Resource Use Efficiency of Hybrid Maize Production in Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh
Resource Use Efficiency of Hybrid Maize Production in Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh
Resource Use Efficiency of Hybrid Maize Production in Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh
ABSTRACT
Maize is considered the third most important cereal crop after rice and wheat in the world. Hybrid maize under
optimum crop production, protection and nutrient management can produce economically more yield as compared to
commercial varieties. Recently some new hybrids are evolved and it is necessary to evaluate their comparative
performance. There is a wide scope for increasing area and production in the district. In this situation it is essential to know
the reasons of low adoption of improved practices. Thus, present study was canvassed to know the existing knowledge and
adoption gap among the farming community of maize growers of the Chhindwara district. The study was conducted on 60
hybrid maize growers (20 from each category according to their size of holding) Chhindwara block of Chhindwara district
because of having maximum area and production under hybrid maize crop. The findings indicate that total cost per hectare
incurred in hybrid maize production on sample farm was Rs. 34700.76 which decreased as the farm size increased. The
proportion of operational cost and fixed cost to total cost on sample farm was 63 and 38 of the total cost was alone
contributed byowned and family labours which varied between 38 to 40 per cent on different farm. The cost of cultivation
according to various cost concepts (Cost A1 to CostC3) in different size of farms decreased as the farm size increased.
KEYWORDS: Hybrid Maize Under Optimum Crop Production, Protection and Nutrient Management
INTRODUCTION
Maize (Zea Mays.) is a major cereal crop and emerging as third most important crop in India after rice and wheat.
Maize is having special significance because in addition to staple food for human being and quality feed for animals, maize
serves as a basic raw material as an ingredient to thousands of industrial products that includes starch, oil, protein,
alcoholic beverages, food sweeteners, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, film, textile, gum, package and paper industries etc. It
provides the nutritional security as it contains 72% starch, 10% protein, 4.8% oil, 8.5% fiber, 3% sugar and 1% ash. Due to
its high yielding potential, it is called queen of cereals. In the world production, India stands in fifth position in terms of
corn production. In India in last one decade maize production have shown a tremendous improvement from 11.50 million
tonnes to present level of 19.73 million tonnes due to increased average on increasing demand from feed industry, export
demand, ethanol production demand etc. At global level, India ranks 4th in area and 7th in production of maize.
Agriculture contributes major amount of our gross domestic product, i.e. 14.2%. Maize is grown in 8.26 million hectares in
India with the production of16.72 million tones and productivity is 2024 kg/ha. In Madhya Pradesh it is grown in 0.83
million hectare areas with the production of 1.05 million tonnes, and productivity is 1256 kg /ha.
In Madhya Pradesh Chhindwara, Dhar, Jhabua, Betul, Rajgarh and Mandsaur are the major maize producing
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24
districts. Chhindwara district is the leading district in terms of both area as well as production. The total area under maize
in this district is about 94.7 thousand hectares with production of 288.7 thousand tonnes in 2013-14. The climatic
conditions of the district are extremely suitable for maize crop. Hybrid maize under optimum crop production, protection
and nutrient management can produce economically more yield as compared to commercial varieties. Recently some new
hybrids are evolved and it is necessary to evaluate their comparative performance. There is a wide scope for increasing
area and production in the district. In this situation it is essential to know the reasons of low adoption of improved
practices. Thus the present study entitled Resource use efficiency of hybrid maize production in Chhindwara district of
Madhya Pradesh was conducted.
25
Resource Use Efficiency of Hybrid Maize Production in Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh
Small
Size Group
Medium
Large
Overall
Operational Cost
Family
A. Human labour
Hired
B. Bullock labour
Owned
Owned
C. Machine labour
Hired
Sub Total
3804.08
(10.23)
5313.05
(14.28)
2507.38
(6.74)
980.42
(2.63)
2382.98
(6.40)
14987.7
(40.31)
2696.29
(7.78)
5878.46
(16.96)
2339.15
(6.75)
2339.82
(6.75)
2073.19
(6.42)
5608.15
(17.37)
2505.62
(7.76)
3162.45
(9.79)
13253.72
(38.26)
13350.01
(41.35)
2857.85
(8.14)
5600.08
(16.13)
2450.71
(7.06)
2160.89
(6.22)
794.32
(2.28)
13863.88
(39.95)
3060.00
(8.83)
4390.94
(12.67)
150.75
(0.43)
7601.69
(21.94)
1042.77
(3.01)
2700.00
(8.36)
4028.74
(12.47)
180.12
(0.55)
6908.86
(21.40)
3120.00
(8.99)
4276.49
(12.32)
157.03
(0.45)
7553.52
(21.76)
1012.94
(3.13)
1070.86
(3.08)
21898.18
(63.21)
21269.81
(65.88)
22487.52
(64.80)
6500.00
(20.13)
740.00
(2.29)
17.00
(0.04)
837.00
(2.59)
8077.17
(25.02)
29346.81
(90.90)
2934.68
32281.66
(100)
49.00
60.00
7741.77
(22.31)
463.33
(1.33)
17.00
(0.04)
842.33
(2.42)
9058.83
(26.10)
31546.13
(90.90)
3154.61
34700.66
(100)
52.00
60.00
Material Cost
A. Seed
B. Fertilizer & manure
C. Irrigation
D. PPM
Total material cost
Interest on
working
capital@10%
Total operational cost
3600.00
(9.68)
4409.79
(11.88)
140.22
(0.37)
8150.01
(21.92)
1156.88
(3.11)
24294.59
(65.34)
Fixed Cost
8418.66
8306.66
(22.64)
(23.97)
220.00
430.00
B. Depreciation
(0.59)
(1.24)
17.00
17.00
C. Revenue/tax
(0.04)
(0.04)
850.00
840.00
D. Interest on fixed cost@10%
(02.28)
(2.42)
9505.66
9593.66
E. Total fixed cost
(25.56)
(27.69)
A. Total cost (Operational +
33800.25
31491.34
Fixed cost)
(90.90)
(90.90)
B. 10% managerial cost
3380.02
3149.13
37180.27
34640.37
C. Total Cost
(100)
(100)
Grain production (q/ha)
55.00
53.00
By product (q/ha)
57.00
63.00
(Figures in brackets indicate percentage to the total cost)
A. Rental value of land
Manure and fertilizer together was responsible to cost 11.88 to 12.67 per cent of the total cost for different size
groups. Plant- protection measure cost was around 0.44 per cent of the total cost. Interest on working capital was to the
extent of 3.08 per cent of total cost on various sizes of farms. Rental value of land fixed items shared more than one-fourth
26
(22.31%) of the total cost revealed decreasing trend with farm size in absolute terms. The yield of main product per hectare
was found to be 53.00 quintals/ha lowest being in large farm (49 q/ha) and highest being in small farm (55 q/ha), indicating
the intensive cultivation of hybrid maize by sample farmers.
COST CONCEPT
Almost every day in farm organization and operation cost consideration enters. It is an important tool for
measuring farm business activities. The farm management specialists have specified cost of cultivation into cost A1, A2,
B1, B2, Cost C1, and C2& C3. These cost concepts have already been taken up in the methodology chapter. In this section
efforts have been made to discuss according to (various costs concepts) cultivation of hybrid maize sample farmers and
different size groups of land holdings.
Table 2: Cost of Cultivation of Hybrid Maize According to Cost Conception Sample Farms (Rs. /ha)
Size Group
Medium
Large
S. No.
Cost
Cost A1 and A2
20727.51
19684.89
19953.62
Cost B1
21577.51
20488.89
20790.62
Cost B2
29996.17
28795.55
27290.62
Cost C1
25381.59
23185.18
22863.81
Cost C2
33800.25
31491.84
29363.81
Cost C3
37180.27
34640.37
32281.66
Small
Overall
20110.00
(57.95)
20952.62
(60.38)
28694.11
(82.69)
23810.19
(68.61)
31541.96
(90.90)
34700.76
(100)
PROFITABILITY CONCEPTS
In any field of business activity profit is the prime consideration. Thus, how much a farmer earns as net income
and family labour income as a producing unit and how much satisfaction he and his family derives as a consuming unit are
the major deciding factor in organisation and operation of farm. Hence, in this section efforts have been made to discuss
the gross income, net income over operational and total cost, family labour income, input-output ratio, and cost of
production of hybrid maize
27
Resource Use Efficiency of Hybrid Maize Production in Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh
Economic Parameter
Small
24294.59
37180.27
66000
6314
72314
Size Group
Medium
Large
21898.18
21269. 81
34640.37
32281.66
63600
58800
6540
5836
70140
64636
Overall
22487.52
34700.76
62400
6230
69030
23050.19
32354.34
1:2.0
629.65
25736.26
33995.9
1:1.9
581.03
From table 3, it is clear that when physical output and by-product are converted into monetary terms the total cost
from hybrid maize are Rs. 37,180 Rs. 34,640 and Rs. 32,281 in case of small, medium and large farm with an average of
Rs. 34,700 on sample farm. Thus, total cost of hybrid maize decrease with an increase in farm size. Input-output ratio in
other words can be termed as the return per rupee of investment. The input-output ratio was more favourable to small farm
(1:1.9), followed by medium farm (1:2.0) and large farm (1:2.0). Therefore, it could be concluded that there in a decrease
in the ratio of input-output as the size of land holding increase. A glance of the data given in the table 3depicts that per
hectare net income over operational cost ranged between Rs. 21269 to Rs. 24294 per hectare. The variation noted reduced
in terms of family labour income due to inclusion of a relatively higher imputed value of family labour. The net-income
and family labour income decreased with the increase in size of groups. The cost of production per quintal varied from Rs.
561 to Rs. 630 with an average of Rs. 581. It can be said the difference was not quite extra-ordinary between the different
size classes.
BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS
Break even analysis is carried out to arrive at that minimum level at which optimum conditions of cost and returns
is equated that is no profit no loss point. The table 4 reveals that selected small farmers will not be at loss even if their
actual yield of hybrid maize is lowered by 31.47 qt/ha. Similarly, in case of medium Farman yield lessened by 26.59 qt/ha
of the actual yield will be able to cover the total cost of cultivation per hectare. The hybrid maize growers on large farms is
at no profit no loss position if yield level on these farms is 20.00 qt/ha. At the overall level hybrid maize yield would
remain proposition of no profit and no loss if actual yield declined by 26.14 qt/ha. Thus, the existing cost of cultivation and
physical output of crop yielded sufficient profit to the small farmers.
Table 4: Break Even Yield (q/ha) and Price (Rs. /q) Analysis of Hybrid Maize on Sample Farm
Size Group
Small
Medium
Large
Overall
I. Yield (q/ha) (i) Break even
23.18
23.41
22.00
22.86
II. Actual
55.00
50.00
42.00
49.00
III. Gap
31.82
26.59
20.00
26.14
I. Price (Rs./q) (i) Break even
561.20
562.00
629.65
581.03
II. Actual
1200
1200
1200
1200
III. Gap price (Rs./q)
638.8
638
570.35
618.97
(Figure in parentheses shows percentage change over break- even)
Particulars
28
Similarly actual market price of hybrid maize obtained by sample farmers is 1200. Thus, sample farmers are in
profitable position in existing yield and price obtained in the study area.
Small
No. of farmers
20
Constant (a)
1.110
Regression Coefficient (b) of
(X1) Human labour
0.135
cost
(in Rs./ha)
(0.215)
(X2) Machine labour
0.452*
cost
(in Rs/ha)
(0.257)
(X3) Seed (in
Rs./ha)
(X4) Plant
protection
(in Rs./ha)
(X5) Fertilizers (in
Rs./ha)
Size group
Medium
Large
20
20
1.825
1.946
Overall
60
1.265
0.196
0.099
0.311*
(0.201)
(0.176)
0.824**
0.424*
(0.328)
(0.241)
0.421*
0.439*
0.375*
(0.239)
0.120*
(0.249)
-0.021
(0.213)
-0.013
(0.084)
0.009
(0.068)
(0.100)
(0.045)
(0.032)
0.377*
-0.216
-0.107
(0.104)
0.464***
(0.145)
0.330***
-0.045
(0.214)
(0.181)
(0.096)
(0.052)
bi
1.057
0.734
0.733
0.954
R2
0.918
0.827
0.848
0.856
(Figures in brackets indicate standard error of regression coefficient)
* Significant at 10% level of significance
** Significant at 5% level of significance
*** Significant at 1% level of significance
The return to scale is the sum of the elasticity of resources includes in the power function, which indicates the
behavior of change of total return while changing the level of all inputs simultaneously in the same proportion. R2 value
was observed to be 0.96 which indicates that functions is best fitted and able to explain the variables (X1 to X5) which
were taken and studied to the extent of 96 per cent. At the overall level the sum of regression was 1.057 on small groups
0.734 and 0.733 on medium and large group of farmer, respectively indicating decreasing return to scale in all size groups
except small farmers.
The values of coefficient of human labour were found significant in large size category 0.135, 0.099, 0.311*. The
value of coefficient of machine labour for all the three size groups was significant at 10 percent level of significance but of
overall level of coefficient as found high significance at 1percent of level of significance. It shows that if we increase
machine labour investment by 1%, keeping other input factors constant we obtain only 0.45,0.82 and 0.42 present
increased production in small, medium and large, respectively.
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Resource Use Efficiency of Hybrid Maize Production in Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh
29
The values of coefficient of seed for size small, medium and large were observed to be 0.42, 0.43 and 0.37
respectively and were found significant at10% level. It shows that addition of this variable will increase production of the
crop. The value of coefficient in all sample size was 0.33 and significant at 5%level which indicated that seed addition in
cultivation of hybrid maize crop will increase its production as far as all sample respondents are concerned.
The regression coefficient of insecticide and pesticide for small, medium and large farmer and all sample size
groups were observed to be0.120, -0.021,-0.013 and 0.009, respectively. The values of coefficient in medium and large
size groups were negative and insignificant but in small group size the value was positive and significant at10% level so it
indicates that three is still contribution of this variable in the production of hybrid maize crop in small group of farmer.
The regression coefficients of fertilizer to small, medium and large group of farmer were found to be 0.377, 0.216, -0.107, respectively and was significant in case of medium and large group of farmer. While in case of small farmer
the value was positive and significant at 10% level which shows that there was no scope to increase fertilizer in small
group of farmer only on production of hybrid maize crop. Overall it could be concluded that variation inhuman labour in
large group of farmer machine labour and seed in all the 50three size groups, insecticide and fertilizer only in size group
small, will increase the production of hybrid maize crop if increased.
Small
MVPi
0.828
4.262
7.964
5.120
4.615
Size Group
Medium
MVPi
0.614
10.673
1.123
-0.719
-0.425
Large
MVPi
1.422
4.856
5.939
-0.765
-0.787
CONSTRAINTS
Analysis into costs and returns for hybrid maize production of sample farmers discussed in the previous section
reveals the fact that many farmers have not used recommended levels of inputs. Therefore, it was thought to find out the
constraints, in reaching goal as shown under scientific management. The technological economic and institutional
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30
constraints were reported by the respondents which have been presented in table 7.
Table 7: Constraints in Hybrid Maize Production
Size Group
Small
Medium
Large
(N=20)
(N=20)
(N=20)
Knowledge about
15
17
16
1
seed variety, rate
(75)
(85)
(80)
Unavailable
12
10
03
2
irrigation
(60)
(50)
(15)
Unawareness of
15
13
10
3
NPK dosage
(75)
(65)
(50)
Unfavourable
15
13
17
4
product price
(75)
(65)
(85)
Unfavourable
11
13
15
5
climate condition
(55)
(65)
(75)
19
17
15
Lack of capital
6
(95)
(85)
(75)
Attack of disease
14
13
15
7
and pest
(70)
(65)
(75)
Low plant
11
10
09
8
population
(55)
(50)
(45)
09
09
11
Shortage of labour
9
(45)
(45)
(55)
Higher cost of
17
14
13
10
cultivation
(85)
(70)
(65)
(Figures in brackets indicate percentage to the total)
S.No.
Constraints
Overall
(N=60)
48
(80)
25
(42)
38
(63)
45
(75)
39
(65)
51
(85)
42
(70)
43
(71)
29
(48)
44
(73)
Ranking
II
X
VIII
III
VII
I
VI
V
IX
IV
The results shows that the lack of capital was reported as a main constraint in hybrid maize production
irrespective of the size of holdings followed by low plant population, less knowledge about seed variety, unfavourable
price, high cost of cultivation, attack of disease and pest, unfavourable climate condition, unawareness of NPK dosage,
shortage of labour and water scarcity as reported by 80, 75, 71, 70, 65, 63, 48, and 42percent of the house hold. This
identified constraints need to minimize through extension service financial assistant for increasing the adoption of
production technology and achieving the level of production of hybrid maize on sample farm.
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of findings it can be concluded that the total cost per hectare incurred in hybrid maize production on
sample farm decreased as the farm size increased. The proportion of operational cost and fixed cost to total cost on sample
farm alone contributed by owned and family labours. Cost of cultivation according to various cost concepts (Cost A1 to
CostC3) in different size of farms decreased as the farm size increased. Thus, sincere efforts are made by the extension
personnel to motivate the farmers to adopt non-conventional production technology. KrishiVigyan Kendra should identify
the problems of farmers and feedback and solution of constraints be provided in time to the farmers. To raise the fund for
hybrid maize research 1 per cent cess/tax be imposed on the farmers who sell their produce in mandi. The accumulated
fund be used for location specific research related to increase the hybrid maize productivity. The cost of cultivation
incurred in hybrid maize production is reduced by curtailing the labour cost and reallocation of available budgets be made
in various production factors to raise the benefit.
Resource Use Efficiency of Hybrid Maize Production in Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh
31
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