STD 11 Biology Maharashtra Board
STD 11 Biology Maharashtra Board
STD 11 Biology Maharashtra Board
STD. XI Sci.
Perfect Biology
Salient Features
Based on the new syllabus.
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TEID : 836
Preface
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get
through to you.
Std. XI Sci. : PERFECT BIOLOGY is a complete and thorough guide critically analysed and extensively
drafted to boost the students confidence. The book is prepared as per the Maharashtra State board syllabus and
provides answers to all textual questions. Sub-topic wise classified question and answer format of this book helps
the student to understand each and every concept thoroughly. Neatly labelled diagrams have been provided wherever
required.
National Council Of Educational Research And Training (NCERT) questions based on Maharashtra State
board syllabus have been provided along with solutions for a better grasp of the concept and preparing the students on
a competitive level.
Additional information about a concept is provided for better understanding. Multiple choice questions help the
students to test their range of preparation and the amount of knowledge on each topic. Quick reviews in the form of
charts are provided at the end of every chapter. Additional theory questions have been provided to help the student
gain insight on the various levels of theory-based questions.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think weve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, wed love to hear from you.
Please write to us on : mail@targetpublications.org
No.
Topic Name
Page No.
1
2
Diversity in Organisms
Kingdom Plantae
1
23
Biochemistry of Cell
39
4
5
Cell Division
Morphology of Flowering Plants
53
71
6
7
8
124
150
170
9
10
11
Organization of Cell
Study of Animal Tissues
Study of Animal Type
196
220
241
12
13
14
Human Nutrition
Human Respiration
Human Skeleton and Locomotion
256
273
288
01
1.0
DIVERSITY IN ORGANISMS
Introduction
ii.
Genus:
It is a group of closely related species, which resemble one another in certain characters.
For e.g. rosa sinensis, esculentus, etc. are different species under the genus Hibiscus.
A genus may be either monotypic (having single species) or polytypic (having many species).
iii. Family:
A family represents a group of closely related genera.
The genera like Hibiscus, Malva, Sida, Gossypium, Abutilon, etc. belong to the family Malvaceae.
iv. Order:
It is a group of closely related families which resemble in major characters.
For e.g. Families Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, etc. belong to the order Malvales.
They show axile placentation in ovary.
v.
Sub-class:
It is a group of closely related orders having certain similarities.
For e.g. Order Malvales, Ranales, Parietales, etc. have free petals and hence grouped under the subclass Polypetalae.
vi. Class:
It is a group of related sub-classes.
For e.g. Class Dicotyledonae includes sub-classes as Polypetalae and Gamopetalae.
vii. Division/ Phylum:
The division is a category composed of related classes.
For e.g. Division Angiospermae includes two classes: Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae.
In animal classification, instead of division, the category Phylum is used.
viii. Sub-kingdom:
It is composed of different divisions having certain similarities.
For e.g. The divisions Angiospermae and Gymnospermae forms the sub-kingdom Phanerogams or
Spermatophyta (all seed producing plants).
ix. Kingdom:
It is the highest taxonomic category composed of different sub kingdoms.
For e.g. Sub-kingdom Phanerogams and Cryptogams, form the plant kingdom or Plantae which
includes all the plants, while all animals are included in kingdom Animalia.
Q.21. Mention the various units of classification in descending manner.
Ans:
Kingdom
Division / Phylum
Class
Sub-class
Series
Order
Family
Genus
4
Species
vii.
The generic as well as specific name should not have less than three letters and more than thirteen
letters.
viii. In order to avoid confusion, repetition of same generic name in different kingdoms is not allowed.
However, the species name can be repeated. e.g Mangifera indica (Mango), Azadirachta indica
(Neem).
Advantages of binomial nomenclature:
i.
The binomials are simple, meaningful and precise.
ii.
They are standard since they do not change from place to place.
iii. These names avoid confusion and uncertainty created by local or vernacular names.
iv. The organisms are known by the same name throughout the world.
v.
The binomials are easy to understand and remember due to the rhyming.
vi. It indicates phylogeny (evolutionary history) of organisms.
vii. It helps to understand inter-relationship between organisms.
Q.34. What is the need of binomial system of nomenclature?
Ans: i.
Before the introduction of binomial nomenclature, an organism was given different local names
which created a lot of confusion.
ii.
To avoid this confusion and to make the scientific names simpler and easier to remember, binomial
system of nomenclature was introduced.
*Q.35.Who proposed binomial system of nomenclature?
Ans: Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus proposed binomial system of nomenclature.
Q.36. Who was Carolus Linnaeus?
Ans: Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish naturalist who introduced the binomial system of nomenclature in his
book Species Plantarum published in 1753.
Q.37. Which are the two languages used in binomial nomenclature?
Ans: Latin or Greek.
Additional information
Q.38. Why was binomial system of nomenclature useful and easier than polynomial system ? Give example.
Ans: In polynomial system of nomenclature, scientific name was made up of many words, which were difficult
to remember and understand. e.g. Polynomial name of Sida acuta was Chrysophyllum follis ovalis supreme
glabris parallel striatis subtus tomento sonitidis.
Whereas binomial system made the names easier and meaningful.
Q.39. Give Reason Scientific names are universal.
Ans: i.
Scientific (Biological) names are definite, descriptive and indicate general relationship.
Moreover, these names have been derived from Latin or Greek languages.
ii.
Both these languages are ancient and hence there is little chance of change in meaning of their words
or spellings.
iii. Binomial nomenclature system which gives scientific name to plants and animals, follows certain
rules for naming which make them universal.
7
ii.
Body organization:
The organism is either unicellular or multicellular.
iii.
Mode of nutrition:
The organism is either autotrophic or heterotrophic.
iv.
Life style:
The organism may be a producer, consumer or decomposer.
The five kingdoms are:
a.
Kingdom Monera
b.
Kingdom Protista
c.
Kingdom Fungi
d.
Kingdom Plantae
e.
Kingdom Animalia
Absorption
(Heterotrophs)
(Saprophytes)
Ingestion
(Heterotrophs)
Kingdom
Fungi
Direction of Evolution
Mode of
Nutrition
Complexity of
organism
Kingdom
Protista
Multicellular eukaryotes
Unicellular
eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Complexity of
cell
Kingdom
Monera
Membrane bound cell organelles: The cells do not possess membrane-bound cell organelles like
chloroplasts, mitochondria, etc.
Locomotion: The organisms are either motile or non-motile.
The locomotion is due to gliding movements or due to flagella.
Nutrition: The organisms may be autotrophic, heterotrophic, parasitic or saprophytic in nutrition.
The autotrophs are either photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs.
Reproduction: The mode of reproduction in Monera is asexual, either by fission or budding.
Examples:
Archaebacteria. e.g. Methanobacillus, Thiobacillus, etc.
Eubacteria. e.g. Rhizobium, Clostridium, etc.
Cyanobacteria. e.g. Nostoc, Anabaena, etc.
Actinomycetes. e.g. Streptomyces, Mycobacterium, etc.
9
Coccus
Diplococcus
Streptococcus
Bacillus
Spirillum
Vibrio
Nostoc
Oscillatoria
c.
x.
Fungi like protists (Consumer decomposer protists): They are saprophytic and lack cell
wall. e.g. Slime moulds.
d.
Euglenoids: Primarily, these are photosynthetic aquatic organisms, however they behave as
heterotrophs in the absence of light e.g. Euglena
Kingdom Protista is a link between prokaryotic kingdom Monera and complex eukaryotic kingdoms
Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.
Amoeba
Forms of Diatoms
Rhizopus
Penicillium
Agaricus
Lichens
b.
14
External form
Crustose-lichens
Foliose-lichens Fruticose-lichens
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
iv. rabies
viii. AIDS
Q.81. What are the common symptoms shown by plants due to viral infection ?
Ans: Common symptoms shown by plants due to viral infection are as follows:
i.
Local lesions
ii.
Clearing of veins iii. Mosaic formation iv.
v.
Necrosis
vi. Stunting and premature defoliation
vii.
Chlorosis
Ring spotting
Q.82. List out the viruses and diseases caused by viruses to animals.
Ans:
No.
Disease
Virus
i.
Common cold
Rhino virus
ii.
Influenza
Orthomyxo virus
iii. Small pox
Variola virus
iv.
Mumps
Paramyxo virus (Myxovirus parotiditis)
v.
Measles
Morbilli virus
vi.
Poliomyelitis
Polio viruses
vii. Yellow fever
Flavi virus
viii. Swine flu
H1 N1 virus
ix.
AIDS
Retro virus / HIV
#Q.83.Are viruses living or non living? Discuss.
OR
Viruses show both living and non living characteristics. Explain.
Ans: Viruses show both living and non living characteristics as follows:
i.
Living characteristics of viruses:
a.
Viruses are obligate parasites like other living obligate parasites.
b.
Viruses also possess nucleic acids and proteins like any other living organisms.
c.
Viruses reproduce their own kind like other living organisms.
d.
Viruses transmit their hereditary characters from one generation to the other as other living
organisms do.
ii.
Non-living characteristics of viruses:
a.
Viruses can be crystallized like any other chemical substance.
b.
Viruses do not carry out metabolic activities.
c.
Viruses become inactive outside the host cells.
*Q.84.Who demonstrated tobacco mosaic disease to be infectious?
Ans: Adolf Mayer demonstrated the tobacco mosaic disease to be infectious.
Q.85. What was the observation made by Mayer about TMV ?
Ans: Mayer observed that when the juice from tobacco plants infected with the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
was injected into healthy plants, the plants showed symptoms of mosaic disease.
Q.86. Who gave the term virus ?
Ans: Louis Pasteur gave the term virus.
Q.87. What was the Ivanowskis contribution for study of TMV ?
Ans: Ivanowski prepared an extract of infected tobacco plant and showed that this extract could infect healthy
plants even after it was passed through filter that retains bacteria.
Thus, Ivanowski confirmed the observation of Mayer about TMV.
Q.88. Who referred virus as contagium vivum fluidum ?
Ans: M. W. Beijerink referred virus as contagium vivum fluidum.
Q.89. Who discovered viroids?
Ans: Theodor Diener discovered viroids.
*Q.90.Write a note on viroids.
Ans: Viroids:
i.
Viroids are mainly plant pathogens. They were first discovered and named by Theodor Diener.
17
Viroids are very small, single stranded circular RNA which are without any protein coat.
Viroids do not show dormant phase.
The first viroid discovered was PSTV (Potato spindle tuber viroid) which causes a disease in potato.
Viroids are capable of dispersing into the environment and producing diseases.
Viroids are known to cause atleast eleven plant diseases. These diseases include citrus exocortis,
Chrysanthemum stunt; cucumber bale fruit, etc.
#Q.8. Give a brief account of viruses with respect to their structure and nature of genetic material. Also
name four common viral diseases. Refer Q.78, 79 and 80.
Quick Review
Five kingdom classification
Kingdom Monera
e.g. Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria,
Cyanobacteria,
Actinomycetes
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
e.g. Mucor,
Rhizopus,
Penicillium
Kingdom Plantae
Euglenoids
e.g. Euglena
Algae
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Kingdom
Animalia
Fungal components
Ascolichens
Basidio-lichens
External form
Deutero-lichens
Viruses
Plant virus
e.g. Tobacco mosaic
virus (TMV)
Animal virus
e.g. Influenza virus,
HIV
Bacteriophage
e.g. phage
Scientist
Carolus Linnaeus
Contribution
Year
1770-1773
Proposed 2-kingdom system of classification.
First to establish hierarchy of taxonomic categories.
Coined the term systematics.
Introduced the concept of Binomial Nomenclature, gave
morphological concept of species.
Father of Botany, classified all plants on the basis of form and 370-285 B.C.
texture into trees, shrubs, undershrubs and herbs in his book
Historia Plantarum
First to use the word Lichen.
Coined the term taxon.
1948
Explained origin of species through natural selection, gave
1809-1882
biological concept of species.
Introduced the term New systematics or biosystematics (system of
classification based on evolutionary as well as genetic relationship
amongst organisms besides morphology)
Gave modern concept of species
1964
Proposed 5-kingdom system of classification.
1969
Gave the term virus. Created the first vaccine for rabies and
1822-1895
anthrax.
Referred virus as Contagium vivum fluidum. (contagious living
1898
fluid)
First to discover the filterable nature of virus which remains
infectious even after filtering through finest filter.
First to crystallize the virus. TMV was the first virus to be
1935
crystallized.
First to describe the tobacco mosaic disease that could be
1886
transferred between plants.
Coined the term Classification.
-
ii.
Theophrastus
iii.
iv.
H.J. Lam
Charles Darwin
v.
xiv.
xv.
Discovered viroids
Discoverer of Bacteriophages.
vi.
Ernst Mayr
vii. R.H. Whittaker
viii. Louis Pasteur
ix.
M.W. Beijerink
x.
D. J. Ivanowski
xi.
W.M. Stanley
xii.
Adolf Mayer
Theodor Diener
F.W.Twort
1915
19
1.
2.
*3.
4.
6.
7.
9.
10.
12.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
of
5.
8.
11.
32.
23.
24.
25.
36.
Phycomycetes
Ascomycetes
26.
38.
27.
39.
28.
40.
41.
Lichen is an association of
(A) algae and fungi
(B) bacteria and fungi
(C) algae and moss
(D) monocot and fungi
42.
29.
classification, the
diatoms, slime
Protista
Plantae
46.
47.
50.
51.
1.
5.
9.
13.
17.
21.
25.
29.
33.
37.
41.
45.
49.
(B)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(A)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(A)
(B)
(D)
2.
6.
10.
14.
18.
22.
26.
30.
34.
38.
42.
46.
50.
(B)
(D)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(D)
(C)
(A)
(C)
(D)
(B)
(B)
(D)
3.
7.
11.
15.
19.
23.
27.
31.
35.
39.
43.
47.
51.
(B)
(C)
(A)
(D)
(D)
(A)
(A)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(B)
(B)
(C)
4.
8.
12.
16.
20.
24.
28.
32.
36.
40.
44.
48.
(C)
(C)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(A)
(B)
(D)
(C)
(A)
(C)
(B)