
of the beam
IXfrn
= average value of IXfor all beams on edges of a panel
~ = ratio of clear spans in long to short direction of ~o-way slabs
It has to be emphasized that a deflection check is critital for the construction load.
ing condition. Shoring and reshoring patterns can result in dead-load deflection in excess
of the normal service-load state at a time when the concrete has only a 7-day strength or
less and not the normal design 28-day strength. The stiffness' El in such a state is less than
the design value. Flexural cracking lowers further the stiffness values of the two-way slab
or plate, with a possible increase in long-term deflection several times the anticipated design deflection. Consequently, reinforced concrete two-way slabs and plates have to be
constructed with a camber onin. in lO-ft span or more and crack control exercised as in
Section 11.9 in order to counter the effects of excessive deflection at the construction
loading stage. An analysis for the construction load stresses and deflections is important
in most cases.
'\

It should be noted that while the ACI Code stipulates

the use of Ir

= 7.5Vjj for

the modulus of rupture in computing the cracking moment, Me,. it is advisable that a-lower value than 7.5 in the expression for f, be used, such as 4.Q.-4.5.In this manner, the
possibility is avoided of unanticipated deflection of a two-way slab larger than what the
ACI deflection tables present.
11.5 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURE: DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

. -

11.5.1 Operational Steps

Figure 11.9 gives a logic flowchart for the following operational steps:
L Determine whether the slab geometry and loading allow the use of the direct design
method as listed in Section 11.3.1.
2. Select slab thickness to satisfy deflection and shear requirements. Such calculations
require a knowledge of the supporting beam or column dimensions. A reasonable
value of such a dimension of columns or beams would be 8 to 15% of the average of
the long and short span dimensions, that is, Wl + 12),For shear check, the critical
section is at a distance d/2 from the face of the support. If the thickness shown for
deflection is not adequate to carry the shear, use one or more of the following:
(a) Increase the column dimension.
(b) Increase concrete strength.
(c) Increase slab thickness.

459

Design and Analysis Procedure: Direct Design Method

Given design data: arrangement of panels, panel

dimensions, live load, superimposed dead load, f~, fy

Carry out the geometry check for use of direct design method;
observe the limitation of the direct design method
listed in Section 11.3.1

Obtain the minimum slab thickness for deflection

requirements using Eqs. 11.10a and 11.10b

Assume a thickness h for the slab; calculate the self-weight

ofthe slab and W.

1.2Wo + 1.6WL

Check if the assumed thickness h satisfies the shear

requirements; if the beam and column dimensions are not
known, assume the dimensions; try column dimensions in the
range of 8 to 15% of the average of shon and long spans; the
critical section for shear is at d/2 from the face of the support

No.
Assumed section satisfies shear requirements

Divide the structure into

an equivalent design frame
bound by centerline of
panels (Section 11.31

Make adjustments by increasing

column dimensions, concrete
strength, or slab thickness, or
use special shear reinforcement

Compute the total statical factored moment,

Mo s W.lzln/8

Select the distribution factors (Tables 11.1 and 11.2 and

Fig. 11.51; obtain critical negative and positive moments

For flat plates, check the shear requiremenu taking into account
the moment to be transferred by shear to the column face

No
Shear requiremenu

are satisfied

Select the bar sizes and detail the arrangement

alcu1ation~"
reasonabJel

of reinforcement

;1

average of:
the critical
shown foj:'
)wing:

Figure 11.9 Flowchart for design sequence in two-way slabs and plates by the
direct design method.

460

Chapter 11

Design of Two-Way Slabs and Plates

(d) Use special shear reinforcement.

(e) Use drop panels or column capitals to improve shear strength.
3. Divide the structure into equivalent design frames bound by center lines of pan Is
on each side of a line of columns.
e
4. Compute the total statical factored moment Mo = (Wi21n21)!8.
5. Select the distribution factors of the negative and positive moments to the exteri
and interior columns and spans as in Figure 11.3b and Table 11.1 and calculate t~r
respective factored moments.
e

,.;i

6. Distribute the factored equivalent frame moments from step 5 to the colllInn and
middle strips.
7. Determine whether the trial slab thickness chosen is adequate for moment-shear
transfer in the case of flat plates at the column junction computing that portion of
the moment transferred by shear and the properties of the critical shear section at
distance d/2 from column face.
8. Design the flexural reinforcement to resist the factored moments in step 6.
9. Select the size and spacing of the reinforcement to fulfill the requirements for crack
control, bar development lengths, and shrinkage and temperature stresses.

11.5.2 Example 11.1: Design of Flat Plate without Beams

by the Direct De~ign Method
A three-story building is four panels by four panels in plan. The clear height between the
floors is 12 ft, and the floor system is a reinforced concrete flat-plate construction with no
edge beams. The dimensions of the end panels as well as the size of the supporting columns
are shown
in Figure 11.10. Given:
\

+
N

I).

Edgeof
building'

0I
24 ft
(7.32m)

I""'"o'i
I
r-24ft
-T-~

0
-,
::

(9I

~~~
I

co

1
CD
1E
II
_",
co....
I

i
I

Figure 11.10 Floor plan of end panels in a three-story building.

461

1;5 'Design and Analysis Procedure: Direct Design Method

live load

= 70 psf (3.35 kPa)

f~ =

4000 psi (27.6 MPa), normal-weight concrete

f, =

60,000 psi (414 MPa)

The building is not subject to earthquake; consider gravity loads only. Design the end panel
and the size and spacing of the reinforcement needed. Consider flooring weight to be 10 psf
in addition to the floor self-weight.
Solution:

Geometry check for use of direct design method (step 1)

(a) Ratio longer span/shorter span =24/18 =1.33 < 2.0, hence two-way action
(b) More than three spans in each direction and successive spans in each direction the
same and columns are not offset.
(c) Assume a thickness of 9 in. and flooring of 10 psf.
9
Wd = 10 + 12 X 150 = 122.5psf
WI = 70 psf

< 2Wd

2Wd

= 245 psf

O.K.

Hence the direct design method is applicable.

Minimum slab thickness for deflection requirement (step 2)
E-W direction lnl = 24 X 12 N-S direction

ln2 = 18 X 12

ratio of longer to shorter clear span 13=

~ - ~ = 269in. (6.83m)
~O

- 2; = 196in. (4.98m)

~~: = 1.37

Minimum preliminary thickness h from Table 11.3 for a flat plate without edge beams or
drop panels using f, = 60,OOO-psi
steel is h = lj30, to be increased by at least 10% when no
edge beam is used.
E-W:

In = 269in.

269
h="3OXl.l=.

986

'

m.

Try a slab thickness h = 10 in. This thickness is larger than the absolute mirtimum
thickness of 5 in. required in the code for flat plates; hence O.K. Assume that d = h - 1 in. =
9 in.

10
new Wd = 10 + 12 X 150

= 135.0 psf

Therefore,
2Wd = 270psf

WI= 70 psf < 2Wd

O.K.

Shear thickness requirement (step 2)

Wu =

1.6L + 1.2D = 1.6 X 70 + 1.2 X 135.0

= 274psf (13.12kPa)
Interior column:The controllingcriticalplane of maximumperimetric shear stress is at
a distance d/2 from the columnfaces;hence, the net factored perimetric shear force is

462

Chapter 11

Vu = [(ll x [2)-

Design of Two-Way Slabs and Plates

+ d)(C2+ d)]wu

(CI

= (18 x 24 - 201; 9 x 201; 9)274 = 116,768

Vu

Vn =

116,768
= 155,6911b

~ = 0:75

From Figure 11.11, the perimeter of the critical shear failure surface is
bo = 2(cl + d + C2+ d) = 2(cl + C2+ 2d)

perimetric shear surfaceAc = bod = 2d(cl + C2+ 2d)

= 2 x 9.0(20+ 20 + 18)

= 116 x 9 = 1044in.2(673,400mm2)
Since moments are not known at this stage, only a preliminary check for shear can be made.
13

= ratio

of longer to shorter

side of columns

~~

= 1.0

Available nominal shear Vc is the least of

Yc

= (2+ ~) Vi'cbod= (2 +

i)V
\.

4000

1044 = 369,170 lb (1.64

103 kN)

or
Vc

= a.d + 2 Vi'cbod ,;;, 40 x 9 + 2 V 4000

bo

116

X 1044

= 336,972Ib(1.5 X

103 kN)

or
Vc

= 4 Vfc bod = 4 V 4000

X 1044 = 264,113 lb (1.16 X 103 kN)

controlling Vc = 264,113lb > required Vn = 155,6911b

Hence the floor thickness is adequate. Note that because the preliminary forgoing check for
the shear Vcat this stage does not take into account the shear transferred by moment, it is prudent to recognize that the chosen trial slab thickness would have to be larger than what the
gravity Vn requires. Asa,.guideline, in the case of interior columns, a thickness based on about

Criticalplane~---l---

~I

1111
lLL

'

I -+
d/2-t

4.6 in.

~1
c\

20 in

0.,;",

'~

J~

4.6 in..

18
I---d/2

-,l

'---r---4.5 in.

29.0 in.
(c\+d)
24 ft

24 ft

Figure 11.11 Critical plane for shear moment transfer In Ex. 11.1 interior column
(line B-B, Fig. 11.10).

463

Design and Analysis Procedure: Direct Design Method

1.2 Vn applies in the case of interior columns. For end columns, a recommended multiplier for
Vn might have to be as high as 1.6-1.8, and for comer columns, a higher value is applicable.
Often, shear heads or drop panels are necessitated for comer columns to overcome too large a
required thickness of the slab. As the serviceability tabulated values in Table 11.3 for minimum
thickness of slabs apply only to the interior column zones, to be augmented by 10-15% for end
columns and almost 50% for comer columns, they indirectly take into account the above stipulations for choosing trial slab thickness based on augmenting Vc, as was done at the outset in
basing the choice of the slab thickness on augmenting the Table 11.3 value by 10 percent.
Exterior column: Include weight of exterior wall, assuming its service weight to be 270
plf. Net factored perimetric shear force is
18)
Vu

24
18
(18+
= [ 18 X (2 + 2 x 12) +

4.50)(20 + 9.0)
144
] 274

20

18 - 12

66 933
X 270 X 1.2

= 66,9331b

Vn = 0:75 = 89,244lb

Consider the line of action of Vu to be at the column face LM in Figure 11.12 for shear moment transfer to the centroidal plane c-c. This approximation is adequate since Vu acts perimetrically around the column faces and not along line AB only. From Figure 11.12,
kN)

Ac

= d(2c1 +

C2+ 2d)

= 9.0(2 X 18 + 20 + 18) = 9 x 74

= 666in.2(429,700mm2)
lIP kN)

Available nominal shear Vc is the least of

v" = (2 +

N)

j)Vf:.bod = (2+ 20;18)

V 4000

X 666

= 235,8811b

(1.05 X lIP kN)

or

Vc

(~ + 2) Vf'r.bod= eo 7: 9 + 2) V 4000 X 666 = 237,930lb (1.06 X lIP kN)

Critical plane

Face of
building

mn

Figure 11.12 Centroidal axis for shear moment transfer in Ex. 11.1 end column
(line A-A or 1-1, Fig. 11.10).

",

464

Chapter 11

where as =

Design of Two-Way Slabs and Plates

30 for edge column

or
Vc = 4 Vt'cbod = 4 V 4000 X 666 = 168,486Ib(0.75 X lW kN)

controls

OX

> required Vn = 89,244lb

Statical moment computation (steps 3 to 5)

E-W:

N-S:

lnl

= 269in. = 22.42 ft

ln2 = 196in. = 16.33ft

0.6511= 0.65 X 24 = 15.6 ft

Use lnl = 22.4 ft

0.651n2= 0.65 X 18 = 11.7 ft

Use ln2= 16.33 ft

(a) E-W direction

w)21;1
Mo

= --g

274 X 18(22.42)2

= 309,888ft-lb (420kN-m)

For end panel of a flat plate without end beams, the moment distribution factors as in Table 11.1are

- Muat first interior support

= 0.70Mo

= 0.52Mo
- Muat exteriorface= 0.26Mo

+ Mu at midspan of panel

negative designmoment - Mu= 0.70X 309,888

= 216,922ft-lb (295kN-m)
positivedesignmoment + Mu = 0.52 X 309,888
= 161,142ft-lb (218kN-m)

negativemomentat exterior-Mu = 0.26 X 309,888

= 80,571ft-lb (109kN-m)
(b) N-S direction
w)ll~
= 219,202ft-Ib(298kN-m)
Mo= --g
= 274 X 24(16.33)2
8

negative designmoment -Mu

= 0.70 X 219,202
= 153,441 ft-Ib (208 kN-m)

positive design moment

+ Mu

0.52

X 219,202

= 113,985 ft-Ib (77 kN-m)

negative design moment at exterior face - Mul

= 0.26 X 219,202
= 56,993 ft-lb (75 kN-m)

Note that the smaller moment factor 0.35 could be used for the positive factored moment in
the N-S direction in this example if the exterior edge is fully restrained. For the N-S direction, panel BC12 was considered.
Moment distribution in the column and middle strips (steps 6 and 7)

At the exterior column there is no torsional edge beam; hence the torsional stiffness
ratio 13,of an edge beam to the columnsis zero. Hence al = O.From the exteriorfactoredmOments tables for the column strip in Section 11.4.2, the distribution factor for the negative
moment at the exterior support is 100%, the positive midspan moment is 60%, and the interior negative moment is 75%. Table 11.5givesthe moment valuesresulting from the moment
distributions to the column and middle strips.

Table 11.5 Moment Distribution Operations Table

N-S Direction

E-W Direction
1/11: 18/24 = 0.75
0
a,(//11):
Column strip

Mu (ft-Ib)
Distribution
factor(%)
Column strip
design moments

(ft-Ib)
Middlestrip
designmoments
(ft-Ib)

.j:o,
en
U1

Interior
negative
moment
216,922
75

Positive
midspan
moment
161,142
60

0.75 x

0.60 x

216,922
162,692
216,922
-162,692
54,230

161,142
96,685
161,142
- 96,685
64,457

24/18 = 1.33
0
Exterior
negative
moment
80,571
100

Interior
negative
moment
153,441
75

Positive
midspan
moment
113,985
60

1.0 x

0.75 x

0.60 x

153,441
115,081
153,441
-115,081
38,360

113,985
68,391
113,985
- 68,391
45,594

80,571
80,571
80,571
-80,571

---0

Exterior
negative
moment
56,993
100
1.0 x

56,993
56,993
56,993
-56,993
0

.'1

466

Chapter 11

Design of Two-Way Slabs and Plates

Check the shear moment transfer capacity at the exterior

column

supports

- Me at interior column 2-B = 216,922ft-Ib

- Meat exterior column 2-A = 80,571ft-Ib
Vu = 66,933lb acting at the face of the column
The ACI Code stipulates that the nominal moment strength be used in evaluating the unbal.
anced transfer moment at the edge column; that is, use Mn based on - Me = 80,571ft-Ib.Fac.
tored shear force at the edge column adjusted for the interior moment is
Vu

= 66

,933

- 216,922- 80,571 = 60850 lb

9 + 10
12

24--

'

Vn= 60,850/0.75= 81,133Ib, assuming that the design Mu has the same value as the factored Mu.
Ae from before = 666in.2
From Figures 11.7c and 11.12, taking the moment of area of the critical plane about
axis AB,

d(2cI + C2+ 2d)X = d( CI+ ~J

where x is the distance to the centroid of the critical sectionor
90

(2 X 18 + 20 + 18)X= 18 +

x = 50~~25

-t )

6.84 in. (174 rom)

= 6.84 - 9.0/2 = 2.34 in, where g is the distance from the column face to the centroidal
axis of the section.
To transfer the shear Vu from the face of column to the centroid of the critical section adds
an additional moment to the value of Me = 80,571ft-Ib.Therefore, the total external factored
moment Mue = 80,571 + 60,850(2.34/12) = 92,437 ft-Ib. Total required minimum unbalanced
moment strength is
and g

Iii
fll

Mue

Mn

=~ =

92,437

0.90 = 102,708ft-Ib

The fraction of nominal moment strength Mn to be transferred by shear is

1
1
"Iv= 1 2
= 1 - 1 + 0.59 = 0.37
1 + 3Ybl/b2

R:

,.

= ci + d/2 =18 + 4.5 = 22.5 in. and b2 =c2 + d =20 + 9 = 29 in. It should be noted that
the dimension ci + d for the end column in the above expression becomes CI+ d/2. Hence

where bl
Mnv

= 0.37

Mn. Moment

of inertia of sides parallel to the moment direction

bh3

II

hb3

= 12 + Ar2 + 12
=[

12

for both faces

22.50

9.0(22.5)3
II

about N-S axis is

+ (9.0 X 22.5) Z-

- 6.84 +

22.5(9.0)3

12

]2

= (8543 + 3938 + 1367)2 = 27,696 in.4

Moment of inertia of sides perpendicular to the moment direction about N-S axis is
12 = A(x)2

= [(20 + 9.0)9.0](6.84)2= 12,211in.4

Therefore,
torsional moment of inertia Ie = 27,696+ 12,211
= 39,907 in.4

467

Design and Analysis Procedure: Direct Design Method

If Eq. 11.7e is used instead from first principle calculations, as shown above, the same value
Ie = 39,907 in.4 is obtained.
Shearing stress due to perimeter shear, effect of Mn, and weight of wall is

60,850

0.75 X 666

+ 0.37 X 6.84 X 102,708 X 12

39,907

= 121.8 + 78.2 = 200.0psi

From before, maximum allowable Ve= 4Vfc = 4

V 4000 =253.0 psi and

Therefore, accept plate thickness. For the comer panel column, special shear-head provision or
an enlarged column or capital might be needed to resist the high-shear stresses at that location.
Check for shear-moment transfer at the interior column joint:

Wn/= 1.6 X 70 = 112psf.

From Eq.11.8 (c):
M"" = 0.07 (0.5 X 112 X 18.0)(22.42f

Vn = 155,691+
9(29)3

= 35,467 ft-Ib

66,933- 60,850
0.75
= 163,802lbat the face of the column

(9? X 29

Ie

=~

= 20/2 = lOin.

Total unbalanced moment Mn

9 X 29(29f

= 149,858ID.

35,467X 12
.
0.9
+ 163,802X 10 = 2,110,913ID.-Ib
1

'Yv= 1 - 1 + 2/3V1 = 0.4

163,802 0.40 X 2,110,913 X (29/2)
"
Hence, actual Vn= 1044 +
149,858
= 156.9 + 81.7= 238.6 pSI L 253 pSI,
OK
Then proceed in the same manner as that used for the end column for choosing the concentrated reinforcement in the column zone at the slab top to account for the 'YfMnmoment to be
transferred in flexure. Use straight bars over the column extending over the two adjacent
spans with full development length.
Design of reinforcement in the slab area at column face for the unbalanced moment
transferred to the column by flexure
From Eq. l1.6b,
'Yf = 1

'Yv= 1 - 0.37 = 0.63

Mnf = 'YfMn = 0.63 X 102,708 X 12 = 776,472 in.-Ib

This moment has to be transferred within 1.5h on each side of the column as in Figure l1.7d.
transfer width
Mnf

= (1.5 X 10.0)2 +
= AJy(d - ~)

20

= 50.0in.

assumethat ( d - ~) = 0.9d

._. u

._

...

Chapter 11 Design of Two-Way Slabs and Plates

468

or 776,472= A. x 60,000(9.0x 0.9)gives

A. = 1.60in.2over a strip width = 50.0in.
VerifyingA.,

1.60 X 60,000
.
a = 0.85 X 4,000 X 50.0 = 0.56m.

Therefore,

0.56

776,472= A. X 60,000 9.0 - """"2

A. = 1.48in.2= 5 No.5 bars at 4 in. c-cin the moment-transfer zone

Forthe totalnegativeM. (assignedtotally to the negativestrip - see Table 11.6),Mn = 80,571
/0.9 = 89,523 ft-Ib. The computed (d X aI2) =8.6in. Hence A. = 89,523 X 12/ (60,000 X 8.6)
= 2.08 in.2 Consequently, reinforcement outside the column moment-transfer 50 in. wide zone
is A. = 2.08 - 1.48 =0.60 in? over a segment = 9 ft less 50 in. = 4.83 ft. Minimum temperature
reinforcement = 0.0018 b h / ft = 0.0018 X 12 X 10 =0.216 in.2, requiring 5 No.4 bars at the
right and left sides of the end column. The 5 No.5 bars for the MnfPortion of the total end
negative moment is concentrated within the 20 in. colmun width in order to efficiently develop the required development length (see Fig. 11.13).
Checkshave to be made in a similarmanner for the shear-momenttransfer at the face
of the interior column C.As also described in Section 11.4.5.2, checks are sometimes necessary for pattern loading conditions and for cases where adjoining spans are not equal or not
equally loaded.
Proportioning of the plate reinforcement (steps 8 and 9)
(a) E-W direction (long span)
1. Summary of moments in column strip (ft-lb)

162,692

mtenor co umn negatIve Mn

.d

..

69

= 0.9 = 180,7

96,685

IDl span posItIve Mn

28

= o:g- = 07,4

extenor

<I>

80,571

column negatIve Mne

= o:g- = 89,523

2. Summary of moments in middle strip (ft-lb)

M
I
mtenor co umn negative n

.
exterior

..

54,230

= o:g-= 60,256

IDldspan posItive Mn

64,457
= o:g- = 71,619

column negative Mn

3. Design of reinforcement for column strip

- Mn = 180,769ft-Ibacts on a strip width of 2(0.25X 18) = 9.0ft

.
...
180,769X 12
.
umt -Mn per 12-m.-Wldestnp =
9.0
= 241,025m.-Ib
.
'
.
. M 107,428X 12 143 .
d
9.0
=
,427m.-Ib/12-m.-Wle strIp
umt + n =
mininlUmA. for two-way plates usingf, = 60,000-psisteel = 0.0018bh
= 0.0018 X 10 X 12 = 0.216 in? per 12-in. strip
Negative steel:
Mn

=A.f,(d -~)

or 241,025= A. X 60,000(9.0 - ~)

469

Design and Analysis Procedure: Direct Design Method

Assume that moment arm d - a/2 "" 0.9d for first trial and d =h
"" 9.0 in. for all practical purposes. Therefore,

- i in.- ! diameterof bar

_
241,025
_
. 2
As - 60,000X 0.9 X 9.0 - 0.50m.
As!,
0.50 X 60,000
a = 0.85f~ = 0.85 X 4000 X 12

= 0.74 m.

For the second trial-and-adjustmentcycle,

L
80,571.)
X 8.6) <
.e zone,

:rature:
, at the.
tal end
tly de-.

0.74

241,025= As X 60,000 9.0

Therefore, required As per 12-in.-wide strip
=0.305 in.2).

.
spacmgs =

= 0.47

-2

in.2. Try No.5

bars (area per bar

area of one bar

'
.
.
reqUIre dA s per 12-m. strip

Therefore,
s for negative moment = 0.305 = 7 79 . _ (194
)
(No.5 bars)
0.47/12'
m. c c
mm

le face
neces'
or not

s for positivemoment = 7.79 X

The maximum allowable spacing
moment (As = 0.20 in.2).

= 2h = 2 x 10 =20 in. (508 mm). Try No.4

_ 143,237
As

minin1um temperature

~~'~~
= 13.11in. c-c (326mm)
,

241,025 X 0.47

28 .

bars for positive

O. m. per 12-m. strip

= 0.0018 bh = 0.0018 X 12 X 10
= 0.216in.2/ft < 0.28in.2 OK

reinforcement

0.20

(
)
s = 0.28/12 = 8.57m. c-c 218mm
For an external negative moment, use No.4 bars.
89,523 X 12
.
Moment =
9.0
= 119,364m. -lb
143,237

s = 8.57X 119,364= 10.28m. c-c

Use 14 No.5 bars at in. center to center for negative moment at interior column side, 12
No.4 bars at 8! in. center to center for positive moment; and 10 No.4 bars at 10 in. center to
center for the exterior negative moment M. with 8 of these bars to be placed outside the
shear moment transfer band width 50 in., as seen in Figure 11.13b.
4. Design of reinforcement for middle strip

.
urnt -

. M

urnt -

.
54,230'
6
= 0,256acting on a strip width of 18.0 - 9.0 = 9.0ft
. .dth .
60,276X 12
'
12
80 lib

n = 0:9
per

-m.-WI

strip

80,341= As X 60,000(9.0 X 0.9)

rip

As

. 2
- 0.17In.

_ 0.17 X 60,000 _
.
a - 0.85X 4000 X 12 - 0.25m.

Second cycle:

0.25

80,341= As X 60,000 9.0 - 2

- - --

- - - - -

,34

-m.

Chapter 11

470

Design of Two-Way Slabs and Plates

1"(""

la)

Design

column

strip

I.

...(

9 ft

I:'

5 No.4

I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I

5 No.5

I
I
I
I

Effective plate band

I
I

width for moment

transfer in flexure

50 in.

I
I'

5No.
4

I
I
I
I
I

I
.I

(b)
i

Figure 11.13 Shear moment transfer zone: (a) effective bandwidth; (b) reinforcing details.

As = 0.15 in?/12-in. strip

minimum As = 0.216

use As = 0.216 in.2/12-in. strip

Try No.3 bars (As =0.11in.2per bar).

.
umt + M =

_
As
Hence

use negative

64,457X 12
.
.,
9 X 0.9 = 95,492m.-Ibper 12-m.strip
95,492
60,000 X 8.875

and positive

0.18m.

use minimum

steel spacing s = 0.111(0216/12)

As

= 0.216 in? 112 in.

= 6.11 in. (No.3

at 6 in. center to cen-

ter). Use No.3 bars at 6 in. center to center for both the negative moment and positive moments.
(b) N-S direction (short span): The same procedure has to be followed as for the E-W
direction.

The width of the column strip on one side of the column

= O.25l)= 0.25x 24 = 6 ft,

N ;. ~ ~
1It!1~g
O'Ir'

""

.,.

S'

~(1)(1)'"1

.?:iE!. 9.

Table 11.6 Moments, Bar Sizes. and Distribution

E-W

Strip
Column

Middle

aMinimum

Moment
(lb-inJ12 in.)

Req'd

Bar Size
and
Spacing

241,025

0.47

No.5 at 7!

170,490

0.37

No.4 at 6

119,364

0.23

No.4 at 10

84,434b

0.18

No.3 at 6

143,237

0.28

No.4at8!

101,320

0.22

No.3 at 6

80,341

0.15

No.3 at 6

34,098

0.07

No.3 at 6

0.22

No.3 at 6&

0.22

No.3 at 6

95,492

0.18

No.3 at 6

40,528

0.09

NO.3at6

Moment
(lb-InJ12In.)

Interior
negative
Exterior
negative
Midspan
positive
Interior
negative
Exterior
negative
Midspan
positive

<63% of this moment

As

"\

steel = O.OO18bh
where it controls.

'For panel BC12 (see comment

~
....

Req'd

Bar Size
and Spacing

Moment
Type

temperature

N-S

on page 494).

is used for the shear-moment

transfer

negative

reinforcement

M. of the end column zone (see Fig. 11.13).

As

472

Chapter 11 Design of Two-WaySlabs and Plates~

.,

'iF

if

(;"

11.

It
;;

'-k-

..

..,w.

8'aI:..""',.

.1,;.tl
'.
';.,
'l
,
'';
!
K
!:i

'.,
1 ...

.f'
J-

:;

Photo 11.3 Flexural cracking in restrained one-panel reinforced concrete slab.

(Tests by Nawy et al.)
which is greater than 0.25/2 = 4.5 it; hence a width of 4.5 ft controls. The total width of the column strip in the N-S direction = 2 x 4.5 = 9.0 ft. The width of the middle strip = 24.0- 9.0~
15.0 ft. Also, the effective depth d2 would be smaller; d2 = (h

- i-in. cover - 0.5in. - 0.512)

=~

8.5 in. The moment values and the bar size and distribution for the panel in the N-S direction
as well as the E-W directions are listed in Table 11.6. It is recommended for crack-control,
purposes that a minimum of No. 3 bars at 12 in. center to center be used and that bar spacing
not exceed 12 in. center to center. In this case, the minimum reinforcement required by the,
ACI Code for slabs reinforced with fy = 60,000-psisteel = 0.0018bh = No.3 at 6! in. on centers. Space at 6 in. on centers.
The choice of size and spacing of the reinforcement is a matter of engineering judgment. As an example, the designer could have chosen for the positive moment in the middle
strip No.4 bars at 12 in. center to center, instead of No.3 bars at 6 in. center to center, as
long as the maximum permissible spacing is not exceeded and practicable bar sizes are used
for the middle strip.
The placing of the reinforcement is schematically shown in Figure 11.14. The minimum,
cutoff of reinforcement for bond requirements in flat-plate floors is given in Figure 11.15.The
exterior panel negative steel at outer edges, if no edge beams are used, has to be bent into full
hooks in order to ensure sufficient anchorage of the reinforcement. The floor reinforcement
plan gives the E-W steel for panel AB23 and N-S steel for panel BC12 of Figure 11.10.
11.5.3

Example 11.2 Design of Two-way

by Direct Design Method (DDM)

Slab on Beams

A two-story factory building is three panels by three panels in plan, monolithically supported
on beams. Each panel is 18 ft (5.49 m) center to center in the N-S direction and 24 ft (7.32m)
center to center in the E-W direction, as shown in Figure 11.16. The clear height between the
floors is 16 ft. The dimensions of the supporting beams and columns are also shown in Fig;:
11.16, and the building is subject to gravity loads only. Given:
live load

135 psf (6.40 kPa)

f~ = 4000 psi (27.6 MPa), normal-weight concrete

fy

= 60,000psi (414MPa)

11.5

473

Design and Analysis Procedure: Direct Design Method

Edge of building
<t.of exterior column

TopNo.5 at 7~ in.

I
N o.4atB2m.

;-

I
I
~

Bottom

---~

~--I
1

I
I

JUL-

4 ft 6 in.1

:1
Top No.3 at 6 in. :

. :1.

14ft 6 in.

Middle
strip=15ft

. I.
:

;pacing'

by the!

)n CeO"1

.i

t column strip

2 columnstrip

}.5I2j =.:
rectioq
control

Top No.4 at 6 in.

li1i+--ru

I Top No.3 at 6 in.

:he 001-'
-9.0=1 .

~O'3.'".,

I No.3 at 6 in.

I
I
,-----

No.3 at 6 in.

I#W N03.~
Bottom
IIII

--f

Figure 11.14 Schematic reinforcement distribution.

Assume that ~c > 2.5.
Design the interior panel and t:he size and spacing of reinforcement needed. Consider
flooring weight to be 14 psf in addition to t:he slab self-weight.
Solution:

Geometry check for use of direct design method (step 1)

(a) Ratio longer span/shorter

span

=24/18

= 1.33 < 2.0; hence two-way action.

(b) More t:han three panels in each direction.

(c) Assume a thickness of 7 in.
7
Wd = 14 + 12 X 150

= 203 psf
Wi = 135psf <

= 101.5 psf

2Wd

2Wd

Hence t:he direct design method is applicable.

Minimum slab thickness for deflection requirement (step 2)
In(E-W)
In(N-S)

= 24 X 12 = 18 X 12 -

2 X8

= 272 in.

2 X8

= 200in.

272

~ = 200 =

1.36

For a preliminaryestimate of the required total thicknessh, usingEq. 11.10,

h=

In(0.8 + 20~000)
36 + 9~