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    Omohyoid Muscle PDF

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    Varun Arunagiri
    The omohyoid muscle originates from the upper border of the scapula and inserts into the hyoid bone. It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis nerves C1-C3. The muscle acts to depress the larynx and hyoid bone, and carries the hyoid bone backward and to the side. The ansa cervicalis nerves innervate the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid muscles. Seminoma is a type of testicular cancer. Blood tests for placental alkaline phosphatase and human chorionic gonadotropin may indicate seminoma, though results require confirmation. Under the microscope, seminomas appear as sheets or lobes of cells with clear

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    Omohyoid Muscle PDF

    Uploaded by

    Varun Arunagiri
    147 views7 pages
    The omohyoid muscle originates from the upper border of the scapula and inserts into the hyoid bone. It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis nerves C1-C3. The muscle acts to depress the larynx and hyoid bone, and carries the hyoid bone backward and to the side. The ansa cervicalis nerves innervate the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid muscles. Seminoma is a type of testicular cancer. Blood tests for placental alkaline phosphatase and human chorionic gonadotropin may indicate seminoma, though results require confirmation. Under the microscope, seminomas appear as sheets or lobes of cells with clear

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    The omohyoid muscle originates from the upper border of the scapula and inserts into the hyoid bone. It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis nerves C1-C3. The muscle acts to depress the larynx and hyoid bone, and carries the hyoid bone backward and to the side. The ansa cervicalis nerves innervate the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid muscles. Seminoma is a type of testicular cancer. Blood tests for placental alkaline phosphatase and human chorionic gonadotropin may indicate seminoma, though results require confirmation. Under the microscope, seminomas appear as sheets or lobes of cells with clear

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    147 views7 pages

    Omohyoid Muscle PDF

    Uploaded by

    Varun Arunagiri
    The omohyoid muscle originates from the upper border of the scapula and inserts into the hyoid bone. It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis nerves C1-C3. The muscle acts to depress the larynx and hyoid bone, and carries the hyoid bone backward and to the side. The ansa cervicalis nerves innervate the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid muscles. Seminoma is a type of testicular cancer. Blood tests for placental alkaline phosphatase and human chorionic gonadotropin may indicate seminoma, though results require confirmation. Under the microscope, seminomas appear as sheets or lobes of cells with clear

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Omohyoid muscle

    The omohyoid muscle, highlighted.

    Muscles of the neck. Anterior view. Omohyoid is labeled on both sides.

    Details

    Origin

    Upper border of the scapula

    Insertion

    Hyoid bone

    Nerve

    Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

    Actions

    Depresses the larynx and hyoid bone. Also carries hyoid bone backward and to the side.

    Ansa cervicalis
    Ansa cervicalis. Superior root labeled as "descending hypoglossal", Inferior root labeled as "descending cervical".

    Details

    Innervates

    sternohyoid muscle, sternothyroid muscle, omohyoid muscle

    The genioglossus, arises from the mandible and protrudes the tongue. It is also known as the
    tongue's "safety muscle" since it is the only muscle that propels the tongue forward.
    The hyoglossus, arises from the hyoid bone and retracts and depresses the tongue.
    The styloglossus, arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone and draws the sides of the
    tongue up to create a trough for swallowing.
    The palatoglossus, arises from the palatine aponeurosis, and depresses the soft palate, moves
    the palatoglossal fold towards the midline, and elevates the back of the tongue during
    swallowing.

    Four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue originate and insert within the tongue, running along
    its length. They are thesuperior longitudinal muscle, the inferior longitudinal muscle, the vertical
    muscle, and the transverse muscle. These muscles alter the shape of the tongue by: lengthening
    and shortening it, curling and uncurling its apex and edges as intongue rolling, and flattening and
    rounding its surface.

    The Pirogov triangle (also Piragoff's triangle) is an area in the human neck formed by the
    intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle, the posterior border of themylohyoid muscle, and
    the hypoglossal nerve. The triangle was named after Russian surgeon and scientist Nikolay
    Pirogov who performed a first description of that anatomic area of the neck.[1] The lingual
    artery can be found in the Pirogov triangle underneath the fibers of the hyoglossus muscle.

    Motor supply for all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue is supplied by efferent motor
    nerve fibers from the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), with the exception of the palatoglossus. The
    palatoglossus is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X)

    Anterior two thirds of tongue (anterior to the vallate papillae):

    Taste: chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) via special visceral
    afferent fibers

    Sensation: lingual branch of the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
    via general somatic afferent fibers

    Posterior one third of tongue:

    Taste and sensation: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) via a mixture of special and
    general visceral afferent fibers

    Base of tongue

    Taste and sensation: internal laryngeal nerve (branch of CN X, vagus nerve)

    Unlike all other cranial nerves, the spinal accessory nerve begins outside the skull rather than
    inside.

    enters the skull through theforamen magnum, the large opening at the base of the skull.[4] The
    nerve courses along the inner wall of the skull towards the jugular foramen,[4] through which it
    exits the skull with the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus nerves (CN X). Owing to its peculiar
    course, the spinal accessory nerve is notable for being the only cranial nerve to both enter and
    exit the skull.

    CN I Olfactory
    CN II Optic
    CN III Oculomotor
    CN IV Trochlear
    CN V (1,2,3) Trigeminal
    CN VI Abducens
    CN VII Facial
    CN VIII Vestibulocochlear
    CN IX Glossopharyngeal
    CN X Vagus
    CN XI Accessory
    CN XII Hypoglossal

    The terminal nerve, or cranial nerve zero, was discovered by German scientist Gustav Fritsch in
    1878 in the brains ofsharks. It was first found in humans in 1913
    Although very close to[8] (and often confused for a branch of) the olfactory nerve, the terminal
    nerve is not connected to the olfactory bulb, where smells are analyzed. This fact suggests that
    the nerve is either vestigial or may be related to the sensing of pheromones. This hypothesis is
    further supported by the fact that the terminal nerve projects to the medial and lateral septal
    nuclei and the preoptic areas, all of which are involved in regulating sexual
    behavior in mammals.[

    skin, (2) subcutaneous tissue, (3)Occipitalis frontalis and galea


    aponeurotica, (4) subaponeurotic tissue, (5) pericranium.

    Seminoma
    Blood tests may detect the presence of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in fifty percent of
    cases. However, PLAP cannot usefully stand alone as a marker for seminoma and contributes
    little to follow-up, due to its rise with smoking.[5] Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) may be
    elevated in some cases, but this correlates more to the presence of trophoblast cells within the
    tumour than to the stage of the tumour. A classical or pure seminoma by definition do not cause
    an elevated serum alpha fetoprotein .[6] Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may be the only marker

    that is elevated in some seminomas. The degree of elevation in the serum LDH has prognostic
    value in advanced seminoma.[7]
    cut surface of the tumour is fleshy and lobulated, and varies in colour from cream to tan to pink.

    Microscopic examination shows that seminomas are usually composed of either a sheet-like or
    lobular pattern of cells with a fibrous stromal network. The fibrous septa almost always contain
    focal lymphocyte inclusions, and granulomas are sometimes seen. The tumour cells themselves
    typically have abundant clear to pale pink cytoplasm containing abundant glycogen, which is
    demonstrable with a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain. The nuclei are prominent and usually
    contain one or two large nucleoli, and have prominent nuclear membranes. Foci
    of syncytiotrophoblastic cells may be present in varied amounts. The adjacent testicular tissue
    commonly shows intratubular germ cell neoplasia, and may also show variable spermatocytic
    maturation arrest.[3]

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