ELS Grammar Book
ELS Grammar Book
ELS Grammar Book
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-11
1-12
113
114
1-15
116
117
118
119
120
1-21
122
123
124
125
UNIT 3
UNIT 2
94
2-1 REQUESTS....................................................................................
95
2-2 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT T .................................. 95
2-3 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "YOU1.................................................. 96
2-4 POLITE REQUESTS with "WOULD YOU MIND'............................ 97
2-5 POLITE REQUESTS with IMPERATIVES...................................... 99
2-6 NECESSITY and PROHIBITION..................................................... 100
2-7 NECESSITY: MUST; HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO ............................ 100
2-8 PROHIBITION: MUSTN'T ............................................................ 102
2-9 LACK OF NECESSITY IN THE PAST ........................................... 103
2-10 ADVISABILITY .............................................................................. 105
2-11 SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER .......................................... 105
2-12 SHOULD NOT, OUGHT NOT TO, HAD BETTER NOT.................. 106
2-13 SHOULD/SHOULDN'T BE DOING
OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO BE DOING..................................... 107
2-14 SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE DONE
OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO HAVE DONE................................... 107
2-15 SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE BEEN DOING
OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO HAVE BEEN DOING....................... 108
2-16 EXPECTATIONS: BE TO and BE SUPPOSED TO ....................... 109
2-17 ABILITY: CAN and BE ABLE TO .................................................. 111
2-18 MAKING SUGGESTIONS ............................................................. 115
2-19 EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY ................................. 117
2-20 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in PRESENT TIME ........................... 117
2-21 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS ...................... 118
2-22 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in PAST TIME..................................... 119
2-23 PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS .............................. 120
2-24 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in FUTURE TIME ............................. 121
2-25 ADVANCED NOTES ON MODALS................................................ 122
2-26 PREFERENCE .............................................................................. 125
2-27 HABITUAL PAST: USED TO and WOULD..................................... 128
TEST YOURSELF 2 ...................................................................... 131
THE PASSIVE
UNIT 4
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10
4-11
4-12
4-13
4-14
144
145
147
148
152
155
156
157
159
161
162
163
164
173
"If' CLAUSES.................................................................................
TYPE 1: TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE ...........................
TYPE 1 "IF CLAUSE ile KULLANILAN TENSE'LER ....................
TYPE 2: UNTRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE ......................
TYPE 2 "If' CLAUSE ile KULLANILAN TENSE'LER......................
TYPE 3: UNTRUE IN THE PAST...................................................
TYPE 3 "IF1 CLAUSE ile KULLANILAN TENSE'LER ...................
OTHER TENSE COMBINATIONS IN "/F CLAUSES ....................
OTHER CONDITIONALS ............................................................
"MIXED TIME" IF CLAUSES ........................................................
OMITTING "IF'...............................................................................
IMPLIED CONDITIONS .................................................................
WISH CLAUSES ........................................................................
AS IF/AS THOUGH ......................................................................
TEST YOURSELF 4......................................................................
UNIT 5
144
187
188
188
190
191
193
193
196
202
207
209
211
213
218
221
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9
UNIT 6
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
GERUNDS ....................................................................................
GERUND AS SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE ,........-........................
GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT ....................................
GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT....................................................
GERUND AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION ......................
303
303
304
305
306
314
317
317
319
319
322
323
327
332
332
334
336
337
339
341
342
343
343
348
UNIT 7
360
UNIT 8
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
8-5
8-6
8-7
8-8
8-9
8-10
8-11
8-12
8-13
8-14
8-15
8-16
8-17
8-18
8-19
8-20
360
362
363
367
367
367
368
371
372
382
384
385
385
386
390
396
402
406
407
411
... 423
UNIT 9
470
476
478
480
484
484
487
488
489
492
495
497
498
500
502
504
505
505
5Q6
507
507
507
509
510
516
528
528
530
534
534
UNIT 11 PREPOSITIONS
538
545
548
561
566
568
575
588
....
643
643
643
644
660
671
675
676
677
679
UNIT1
alnn.
NGLZCE calrm
zne
Nesne
Yklem Subject Object
Verb
Yukardaki cmleyi, "ngilizce alrm." biiminde de ifade edebiliriz ve ikinci cmlede zneyi
ak olarak gremediimiz halde, znenin 1. tekil ahs olduunu yklemdeki -m taksndan
anlarz. Bu durum ingilizce iin geerli deildir. Yani ingilizce bir cmlede yklem zneyi belli
etmez. Bu yzden, cmleye zne ile balamak zorundayz. Formle edilmi olarak ingilizce
cmle dzeni yledir:
Verb
Yklem
Object
Nesne
"ngilizce alrm." cmlesini ngilizce'de, "J study English." biiminde ifade edebiliriz.
1 -1
T H E V E R B 'B E "
Szckleri rastgele bir araya getirerek cmle kuramayz. Cmle kurabilmemiz iin mutlaka bir
fiile ihtiyacmz vardr. "Be fiili, "come, go, study, eat, become" vb. gibi asl fiilimiz olmad
zaman cmle kurmamz salar. "Be" fiilinin imdiki zaman ve geni zaman biimi ayndr ve
bu tense'lerle "am, is, are" biiminde kullanlr.
Singular Subject Pronouns
Plural Subject Pronouns
I
am
We
are
You
are
You are
He/She/It
is
They are
I am always nervous before an exam, (general)
I am nervous now, because I'm taking an exam in half an hour, (present)
a)
b) be + adjective
c) be + prepositional phrase
He is tall.
The world is round.
They are intelligent.
It's very hot today.
b)
1 -2
FORM
Affirmative
I am writing now. You are
reading a book. He/She/It
is eating lunch.
We are listening to music.
You are working hard.
They are discussing their
financial problems.
Negative
I am not writing now. You are
not reading a book. He/She/It is
not eating lunch.
We are not listening to music.
You are not working hard. They
are not discussing their
financial problems.
Interrogative
Am I writing now? Are you
reading a book? Is he/she/it
eating lunch?
Are we listening to music?
Are you working hard? Are
they discussing their
financial problems?
or
or
or
or
or
or
SPELLING OF -ING
Sonu -e ile biten fiiller
write
admire
hope
hide
writing
admiring
hoping
hiding
K HECEL FLLER
a) listen listening
happen happening 3)
prefer preferring
refer
referring
study
studying
reply
replying
try
trying
die
lie
tie
dying
fying
lying
stand
hold
spend
standing
holding
spending
shave shaving
amaze amazing
dine dining ride
riding
run running
rub rubbing
set setting
open opening
ripen ripening
begin beginning
control controlling
play
playing
buy
buying
enjoy enjoying
start
find
bend
starting
finding
bending
* Sonu -ee biiminde biten fiiller -Ing taks alrken -e dmez: see-seeing, agree-agreeing, free-freeing
8 a ELS
l -3
a)
Bu tense ile temel olarak iinde bulunduumuz anda yapmakta olduumuz eylemleri
anlatrz. Zaman pekitirmek iin ise now, right now, at the moment, at present, still
gibi zaman zarflan kullanrz.
Mother is in the kitchen now. She is cooking dinner.
- Where is your sister?
- I think she is writing a letter in her room.
Listen! They are talking about us. Can you hear what they are saying?
b)
c)
"Everything is expensive. (Her ey pahal.)" cmlesi, fiyatlarn o anki durumunu anlatr. Fakat,
"Everything is getting more and more expensive. (Her ey gittike pahallayor.)" ifadesi,
fiyatlarn srekli deitiini, ykseldiini gsterir.
It is cold. (Hava souk.)
It is getting colder. (Hava gittike souyor.)
The economic situation in Turkey is very bad.
(Trkiye'nin ekonomik durumu ok kt.) The
economic situation in Turkey is getting worse.
(Trkiye'nin ekonomik durumu gittike ktleiyor.)
d)
e)
Bu tense'i, tomorrow, next week, next year, next summer gibi gelecek zaman
zarflaryla, gelecekte yapmay planladmz eylemleri anlatmak iin de kullanrz.
I'm meeting Ann next Saturday. They
are giving a party next month. She is
leaving Istanbul in two days.
rneklerde grld gibi, cmle yap olarak imdiki zamana, anlam olarak ise gelecek zamana
aittir. Ayn kullanm Trke'de de vardr ve bu cmleleri Trke'ye, gelecek zaman ya da
imdiki zaman yapsnda evirmemiz mmkndr. Son rnei u ekilde evirebiliriz:
ki gn sonra stanbul'dan ayrlyor. (ki gn sonra stanbul'dan ayrlacak.)
ELS Q 9
l -4
T H E S IM P L E P R E S E N T T E N S E
FORM
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I get up early.
You go on holiday every year.
He studies hard.
She cleans the house herself.
It stands in the corner.
1 -5
U S E O F T H E S IM P L E P R E S E N T T E N S E
a)
b)
Yardmc fiil bulunmayan olumlu cmlelerde bu zarflar asl fiilden nce, yani zne ile yklem
arasnda yer alr.
She a/ways sings in English.
I sometimes feel depressed.
They seldom go to the theatre.
NOT........................................................................................
Birinci tekil ahs iin bu kural geerli deildir. Zarf, yardmc fiil "am" ile
"not" arasnda yer alr.
I'm sometimes not patient enough with children.
II
Olumlu anlam tayan sklk zarflarn (usually, generally, often, frequently, sometimes,
occasionally) dilbilgisi kurallarna uygun bu kullanmlarnn yan sra, cmlede vurguyu
artrmak iin, cmlenin banda da kullanabiliriz. zellikle sometimes bu ekilde ok sk
kullanlr.
Sometimes I get angry easily. Occasionally I don't
need to get up early. Usually they spend too much
money on luxuries.
Occasionally ve sometimes, cmle sonunda da yer alabilir.
I go to the theatre occasionally. He
is a bit lazy sometimes.
Often, zellikle quite ve very ile birlikte kullanldnda cmle sonunda da yer alabilir.
We come to this restaurant quite often.
Do you catch colds often?
I don't watch television very often.
Rarely ve seldom, zellikle only, very ve quite ile birlikte kullanldnda, cmle sonunda yer
alabilir.
I eat meat very seldom.
She smokes cigars quite rarefy.
NOT---------------------------------------------------------------------------,
Always bu ekilde cmle banda ya da sonunda yer almaz.
Olumsuz anlam tayan sklk zarflan (rarely, seldom, hardly ever, scarcely ever, never]
cmlenin bana geldii zaman cmle devrik olur.
I never eat fish...................................... Never do I eat fish.
He rarely smokes................................... Rarely does he smoke.
You seldom make mistakes................... Seldom do you make mistakes.
She scarcely ever visits us.....................Scarcely ever does she visit us.
Ever olumlu veya olumsuz soruda kullanlr ve hi anlamn verir. Olumsuz cmlede hi demek
iin do not ever yerine never kullanlr.
- Do you ever smoke?
- No, I never smoke.
- Don't you ever help your mother?
Doa kanunlarn, her zaman geerlilii olan dorular ve genellemeleri bu tense ile
ifade ederiz.
A diamond is a precious stone. Water
consists of oxygen and hydrogen. The
Earth revolves round the Sun. Plants
need water in order to grow. Water boils
at 100 degrees centigrade. Wood floats in
water but iron sinks.
d)
"What do you do?" sorusu kiinin neyle uratn, iini sorar. Yani "Wfoar is your
job/occupation?" sorusu ile ayn anlamdadr.
- What do you do?
- I'm a teacher.
12 Q ELS
"What do you do?" sorusunu bir zaman zarfyla kullanrsak, "sz edilen zamanda ne
yaparsn" anlamna gelir.
- What do you do at the weekends?
f)
Gazete manetlerinde, normalde past tense ile aktarlmas gereken (olmu, gereklemi)
olaylar. Simple Present Tense ile aktarlr.
A live bomb blows up a shopping centre in Israel.(=blew up)
A coach collides with a train in India: hundreds killed and hundreds more
wounded. (=collided)
1-6
T H E S IM P L E P R E S E N T o r T H E P R E S E N T C O N T IN U O U S
b)
Live ve work fiilleri ile srekli oturduumuz/altmz yeri ifade ediyorsak, geni
zaman kullanlr.
- Where do you five?
- I live in Istanbul.
Baz fuller srerlik bildiren tense'lerle (/ am doing, I was doing, I have been doing, etc.)
kullanlmazlar. Bu fuller, konuma srasnda
bizzat yaplmakta olan bir eylem (action)
bildirmezler, durum ifade ederler.
"I'm writing now." ifadesinde, write fiili bir eylem bildirir. Yani benim u anda yapmakta
olduum bir ii ifade eder.
"/ know English." ifadesinde ise know fiili bir eylem bildirmez. Yani, kiinin yapmakta olduu
ii deil, statik bir durum bildirir.
Durum bildiren fiillerin
bir
1 -7
forget
mean
want need prefer
2.
mind
care
desire
3.
belong
4.
taste *
see *
5.
hear
smell*
promise
refuse
contain
wish
forgive
feel *
consist of
include
sound
* Yannda yldz olan fiiller, farkl bir anlam tadklar zaman, srerlik bildiren tense'lerle kullanlabilirler.
14 Q ELS
1-8
NONPROGRESSIVE or PROGRESSIVE
NONPROGRESSIVE
PROGRESSIVE
think "dnmek"
see "grmek'
see "grmek"
smell "kokmak"
smell "koklamak'
feel "hissetmek"
look
look "bakmak'
"gibi grnmek'
weigh "tartmak"
'
NOTC
Yes, I have.
No, I haven't.
Has she got a boat?
Yes, she has.
No, she hasn't.
ELS Q
IS
EXERCISE 1: Use either the Simple Present or the Present Progressive of the verbs given In
parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
16 Q ELS
1 -9
T H E S IM P L E P A S T T E N S E
FORM
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I studied English.
Olumlu cmlede, fiillerin past tense biimi, olumsuz cmlede ve soruda ise fiillerin
kullanlr.
yaln hali
ELS a 17
1-10 U S E O F TH E S IM P L E P A S T TE N S E
Dzenli (regular) fiillerin past biimi, fiilin yaln haline -ed eklenerek elde edilir.
Present: want
Past:
wanted
b)
stay
stayed
study
studied
shave
shaved
c)
govern - governed
seem - seemed
roar - roared
roam - roamed
) Bir sessiz + bir sesli + bir sessiz harften oluan ksa fiillerde, sondaki sessiz harf
ift yazlr.
grab - grabbed
stop - stopped
beg - begged
ban - banned
slim - slimmed
rob - robbed
stare - stared
like - liked
smile - smiled
hate - hated
save - saved
IV) Sonu bir sessiz harf + y ile bitenlerde -y, -l olur, ondan sonra -ed eklenir.
try - tried
cry - cried
apply - applied
dry - dried
fry - fried
study - studied
delay - delayed
decay - decayed
betray - betrayed
spray - sprayed
d)
SIMPLE
FORM
SIMPLE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
SIMPLE
FORM
SIMPLE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
arise
bet
bid
bet
bid
arisen
been
borne /born
beaten/beat
become
begun
bent
bet*
fling
bear
beat
become
begin
bend
arose
was, were
bore
beat
became
began
bent
forbid
forecast
forget
forgive
forsake
freeze
flung
flew
forbade/forbid
forecast
forgot
forgave
forsook
froze
bid
get
got
flung
flown
forbidden
forecast
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
gotten *
bind
bite
bleed
blow
break
breed
bring
broadcast
build
burst
bound
give
gave
went
ground
grew
hung
given
gone
ground
grown
hung
had
had
heard
heard
hidden
cast
catch
choose
cling
come
cost
creep
bled
blew
broke
bred
brought
broadcast
built
burst
bought
cast
caught
chose
clung
came
cost
crept
bound
bitten/bit
bled
blown
broken
bred
brought
broadcast
built
burst
bought
cast
caught
chosen
clung
come
cost
crept
cut
cut
cut
deal
dealt
dealt
dig
do
dug
did
dug
draw
drew
eat
ate
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fell
done
drawn
eaten
fallen
fed
fed
felt
fought
found
felt
fought
found
fit*
fled
be
buy
fit
flee
bit
fit
fled
fly
go
grind
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
hid
hit
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
lead
leave
lend
led
led
left
lent
left
lent
let
lie
let
lay
let
light
lose
make
mean
meet
mislay
mistake
lit/lighted
lost
made
meant
lay
lain
lit/lighted
lost
made
meant
met
met
pay
mislaid
mistook
paid
mislaid
mistaken
paid
put
put
put
quit
read
quit
read
quit *
read
rid
rid
rid
ELS G 19
SIMPLE
FORM
SIMPLE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
ride
ring
rise
rode
rang
rose
ridden
rung
risen
run
ran
say
see
said
seek
sell
send
sought
sold
sent
set
set
shake
shed
shine
shoot
show
shrink
shut
sing
shook
shed
shone /shined
shot
showed
shrank/shrunk
shut
sang
sit
sat
sleep
slide
slit
speak
speed
spend
spin
spit
split
spread
spring
slept
slid
slit
spoke
sped /speeded
spent
spun/span
spit/ spat
split
spread
sprang/sprung
saw
SIMPLE
FORM
stand
steal
stick
run
sung
said
stink
seen
strive
sought
strike
sold
string
sent
swear
set
sweep
shaken
swim
shed
swing
shone/shined
take
shot
teach
shown/showed tear
shrunk
tell
shut
think
sung
throw
sat
thrust
slept
understand
slid
undertake
slit
upset
spoken
wear
sped/speeded
weave
spent
weep
win
spun
spit/ spat
wind
split
withdraw
spread
wring
sprung
write
SIMPLE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank/stunk
strove
struck
strung
swore
swept
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
understood
undertook
upset
wore
wove
wept
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
striven
struck/ stricken
strung
sworn
swept
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
understood
undertaken
upset
worn
woven
wept
won
won
wound
withdrew
wrung
wrote
wound
withdrawn
wrung
written
* Bu fiiller iin American English ve British English arasndaki farkllklara dikkat ediniz.
American
British
ZO Q ELS
d)
SIMPLE
PAST
SIMPLE
SIMPLE
PAST
FORM
PAST
PARTICIPLE
FORM
PAST
PARTICIPLE
arise
be
bear
beat
become
arose
was, were
bore
beat
became
began
bent
arisen
been
fling
fly
flung
borne/born
forbid
beaten/beat
forecast
forget
forgive
forsake
flung
flew
forbade/forbid
forecast
forgot
forgave
forsook
froze
got
gave
went
given
gone
ground
grown
hung
begin
bend
bet
bid
bet
bid
bind
bite
bleed
blow
bound
bit
bled
blew
broke
bred
. brought
break
breed
bring
broadcast
build
burst
buy
cast
catch
choose
cling
come
cost
creep
cut
deal
dig
do
draw
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fit
Hee
*'
become
begun
bent
bet *
bid
freeze
get
bound
bitten/bit
bled
blown
broken
bred
brought
give
go
grind
broadcast
built
burst
bought
cast
caught
chose
clung
came
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
ate
fell
broadcast
built
burst
bought
hide
fed
fell
. fought
found
fit
cast
caught
chosen
clung
come
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
grow
hang
have
hear
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
lay
lead
leave
lend
let
lie
light
flown
forbidden
forecast
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
gotten *
ground
grew
hung
had
heard
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
left
lent
let
lain
lit/lighted
lost
made
meant
met
mislaid
drawn
eaten
fallen
make
mean
meet
mislay
led
left
lent
let
lay
lit/lighted
lost
made
meant
met
mislaid
fed
felt
mistake
pay
mistook
paid
mistaken
paid
fought
found
fit*
put
put
put
quit
read
quit
quit *
read
rid
read
rid
done
fled
lose
rid
ELS G 19
' Lie "yalan sylemek' anlamndaysa, dzenli bir fiildir: She fled to us about her coming late.
ELS Q XI
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
22 Q ELS
EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the Irregular verbs In
the list. Use each verb only once.
arise
creep
dig
hold
feed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
fall
feel
spring
forbid
hide
slide
forgive
keep
lay
lie
ELS Q 3
EXERCISE 4: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the irregular verbs in
the list Use each verb only once.
bear
bet
bind
deal
eat
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
fight
freeze
grow
leave
ride
seek
shed
tear
throw
wind
My brother and I.................................like cat and dog when we were children, but
now we get on quite well.
The children are upset because they accidentally.................................their ball over
the neighbour's wall and they won't be able to get it back until he comes home.
I can't believe that the first time you.................................a bike was when you were
twenty!
The kidnappers.................................his arms and legs to a chair so that he
couldn't move.
It was so cold last night that the locks on my car literally....................................
I've only ever been to the horse races once; I.................................on three horses
and they all won!
Unfortunately, I.................................my shirt on a nail when I was trying to put up
some shelves.
My grandmother used to live in a little cottage with a beautiful, flowering, climbing
plant which.................................up the walls and round the windows.
Unable to find sufficient investors, the company.................................the cost of the
expansion itself.
During the first month of her diet, she.................................over three kilos.
When he.................................school, he chose to start working immediately rather
than continue his studies.
You................................all the bread at breakfast, so if you want a sandwich now,
you'll have to buy some more.
You.................................the cards without shuffling the pack, so you'll have to
start again.
As a child, whenever she was unhappy, she.................................comfort from her
grandmother.
I'm certain I.................................the clock last night, so I have no idea why the
alarm didn't go off.
EXERCISE 5: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the Irregular verbs In
the list Use each verb only once.
bend
burst
choose
cost
broadcast
1.
2.
3.
4.
24
forecast
draw
flee
fly
grind
lead
light
mistake
mislay
shake
The weathermen.................................a sunny day this morning, but so far it's done
nothing but rain.
He.................................his key, so he had to break a window to get in.
We................................to Antalya because it was faster, but came back by bus
because of the price.
The little girl had only had her balloon for five minutes when it..................................
so her mother had to buy her a new one.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
EXERCISE 6: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the Irregular verbs In
the list. Use each verb only once.
shrink
bite
forget
hang
hurt
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
lose
ring
rise
sell
shine
spin
undertake
wear
weave
withdraw
EXERCISE 7: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the verbs In the list.
Some of the verbs are regular and some are irregular. Use each verb only
once.
bleed
play
buy
climb
strike
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
fall
swear
fell
see
attend
sweep
saw
slip
miss
split
Bu
Negative
I wasn't working. You weren't
studying. He/She/It wasn't
eating lunch.
We weren't laughing. You
weren't talking. They weren't
arguing.
Interrogative
Was I working? Were you
studying? Was he/she/it
eating lunch?
Were we laughing? Were you
talking? Were they arguing?
b)
c)
Past Continuous (/ was doing) ile Past Tense (/ did) arasndaki kullanm farkna
dikkat ediniz.
Eer, gemite tamamladmz bir eylemden sz ediyorsak Simple Past Tense kullanrz.
(nemli olan belli bir zamanda 'We yapyordum?" deil, "Ne yaptm?"dr.)
- What did you do last night?
- I watched television first, then I studied English.
Eer, gemite tamamladmz bir eylemi deil de, sz edilen zamanda yapmakta olduumuz
ii anlatyorsak, Past Continuous Tense kullandr. (nemli olan "Ne yaptm?" deil, "Ne
yapyordum?" dur.)
- What were your parents doing when you got home last night?
- They were waiting for me to eat dinner with them.
d)
e)
f)
WHEN
I.
"When" ile kurulmu bir zarf cmlecii (adverbial clause), genellikle temel cmledeki
(main clause) eylemin devam etmekte olduu zaman aklar. "Bir eylem olduunda bir
baka eylem oluyordu" biiminde bir anlam tar. Bu nedenle "when" in bal
bulunduu cmlede Simple Past, temel cmlede ise Past Continuous kullanlr.
I was studying.
28 Q ELS
He came in.
"When" arka arkaya yaplm eylemleri anlatmak iin de kullandr. Bu durumda her iki
cmlenin de tense'i Simple Past'dr.
When he arrived, we went into the cinema.
(First he came. Then we entered the cinema.)
gelince, sinemaya girdik.)
(O
WHILE
I.
"While" cmlecii genellikle, temel cmledeki eylem srasnda devam etmekte olan bir
baka eylemi anlatmak iin kullanlr. Bu nedenle,
"while" in bal bulunduu cmle
Past Continuous, temel cmle ise Simple Past'dr.
He came in.
While I was studying,
adverbial
claus e
old
when/while they
when/while it
II.
"While" cmlecii, temel cmledeki eylemle ayn anda olan bir eylemi anlatmak iin de
kullanlr. Bu durumda her iki cmle de
Simple Past Tense ile kurulur.
I sang while I washed the dishes. (Bulaklar ykarken ark syledim.) She
watched me while I made the cake. (Ben kek yaparken o beni izledi.) I
watted outside while she had an interview. (O grme yaparken ben
darda bekledim.)
"While" birbirine paralel devam eden iki eylemi anlatmak iin de kullanlr. Bu
durumda her iki cmlede de Past Continuous Tense kullanlr. "While"n bu biimde
kullanmyla genellikle yaknma, ierleme gibi duygular ifade edilir.
While the teacher was lecturing, the students were talking among themselves.
(retmen ders anlatrken renciler kendi aralarnda konuuyorlard.}
I was studying while everybody at home was sleeping.
(Evde herkes uyurken ben ders alyordum.)
While + Past continuous, Past
IV.
"While" ile ayn anlam veren bir dier bala "as" dir.
While/As I was coming here, I ran into an old friend.
I had a look at the old magazines while/as I waited at the doctor's.
Past Continuous Tense, "always, continually, forever, etc." gibi zarflarla, (Present
Continuous Tense'de olduu gibi) srekli tekrarlanan eylemleri ya da yaknma ifade
etmek iin de kullanlr.
You were forever reading books when you were a child.
I was always making mistakes when I was in primary school.
h)
Resmi ortamlarda nazik bir biimde soru sorarken ya da ricada bulunurken, zellikle
"hope" ve "wonder" ile Past Continuous Tense ok sk kullanlr. Bu tr cmlelerde
1
bir yap kullanlmasna ramen, anlam present
tr.
- I was wondering if you could help me fill in this form.
- Certainly, Madam. Which section do you have difficulty understanding?
- I was hoping you could give me a lift to the airport.
- Of course. One of our representatives will drive you there after the meeting.
30 o ELS
past
EXERCISE 8: Use either the Simple Past or the Past Continuous of the verbs In
parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
ELS Q l
1 -1 5 T H E P R E S E N T P E R F E C T T E N S E
FORM
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
1 -1 6 U S E O F T H E P R E S E N T P E R F E C T T E N S E
a)
Ancak, ayn eylemleri zaman belirterek ifade edersek, Simple Past kullanmamz gerekir.
She removed all the furniture in the house last weekend.
They painted their house a few weeks ago.
Gemite yaptmz eylem iin zaman zarf kullanmasak bile, eer zaman ima ediyorsak, yine
Simple Past kullanrz.
"/ saw that film when I was in Ankara." cmlesinde kesin olarak bir zaman vermesek
de, "when I was in Ankara" gemite belli bir dnemi ifade etmektedir.
I went shopping after work, ("after work' belli bir zaman belirtmektedir.)
I met him in zmir.
("in zmir" ifadesi yer belirtmesine karn, "zmir'de
bulunduum dnemde" anlamn ima etmektedir.)
32 Q ELS
Present Perfect Tense ile sorulan sorulara yant verirken, yine bu kurallara dikkat etmeliyiz.
- Have you met his girlfriend?
-Yes, I have, (or No, I haven't)
- Have you met his girlfriend?
- Yes, I met her last week, (or I met her at Alice's party.)
- Have you seen my glasses?
- Yes, I have. ( or No, 1 haven't.)
Yakn gemite olup sonulan ya da etkileri iinde bulunduumuz anda devam eden
eylemler iin bu tense'i kullanrz.
I have burnt myself. (I'm in pain now. - u anda ac ekiyorum.)
I've cleaned the house. (It's clean now. )
Today, this morning, this week, this month, this year, this century vb., hen z.
tamamlanmam bir dnem ifade eden zarflarla bu tense kullanlr.
I've been to the cinema twice this week. I
havent been able to go on holiday this year.
Technology has advanced greatly this century.
"This morning', "this afternoon" ve "this evening' ifadelerini kullanrken, saat kavramna
dikkat etmemiz gerekir.
Genellikle saat 13:00'e kadar olan sre sabah (morning), 17:00'ye kadar leden sonra
(afternoon), 17:00-20:00 aras ise akam (evening) saatlerini bildirir. Bu durumda:
I haven't heard the alarm this morning.
ifadesini, sabah diliminin henz bitmemi olduu bir saatte, rnein saat 11-12 gibi
syleyebiliriz. Eer leden sonraki bir saatte, rnein saat 2'de bu sz sylyorsak, artk
"sabah" dilimi tamamlanp yeni bir dneme geilmi olduu iin, o eylem gemite kalmtr ve
Simple Past Tense kullanmay gerektirir.
33
d)
"Son zamanlarda, son gnlerde" anlamna gelen lately ve recently, Present Perfect ile
kullanldnda, yine kesin bir zaman belirtmeden, yaptmz ileri anlatr. Bu zarflar zellikle,
haber nitelii olan son gelimeleri ifade ederken ok sk kullanlr.
There has been great progress in the science of medicine recently.
There have been some changes in my house lately. Have you seen
your parents recently?
"Recently", zellikle only, quite, just ve very ile birlikte, Simple Past Tense ile de kullanlr ve "a
short time ago" anlamn verir.
They came quite recently. (They came quite a short time ago.)
She passed her exam only recently. (She passed her exam only a short time
ago.)
e)
"Yet" soruda ve olumsuz cmlede kullanlr ve normal olarak cmlenin sonunda yer alr.
- Have you finished your homework yet?
Ever, never, all my life, in his life, always, occasionally, often, several times, once,
twice, etc. gibi zarflarla kullanm:
Daha nce, sklk bildiren zarflarn (ever, never, always, often, etc.) Simple Present ile
kullanmn grmtk. Ayn zarflar, anlamda biraz bir deiiklikle, Present Perfect Tense ile de
kullanlr.
34 Q ELS
I always get up early. (Simple Present - Ben her zaman erken kalkarm.
"Bugne kadar hep erken kalktm.Bundan sonra da
byk bir olaslkla erken kalkacam. Bu benim
alkanlm." anlamn verir.)
I have always got up early. (Present Perfect - "Ben her zaman erken
kalkmmdr." ifadesi, yaammn sadece u ana
kadar olan blmn kapsar.)
My father has always lived in his hometown.
(He has lived in his hometown all his life.)
I've never seen such a pretty dog in my life.
Have you ever ridden on an elephant?
No, I've ridden on a camel once, but I've never ridden on an elephant.
Once, twice, three times, several times, many times (bir kez, iki kez, kez, bir ka kez, pek ok
kez) gibi zarflarla, bir eylemi yaammz boyunca ka kez yaptmz ifade etmek iin Present
Perfect Tense kullanrz.
- Have you ever been abroad?
- Yes, I've been to Germany several times.
She has invited me to her house many times, but I've never had any spare
time.
I've seen her parents only once.
NOT
Bu zarflarn Simple Past Tense ile kullanmna dikkat ediniz.
"She has invited me to her house many times, but I've never had
any spare time." cmlesini, gemite zaman belirterek verirsek. Simple
Past kullanmamz gerekir.
She invited me to her house many times during my stay in Germany,
but I never had any spare time.
"My father has lived in his hometown all his life."
cmlesinden, babamn hayatta olduu anlamn karyoruz. Artk hayatta
olmayan birinin yapt ilerden sz ediyorsak, Simple Past Tense
kullanmamz gerekir.
My grandfather lived in his hometown all his life. (He is dead now.)
I have never .flown in an aeroplane.
My grandmother never flew in an aeroplane. (She isn't alive any
more.)
I have ridden on a camel twice. It is very exciting.
When I was in Egypt, I rode on a camel twice. It was very exciting
g)
"So far", "u ana kadar" anlamna gelir ve genellikle, so far today, so far this month, so far this
semester, so far this summer, etc. gibi zarflarla birlikte kullanlr.
It hasn't snowed so far this winter.
I got many bad grades last semester, but I haven't had any low grades so far
this term.
We haven't eaten anything so far today.
So far this summer, I have swum in the sea only once.
ELS a 35
h)
"For", gemite belli bir noktadan iinde bulunduumuz ana kadar devam eden bir sre
bildirir, (for two years, for a month, for five minutes, for a long time, etc.) "Since",
eylemin gemite balang noktasn belirtir, (since yesterday, since 1987, since March,
since the Middle Ages, etc.)
EXAMPLES:
She bought her house three years ago, so she has had it for three years. I last
saw him in September. I haven't seen him since then. We first met at my
cousin's 15th birthday party, so we have known each other for almost five
years.
She has been afraid of thunder since her childhood/since she was a child. . I
haven't been to Germany since I got married. They haven't had the opportunity
to have a long holiday for years. We haven't heard from him since he phoned
us a month ago. He has read fifty pages of the book since I gave it to him. We
have lived in four different houses since we moved to Istanbul seven years ago.
There have been great price rises in the last six months, (son alt ay iinde)
The housing problem has got worse in the past few years, (son birka yl iinde)
i)
j)
k)
1)
gone or been
3.
4.
5.
6.
I don't know why he's offering to drive some of the way. He (not, pass)
..................................his driving test yet.
She (follow) ..................................him to work this morning because she (not,
believe) ..................................that was where he was actually going.
He (speak) .................................. several times to the manager about moving to
another branch, but he (not, have) .................................. an answer yet.
Before she (start) ...................................university, I (worry).....................................a lot
about her living away from home, but she (make) ..................................so many new
friends that now my fears (subside) .....................................
The weather (be) ...................................glorious so far this summer, unlike last year,
when it (rain) ..................................every day.
He (not, get) ...................................used to living in Britain yet. He can never
remember from which side of the road the cars will come and he (not, start)
..................................drinking tea with milk yet.
ELS Q 37
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
38 Q ELS
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Present Perfect Continuous Tense, gemite balayp, iinde bulunduumuz anda hala
devam etmekte olan eylemleri anlatr ve
for, since, all day, all week, all year
gibi
zaman zarflaryla ok sk kullanlr.
I started to read this book two hours ago, and I'm still reading it.
have been reading this book for two hours.
b)
'Since" ve "for" ile belirtilen zamanlan "how long' soru szc ile sorabiliriz. Present
Perfect Simple ve Continuous tense'ler, gemiten gnmze bir sre belirttii iin,
kesin bir zaman isteyen "when" soru szcn bu tense'lerle kullanamayz.
-
Gemite balayp, iinde bulunduumuz anda hala devam etmekte olan, ya da henz
bitmi olan bir eylemi anlatan baz fiiller, her iki tense ile de kullanlr ve ayn anlam
verir. Bu ekilde yaygn olarak kullanlan fiiller unlardr:
expect lie rain snow study want
hope live sleep stand teach work
learn look sit stay wait
How long have you lived in this city? How
long have you been living in this city?
She has worked for that firm for the last two years.
She has been working for that firm for the last two years.
Bu iki tense, birbirinin yerine kullanlabilse de, (Present Continuous Tense'te olduu gibi)
geici durundan ifade etmek iin Present Perfect Continuous tercih edilir.
My niece lias been living with us for two years, but she is moving to her
own flat next month.
b)
Continuous Tense'lerle (I am doing, I was doing) kullanlmayan dier fiiller (nonprogressive verbs) Present Perfect Continuous ile de kullanlmazlar. Ancak, "want' ve
"wish" bu kuraln dndadr.
Look at that lovely shirt in the shop window! I've been wanting one like that
for some time.
I've been wishing to visit your mother since I heard that she was ill.
4O ELS
- Well, I have been thinking over my problems, and I lost track of time.
En son diyalogda "been" sznn kullanmna dikkat ediniz. "How long have you been in this
remote part ....." ifadesinde "been", "be" fiilinin past participle biimidir ve asl fiil olarak
kullanlmtr.
She Is still a student. She has been a student for over six years.
They are married now. They have been married for three months.
"I have been thinking over my problems."
kullanlmtr.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense, always, never, sometimes gibi sklk bildiren
zarflarla, once, twice, several times gibi eylemin ka kez yapldn bildiren yaplarla,
da just, already, yet gibi eylemin bittiini, tamamlandn ifade eden yaplarla
kullanlmaz.
ya
We've been trying to answer a number of questions since the beginning of the
class, and we've answered half of them already.
He's been writing letters since breakfast time. He' s Just written the fourth
one, and he has two more letters to write.
The door bell has rung twice in the last half hour, and each time, it has been a
visitor for my roommate.
The door bell has been ringing for the last minute. Why doesn't someone open
the door?
ELS Q 41
EXERCISE 10: Use either the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous of the
verbs In parentheses.
1.
EXERCISE 11: Use the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous, the Simple Past or
Past Continuous.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. This is the only time I (see) ...............................the beautiful autumn colours of
Quebec, although I (visit) ...............................the province many times before.
16. We (see) ...............................four squirrels playing together in a tree while we
(picnic) ................................on Sunday. Ever since, my younger son (beg)
..................................me to take him there again.
17. Last year, Mary (have) ................................an idea for a new product. The
designers (work) ................................on it for months now and (just, complete)
..................................the first prototype.
18. Not so long ago, most people (pay) ................................their bills in cash, but
banking methods (change) ................................recently; nowadays, most people
use bank transfers.
19. Only Eric (catch) ................................a fish while we (fish) .................................on
Sunday and, ever since, he (boast) ................................about the size of it.
20. Maggie (talk) ................................to Gerald on the phone when 1 (come)
...................................back from the shops. 1 don't know when they (start)
....................................but 1 know they (talk) .................................non-stop for an
hour now. It's amazing that they still have anything to discuss as this is the third
time she (phone) ................................him today.
EXERCISE 12: Add "for" or "since" to the sentences below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
EXERCISE 13: Use the Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past
Continuous, Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous of the
verbs In parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
ELS Q 45
24. Mechanic: When I (raise) ................................my hand, put your foot on the
brakes. Yes, the police officer is right. Your left brake light (not, work)
25.
1 -2 0 T H E P A S T P E R F E C T T E N S E
FORM
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
46 Q ELS
Bu tense'i oluturmak iin had + past participle kullanlr. "/ had. We had, She had, etc.'
yerine ksaltlm olarak "I'd, We'd, She'd, etc." yaplarn kullanabiliriz.
She had just eaten lunch.
I hadn't finished my test when the bell rang. I had already finished my
work when the guests arrived.
I didn't want to go to the cinema,
because I'd seen the film before.
1-21 U S E O F TH E P A S T P E R FE C T TE N S E
a)
Present:
Past:
Present:
Past:
Present:
Past:
b)
I can't go out with you now. My daughter hasn't come back from
school yet.
I couldn't go out with them, because my daughter hadn't come
back from school yet.
Since, for, always gibi zarflarn, Present Perfect Tense (/ have done) ile kullanldn ve
gemite balayp iinde bulunduumuz ana kadar devam eden ya da iinde bulunduumuz
anda da devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade ettiini grmtk. Since, for, always gibi zarflar,
Past Perfect Tense (I had done) ile de kullanlr. Ancak bu kez, gemite balayp yine gemite
bir noktaya kadar devam etmi olan eylemleri anlatr.
1-2 2 P R E S E N T P E R FE C T o r P A S T P E R FE C T
MORE EXAMPLES:
We were going to meet in front of the cinema at 2 p.m. yesterday. I arrived
there at 2p.m. sharp, but she hadn't come yet. When it was 2.30 and she still
hadn't come, I gave up waiting and went into the cinema.
Yesterday, the traffic was heavy, and it took me a long time to get home. When
I arrived home, my parents bad already eaten their dinner.
Last year, he made a very bad mistake at work, but his boss couldn't dismiss
him just for that. He bad worked there for ten years and hadn't done anything
wrong before then.
Past Perfect Tense, gemite belli bir noktada olmu olaylardan sz ederken, daha
gemite olmu eylemi vurgulamak iin de kullanlr.
When I saw her again ten years later, I found her greatly changed, both
physically and mentally. She had dyed her hair blond and had got thinner. She
had left her parents and had started to earn her own living.
When her marriage was breaking up, she remembered her father's words. He
had warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of
marriage, and he had told her that she was too young to face them. She
hadn't listened to him then and had got married. She now realized how right
he had been.
Ancak, ama gemiteki olaylar sadece ak srasna gre vermekse, Past Perfect kullanmak
gerekmez.
She wanted to get married when she was only eighteen. Her father objected to
it. He warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of
marriage at such an early age, but she didn't listen to him and got married.
Baz durumlarda ise Simple Past ya da Past Perfect kullanlmas anlam deiikliine yol aar.
1. When we arrived at the farm house, I warned her to beware of the dog.
2. When we arrived at the farm house, she was cautious. I had warned her to
Yukardaki cmlelerden birincisinde "uyarma' eylemi iftlik evine gelince, ikincisinde ise
gelmeden nce yaplmtr.
When I arrived at the party, Chris left.
(First, I arrived. Then Chris left, so I saw him.)
When I arrived at the party, Chris had left. (First,
he left. Then I arrived, so I didn't see him.)
While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car had run into a cyclist.
(/ didn't see the accident happen.)
While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car ran into a cyclist.
(/ saw the accident happen.)
48 ELS
a)
With after
After
Past Perfect,
Simple Past
Simple Past
"After", gemiteki iki eylemden daha nce olann ifade ettii iin, bal bulunduu cmlede
normalde Past Perfect kullanlr. Ancak "after", eylemlerin srasn zaten belirttii iin, Past
Perfect yerine Simple Past da kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda anlam deimez.
After she graduated from university, she went to England.
After we travelled on a coach for ten straight hours, we continued our journey
by horse to get to the mountain village.
b)
With before:
Before +
Simple Past,
Past Perfect
Simple Past
"Before" un bal olduu cmle, gemite yaplan iki eylemden, daha sonra yaplan ifade ettii
iin, "before'lu cmlede Simple Past, temel cmlede ise Past Perfect kullanlr. Ancak
"before" da "after" gibi eylemlerin srasn belirttii iin, temel cmlede Past Perfect yerine
Simple Past da kullanlr.
Before she came to live in this city, she had lived in zmir.
Before she came to live in this city, she lived in zmir.
Beforeshecametoliveinthiscity,shelivedinzmir
rnipie
finished
his speech.
had finished
I didn't speak to him until/till he
spoke
to me.
had spoken
"Until/till" ile Past Perfect kullanm ok yaygn deildir. Ancak, yan cmledeki eylemin temel
cmledeki eylemden nce tamamlanm olduunu vurgulamak istersek, Past Perfect
kullanabiliriz. Aksi takdirde, Simple Past kullanmamz yeterlidir.
d)
"As soon as", temel cmleyle yan cmlenin eylemleri arasnda geen zamann ok ksa
olduunu vurgular. Eylemleri olu srasna gre dizdii iin, Past Perfect kullanmak zorunlu
deildir. Ancak birinci eylemin tamamlandn vurgulamak amacyla, Simple Past yerine Past
Perfect kullanabiliriz.
50 a ELS
With
when:
"When", kullanrken dikkat edilmesi gereken balalardan biridir. nk, kullandmz tense'e
gre, eylemlerin birbirleriyle olan ilikisi farkllk gsterir, anlam deiir.
When he left home, I was washing the dishes.
(O evden ktnda ben bulak ykyordum.)
(I started to wash the dishes before he left, and hadn't yet finished when he
was leaving.)
When he left home, I washed the dishes.
(O evden knca, bulaklar ykadm.)
(I waited for him to leave home and then I started to wash the dishes.)
When he left home, I had washed the dishes.
(O evden ktnda, ben bulaklar ykamtm.)
(I started to wash the dishes and finished them before he left home.)
Past
ContU
Simple Past
Simple past,
Simple Past
Simple Past,
She was preparing dinner when I got home.
She prepared dinner when I got home. She
had prepared dinner when I got home.
ELS a 51
f)
Simple Past,
Past Perfect
"By the time" in Trke'ye evirisine dikkat ediniz. Yukardaki rnei "
.......gelinceye tadar" ya
da ".... geldiinde" biiminde evirdik. Bu nedenle "by the time", "when" ile yakn bir anlama
sahiptir. "Gemite bir eylem olduunda/oluncaya kadar, dier bir eylem olmutu."
anlamn
verir.
past
found a cure.
anlamn vermek
now
future
I
It was raining
52 ELS
Temel cmlede Simple Past kullanlmaz. Ancak, "be" fiilinin past biimi olan "was/were"
kullanlr.
By the time I noticed the leak, the kitchen floor was already full of water.
the time the journey was over, it was already midnight. By the time he
retired from his work, he was sixty years old.
"By the time" ile "until/till", Trke'ye
".... oluncaya kadar"
gemiteki iki eylem arasnda farkl bir ilikiyi ifade ederler.
By
By the time she came back from holiday, all her plants at home had died.
(When she came back, she found all her plants dead.)
Yukandaki rnekte ve dier rneklerde grdmz gibi, "by the time", "ikinci eylem
olduunda, dier eylem olup bitmiti' anlamn vurguluyor.
She came back
"/'. *------------------------------------------i----------->past
_______________________J
I watered her plants
'
now
future
Bu rnekte de grdmz gibi, "until/till", "birinci eylemin, ikinci eylemin olduu noktaya
kadar devam ettiini, tam o noktada bittiini" vurguluyor.
stayed in the
Bir noktadan dierine sz edilen eylemin devam ettiini vurgulad iin "until/till", stay,
talk, etc. gibi sre bildiren fiillerle kullanlr.
Finish, leave, arrive, etc. gibi, bir anda olup
eylemler, "until/till" ile sadece olumsuz cmlede kullanlr.
He stayed at my house until/till I came back from holiday.
teacher waited until/till the last student left the classroom.
didn't leave me until/till I promised to meet him after work.
wait,
biten
The
He
"By the time", zaman asndan bir noktay vurgulad iin, sadece
finish, leave, arrive, etc.
bir anda olup biten eylemlerle, ounlukla da Perfect tense'lerle kullanlr.
gibi,
EXERCISE 14: Use the Simple Past or Past Perfect to complete the following sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
EXERCISE 15: Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Perfect to complete the sentences.
1.
2.
54 ELS
She (only, know) ................................him for two months, yet she (already, agree)
...................................to marry him and next week they are going to buy the rings.
Shortly after they (announce) ................................ the results of the election, it was
discovered that there (be) ................................a number of irregularities during the
voting, so it was declared invalid.
.......
3.
I can't stand that girl. She (only, be) ................................scuba-diving three times,
but to hear her talk, you would think she was an expert.
4. They (never, walk) ............................... such a long distance in one day, so they
were completely exhausted when they reached their destination.
5. His manager tried to persuade him to stay, but he (already, make up)
...............................his mind to leave and nothing anybody said could change that.
6. As she (read) ...............................the book twice, she was well prepared for the
discussion.
7. The ship's crew (all. drown) ................................before the helicopter crew spotted
them in the Atlantic Ocean.
8. I doubt she will be chosen for the part. She (not, act) ................................in a
serious play so far.
9. I was surprised that they chose her for the part even though she (not, act)
...............................in a serious play until then.
10. Oh no! We (give)................................him the incorrect price. We had better contact
him immediately and correct the situation.
Negative
I had not been working. You
had not been sleeping. He/She/It
had not been eating.
We had not been waiting. You
had not been dancing. They had
not been talking.
Interrogative
Had I been working? Had
you been sleeping? Had
he/she/it been eating?
Had we been waiting? Had
you been dancing? Had they
been talking?
He had been sleeping for two hours when suddenly a noise woke him up in
the middle of the night.
The two countries had been fighting for almost seven years when a peace
treaty was signed between them.
The party had been going on for two hours when the lights suddenly went out.
When she decided to retire, she had been working as a teacher for fifteen years.
ELS 55
rneklerde de grld gibi, Past Perfect Continuous Tense, tam olarak Present Perfect
Continuous Tense'in past biimidir. Hatrlayacanz gibi. Present Perfect Continuous, gemite
balayp iinde bulunduumuz anda da devam eden, ya da iinde bulunduumuz anda henz
bitmi ama belirtileri devam eden eylemleri ifade ediyordu. Past Perfect Continuous ise,
gemite balayp yine gemite bir noktaya kadar devam eden eylemleri ifade eder.
past
y
(had been fighting)
now
future
|
The war ended.
They had been fighting for f our years when the war ended in 1994.
since 1990
We had been waiting for him for exactly three hours when he finally came.
His hands were covered in oil, because he had been repairing the car.
The child's eyes were watery, because he had been crying.
They were all exhausted, because they had been working hard since the morning.
(Hepsi ok yorgundu, nk sabahtan beri ok youn alyorlard.)
He had been studying English for two hours when I went to see him.
(Onu grmeye gittiimde, iki saattir ngilizce alyordu.)
.v
l -25 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS or PAST CONTINUOUS
1. When I went home, he was studying. (Past Cont.)
(Ben eve gittiimde o ders alyordu.)
2. When I went home, he had been studying for two hours. (Past Perfect Cont.)
(Ben eve gittiimde o iki saattir ders alyordu.)
Birinci cmledeki "was studying', sadece "Ben gittiim anda ne yapyordu?" sorusuna yant
olabilir. kinci cmledeki "had been studying' ise, "Ben gittiimde yapmakta olduu ii ne
zamandan beri yapyordu?" sorusunu yantlar.
The other members were discussing the agenda when I got to the meeting.
The other members had been discussing the agenda for the last half hour
when I got to the meeting.
They were staying at a hotel near the sea when I met them in Bodrum. They
had been staying at a hotel for five days when I met them in Bodrum.
NOT----------------------------------------------------------------------,
"Since", Perfect Tense'lere zg bir zarftr. Ancak, "for", dier
tense'lerle de kullanlr.
I'm going to Ankara for two weeks. (imdiki z. Gelecek z. anlamyla kullanm)
(ki haftalna Ankara'ya gidiyorum.)
l have worked for this company for seven years. (Present Perfect)
(Yedi yldr bu irkette alyorum.)
I have been living here for eight years. (Present Perfect Continuous)
(Sekiz yldr burada yayorum.)
When I resigned from my work, I had worked there for ten years. (Past Perfect)
(imden istifa ettiimde, on yldr orada alyordum.)
When the guests arrived, I had been working in the kitchen for three hours.
(Past Perfect C.) (Konuklar geldiinde, saattir mutfakta alyordum.)
Last year, I stayed in zmir for a month. (Simple Past)
(Geen yl bir ay zmir'de kaldm.)
56 ELS
zellikle balal cmlelerde "for" un bu kullanmlarna dikkat ediniz. imdi u iki cmle
arasndaki fark inceleyelim:
1. When I graduated, I lived in zmir for five years.
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
_ ^ __________l-----------------------1_______________l-----------------------1----------------------1----------------------1
past
I________________________________^_|
y
(had been living)
I started to live
in zmir.
I graduated.
now
future
When I graduated in 1986,1 had been living in zmir for five years.
(First I lived in zmir. Then I graduated.)
(Mezuniyetten nceki be yl ifade ediyor.)
EXERCISE 16: Use the Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous of the verbs In
parentheses.
They (drive) ..................................for over five hours when they reached the hotel.
While they (travel) ....................................they passed through several historic towns.
I (hangi ...................................some pictures on the wall when I hit my thumb with
the hammer.
4. While we (chat).....................................we realized that she (work)
...................................for the same company as me last year, but at a different
branch.
5. Rumours of a large pay-rise (go)................................... round the office for weeks, so,
when it was announced to be only three percent, everyone was very disappointed.
6. They (already, take) ..................................photographs for an hour by the time they
noticed the sign forbidding the use of cameras.
7. Apparently he (stroll] ...................................aimlessly on the beach since about noon
when we spotted him.
8. While I (sew) ...................................a button onto my shirt, I pricked myself with the
needle.
9. She knew that she had better stop and fill up with petrol soon because the red
petrol warning light (Hash) ..................................on the dashboard of her car for the
last ten minutes.
10. The manager warned the staff about using the phone because, from the size of the
telephone bill, it was obvious that someone (make) ...............................long-distance
calls.
1.
2.
3.
ELS a 57
EXERCISE 17: Use the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Continuous, the Past
Perfect Simple or the Past Perfect Continuous.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
EXERCISE 18: Use the Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past
Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect or
Past Perfect Continuous of the verbs In parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
; 5.
6.
58 ELS
She (split) ....................................up with her boyfriend two days ago and (cry)
...................................virtually non-stop ever since.
While I (hurry) ....................................to catch the bus, I (trip) .......................................
and (twist) ....................................my ankle.
The woman (rush) .................................... into the doctor's surgery screaming that a
snake (Just, bite) ....................................her son.
I (apply) .................................... for the job over three weeks ago, but I (still, not, hear)
................................... anything.
Generally he (wear) .................................... a suit to work, but today he (wear)
...................................jeans because they (move) ..................................... some furniture
into a new office.
The first time I (meet) ....................................him, he (work) ...................................... on
his car all afternoon and was covered in oil. So the second time I (see)
...................................him, I (hardly, recognize) ...................................... him!
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
ELS 59
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
We will work.
We are going to work.
Will we work?
Are we going to work?
Btn znelerle "will" yardmc fiili kullanlr. Birinci tekil ahs "we" ve birinci oul ahs "ive"
iin, "will" yerine "shall" de kullanlr. Ancak "shall" in bu kullanm artk ok eski olarak kabul
edilmektedir.
We will (shall) Invite them to the party.
She will help me with my homework.
"will not" ve "shall not" ksaltlarak "won't" ve "shan't" biiminde kullanlr.
They will not/won't come tomorrow. We
shall not/shan't go to the party.
"will" ve "shall" ksaltlarak " ll" biiminde kullanlr.
They'll visit us next week./I'II eat dinner out tonight.
1 -2 7 U S E O F T H E F U T U R E T E N S E S
a)
b)
6O ELS
c)
Henz rendiimiz bir konuda yapmaya istekli olduumuz bir durumu (willingness),
"will" ile ifade ederiz.
- I don't have any money.
- Don't worry. I'II lend you some. (zlme. Ben sana veririm.)
- Some guests are coming in two hours, and nothing is ready yet.
- Don't worry, l'II wash the dishes and you can do the cooking.
(Ben bulaklar ykarm, sen yemei piirirsin.)
- I have a headache.
- Wait here. I'll bring an aspirin for you. (Bekle sana bir aspirin getireyim.)
"will" in bu kullanmnn Trke'ye evirisine dikkat ediniz. rneklerde de grdnz gibi, "will
wash, will lend, will bring' ifadelerini "ykayacam, dn vereceim, getireceim" biiminde
deil, "ykarm, dn veririm, getireyim" biiminde evirdik.
d)
Eer bir olayn olacana ilikin belirtiler varsa, "going to" kullanlr.
The sky is black. It is going to rain.
There's a lot of blossom on the trees this spring. We're going to have a good crop.
e)
Bu tense'lerle yaygn olarak kullanlan zaman zarflan, tomorrow, next week, next
month, next summer, in two days (iki gn sonra), in ten minutes (on dakika sonra),
two days from now (iki gn sonra), five years from now (be yl sonra), soon (az sonra,
yaknda) gibi zarflardr.
We'll take an exam next week.
Tomorrow is a public holiday, so she wont go to work.
She will graduate in three years.
Two months from now, they'll move into a new flat.
Ancak, iinde bulunduumuz ana gre gelecek zaman ifade eden pek ok zarf, bu tense'lerle
kullanlabilir.
(In the morning)
I'm going to do some shopping today. Do you need anything special?
I'm not going to have breakfast this morning.
1)
"am, is, are going to" nun past biimi olarak "was, were going to" kullanlr. Bu tense
ile, gemite niyet ettiimiz, planladmz, ama eitli nedenlerle yapamadmz
eylemleri anlatrz.
I was going to visit my parents last night, but just as I was leaving home, some
guests arrived, so I couldn't.
(Dn akam ailemi ziyaret edecektim ama.......)
We were going to have an exam yesterday, but we couldn't finish the unit, so
the teacher postponed the exam until next week.
(Dn snav olacaktk ama.......)
EXERCISE 19: Complete the sentences using the Simple Future (wiII) or "going to" future.
1.
2.
3.
A: Oh, I've just read in the paper that there's a train strike today. How
...................................you (get) .................................to work?
B: It's O.K. We heard about it yesterday and Jake (drive) ................................me.
A: Have you typed that letter for me?
B: Oh no. I forgot all about it. I (do) ................................ it now.
A: I'm just popping out because I (buy).................................some sugar.
B: We need coffee as well, you know.
A: O.K. I (get)................................that too.
ELS 61
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
B: Thank you.
10. A: I don't think I (have) ....................................time to fetch Sally's birthday cake this
afternoon.
B: Don't worry. I (do) ....................................it on my way back from work.
1-2 8 F U T U R E T E N S E in T IM E C L A U S E S
"When, after, before, as soon as, etc."
nce grmtk. imdi bu balalarn
Before she leaves school tomorrow, she will talk to the teacher.
Yukardaki rneklerde grdnz gibi, her iki eylem de gelecekte gerekleecek olmasna
ramen, yan cmlede "will" ya da "going to" kullanlmaz. Yan cmlede
Simple Present Tense,
temel cmlede ise "'will" ya da "going to" kullanlr.
62 ELS
ELS 63
EXERCISE 21: Complete the sentences with the Simple Present and/or Present Perfect and
Simple Future (will) of the verbs in parentheses.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
.
9.
10.
Negative
I won't be studying. You
won't be working. He/She/It
won't be eating.
We won't be talking. You
won't be sleeping. They
won't be shopping.
Interrogative
Will I be studying? Will
you be working? Will
he/she/it be eating?
Will we be talking? Will
you be sleeping? Will they
be shopping?
Bu tensel, gelecekte bir noktada yapyor olacamz eylemleri ifade etmek iin kullanrz.
Don't call me tomorrow between ten and eleven. I'll be having an interview then.
At this time next year, you'll probably be attending university.
My plane departs at nine, so I'll be Qying to New York at this hour tomorrow.
b)
c)
64 ELS
EXERCISE 22: Complete the sentences with the Simple Future (will do), Future
Continuous (will be doing) or Simple Present (do/does) and/or Present
Perfect Simple (have/has done) of the verbs In parentheses.
1.
At the rate he's improving, he (play) .............................. football for the national
team by the time he's sixteen!
2. At the end of next week, you (drive) .............................. round Europe, Jane (sail)
.............................. across the Mediterranean and I (fee]} .............................. very
jealous of you both!
3. Until your grades (improve) ............................... you (have to) ..............................
stay at home every evening.
4. At the moment, you think you (never, learn) .............................. to ski, but this
time next week you (whiz) .............................. down the slopes like a professional!
5. Do you think you (see) .............................. Mike at any time over the weekend? If
so, can you give him a message?
6. I (drop) .............................. you off at the end of your road, but I (not, have)
.............................. time to accept your offer of tea, I'm afraid.
7. Contact our agency at the resort as soon as you (get) .............................. there and
they (provide) .............................. all the camping equipment you (need)
.............................. there immediately.
8. It's more than a little inconvenient, I'm afraid. I (perform) .............................. an
operation on a patient at that time, so later in the day would be better.
9. I (work) .............................. night shifts all this week, so it's quite frustrating to
think that I (work) .............................. while everybody else is sleeping.
10. After you (undergo) .............................. our expert parachute training, jumping out
of an aeroplane (not, bother) .............................. you at all.
11. The police (not, open) .............................. the road until they (clean)
.............................. all the debris from the accident away.
12. The mayor (not be able) .............................. to present the prize in person next
week because at that time, he (welcome) .............................. the German trade
minister. His wife (present) .............................. the prize on his behalf.
1 -3 1 T H E F U T U R E P E R F E C T T E N S E
FORM
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
1 -3 2 U S E O F T H E F U T U R E P E R F E C T T E N S E
a)
Gelecekte bir noktada yapm, tamamlam olacamz eylemleri bu tense ile ifade
ederiz. By, before, in a week (or in a week's time), in ten days (or in ten days' time), in
three years (or in three years' time) gibi zarflar, bu tense ile ok sk kullanlan
zarflardr.
She will have graduated from university in two years.
She promises that she will have finished her report by tomorrow.
They will have completed the new school building by next year.
b)
"By the time", "when" ve "before", bu tense ile sk kullanlan zaman balalardr.
I will have finished my homework by the time mother comes back.
Before
this term is finished, we will have studied half of the units. The children will
have gone to bed when the guests arrive.
"By" ile "by the time" arasndaki farka dikkat ediniz. "By" bir preposition olduu iin
kendinden sonra bir isim gelir, (by two o'clock, by next month, by tomorrow, by then,
etc.) "By the time" ise bir balatr. Kendinden sonra bir cmle gelir. "By the time" dan
sonra "that" kullanlabilir.
1will have finished my work by 5 o'clock.
I will have finished my work by the time (that) you come back.
I'll call you at 2:00. I hope you'll have finished your work by then.
I'll call you at 2:00. I hope you'll have finished your work by the time (that) I
call you..
EXERCISE 23: Complete the sentences with the Simple Future (will do), Future Perfect (will
have done) or Simple Present (do/does) of the verbs In parentheses.
1.
2.
66 Q ELS
Don't spend too much at the Grand Bazaar, or you (regret) ..................................it
when you (run out) ..................................of money before the end of your holiday.
By the time the credit card statement with this purchase on it (arrive)
...................................I (receive) ....................................my wages. So don't worry. ,
3.
then.
4.
...................................... to
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
........................................
......................................to a level
FORM
Affirmative:
Negative:
Interrogative:
Subject
Subject
Will
a)
Gelecekte bir eylemi ne kadar zamandr yapyor olacamz bu tense ile ifade ederiz.
Yani gelecekte sre bildiririz.
By next year, I will have been teaching English for nine years.
Tomorrow, I will start work at 9 and finish at 12, so I will have been working
for three hours by the time my last lesson is over.
studying at 2:00.
By the time her mother comes home at 5 o'clock, she will have been studying
for three hours.
ELS 67
The meeting will start at ten, and I will arrive there at eleven.
By the time I arrive there, the meeting
will have been going on
for an hour.
By the next elections, this government will have been running the country for
four years.
b)
"By 9 o'clock tomorrow, I'll have been arriving in Ankara for six hours."
ifadesi yanl bir ifade
olur. nk insan, alt saattir bir yere varyor olamaz. Bu cmleyi ancak yle doru olarak
ifade edebiliriz:
By 9 o'clock tomorrow, I'll have arrived in Ankara. (.... varm olacam.)
By the time I arrive in Ankara, Til have been travelling for six hours.
(.... alt saattir yolculuk yapyor olacam.)
c)
"By the time" yapsyla "be" fiilinin kullanmna dikkat ediniz. Normalde
temel cmlede Future Perfect gerektirir.
By the time they arrive, I
By the time he retires from his job, he win have been in this city for twenty years.
By the time we come back from holiday, they
will have been married for a
month.
You can almost guarantee that by the time we get to the box-office, they (se/7)
...................................out of tickets.
I (drive)' ....................................past your house at about 8 o'clock tomorrow morning,
as that's the way I always go, so if you're ready, wait outside and I
[give)
...................................you a lift.
Agent A: How ..................I (recognize) ...................him?
Agent B: Well, he (wear) ....................................grey trousers, a green jacket and a
yellow tie!
7.
EXERCISE 25: Complete the sentences using "until1 or "by the time".
1.
Past
ELS Q 69
PRESENT TIME:
"When I get home after work, ....." ifadesini, eer genelde yaptmz bir ii anlatmak
zere kullanyorsak, Present Time'a ait bir yap ile tamamlayabiliriz.
!
When I get home after work, I usually take a rest for a while.
first of all, I play with my son for a while.
:
FUTURE TIME:
"When I get home after work tomorrow,
bir yap gerektirmektedir. (Yan cmlede
EXERCIS
E 26: Use
any
appropriat
e tense for
the verbs
in
parenthes
es.
1.
2.
3.
70 Q ELS
(face)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
ELS 71
EXERCISE 27: Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs in
parentheses.
(Mrs. Hopkins in England is writing to her friend in France.)
It (l.be) ..................................the worst heat wave in the South of England for the
last twenty years, and it (2.not, rain)...............................here for six months now.
Everybody (3.suffer)...................................from the heat, and our supply of water (4.only,
last)...................................for two or three more weeks. Water (5. be).....................................
so scarce that we (6.keep) .................................. it turned off for seventeen hours a day.
We (7.store) ..................................boiled water in bottles in case the situation gets worse.
We (8.use)...................................the hall as storage space, because it (9.be)
...................................the coolest place in our flat. As our flat (lO.face)
...................................south, it (11.develop) ....................................temperatures like a
greenhouse. The other day, John (12.call) ...................................me from the living room.
"Look," he (I3.say) ...................................pointing out of the window, "those children
(14.have)...................................their own method of keeping cool." In the garden our
neighbour's children (I5.lie) .................................. under a tree, covered with thick layers
of wet sand and earth. Yesterday on the radio, they (16.announce)....................................a
heavy thunderstorm for today. But(17.not, see).....................................a sign of it yet.
You simply cannot rely on the weather forecast in spite of all the research being done
with satellites and other modern equipment.
EXERCISE 28: Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs in
parentheses.
(Professor Smith, who was kidnapped, and has now been freed by the police, is talking to
the reporters.)
I (1.arrive)...................................home from the airport late in the evening, at about
11 o'clock. Just as I (2.open)...................................the garden gate, a man wearing
sunglasses (S.approach) ..................................me. He (4,ask).....................................for a
light. As I (5.light) ..................................his cigarette, the man (6.suddenly, hold)
...................................his hand over my mouth so that I couldn't call out. At the same
time, two other men from behind (7. overpower) ..................................me. I (8. try)
...................................to get away, but they (9.push)......................................me into the car,
which (lO.drive off.................................... at once. Then they (11.give) ...................................
me an injection and I (12.1ose) ..................................consciousness. When I (I3.wake up)
....................................I (14.1ie).....................................on a bed in a room with no windows.
They (I5.tell) ..................................me over a loudspeaker to get up and go over to the
table. On the table I (16. find) ..................................a copy of some top secret plans I
(17.work)...................................on for quite a long time, but a very important part of them
was missing. They (18.offer) ..................................me $ 3 million if I agreed to complete
the plans for them. They (19.promise)...................................that nothing would happen to
me if I did as they said. They (20.threaten) ..................................me, saying that if I put
in any mistakes, my wife and my children would be killed. They (21.give)
...................................me three hours to think it over. I (22. feel) .................................... too
tired and sick from the injection to answer or even to think, so I (23.just, lie)
...................................down on the bed and (24.fall) ....................................asleep again. I
can't tell you what (25.happen) ..................................after that or how long I (26.sleep)
.....................................When some loud noises (27. wake).....................................me up, I
(28.see) ..................................Inspector Johnson standing by the bed. He can tell you
more, I think....................................you (29. excuse) .................................... me now, please?
I (30.not, feel)...................................very well.
72 Q ELS
EXERCISE 29:
UHU
In 1932, a German named August Fischer (1.invent) ..................................the
world's first synthetic resin adhesive, UHU. Before then, they (2.make)
...................................glues mainly of natural materials and, unlike UHU, they
(3.not, be) ..................................waterproof. Fischer (4.name) ....................................
his sticky substance UHU, after the German name for the eagle owl, the
magnificent bird which (S.inhabit) ..................................the Black Forest near his
factory in Buhl, by Germany's border with France. He (6.design) ...........................
his glue to stick to any surface, although today UHU (7.come)....................................
in a staggering 184 types. By the Second World War the glue (8.gain)
...................................such popularity that the firm (9. cease) .........................the
production of other office accessories to devote more resources to UHU. UHU glue
for public use was originally mixed and filled into tubes and jars by hand, which
must have been a messy business, but the German plant is now fully automated.
It (lO.produce)..............................................five million kilos of glue a year, which
(11.be) ..................................the equivalent weight of 30 Concorde airplanes, or
1,000 elephants. UHU is the leader of the glue market not only in Britain but in
eighteen other countries. One in five tubes or jars of glue bought in Britain
(12.bear) ......................................the UHU brand. The shelf-life is between two and
three years, providing the tube (13.not, burst)......................................Collectively,
Britain (14. spend) .................................... 102 million a year on adhesives of all
kinds.
II) Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the following definitions.
COLUMN A
a) a sticky substance that usually comes
from plants
b) glue; substance for sticking things
COLUMN B
...............................................................
...............................................................
...............................................................
d) live in (a place)
...............................................................
e) shocking; unbelievable
..............................................................
...............................................................
..............................................................
h) factory
...............................................................
i) being equal to
..............................................................
J) carry; have
..............................................................
..............................................................
..............................................................
..............................................................
..............................................................
ELS
" '
'
IV) Complete the sentences selecting words from Column B InPART ll.
1. That footballer's daily income is....................................to my monthly salary.
2. The child was very upset when his new balloon suddenly
.......................................
3. You can't wear that jacket in this rain. It isn't
.......................................
4. Until she died, she..................................... her life to helping orphaned children.
5. You can watch that film on TV....................................you finish your homework first.
74 ELS
EXERCISE 30:
At the beginning of the 20th century, diabetes (1. be) .................................. a rare,
virtually untreatable disease; its companion disorder, hypoglycemia, had not yet even
been identified. Over the past one hundred years, these two metabolic problems
(2.burst) ........................upon the populations of modernized societies with all the
force of an epidemic. In the thirty-seven years from 1936 to 1973, for example,
diabetes (3.rise) ..................................from the twelfth leading cause of death to rank
seventh, where it (4.still, stand) ........................today. Together with cancer,
cardiovascular illness and other problems, diabetes (5.be) .............................part of a
widespread degenerative trend pervading modern life. Like diabetes, most such
chronic illnesses (6.escalate) ....................................... from relative obscurity to a
frightening prominence within the 20th century. In the past several years, this
alarming trend (7.prompt) .................... a mood of sober, broad-ranging self-reflection
throughout society at large, in the public media, and particularly within the medical
and research communities. The dramatic increase of diabetes, in particular, (8.result)
................................... in the most extensive research campaigns in medical history.
Since the development of insulin injection therapy in the 1920s, they (9.make)
...................................great strides in describing what (10.actually, happen)
...................................in the course of the disease. Yet there is scarcely any better
understanding now of why diabetes (11. develop) ............................ than there was a
hundred years ago. And despite the widely heralded new era brought about by insulin
therapy and other developments, the incidence and mortality rates from this
illness (12.continue) ...........................to climb. At the rate of one death every two
minutes, diabetes (13.claim) ..................................over 340,000 lives annually -just
over half the death rate of cancer.
H) Find words or phrases In the passage which mean the same as the following definitions.
COLUMN A
COLUMNS
a) almost completely
b) unable to be helped with medical care
c) something which goes, or is found, with
something else
d) become much greater; increase in extent
e) in comparison with something else
f) condition of being unknown or not
understood
g) condition of being well-known or
important
h) bring about; cause to happen
i) reaching a wide area
j) very great; sudden; as if in a theatrical
production
k) celebrated; spoken about 1) rate of
occurrence; range or extent of
something's effect
ELS 75
5.
B in PART ll .
After his wife died, his only ...................................until his own death was his pet dog.
As your answers to this test are ....................................the same, I can only assume that
one of you copied the other.
The police are worried about the ....................................rise in burglaries recently.
The recent rise in the crime rate has .................................... the police to take stricter
measures.
For you or me, that computer seems very expensive, but when you consider how high
his salary is, for him, the ....................................cost is very low.
EXERCISE 31:
DEVOTED TO REPTILES
Nicole Viloteau, a 50-year-old conservationist, (l.feel) ........................... an
intense attraction to nature and its magic spell ever since she (2. be)
..................................a child, and time (3.create) ...........................................in her an
unshakeable and determined personality, and this (4.further, strengthen)
...................................her taste for the solitary discovery of wild nature. During
her adolescence, she (5.also, develop) .................................... a passion for the world
of reptiles and amphibians, and since then, she (6.devote) .............................the
better part of her apparently inexhaustible energy and enthusiasm to the study
and conservation of these animals worldwide. As soon as she (7.finish)
...................................her studies, she (8.organize)...................................... a trip
across France for five years, stirring up public interest wherever she (9.go)
.....................................After she (10. become) ..................................... an expert on
snakes, she (11. finally, take) ....................................a major step towards achieving
her dream - and (12.begin) ...................................to travel and explore reptiles in
their natural surroundings. Since then, she (13.visit) ....................................a
number of countries in Africa, Australia and Latin America, and (14.cross)
...................................deserts and jungles in search of nature's rarest reptiles,
braving dangers and discomfort all for the satisfaction of finding an unknown
species.
) Find words or phrases In the passage which mean the same as the following definitions.
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
ELS 77
IV) Complete the sentences selecting words from Column B In PART II.
1.
2.
She lives a very.....................................life, but she seems happy with her own company.
3.
The new manager.....................................looks about forty, but actually she's over sixty.
5.
The heat of the sun was so .................................... that none of us dared to venture out
in it.
78 ELS
EXERCISE 31:
DEVOTED TO REPTILES
Nicole Viloteau, a 50-year-old conservationist, (l.feel) ........................... an
intense attraction to nature and its magic spell ever since she (2. be)
.................................a child, and time (3.create) ...........................................in her an
unshakeable and determined personality, and this (4.further, strengthen)
...................................her taste for the solitary discovery of wild nature. During
her adolescence, she (5.also, develop].....................................a passion for the world
of reptiles and amphibians, and since then, she (6.devote) .............................the
better part of her apparently inexhaustible energy and enthusiasm to the study
and conservation of these animals worldwide. As soon as she (7.finish)
...................................her studies, she (8.organize) ..................................... a trip
across France for five years, stirring up public interest wherever she (9.go)
.....................................After she (10. become) .....................................an expert on
snakes, she (11.finally, take) ....................................a major step towards achieving
her dream - and (12.begin) ...................................to travel and explore reptiles in
their natural surroundings. Since then, she (13.visit) ....................................a
number of countries in Africa, Australia and Latin America, and (14. cross)
...................................deserts and jungles in search of nature's rarest reptiles,
braving dangers and discomfort all for the satisfaction of finding an unknown
species.
II) Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the following definitions.
COLUMN
A
COLUMNS
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
ELS 77
I II ) C h o o se th e co r r e c t a n sw er a c co r d in g to th e p a s sa g e .
1.
W h e n s h e w a s I n h e r t e e n s , N ic o le V ilo te a u
A) started her five-year-trip across France
B) began to study reptiles in their natural surroundings
C) became particularly keen on reptiles and amphibians
D) tried to get people interested in wild nature
E) achieved what she'd been dreaming of for years
2.
She lives a very.....................................life, but she seems happy with her own company.
3.
4.
The new manager.....................................looks about forty, but actually she's over sixty.
5.
The heat of the sun was so....................................that none of us dared to ventu re out
in it.
78 ELS
EXERCISE 32: I) Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the
verbs In parentheses.
ABORIGINES
From prehistoric times to the present, there (l.be) ...........................many mass
migrations of people throughout the world. In a few isolated locations, however, certain
tribal or ethnic groups (2.live) ........................without migrating for many thousands of years.
Such people are called aborigines, from the Latin phrase
ab origine, which (3.mean)
............. "from the beginning." Because the aboriginal peoples
(4.live) .....................................in
areas away from other cultures, their existence
(5.become) ......................................known to
the rest of the world only when outsiders
(6.intrude) ......................................upon their
territories. Some anthropologists in the 20th century
(7.doubt) .....................................whether
aborigines (8. always, live) .................................... in the locations where modern explorers
(9.find) ....................................them. It is possible that some aborigines did migrate, but in a
period so remote in time that, today, there (J0.be)
..................................... no record of their
migration. In the case of the American Indians, for instance, it is generally accepted that
their ancestors (11. come) .................................... to the Western Hemisphere by way of the
Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska many thousands of years ago. Apparently, the
American Indians (12. live) ....................................on the continent for millenia when the first
white men (13.set) ....................................foot on their land.
In the 20th century there (J4.be) ................................... few regions of the world where
outsiders (15. not, encroach) .....................................upon aboriginal cultures. Yet, Stone Age
cultures (16. still, exist) ....................................in the jungles of South America and on the
island of New Guinea. The Negritos, a pygmy-like people of Malaysia and the Philippines,
(17.live) ....................................in the mountainous interiors of those lands, and up to this
day, they (18. succeed) ....................................in preserving their primitive ways of life without
much interference.
On Hokkaido, the large northern island of Japan,
(19. live) .....................................a people
called the Ainu , who (20. be) .................................... originally distinct physically from the
surrounding Mongoloid population. Over the centuries the processes of cultural
assimilation and intermarriage (21. almost, eliminate) .....................................their distinctive
characteristics. They (22. now, resemble) .................................... the Japanese in appearance
and (23. use) .................................... the Japanese language.
II) Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the following definitions.
COLUMN A
a) involving a very large number of people or
things
b) separated from other people or places
c) the condition of being real, alive or actual
d) disturb people in their private places
'
e) an area which a group of people regard as
belonging to themselves
f) far away in distance or time
g) people in history from whom a person is
descended
h) one half of the earth
1) clearly seems to be true although it is not
certain that it is true
J) thousands of years
K) central area farthest from the sea
1) protect something from changing or
stopping
m) of an early stage of social development,
belonging to a society who live in a very
simple way
n) the act of trying to influence something
without invitation
o) recognizably different or separate
p) the process of people becoming an
accepted part of a community and losing
their own identity and individuality
q) a marriage between people from different
social, racial or religious groups
r) to remove completely
s) be similar to
COLUMN B
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.
,-
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
ELS 79
3.
3.
4.
5.
The panda bear is indeed a member of the bear family, but it has several
...............................features, such as its two-tone black and white fur.
A nectarine ................................a peach, to which it is related, but unlike a peach, it
has a smooth skin.
Winnie is ethnically Chinese, but because she was so young when her family moved to
Canada, she has ................................into Canadian life and excels in English and
French while she cannot write very well using Chinese symbols.
David Livingstone was one of the first explorers to venture into Africa's
.................................which many people at the time referred to as "darkest Africa".
The authorities are struggling to................................the population of wolves in
Mongolia, but angry shepherds continue to trap them.
80 ELS
6.
1.
2.
7.
4.
5.
A ) h a s b e e n pe r fo rm in g/a m lo o k in g
B ) w ill have perform ed/looked
C ) perfo rm ed /w ould loo k
D ) w a s pe rform ing /w a s loo kin g
E) h a d pe rfo rm e d /h a v e lo o k e d
This is the first tim e I
formal letter.
8.
A ) have w ritten
C) will write
E) w rote
such a
B) had written
D) write
A ) kept
B ) were keeping
C ) w ill have kept
D ) have bee n k eepin g
E) are keeping
3.
T h e te m po ra ry s ec re ta ry
...........so poorly
si nc e s h e sta rte d th a t ............forw
I
ard to
the da y w hen M iss C lark'll return.
9.
A ) w a s c ha n gin g
B ) is cha ng ing
C) had changed
D ) h a s b e e n c h a n g in g
E) h a s c h a n ge d
It w a s re ve a le d a t th e tria l tha t th e
a c c u s e d m a n...........o u t o n th e n ig h t o f
the murder.
I hope you............th e a c c o u n ts b y
m idday, because the director ge neral is to
11. H e dro pp e d b a c k o ne s e m e s te r, s o by the
arrive then.
tim e h e...........from school in tw o
m on th s, h is frie n d .s...........la w for about
A) have checked
five m onths.
B) will have checked
C) had checked
D)w ill be checking
E) ha ve been che ck ing
A )w ill g ra d ua te /a r e pr a c tis in g
B ) h a s gr a d u a te d /w ill be p ra c tis in g
C ) g ra d u a te d / h a v e b e e n p ra c tis in g
D )g ra d ua te s /w ill h a ve b e e n p ra c tis ing
E) h a d g ra d u a te d /w e re p r a c tis in g
ELS
81
A ) lo o k e d/ gra d u a te d
B ) w ill look/ha ve grad uated
C ) h a ve b e e n lo ok ing /gra du a te
D ) lo o k /a r e g ra du a tin g
E) h a d lo ok e d/ w o ul d g ra d u a te
'
'
82 ELS
municipality..........difficulty supplying
infrastructure services for all the people.
A )w ill/be w orking
B ) h a ve /bee n w o rk ing
C ) h a d /w o r k e d
D )a re /w o rk ing
E) d id /w o r k
A ) has be en drivin g
B) drove
C ) w a s driving
D) will have driven
E) ha d drive n
home.
A) did/stay
...
A ) h a ve le ft/d rip pe d
B ) w as leaving/w ill drip
C ) leav e/is dripping
D ) left/w as drip ping
E) w ou ld le a ve /ha d d ripp e d
B ) w e re /s ta y ing
C ) h a ve /b e e n s ta y ing
D) d o / s ta y
E) will/stay
that the
at the
A ) h a s inc re a s e d /is h a v i n g
B ) in c re a s e d/w ill ha v e ha d
C ) is i n c r e a s i n g / h a s h a d
D ) w a s in c r e a s i n g /h a d
E) w o u l d h a v e in c r e a s e d / h a d h a d
2 2. C a n y o u h e a r w h a t A la n a n d J a c .k
a bo ut so in tim a te ly in tha t c o rn e r?
A) w ere talking
B ) h a d b e e n ta lkin g
C ) ha ve talked
D ) talked
E) are ta lkin g
2 3. A fter the accide nt, the ta xi driver
.......
B ) met
D ) have met
in five
A) quarrelled
B) have quarrelled
C) are quarrelling
D) were quarrelling
E) had quarrelled
ELS Q 83
A ) re ad /c an t ak e
B) have read/will take
C ) w i ll r e a d /h a s t a k e n
D ) h a d r e a d /w o u l d ta k e
E) a re r e a d in g /s h o u l d ta k e
38. The professor...........m onotonously and
most of the students
..............
A ) ta lke d /h a v e s le p t
B ) u s e d to ta lk /h a d b e e n s le e p in g
C) had been talking/had slept
D) was talking/were sleeping
E) has been talking/would be sleeping
39. While we ............down the path, we
unexpectedly ...........a deer.
A) were cycling/saw
B) cycled/were seeing
C ) h a d b e e n c y c lin g /h a d s e e n
D )h a d c y c le d/w o uld se e
E) h a ve b ee n c yc lin g/s e e
40. T h e a b a n d o n e d s h i .p...........a t s ea for
w e e ks w he n a p a s s in g s h ip
............it by
cha nce.
A ) d r ifte d /h a d s p o t te d
B ) w a s d riftin g/w a s s p o ttin g
C ) h a s b e e n d r ifti n g /s p o ts
D ) w o u l d h a ve d r ifte d /h a s s p o tte d
E) h a d be e n d rift in g /s p o tte d
41. M a k e s ure tha t e ve rybo dy
............th e
building before you...........the main door.
A) leaves/locked
B ) has left/lock
C) left/had locked
D) was leaving/would lock
E) is leaving/have locked
84 ELS
B) by the time
D) until
B) besides D)
during
E) when
B) since
D) as
E) while
B) by the time
D) hardly
E) no sooner
A) so that
C) by the time
E) once
B) while
D) as if
'. .
ELS 85
A) as
C) owing to
E) by the time
63. He had already lost confidence in himself
a long time..........his wife abandoned
him.
A) ago
C) after
B) before
D) immediately
E) Despite
B) For
D) While
E) earlier
64............civilization began, gold has been
regarded as a symbol of power and
wealth.
A) Since
C) When
B) After
D) As soon as
E) The sooner
E) as long as
B) before
D) since
E) after
B) by the time
D) in contrast with
B) only when
D) no sooner
E)
immediately after
86 Q ELS
B) When
D) Whereas
among themselves
The decision won't have been made
public
He has sat in his office, reflecting on
the outcome
We all agree that there should be
another meeting
They have been informing all the
workers concerned
before last.
I haven't been there since my visit
over two years ago.
ELS Q 87
82. I g e t th e im p re s sio n th a t it w il l ta k e s o m e
tim e fo r th e fam ily to o verco m e their g rief.
C) A l l th a t c o u p l e h a v e d o n e si n c e th e y
arrived at this hotel is com plain.
D) T h e y ' v e o n l y m a d e a c o u p l e o f
c o m p l a i n t s a b o u t th i s h o t e l s o f a r .
E) S in c e th e y g o t to th i s h o t e l , n o th i n g
has caused that couple to com plain.
A) I t a p p e a r s to m e th a t th e fa m il y w i ll
t a k e so m e ti m e b e f o re th e y a r e a b le t o
c o p e w it h th e ir s o rro w .
B) N o t h i n g I c o u ld s a y a t t h e tim e c o u l d
h a v e h e l p e d th e f a m i l y t h r o u g h th e i r 85. He never sings except when he's taking a
shower in the morning.
sorro w.
C) A s fa r a s I c a n se e , th e fa m il y h a v e
A) I t is v e r y r a re to h e a r h i m s i n g i n g o u t
b e e n s u f f e r i n g n o w fo r q u it e s o m e
of the show er in the m orning.
tim e.
B) H e t h i n k s t h a t s i n g i n g w h e n y o u t a k e
D) T h e o n l y th i n g th a t w i ll h e a l t h is
a sh o w e r is a v e r y co m m o n o c c u r re n c e .
fam ily's s u ffe rin g , a s w e c a n all se e , is
C ) W henever he goes into the bathroom
tim e.
for a shower, he starts to sing.
E) A p p a r e n tl y , th e fa m i l y h a v e ta k e n a
D) U n l e s s h e i s t a k i n g a s h o w e r , i n t h e
v e r y lo n g t im e t o d e a l w it h t h e i r
m o r n i n g , i t i s i m p o s s i b l e to h e a r h i m
sorro w .
sin ging .
E) I n o r o u t o f t h e s h o w e r , a t a n y t i m e o f
83. In spite of the recent improvements in the
d a y , h e h a r d ly e v e r s i n g s .
A) A lt h o u g h t h e p o l iti c a l s it u a ti o n i n
A) A s h e r s h y n e s s g r a d u a l l y d e c r e a s e d ,
Nigeria has never appeared m ore
m o r e p e o p l e w a n t e d t o b e fr ie n d s w i t h
h o p e le s s , th e r e a r e s t ill s o m e p e o p le
h er.
w h o l o n g fo r a re t u r n to f u ll
B) B e f o r e b e c o m i n g l e s s s h y , n o b o d y h a d
d em o c rac y .
w anted to be friends w ith her.
B) N i g e r ia 's g o v e rn m e n t h a s c h a n g e d fo r
C
)
She felt m uch m ore confident w hen
th e b e tt e r r e c e n tl y , b u t th e y s ti ll h a v e
s h e h a d a f e w f r ie n d s .
a lo t to d o b e fo re c o m p le t e d e m o c r a c y
D)
H e r a b il ity t o m a k e f r i e n d s h e l p e d h e r
is a c hie v e d .
to overcom e her shyness.
C) F o llo w in g rec e n t d e v elo p m e nts fo r th e
E)
U n t i l s h e o v e r c a m e it , h e r s h y n e s s
b e tt e r, N ig e ria n o w lo o k s p o is e d f o r a
had prevented her from m aking
return to dem ocracy in the near
f ri e n d s w it h a n y o n e .
fu t u re .
D) T h e p o li tic a l s itu a ti o n in N ig e ria h a s 87. Since the 1960s, water pollution has
been so bad recently that a return to
increased, leading to a reduction in the
f u ll d e m o c r a c y a p p e a r s t o b e
number of fish species.
hopeless.
E) I f o n l y t h e r e w e r e a n im p r o v e m e n t i n
A) D e s p i t e s e a p o l l u ti o n d a t i n g b a c k t o
N i g e r ia 's p o litic a l situ a tio n , p e o p le
the 1960s, the num ber of fish in the
th e r e c o u ld l o o k fo r w a r d t o a r e t u r n t o
seas has increased.
fu ll d e m o c ra c y .
B) S e a w a t e r w a s c l e a n e r a n d t h e r e w e r e
m o re v a ri e tie s o f fish b e fo re th e
1 96 0s .
84. So far during their stay at this hotel, that
C) I t w a s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f th1e9 6 0 s
couple have done nothing but complain.
t h a t f is h i n g w a s l im it e d .
D)
T here was a sharp decrease in the
A) T h r o u g h o u t t h e i r t i m e a t t h i s h o t e l ,
num ber of fish because of a sudden
that couple have had no com plaints.
r i s e i n s e a p o l l u t i o n in t h1e9 6 0 s .
B) U p u n t i l n o w , t h a t c o u p le h a v e n 't h a d
E) T h e d r o p i n th e n u m b e r o f f i s h i n t h e
anything to com plain about at this
s e a i s d i r e c t ly c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e
hotel.
increase in sea pollution.
88 a ELS
B)
C)
p la n e w a s s p e c t a c u la r o w in g to th e
b ea u ty o f th e g la ciers sp read in g o v er
m a n y k ilo m e tre s .
W h ile w e w ere fly in g ov er th e N o rth
P o le , w e w e re a ll a m a ze d a t th e
b ea u ty o f th e g la ciers b elo w ,
s tre tc h in g fo r m a n y k ilo m e tr es .
W e w ere fly in g o ver th e N o rth P ole,
a d m ir in g th e b e a u ty o f th e g l a c ie rs
w h ic h c o v e r e d a n a r e a o f m a n y
k ilo m etre s.
'
T h e s ig h t fro m th e p lan e o f th e N o rth
P o le , w ith m a n y k ilo m e tre s o f
s tr e t c h in g g la c ie rs , im p re s s e d u s a l l.
D u rin g o u r flig h t o ve r th e N o rth P o le,
w e a ll a d m ire d th e b e a u ty o f th e
g la c ie rs s tr e t c h in g a s fa r a s th e e y e
co u ld see .
E)
ELS
ELSa 93
UNIT 2
INTRODUCTION
ngilizce'de modal yardmc fiilleri: can, could, will, would, shall, should, ought to, had better,
may, might ve must gibi szcklerdir.
Modal yardmc fiilleri, genellikle konumacnn duygularm yanstr. Yani, gereklilik,
zorunluluk, olaslk gibi kipleri ifade ederler. rnein, birine sigaray brakmas gerektiini
sylemek istiyorsak, bunu ngilizce'de yle ifade ederiz:
You should stop smoking.
a) MODAL AUXILIARIES
can I
could
You may
-He
wight
She
will
It
would
shall We
should
You
ought to
They .had better
must
do it.
do it.
do it.
do it.
do it.
do it,
do it,
do it.
do it.
do it,
do it
b) SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
be able to
do
have to
do
have got to
do
used to
do
be to
do
be supposed to do
Bir modal, birden fazla anlam ifade edebilir. imdi modal yardmc fiillerinin bu anlamlarn
inceleyelim.
2 -1
REQUESTS
Birinden bir ey rica ederken kullanabileceimiz eitli ifade biimleri vardr. Bunlardan
yaygn olarak kullanabileceimiz iki yap, zne olarak "I" ya da "you" kullanarak
oluturabileceimiz ifadelerdir.
Can J borrow your dictionary for a moment?
(Szln bir sre iin alabilir miyim?) Can you
lend me your dictionary for a moment? (Szln
bir sre iin bana verebilir misin?)
2-2
MAY I
COULD I
CAN
2-3
Man:
Could/May I speak to Mr. Jones, please?
Secretary: Sorry, he is busy on the other line at the moment. Can you wait for
a moment? Man:
That's
alright, I'll call again later.
COULD YOU
"could" ve "would"
WOULD YOU
WILL YOU
resmiyet /nezaket
gerektiren ortamlarda
kullanabileceimiz
yaplardr.
"will" de resmi ortam-
ortamlarda kullanlr.
Eer olumsuz yant
TYPICAL RESPONSES:
Yes, I'd (/ would) be happy to.
Yes, certainly. I'd be glad to.
Sure. (Informal)
vereceksek, yine
nazik bir ekilde
nedenini aklamamz
gerekir.
(At work)
NOTE: "I'd be happy to, I'd be glad to" yantlarn, "I" znesi ile sorulmu sorularda kullanamayz.
- May I take your dictionary for a moment?
- Of course, here you are./Yes, of course you may./Sorry, I'm using it myself.
- Can you lend me your dictionary for a moment?
- Yes, of course. Here you are./I'm afraid I can't. I'm using it myself.
- Yes, I'd be happy to.
(I'd be happy to lend you my dictionary. - Memnuniyetle veririm.)
96 D ELS
2-4
TYPICAL RESPONSES
"Would you mind If I did?" , "... (benim) yapmamn sizce bir sakncas var m/... (benim)
yapmam sizi rahatsz eder mi?' anlamna gelir.
Byle bir soruya yant verirken dikkatli olmamz gerekir. Eer "Yes" ile yant verirsek, "Evet,
rahatsz eder." anlamna gelir ki bu da pek nazik bir yant olmaz. Bu nedenle karmzdaki
kiiye izin vereceksek, yantmz "No" ile balamaldr.
- Would you mind if I opened the window?
- No, of course not. Please do. (Hayr, tabii ki yok. Aabilirsiniz.)
- Would you mind if I went to bed early tonight?
- Not at all. Go ahead.
- Would you mind if I wore your red sweater tomorrow?
- Of course not. Go ahead. (Tabii ki hayr. Giyebilirsin.)
Eer bu istekleri reddedeceksek, yine nazik bir ifade biimi kullanmamz gerekir. Reddederken
kullanabileceimiz yantlar ok eitlidir ve konuya baldr.
- Would you mind if I opened the window?
- Well, I'd rather you didn't. It's a bit cold in here.
(Amamanz tercih ederim. Buras biraz souk.)
- Would you mind if I wore your red sweater tomorrow?
- Well actually, I was thinking of wearing it myself.
(Aslnda, onu yarn ben giymeyi dnyordum.)
- Would you mind if I had a look at your paper?
- Well, I'm reading it myself, actually.
- Would you mind if I smoked here?
ELS a 97
"Would you mind doing?","... (sizin) yapmanzn sizce bir sakncas var m/... yapmak sizi
rahatsz eder mi?' anlamm verir.
u iki cmle arasndaki ayrma dikkat ediniz. . - Would you mind if I opened the window?
(Cam amamn sizce bir sakncas var m?) ,
- No, please do. (Cam aacak olan kii "ben")
- Would you mind opening the window?
- Not at all. I'd be glad to. (Cam aacak olan kii "siz")
- Would you mind posting these letters for me when you go out?
- Well, I'm afraid I can't. I'm not going past the post office.
- Would you mind lending me your dictionary?
- I'm afraid I can't. I'm using it myself at the moment.
"Would you mind ....?" biiminde verilen bir cmleyi tamamlarken, cmlenin devamndaki
anlama dikkat etmemiz gerekir.
EXAMPLES:
1.
"I have to catch a plane early in the morning tomorrow. Would you mind (give) ..
me a lift in your car? " cmlesini,".... if I did" yapsyla tamamlayanlayz. nk
karmzdaki kiinin bir ey yapmasn istiyoruz. O halde bu cmleyi "... doing'
eklinde tamamlayabiliriz.
Would you mind giving me a lift in your car?
2.
"I had promised to come to the cinema with you, but now I have some other very
important jobs to do. Would you mind (change) ........my mind and (not come) ..........
with you?"
Bu rnekte ise "konumac kendisi bir ey yaparsa, karsndaki rahatsz olur mu?"
anlam olduu iin,"... if I did" yapsn kullanabiliriz.
Would you mind if I changed my mind and didn't come with you?
3.
Baz durumlarda ise her iki kalb da kullanabiliriz ama anlam deiir. (Yani, eylemi
yapacak kii deiir.) "I want to listen to the news. Would you mind (turn on) .........the
television?" cmlesinde, televizyonu konumac m aacak, yoksa karsndaki kiinin
mi amasn istiyor, net deil.
Would you mind if I turned on the television?
turning on the television?
NOT-------------------------------------------------------------------------------^
"Would you mind If I did...?" resmi ortamlarda kullanlan bir kalptr.
Daha samimi ortamlarda "Do you mind If I do (Simple Present)...?"
kullanlr.
- Do you mind if I use your computer for a few hours?
- No, of course not. Go ahead.
- Do you mind if I drop you off at the corner, since I'm in a hurry?
- Of course not. It's just five minutes' walk to the school from there.
98 O ELS
EXERCISE 1: Fill in the blanks with either "if I + the Simple Past' or with the "-Ing' form of
the verb. In some cases, both are possible, with a different meaning.
1.
A : Is th is seat free?
B:Yes.
A: Would you mind (sit) ..................... here?
B: Not at all.
2. A: Sorry, I couldn't catch the last sentence you said. Would you mind
(repeat)
it?......................
B: No, not at all.
............
3. A: This lamp doesn't give off enough light to read by. Would you mind
(switch)
....................on the other light, too?
B: No.
4. A: I've got a bit of a headache. Would you mind (not
join) ......................you this
evening after all? B: Not at all. Shall I
get you an aspirin?
5. A: Oh, I haven't got enough money for this. Would you mind
(lend) .......................me
some? I'll pay you back tomorrow.
B: Sure. How much do you need?
6. A: I seem to be a bit short of cash. Would you mind (borrow)
....................... some for
a couple of days? B: Well, I'm a bit
short myself actually.
7. A: Would you mind (nor, smoke) ......................while I'm eating? The smell puts me
off my food. B: Oh, I'm sorry, I thought you
had finished.
8. A: I didn't buy a newspaper this morning. Would you mind
(stop) .......................the
car a minute at the corner so that I can buy one?
B: Not at all.
9. A: Would you mind (keep) .....................my coat on? It is awfully cold in here.
B: No, please do. I'm afraid our heating isn't working properly.
10. A: Would you mind (skip) ......................football practice tonight, Sir? I went hiking
with my parents yesterday and my feet have painful blisters on them.
B: No, it's
okay this time, but don't forget that being a member of our school team
is a privilege.
2-5
take the
ELS Q 99
EXERCISE 2: Ask polite questions In the situations given below. Use any appropriate
modal, (may, can, could, would you mind, etc.)
1.
You are in a strange city. You need to go to the post office to make a phone call, but
you don't know where it is. So you stop a passerby to ask for directions:
2.
Your phone is out of order, but you have to call someone urgently, so you ask to
use your next-door neighbour's phone:
3.
You are in company and you want to have a cigarette, as long as no one else
objects. You say:
4.
You notice that a fellow student has a book on his shelf that might be useful to you
for an essay you are writing. Wishing to borrow the book, you ask:
5.
You are working in a stuffy, smoky office and you want to open the window. To get
your colleagues' consent, you say:
6.
You are struggling into a bank with a pram and cannot open the door. The security
guard doesn't seem to have noticed, so you catch his attention by saying:
7.
You are in the office at lunchtime and a colleague asks you for some advice on an
important project. As you have a meeting at 2 p.m., you want to eat your sandwich
while he explains, so you say:
8.
You need to find a bank, but you are in a strange town without a map, so you stop
a pedestrian and say:
9.
Your classmates are going on a skiing holiday and you want to join them. You ask
your father for permission:
10. You are thinking of buying a car, but want to drive it first, so you say to the
salesman:
2-6
2-7
a)
Form
Must, have to ve have got to, gereklilik ya da zorunluluk ifade eden yaplardr.
Students must study hard in order to pass exams.
Students have to study hard in order to pass exams.
Students have got to study hard in order to pass exams.
"have to" nun soru biimi, "do" kullanlarak oluturulur.
- Do you have to leave now?
- Yes, I do. (Yes.I have to leave now.)
- Does your brother have to work so hard?
loo a ELS
EXERCISE 1: Ful In the blanks with either "if I + the Simple Past' or with the "-Ing' form of
the verb. In some cases, both are possible, with a different meaning.
' 1. A: Is this seat free?
B: Yes.
A: Would you mind (sit) ................... here?
B: Not at all.
2. A: Sorry, I couldn't catch the last sentence you said. Would you mind (repeat)
....................it?
B: No, not at all.
3. A: This lamp doesn't give off enough light to read by. Would you mind (switch)
.................... on the other light, too?
B: No.
4. A: I've got a bit of a headache. Would you mind (not, join).....................you this
evening after all? B: Not at all. Shall I
get you an aspirin?
5. A: Oh, I haven't got enough money for this. Would you mind (lend} ...................me
some? I'll pay you back tomorrow.
B: Sure. How much do you need?
6. A: I seem to be a bit short of cash. Would you mind (borrow) ....................some for
a couple of days? B: Well, I'm a bit
short myself actually.
7. A: Would you mind (not, smoke) ...................while I'm eating? The smell puts me
off my food. B: Oh, I'm sorry, I thought you
had finished.
8. A: I didn't buy a newspaper this morning. Would you mind (stop) ................... the
car a minute at the corner so that I can buy one?
B: Not at all.
9. A: Would you mind (keep) ...................my coat on? It is awfully cold in here.
B: No, please do. I'm afraid our heating isn't working properly.
10. A: Would you mind (skip) ...................football practice tonight. Sir? I went hiking
with my parents yesterday and my feet have painful blisters on them. B: No, it's
okay this time, but don't forget that being a member of our school team is a privilege.
2-5
Emir cmleleri, ikinci tekil ya da ikinci oul ahslara hitaben yaplr ve dorudan, fiilin yaln
haliyle balar.
-
"Must" ve "have to" nun olumsuz biimi, "don't have to", "don't need to" ya da "needn't" dr.
NOT
diyen birine, "No, you mustn't." dersek, "Hayr, yatmamalsn." demi oluruz ki, bu
da bizim ifade etmek istediimiz dnce deildir. nk, bu soruyu soran birine
"Hayr, yatman gerekmez." demek istemiizdir. " Bunu da "needn't', "don't need to"
ya da "don't have to" ile ifade edebiliriz.
No, you don't have to/don't need to/needn't stay in bed, but don't
go out.
"Have got to" nun olumsuz biimi ise "haven't got to" dur.
- Have you got to meet your friend at the bus-stop?
- No, I haven't got to meet him. He knows the way, and he can come by himself.
"Must", "have to" ve "have got to" nun past biimi "had to" dur.
ELS a 101
b)
Perfect)
"must" ve "have to", her ikisi de gereklilik, zorunluluk bildirmesine karn, "must" daha ok,
konumacnn kendi iinden gelen bir zorunluluu, "have to" ise d etkenlerden kaynaklanan
bir zorunluluu yanstr. Ancak, gnlk yaamda, zorunluluklar arasnda bu ayrm yapmak
ok zordur. Yani zorunluluu kii kendi iinde mi hissediyor, yoksa baz koullar onu bir
eyler yapmaya m zorluyor? Bu aynm, tek tek cmlelerde yapamayz. Ancak, konumann
ak ierisinde zorunluluun kayna netlik kazanabilir.
I must pass the university exam.
I have to pass the university exam.
Tek tek ele aldmzda, bu iki cmle arasnda pek fark yoktur. Ancak, bu cmlelerin
devamnda, konumann ak yle olmaldr.
I must pass the university exam. I have no other choice. If I can't pass it, I
won't get a good career and I will be unhappy.
I have to pass the university exam. My parents have spent so much money on
me. If not, I'll make them unhappy.
T
(the patient) I have to stop smoking. The doctor says my lungs are getting worse.
(the child) I have to make my bed when I get up.
(the son)
I have to brush my teeth before I go to bed.
2-8
PROHIBITION: mustn't
a)
IOX Q ELS
b)
2-9
Zorunluluu ya da gereklilii ortadan kaldran yaplar arasnda (needn't, don't need to and
don't have to), anlam present ya da future iken bir fark yoktur.
She doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't study hard. She is already good at
English, (present)
She won't have to/won't need to/needn't work so hard when she has paid off
the instalments on her car. (future)
Ancak bu yaplarn past biimleri olan "didn't have to", "didn't need to" ve "needn't have done",
farkl anlamlar ifade ederler.
a)
Gemite bir eylemi yapmamz gerekmedii halde yapmsak, "needn't have done" kullanrz.
Yani "yapmam gerekmezdi/gerekmezmi, ama yaptm." anlamn ifade eder. .
You needn't have washed the dishes by hand.
I was going to put them in the dishwasher.
(But you washed them by hand and you wasted your time and energy.)
There is plenty of food at home. You needn't have gone shopping.
(It was unnecessary for you to go shopping.)
(Alveri yapman gerekmezdi.)
u iki rnei karlatralm:
My friend phoned me to say that she was getting married in two weeks. I didn't
have an outfit to wear at her wedding, so I bought an elegant dress and spent a
lot of money. Later, I learnt that she cancelled her wedding, so:
I needn't have bought that dress.
(It was unnecessary for me to buy that dress.)
(The result is: I bought the dress and wasted my money.)
My friend phoned me to say that she was getting married in two weeks. I didn't
have an outfit to wear at her wedding, so I decided to buy one, but before I
could buy a dress, she phoned again to say that she had cancelled her wedding, so:
I didn't need to buy/didn't have to buy a dress.
(The result is: I didn't buy the dress.)
ELS Q1O3
rneklerde de grld gibi, "needn't have done", "iin gerekli olduunu zannediyordum,
yzden yaptm. Daha sonra gerekmediini rendim. Aslnda yapmam gerekmezmi." anlan
"didn't need to/didn't have to" ise, "ii yapmak gerekmediini biliyordum, bu yzden
yapmadm. Yapmam gerekmedi/yapmak zorunda kalmadm." anlamn ifade ediyor.
We were going to have a test the next day, so I studied hard that night unti
after midnight, but when I went to school that morning, I learnt that our
teacher wasn't coming, so I needn't have studied so hard.
We were going to have a test the next morning, but that day, our teacher
suddenly became ill and was taken to hospital, and our test was cancelled, : I
didn't need to study/didn't have to study for the test that day.
EXERCISE 3: Use "mustn't or "don't have to/don't need to/needn't' In the following.
("don't have to/don't need to" and "needn't" are Interchangeable, but In
some situations, one sounds better.)
You.......................go on a special diet, but you .......................... overeat.
You ........................ break the law by speeding, or you will get into trouble.
She's just being spiteful. You.........................allow her to upset you like this.
You .......................... iron that t-shirt. I'm going to wear it under a jumper, so no
one will see it anyway.
5. It won't be a formal occasion. You ..........................wear anything special.
6. You...........................interrupt people while they're talking. It's very rude.
7. The hiking club provides all the equipment, so you.......................... bring your own
8. You...........................make your bed. I am going to change all the sheets today.
9. Experts say that we............................ sunbathe between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m., when
the sun's rays are the strongest and thus harmful for the skin.
10. You ...........................keep bleach in the bottom cupboards. The baby might be
able to reach it.
1.
2.
3.
4.
EXERCISE 4: Use "must/have to", "needn't/don't (doesn't) have to/don't (doesn't) need to"
or "mustn't In the following.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
EXERCISE 5: Use "needn't have done" or "didn't need to/didn't have to" in the following.
1.
Fortunately, the suntan lotion I took on holiday with me lasted for the whole two
weeks, so I (buy) ...................................any more.
2. She was thinking of writing a letter to her pen pal in Canada. Just then he phoned
her to say that he was coming to Turkey for his holiday in two weeks, so she (write)
..................................to him after all.
3. She (call) ................................... a taxi to take her to the airport. We would have given
her a lift there.
4. You (prepare) ................................so much food. There are only three of us and we
won't eat all of it. It'll spoil.
5. She thought the dress would be too long for her, but when she tried it on, it was
fine, so she (alter) ................................. it.
6. Oh, look! It's just started raining. You (water)
................................the garden, after all.
7. I was just about to water the garden when it started raining, so in the end, I (water)
..................................the garden after all.
8. In the end we (hire) .................................a professional photographer for the wedding
because one of Susie's colleagues, who is a keen amateur photographer, took the
pictures for us.
9. You (buy) .................................a new jacket just for one interview. I would have lent
you one of mine if you'd mentioned it to me.
10. Sonia brought me home in her car, so I
(buy) ..................................a return ticket, but
how could I have known?
2-10 ADVISABILITY
t bildiren yaplardr.
ELS 1O5
I had better study hard tonight, or I'll fail the test.
"Should" ve "ought to" ".... yapmam gerekir." anlamn verir. "Had better" daha gl bir ifade
biimidir ve ".... yapmam gerekir/yapsam iyi olur. Eer yapmazsam, kt eyler olabilir."
anlamn verir.
"Should" ya da "ought to" kullandmz zaman, yapmamz gereken ii erteleme olanamz vardr.
I should/ought to study for my geography exam, but I don't feel like studying
tonight. I think I'll study for it tomorrow.
"Had better" ise, yapmamz gereken ii yapmadmz takdirde kt eyler olacan vurgular.
I had better study for my geography exam tonight. If not, I'll fail the exam
tomorrow.
I should/ought to go home early tonight. I have a lot of work to do.
I'd better go home early tonight. Otherwise, my father will get angry with me.
b)
"Should" ve " ought to", bir eyin nasl olmas gerektiini ifade ederken de kullanlr.
You have misspelt this word. It should be "courageous".
You have brought a rather small box. It should be bigger.
Don't put the book on that shelf. It ought to go on the other one.
2-12
NOT
"Shouldn't/ought not to" ile "needn't" arasndaki ayrma dikkat ediniz.
You shouldn't study so hard, or you'll lose your health.
(Bu kadar ok almaman gerekir, yoksa saln yitireceksin.)
You needn't study so hard. You are a good student already. (Bu
kadar ok alman gerekmez. Sen zaten iyi bir rencisin.)
"Ought not to/shouldn't do", Trke'ye "yapmaman gerekir" biiminde evrilir ve
"Bunu yapman senin iin kt sonular dourabilir" anlamn verir.
"Needn't do" Trke'ye "yapman gerekmez' biiminde evrilir ve "yapsan da olur,
yapmasan da. Ama bu ii fazladan yapyorsun." anlamn verir, yani gereklilik
olmadn vurgular.
NOT
"Must" da, "should' gibi t verirken kullanlr, ancak "must" daha
gl bir ifadedir.
You shouldn't smoke. It's bad for you.
You mustn't smoke. You are coughing a lot, and you will be ill if
you go on smoking.
He should work harder in order to be successful. He
must work harder, or he'll fall.
1O6 Q ELS
2 -1 4S ho ul d ha ve d on e, O ug ht t o have d on e
Shouldn't h ave done, Ough t not to have done
"Should" ve "ought to"nun past biimleri "should have done" ve "ought to have done" dr.
1 didn't set my alarm clock and I overslept yesterday morning, so 1 was late for
work.
I should have set my alarm clock.
He didn't study hard enough, so he failed the test.
He should have studied harder to pass it.
The authorities didn't take the necessary measures, so inflation went up.
They should have taken the necessary measures to bring it down.
rneklerde de grdnz gibi, "should have done/ought to have done", "Gemite bir eylemi
yapmadm ve sonu kt oldu. Onu yapmam gerekirdi." anlamn veriyor.
"Shouldn't have done/ought not to have done" ise, "Gemite bir ey yaptm ve sonu kt
oldu. Onu yapmamam gerekirdi." anlamn veriyor.
I talked to him very unkindly, so I hurt him.
I shouldn't have talked to him so unkindly.
Although I was ill, I went to work, and my cold got worse.
I ought not to have gone to work.
He ignored my warnings, and drove the car too fast. As a result, he had an
accident.
He shouldn't have ignored my warnings. He
shouldn't have driven the car so fast.
ELS a1O7
2 - 1 5S h o u l d h a v e b e e n d o i n g , O u g h t t o h a v e b e e n d o i n g
Shouldn't have be en d oi ng , Ou gh tn 't t o ha ve b ee n do in g
Gemite bir noktada devam etmekte olan bir olaya ilikin konuurken, bu yaplar kullannz.
While I was going home yesterday, I saw some children.
They were playing in the street.
They shouldn't have been playing there.
They should have been playing in the playground.
Yesterday, Peter was sleeping between 10 and 12.
However, he shouldn't have been sleeping.
He should have been attending his classes between those hours.
EXERCISE 6: Use "shouldn't" or "needn't" in the following.
It's just a family reunion. You..................... dress so elegantly.
You.....................wear casual clothes to such a formal meeting.
He.....................tease the children like that. They don't realize that he's joking.
Well, you.....................buy expensive sports shoes for training, but you certainly
....................wear outdoor shoes in the sports hall.
5. You..................... pay the full amount until we deliver the sofa. A small down
payment will be okay for the time being.
6. You.....................reply straightaway. The closing date for applications is in three
weeks' time.
7. You.....................get depressed so easily by the problems you encounter in life, or
you'll soon find that it is not worth living.
8. You.....................wrap it. I'm going to use it straightaway.
9. You..................... leave the Christmas tree lights on at night. It is a waste of
electricity.
10. She...................... allow her children to watch so much violence on TV. It may have
negative effects on their psychology.
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1O8 Q ELS
10. I was surprised to see Jill still in her casual clothes, because it was only an hour
before her wedding ceremony at the church, so she (wear) ...................her wedding
gown by then.
11. It's been almost an hour since you started writing that composition. You (write)
..................the conclusion now. How come you're still typing the introduction?
12. When you buy something on a market in Mexico, you (settle) ....................for the
first price they quote. You (bargain) ...................with them. Usually, they'll give you
a better price.
13. I admit that it was a residential area and I (drive).................... so fast, but I was in
a hurry.
14. Why are you still in the office? You (leave) ...................for the meeting in
Manchester by now.
15. He (visit)....................the doctor long before now. He (go) .....................to work
feeling so unwell for so long.
MARRIED
While my wife, Samantha, was at the beauty salon, I phoned and
asked the hairdresser to tell Samantha Taylor to meet me at a local
restaurant for lunch.
"Should I tell her it's her husband calling?" the woman asked. "Good
Lord!" I exclaimed before hanging up. "Do you mean she's married?"
"Be to" ve "be supposed to", bir tarifeye, programa gre olmas gereken olaylar ifade
ederken kullanlr ve "be due to" ile ayn anlam verir. "Be to", "be supposed to" ya gre
daha gl bir ifade biimidir.
The film is to start at 11.30.
The film is supposed to start at 11.30.
The film is due to start at 11.30.
(Film 11.30'da balayacak/Filmin 11.30'da balamas gerekir.)
(I expect the film to start at 11.30. That is the schedule.)
The train is to arrive here in an hour.
The train is supposed to arrive here in an hour.
The train is due to arrive here in an hour.
(/ expect the train to arrive here in an hour. That is the schedule.)
The board of directors is to meet tomorrow.
The board of directors is supposed to meet tomorrow.
The board of directors is due to meet tomorrow.
(/ expect them to meet tomorrow. That is the arrangement.)
b)
"Be to" ve "be supposed to", birinin bir bakasndan beklentilerini ifade ederken de
kullanlr.
You are supposed to be on time for class. If you are late, the teacher gets angry.
(The teacher expects you to be on time for class.) (Derse vaktinde gelmeniz
gerekir.)
ELS Q 109
"Be supposed to", bu kullanmyla "should" lie yakn bir anlama sahiptir. Ancak "be supposed
to" da gereklilik daima d etkenlerden kaynaklanmaktadr. "Should" da ise gereklilik kiinin
kendisinden de kaynaklanabilir.
I am supposed to go home before it gets dark. My mother is worried if I'm late.
(My mother expects me to go home before it gets dark.)
(Hava kararmadan eve gitmem gerekir.)
I should go home before it gets dark. It is not very safe in our neighbourhood
at that time and I feel afraid.
(/ consider that it is better to go home before it gets dark.)
(Hava kararmadan eve gitmem gerekir.)
He Is supposed to attend the conference on computing. His boss wants him to
attend and learn about the new developments in computing.
He should attend the conference on computing. He can get more information
about his branch there and can learn about the recent developments.
We aren't supposed to sit on the grass. The notice says, "Keep off the grass."
(imenlere oturmamamz gerekir.)
We shouldn't sit on the grass. We'll crush it.
(imenlere oturmamamz gerekir.)
"Be to" ise "must" ile yakn bir anlama sahiptir. Her ikisi de "be supposed to" ve "should' a
gre daha gl bir ifade biimidir. "Be to", d etkenlerden kaynaklanan bir zorunluluu,
"must" ise kiinin kendisinden kaynaklanan bir zorunluluu ifade eder.
I am to go to work early tomorrow. My boss ordered me to go in early and
prepare everything for the meeting before the members turn up. (Yarn ie
erken gitmeliyim.)
I must go to work early tomorrow. I want to prepare everything for the meeting
before the members turn up, and I want to be ready when they come. (Yarn
ie erken gitmeliyim.)
"Be not to", yine aralarndaki ayn farkla, "mustn't" a yakn bir anlam tar.
(The policeman to the driver)
- You aren't to drive at 120 k.p.h. Look! The traffic sign says "90", and I'm
afraid I have to give you a ticket now.
(Wife to husband)
- You mustn't drive so fast. If something happens unexpectedly, you can't stop
the car quickly enough and we might have an accident.
c)
"Be supposed to" nun past biimi "was/were supposed to" dur. "Should have done" ile
yakn bir anlama sahiptir. Ancak yine, bir bakasnn gemite bizden beklentisini
ifade eder.
I was supposed to go to work early yesterday, but I overslept, so my boss got
angry with me. (Result I went to work late.) (Dn ie erken gitmem gerekirdi,
ama ....)
I should have gone to work early yesterday, but I overslept, so I hadn't yet
been able to finish the preparations when the members came.
(Result I went to work late.) (Dn ie erken gitmem gerekirdi, ama ....)
You weren't supposed to drink so much alcohol. Your doctor had told you to
abstain from it.
(Result You didn't listen to your doctor's advice and drank a lot of alcohol.)
(Bu kadar ok alkol almaman gerekirdi.)
You shouldn't have drunk so much alcohol. Now, you feel terrible, and won't
be able to go to work today.
(Result You drank a lot of alcohol and it wasn't a good idea.)
(Bu kadar ok alkol almaman gerekirdi.)
110 Q ELS
You are doing an exam, but you're trying to answer the questions without reading
the instructions first. The teacher says: (read)
You ........................................................................................................................................
2. Your teacher gave you a low mark for some work which you'd obviously done
without reading the instructions. The teacher says: (read)
You..........................................................................................................................................
3. You went to the cinema with your friends after the course. Your mother got a bit
angry because she had expected you to come straight home after the course.
(come/go)
(Make two sentences: one positive, one negative]
You .........................................................................................................................................
You..........................................................................................................................................
4. Your friend is wearing make-up in school, which isn't allowed, so you say: (wear)
You...........................................................................................................................................
5. You get home and discover that your sister left the windows open when she went
out. You say to her:(shut)
You .........................................................................................................................................
6. You had arranged to call your mother before you left work in case she needed any
shopping, but you forgot. She says:(phone/leave)
(Make two sentences: onepositive, one negative)
You..........................................................................................................................................
You..........................................................................................................................................
7. Your friend lights up a cigarette in a restaurant, but you notice a 'No-Sm oking' sign
and say: (smoke)
You..........................................................................................................................................
8. You are at the zoo visiting the monkeys' section. You notice that a little girl is giving
some food to the animals, which is not allowed. You want to warn her, saying:
(feed]
You...........................................................................................................................................
9. You held a party with some friends of yours on Friday evening, when your parents
were away from home. You made too much noise, so your neighbours complained to
your mother when she came back. She reprimands you, saying:
(make noise)
You.........................................................................................................................................
10. You took your medicine, which is labelled three times a day with meals, but you
took it without eating and now you're feeling dizzy. Your husband says:
(take/eat}
(Make two sentences, onenegative and one positive)
You.........................................................................................................................................
You.........................................................................................................................................
I'm able to speak English, but I'm not able to speak French.
ELS a
c)
"Can", birine bir ey yapmas iin izin verilirken de kullanlr. Bu kullanmyla "can",
"may" ile ayn anlam verir.
(The shop owner to the customer)
- You can/may leave your purchases here until you finish your shopping.
Then you can come and get them.
(Mother to her daughter)
- Because tomorrow is a holiday, you can/may stay up late tonight.
(Father to his son)
- You can/may go on your date in my car if you wish.
(The teacher to the students)
- Those who have finished answering the questions can/way leave the classroom.
d)
"Can" in past biimi "could", "be able to" nun past biimi ise "was/were able to" dur.
I could run very fast when I was a child.
I was able to run very fast when I was a child.
Some students in my previous class could/were able to speak English almost
fluently, but they weren't so good at grammar.
"Could", gemiteki yeteneklerimizi ya da gemite izin verme gibi durumlar ifade ederken
kullanlr. Gemite izin ifade eden durumlar iin "was/were allowed to" da yaygn kullanlan
bir kalptr.
Mozart could play the piano when he was only four, (ability in the past)
My grandfather was very strong. He could lift enormous boxes on his own.
(ability in the past)
It was raining heavily. We could go out only when it had stopped raining.
(permission in the past)
(= We were allowed to go out only when the rain had stopped.)
1X2OELS
'Was/were able to" da, gemiteki yeteneklerimizi ya da gemiteki izin verme durumlarn ifade
ederken kullanlr. Ancak, "gemite zor bir durumun stesinden gelme"
anlam (manage to do),
sadece "was/were able to" ile ifade edilir. "Could" bu anlamda kullanlmaz.
(ability in t he past)
,
He was a good swimmer when he was a child.
He could/was able to swim faster than all the other children.
I had a good voice when I was younger.
I could/was able to sing very well, especially folk songs.
(permission in the past)
When their maths teacher didn't come, the students were
to leave school earlier than usual.
Last month, there was a huge fire in our street. Luckily, the fire brigade came
just in time to extinguish it, so everybody was
able to escape unhurt.
rneklerde grdnz gibi, "was able to",
"gemite belli bir olayn (a specific event)
stesinden gelme" anlamn ifade ediyor. imdi u iki rnei karlatralm.
When I was a child, I could/was able to run very fast.
I could/was able to beat anyone who raced with me.
(ability in the past)
Once, I raced with a school friend of mine. She was also a fast runner. It was
a
hard race for me, but I was able to beat her in the end. (one specific event in
the past)
Olumsuz ifadelerde, her durum iin de (ability, giving permission or one specific event in the
past), "couldn't" ya da "wasn't/weren't able to"
kullanabiliriz. "Couldn't" daha yaygn kullanlr.
I couldn't/wasn't able to
The students didn't want to have a test that day, but they
able to persuade the teacher to cancel it.
couldn't/weren't
EXERCISE 9: Use "could" or "was/were able to" in the following, ("was/were able to" is
possible in all of these statements, but you are required to use
"could' to
express "ability or permission in the past',
and "was/were able to" to
express "to overcome a difficult situation".
1.
2.
3.
ELS a 113
4.
Some terrorists telephoned the police to warn that they had planted a bomb in the
local shopping centre. Luckily, the police .................................... evacuate the area
before it exploded.
5. We stayed at a beautiful seaside town for our summer holiday, and on a clear day,
from our hotel room, we ..........................see lots of little fishing-boats on the horizon.
6. The climber was suffering from frostbite and hypothermia, but, luckily, the rescue
team ....................................find him before he froze to death.
7. Although they had locked themselves out of their apartment, they
................................
get in through the bathroom window.
8. My old flat was behind the Bromsgrove Rovers' football stadium, and on match
days, we (hear) ................................... the cheers of the crowd.
9. We used to live in the mountains, so in winter, we
(go) .................................. skiing
whenever we liked.
10. I'm glad we .................................persuade the teacher to put tomorrow's exam off till
next Monday. Now we'll have plenty of time to revise.
EXERCISE 10: Use any form of "can" or "be able to". (Simple Present, Present Perfect,
Simple Past, Past Perfect or Future) In some cases, both are possible, but In
some, only "be able to" is possible.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
The baby (walk) .....................in a few days, I think. She (already, take) .......................
a few steps by herself.
He had an accident last month and broke his leg, so he
(not, walk) ......................
since then.
The driver of the bus suddenly had a heart attack, and the bus began to veer from
side to side. Luckily, he (stop) ...................... the bus before it crashed.
I (never, form) ......................a good relationship with my boss until I proved myself to
be efficient at work. We have been on excellent terms since.
The children (have) ..................... as much fruit as they like, but please don't give
them any sweets.
The workers had been threatening to strike for many weeks, but, in the end, the
management (avert) ......................it.
If my father (not, find} ...................... a job soon, I'm afraid we (not, go) .......................
on holiday this summer because we'll have used up all our savings by then.
My son (concentrate) .....................a lot better during his classes since he started
seeing a psychologist.
We (not, make) ...................... any important decisions at the meeting tomorrow as
the managing director (not, attend) .....................because of his illness.
There aren't many people who (speak)
......................two languages fluently, let alone
five, like him.
In 1983, Sarah lost her sight in one eye after a fall, but fortunately, doctors (restore)
.....................her sight partially after a successful operation.
The ambulance men worked quickly when they arrived at the scene of the accident.
Within minutes they (free) .....................the driver, who had been trapped behind the
steering wheel of his car.
Come and listen to your Uncle Stan, Joe. He hasn't visited us for three years. You
(play) ......................basketball with your friends any day.
When I was at university, I (not, afford) ......................to wear fashionable clothes,
but after I'd started work, I (buy) ..................... any clothes I wanted from all my
favourite shops.
While erecting some fencing on a steep bank, one worker accidentally dislodged a
large rock, which rolled down the bank towards his partner. The man shouted to
his work-mate, who, luckily, (get) .....................out of the way just in time.
y
NOT BAD, BUT...
A successful young businessman was showing off his new Porsche to his
grandmother. After taking her for a spin, he helped her climb out of the
expensive vehicle. "What do you think?" he asked, beaming.
"It's not bad, I suppose," she replied. "But hopefully, when your
business finally picks up, you'll be able to afford something with four doors."
114 Q ELS
c)
"Why don't...?" yaps, soru biiminde olmasna karn, gerek bir soru deildir. neri getirir.
- I'm getting sleepy.
- Why don't you go to bed? (Neden yatmyorsun?)
- I think I will.
- Bill has a terrible toothache.
- Why doesn't he go to see his dentist?
- I think he is afraid of visiting the dentist.
d)
SHALL WE/I....?
115
e)
COULD
1.
- Well, you could take him to the theatre or cinema, or you could go to a park.
"Could" un past biimi "could have done" dr. "Gemite bir eyi yapabilirdin ama
yapmadn." anlamn verir.
Yesterday, he was broke and had to walk home from school.
In fact, he could have borrowed some money from his friends, but he didn't
want them to know that he didn't have any money.
(Aslnda arkadalarndan dn para alabilirdi ama...)
Yesterday, it was my day off. I could have gone somewhere, but I felt rather
lazy, and spent the whole day at home. (Bir yerlere gidebilirdim ama...)
"Couldn't have done" ise, "gemite bir eyi isteseydin de yapamazdn" anlamn verir.
Yesterday, I wanted to visit my friend, but then, I changed my mind and
stayed home. Later, I found out that she wasn't at home that day, so I
couldn't have visited her even if I had wanted to. (steseydim de onu
ziyaret edemezdim.)
Last month, I went to Ankara with friends. I had planned to stay at my sister's
house for the night, but I couldn't leave my friends, and we spent the night at
a hotel together. Later, when I returned to Istanbul, I phoned my sister and
told her about my visit there, and I found out that she wasn't in Ankara
during my stay there, so I couldn't have stayed at her house even if I had
wanted to.
- Why didn't you show up for our date yesterday?
- I wanted to, but our district manager came just as I was leaving work.
- Well, at least you could have phoned and told me that you weren't coming.
- I couldn't have phoned you, because the manager took me to the building
site, and there is no telephone there, you know.
(.... telefon edip gelmeyeceini syleyebilirdin.) (....
telefon edemezdim, nk orada telefon yok.)
3.
"Could have done" ile "was/were able to, could do" arasndaki ayrma dikkat ediniz.
I could have sent them a cheque. (But I didn't send them a cheque.)
(Onlara ek gnderebilirdim ama gndermedim.)
I was able to send them a cheque. (/ sent them a cheque.)
(Onlara ek gnderebildim.)
When I had a cheque-book, I could pay by cheque.
(ek defterim varken, ekle deme yapabiliyordum.)
116 Q ELS
"must" kullanrz.
b)
Negative Statements
Eer gerei kesin olarak biliyorsak, durumu modal kullanmadan ifade ederiz.
- Why isn 't Peter eating anything?
- He isn't hungry. (/ know that he is not hungry.)
* "Maybe" bitiik yazlnca bir zarftr. Cmlenin banda kullanlr:
"Maybe he is ill. (Belki de hastadr.)
"Maybe", "modal+verb" kullanmdr: He
may be ill. (Hasta olabilir.)
ELS a 117
Gerei kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama baz temellere dayanarak gl bir tahminde bulunmak
istiyorsak "can't" ya da "couldn't" * kullanrz. Bu yaplar Trke'ye ".... olamaz/.... olmas
imkansz!' biiminde evirebiliriz.
- Tim says he is very hungry.
- No, he can't/couldn't be hungry. He ate a huge meal just half an hour ago.
2 -2 1 P R E S E N T P R O G R E S S IV E F O R M S O F M O D A L S
Tahminde bulunurken kullandmz modal yardmc fiillerini, iinde bulunduumuz anda
devam etmekte olduunu dndmz eylemleri ifade etmek iin de kullanrz.
- Where is your brother?
- He is studying in his room. (/ know that he is studying in his room.)
* Could gsz bir tahmin, couldn't ise ok gl bir tahmin bildirir.
** Tahminde bulunurken kullanlan yaplardan "must not' sadece American English'de
kullanlr. British English'de "must not' yerine "can't/couldn't kullanlr.
118 Q ELS
must
may/might/could
can't/couldn't
must not
may not/might not
be
doing
have done
it on the bus.
(It's possible that I left it in the classroom or on the bus.)
- I think I saw Susan at a cafe the other day, but I didn't talk to her. She was
in a crowded group.
- No, you can't/couldn't have seen her there. She has been out of town for
- Jane is normally a good student, but she got a low grade on yesterday's test.
- Well, she must not have studied hard enough.
- Why did Jane get a low grade on the last test? She is a good student, you
know.
- Well, I don't know. She might not/may not have studied hard enough.
a) I had lots of spare time yesterday. I could have gone to the cinema,
but I preferred to stay at home.
(Sinemaya gidebilirdim ama evde kalmay tercih ettim.)
(The result is: I didn't go to the cinema.)
b) Last week, my husband was going to go to a match with his friends, but
he didn't go. Later we found out that the match had been cancelled, so
he couldn't have gone even if he had wanted to.
(steseydi bile gidemezdi.)
(The result is: He didn't go to the match.)
2.
b) He couldn't have gone to the match yesterday, because his leg has
been in plaster since the previous match he was in.
(Dnk maa gitmi olamaz, nk...........)
(The result is: It's impossible that he went to the match
yesterday.)
Bu iki anlam arasndaki fark ancak "context"den, yani parann ya da konumann
btnnden karabiliriz.
I2OG ELS
- Peter had a car accident last Saturday. He said that a child had suddenly
pushed himself in front of his car, and that he had swerved to the left so as
not to hit the child, but he couldn't avoid running into another car.
- Then, he must have been driving fast at the time of the accident.
(Kaza srasnda hzl sryordu herhalde.)
When I got home late last night, the light in my brother's room was still on. 1
didn't go to see what he was doing, but he may/might/could have been
reading a book or listening to music.
(Perhaps/Maybe he was reading a book or listening to music.}
(Belki de kitap okuyor ya da mzik dinliyordu.)
He can't/couldn't have been driving very fast at the time of the accident,
because I know that he doesn't like speeding.
(It's impossible that he was driving fast at the time of the accident.)
(Hzl sryor olmas imkansz.)
While I was preparing to go to bed last night, I heard some noises from my
son's room. He must not have been sleeping. (I'm almost sure that he wasn't
sleeping.) (Uyumuyor olmalrydi. Herhalde uyumuyordu.)
Mother says my brother was studying in his room all yesterday afternoon,
but he may not/might not have been studying, because I heard the sound of
a stereo coming from his room.
(Perhaps/Maybe he wasn't studying.)
(Ders almyor olabilirdi. Belki de ders almyordu.)
' ' '
will
"Will" in gelecekte olacandan emin olduumuz durumlar ifade etmek iin kullanldn
grmtk. "Will", "must gibi, ama "must" tan daha gl bir ifade biimi olarak, present
anlamda da kullanlabilir.
You are expecting your friends Dave and Helen to arrive at 8 o'clock; you
check your watch and it reads 8 o'clock; you hear the doorbell; you say:
That must be Dave and Helen.
(It is completely logical to claim that Dave and Helen are the people at the door.)
You are expecting your friends Dave and Helen to arrive at 8 o'clock; you
check your watch and it reads 8 o'clock; you hear the doorbell and you hear
Dave and Helen's voices coming from outside; you say:
That will be Dave and Helen.
(/ feel sure that it is Dave and Helen because I can hear their voices.)
b)
would
c)
"May" ve "might", daha nce zerinde durduumuz kullanmlar dnda, kabullenme, kar
kma, ama ya da sonu ifade eden bir anlama da sahiptir.
I may/might be going to the party tonight, but that doesn't mean I'm going to
enjoy myself.
(Although I am going to the party tonight, that doesn't mean I'm going to enjoy it.)
(Result: I'm going to the party tonight.)
(Bu gece partiye gidiyor olabilirim, ama...)
They may/might be having arguments frequently, but this doesn't show that
they don't love each other.
(/ admit that they are having arguments frequently, but...)
(Sk sk kavga ediyor olabilirler, ama...)
Ayn kullanm, "may/might have done" biiminde, past durumlar iin de geerlidir.
He may/might have fallen in love with her, but he's definitely not planning to
marry her.
(/ admit that he's fallen in love with her, but...)
(Ona ak olmu olabilir, ama ...)
He may/might have criticized his daughter a little too harshly, but she really
deserved it.
(/ admit he criticized his daughter a little too harshly, but..)
(Kzn biraz fazla sert bir biimde eletirmi olabilir, ama ...)
EXERCISE 11: Write a form of "must' In the following. "Must do", "must be doing', "must
have done", "must have been doing'.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
She (live) ............................. quite near us because I see her virtually every day.
How far is it now to the village? We (get) .............................. close as I can see some
chimneys in the distance.
A: A policeman stopped me on the highway the other day and gave me a ticket.
B: You (drive) ................................ fast; otherwise he wouldn't have stopped you.
They took off at 10 o'clock, didn't they? Well, they (fly) ................................ over the
Atlantic now.
All Judy's indoor plants look as if they are going to die. She (not, water)
................................. them recently.
If they hit the rocks, then they (sail) ....................................too close to the coast.
He didn't seem very surprised when we told him the news. Someone else (tell)
................................... him.
A: Brr ... It's rather cold today.
-!
B: Yes, and it's below the season's average. It (snow) .............................. somewhere
near here.
You (play) ................................your music extremely loudly if the neighbours came
round and complained.
The head teacher always calls the students by their names. She (have) ...................
a good memory if she's able to keep all their names in mind.
A: You (be).............................bored doing that work. You've been doing it for hours.
B: Yes, I am.
Something important (happen) ..............................because she has never missed an
appointment before.
There is a lot of food left over. They (expect) .....................................more people.
The food was barely enough for all the guests at the party. They (not, expect)
.................................. so many people to turn up.
We (approach) ...............................London because the surroundings are looking
more and more urban.
ELS a 1X3
EXERCISE 12: Use any form of must, may/might/could, can't/couldn't, must not, may
not/might not and should/ought to.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
124 Q ELS
16. These wet roads will be awful if they get icy, and according to the weather forecast,
it (freeze) ...............................overnight.
17. If there is ever another earthquake, this building (withstand)
....................................it
because it was built according to the new earthquake regulations.
18. Literally, dozens of people have already called to ask about the flat, so we (sell)
............................... it with ease before we move out next month.
2-26 PREFERENCE
Tercihlerimizi ifade ederken, "would rather/would sooner", "prefer/would prefer" ve "like
something better than something"
kalplarn kullanrz.
a)
"Would rather have done" ve "would sooner have done" gemite yapmay tercih ettiimiz ama
yapamadmz eylemleri ifade eder.
Yd rather have stayed
rather have
Y d rather have gone to bed early last night, but I couldn't, because some
guests arrived just as I was getting ready to go to bed.
Olumsuz cmlelerde, olumsuzluk eki "not",
I'd rather not tell him the news. It's really depressing. (Present)
(Haberi ona sylememeyi tercih ederim.)
Yd rather not be studying right now, but I am. (Present Progressive)
I'd rather not have invited her to my party. She caused us a lot of trouble by
drinking too much. (But / invited her.) (Past)
ELS Q 125
b)
"would rather
Id rather she had gone to Ankara by train, but she went by bus.
(Trenle gitmi olmasn tercih ederdim, ama
..........)
Id rather they hadn't Invited me to their wedding. Now I have to go.
(But they invited me.)
(Dnlerine beni armam olmalarn tercih ederdim.)
c)
rather do some. .
something selse'
Baz durumlarda, "would prefer...than/rather than" kalbyla, ikinci blmdeki eyleme vurgu
yapmak iin fiili "to do" biiminde kullanmak mmkndr. Ancak bu kullanm ok yaygn
deildir.
I'd prefer to eat bread and cheese with my friends rather than (to) dine in a
,
fancy restaurant with these boring people.
"Would rather/sooner" dan sonra dorudan isim gelmez. 'Would prefer" den sonra isim
gelebilir.
.........
- Would you prefer tea or coffee?
- Neither, please. I'd prefer a cold lemonade.
l would rather have done something than, (have) done something else"
I would prefer to have done something rather than/than (have) done something else
Yd rather have bought our own house than (have) rented this one.
I'd prefer to have bought our own house than/rather than (have)
rented this one. (Bunu kiralamak yerine kendimize ev alm olmay
tercih ederdim.)
Birinin birey yapmasn tercih ederken, would rather someone did something kalbnn
kullanldn grmtk. Ayn anlam "would prefer" ile vermek istersek, "object + to do"
biiminde ifade etmemiz gerekir.
Eer, gemite tercih ettiimiz eylem, istediimiz ynde gereklemise, bunu ifade
etmek iin "would rather' ya da "would sooner" kullanamayz. nk, her ikisi de
"gemite .... tercih ederdim, ama olmad" anlamn verir. "Gemite u eylemi yapmay
tercih ederdim ve yapardm" biimindeki bir ifadeyi "like" ve "prefer" ile verebiliriz.
When I was a child, I preferred playing in the open air to playing inside. I
liked playing in the open air better than playing inside. (Result: I played in
the open air.)
She preferred reading books to watching TV with the rest of the family. She
liked reading books better than watching TV with the rest of the family. (Result:
She read books.)
(Ailenin dier bireyleriyle birlikte televizyon izlemek yerine, kitap okumay
tercih ederdi.) (Result: She read books.)
ELS
l7
EXERCISE 13: Use an appropriate form of" would rather" in the following.
1.
She resigned from her job last month, but she isn't
looking for a new job yet, because
she'd rather (have) .............................a rest for some time before starting a new one.
2. A: Which would you rather (do) ...........................now? Lying on the beach or skiing?
B: Neither. I'd rather (sleep) ................................ ! I'm exhausted!
3. I'd really rather (not, answer) ..........................that question. It is somewhat personal!
4. I'd rather (not raise) .............................my voice at her, but at the time it seemed like
the only way of getting her attention.
5. Their grandmother has brought them chocolate again. We would really rather she
(give) ................................them something healthier when she comes to see them.
6. I can't stand those people! I'd rather you (not,
ask) ................................them to the
party. Now I'll have to be polite to them all evening!
7. Of course, we would rather (not, take)
.............................the bus and boat to Cyprus,
but we didn't have enough money to fly there.
8. I'd rather you (not, tease) .............................Jackie about her weight every time you
see her. She is quite sensitive about it.
9. The manager would rather you (not, mention)
.............................the new product. The
customer preferred to wait for it, and it won't be ready f
or months.
10. I'll have to spend the afternoon shopping with my mother-in-law, and to be honest,
I'd rather (do) ................................almost anything else you can think of than
(walk)
...............................around shops with her.
but it closed
There used to be a huge plane tree near the village train station, and we,
the children of the village, used to
play under its shade in the summer,
but because it was very old, it was blown over during a strong storm.
b)
"Used to" nun olumsuz biimi "used not to" ya da "didn't use to"
dur. "Didn't use to"
daha ok kullanlr ve "gemite
yapmazdm ama imdi yapyorum"
anlamn verir.
I didn't use to/used not to eat fish when I was a child, but now I do.
(Now I eat fish.) (ocukken balk yemezdim.)
She didn't use to have long hair when she was a student. Now she has
lovely long hair. (renciyken salarn uzatmazd.)
Children didn't use to have so many toys in the past.
(Eskiden ocuklarn bu kadar ok oyuncaklar yoktu.)
128 Q ELS
c)
"Used to" gemite yaplm olan bir tek olay ifade ederken kullanlmaz.
While I was walking on the icy pavement yesterday, I fell and broke my arm.
(Burada "used to" kullanamayz.) (...dp kolumu birdim.)
When we lived in Erzurum, everywhere was/used to be covered with ice in the
winter, and a lot of people fell/used to fall and broke/used to break their arms
or legs. (...karla kapl olurdu, ...birok insan der kolunu bacan krard.)
My sister wore a mini-skirt at her friend's wedding last week.
(Kardeim geen hafta arkadann dnnde mini etek giydi.}
My sister wore/used to wear mini-skirts when she was younger.
(Kardeim kkken mini etek giyerdi.)
d)
NOT--------------------------------------------------------------------------,r>\
Used to do" ile "be used to doing" arasndaki farka dikkat ediniz. "Used to do",
"gemite yapardm." anlamn verir. "Be used to doing something"
ise "Bir eyi yapmaya alknm" anlamna gelir.
jj jj uu u^ ^
ELS QIZ9
EXERCISE 14; Decide whether you can. use "used to" with the underlined verbs or not.
Rewrite the sentence If you can. If you can't, write "No change".
1.
2.
3.
A strange man followed me home from work three times last week.
4.
In the past, women didn't have the career opportunities that they have nowadays.
5.
There was a boy at our school who always laughed whenever he got anything
wrong.
6.
I was about six years old when my grandmother gave me an umbrella with a handle
shaped like a parrot.
7.
Many years ago there was a small cotton mill in our town, but due to competition
from larger factories, it had to close down.
8.
At the rodeo, the rider made use of his spurs to urge the horse to go faster.
9.
In the days of the wild frontier, spurs on boots served a useful purpose, but these
days they are usually worn only for decoration.
10. Children worked in factories, down mines, and on ships until trade associations
forced change.
130 a ELS
TEST YOURSELF 2
1-60. sorularda, cmlede bo braklan ,
yerlere uygun den szck ya da ifadeyi
bulunuz.
1.
A) used to study
B ) h a d b e t t e r s tu d y
C ) h a d to s t u d y
D) w o u l d r a t h e r s t uyd
E) will have studied
2.
B ) w ou ld g o
C) w ill go
D) could have gone
E) should have gone
3.
A) could have
B) used to have
C) would rather have
D)has had
E) might have
4.
A )h a v e m a r k e t e d / m i g h t h a v e t a k e n
B ) m a r k e t / h a v e b e e n t a k in g
C ) are m a rk e ting /o u gh t to tak e
D )w il l m a r k e t/ h a v e to t a k e
E) w e r e m a r k e t i n g / w o u ld r a th e r t a k e
7. F o rtu n a te ly , e v e ry b o d...........th
y
eir
b elo n g in g s to safe ty b y th e tim e th e flo o d
w a t e rs...........th e w ho le v illag e.
6. \ v n e n y o u...........a p r o d u c t in a fo re ig n
c o u n try , y o .u..........c u s t o m s a n d c u l tu r a l
d iffere n c es in to co n s id era tio n .
A ) s h o u ld n 't g o
B ) h a v e n 't h a d to g o
C ) co u ld n 't g o
D ) m u s t n 't h a v e g o n e
E) n eed n 't g o
5. It...........a d i s a s te r , b u t f o r tu n a t e l y , h e
..........fa s t a t th e tim e .
A ) m ig h t b e /d id n 't d riv e
B ) m u s t b e /w o n 't b e d r iv i n g
C ) w a s s u p p o s e d t o b e /h a d n ' t d r i v e n
D )c o u ld h a v e b e e n / w a s n 't d r iv i n g
E) w il l b e / h a s n 't d r iv e n
A )h a d c a r r i e d / i n u n d a t e d
B )had to carry /have inun dated
C ) u sed to c a rry /co uld inu nd a te
D )c o u ld h a v e c a r r i e d / h a d i n u n d a t e d
E) w a s c a r r y i n g / h a d t o i n u n d a t e
8. Y ou...........s o m a n y c lo th e s o n h o lid a y .
Y o u o n ly w o re h a lf o f th em .
A )m u st n o t h a v e tak en
B) had better not take
C) ought not to take
D) needn't have taken
E) might not have taken
9. Judg ing from the da m a ge to the c ar, she
..........really fast at the tim e of the
accident.
A )w ould rather be driving
B ) m ust ha ve bee n driving
C ) m ay have driven
D )is supposed to drive
E) shou ld have been driv ing
10. W hen the pa in from he r broken leg
be ca m e unb ea ra ble la st nigh t, the doc tor
..........her a pain-killing injection.
A) might give
C) should give
B) used to give
D) can give
E) had to give
B) buy
D) had bought
A ) can't se e
B ) m u s tn ' t s e e
C ) don't h ave to se e
D ) sh o u ldn 't se e
E) nee d n't se e
A ) n e e dn 't ha v e p a r ke d
B ) w on 't b e pa rkin g
C ) h a ve n 't g ot to pa rk
D ) c o uld n 't ha v e p a rk e d
E) a r e n 't s u p p os e d to p a r k
A )w a s b r e a k i n g / h a d r u n
B )had broken/ran
C ) broke/was running
D ) u s e d t o b re a k /w o u ld be r u n n i n g
E) h a v e b r o k e n / a m r u n n i n g
49. John's been outside for half an hour now. 55. They...........their business by taking on a
few employees, but due to a lack of
He...........trouble getting the car started
finance, they had to keep it a family
bec ause it...........outside In the cold for
concern.
most of the winter.
A ) m u s t b e h a v in g / h a s b e e n s t a n d in g
B ) w ill be having/w ill have stood
C ) has had/is standing
D ) s h o u l d h a v e /h a d b e e n s t a n d i n g
E) c o u ld h a v e h a d / w a s s ta n d in g
A) would like
C) would prefer
.
B ) w ould rather
D ) w ould m ind
E) would
have
A ) u s e d t o b e / h a s n 't p l a y e d
B ) w a s / w a s n ' t p la y in g
C ) m us t h a v e b e e n /d id n ' t p la y
D ) sh ou ld b e /w on 't b e pla y ing
E) h a s b e e n /d o e s n' t p la y
52. He didn't expect that she
............w hen he
arrived home, so he...........the bell
instead of using his key.
A ) w a s sle e p ing /w as rin gin g
B ) w o ul d b e sle e p in g/ ra n g
C ) m ay have slept/has rung
D ) us e d to s le e p /h a d to r in g
E) ha d to s le e p /c o u ld rin g
safety procedures.
A) would prevent
B) may be preventing
C) could have prevented
D) must have prevented
E) will have prevented
EL S Q 13 5
D)
E)
meeting already.
A) The chairman said not to worry about
being a few minutes late
B) If the time by my watch is right
C) Unless we can catch a taxi to the
station
D) The newsletter says that the
convention will begin later than usual
E) The traffic doesn't seem to be getting
any lighter
A) M y hu s b a n d w ill p h o n e th e to u r
c om p a ny a nd a sk the p ric e o f th e trip
to Egypt
B) I d o n 't re m e m be r h o w m uc h th e s h o p
a ss is ta n t to ld u s th o s e je a ns c o s t
C ) T o m m a y be h ea vie r tha n yo u, b ut
d on 't forge t th a t he is also ta lle r
D) F ra nk w e ighe d him se lf an d w a s
horrified to see he is eighty kilos
E) I don't know exactly how old Tim 's
fathe r is
138 Q ELS
E)
A) nsa n la rn ko py a la n m as na iz in
verilirse, toplum un kaldram ayaca
sonu lar o rtay a ka r.
B) n sa n la rn k o p ya la nm a s , to pl um d a
ok byk karklklara yol aacaktr.
C) K opyasnn retilm esine izin veren
birinin, toplum un gsterecei tepkiye
kar hazrlkl olm as gere kir.
D) nsa n la rn ko py a s nn re tilm e s i
10 1. B e nd e n y a z m a m is te d iin ra p orun
toplum un rza syla olm a ldr, nk
gnle rce sre bilec e inin fa rk nda sn
so n u la r n a k a tla nm a k z or un da o la n
deil mi?
odur.
E) Eer toplum insanlarn kopyalanmasna
A) Y o u're aw a re th at the re po rt you've
izin verirse, onun douraca
aske d m e to w rite m igh t ta ke d ays,
so n u la r a ka t la nm a k z o ru n d a dr.
a re n't yo u?
B) D o you kn ow tha t this re port m a y
99. I Intend to prepare my graduation thesis
ta ke m e d a ys to w rite ?
on childhood Illnesses that may leave
C) A re you sure the report I'll write w ill
permanent effects.
t a ke s o m a n y d a y s ?
D) A re n't yo u aw a re tha t th e re p ort I've
bee n as ke d to w rite cou ld ta ke days ?
A ) Sanrm mezuniyet tezimin konusu,
E) Y ou don't realize that I m ay have to
kalc etkiler brakabilen ocuk
s p e nd da y s on th is re po rt, d o y ou ?
hastalklar olacak.
ELS
141
ELS Q 143
INTRODUCTION
Etken bir fiili (active), edilgen (passive) bir fiile dntrebilmemiz iin, o fiilin geili bir fiil
(transitive) olmas gerekir. Yani, open, close, give, buy, invite, etc. gibi nesne alabilen bir fiil
olmas gerekir. Happen, come, go, seem, cry gibi nesne almayan fiiller (intransitive), passive
yaplamaz.
Active: The school custodian opens the door every day.
Passive:The door is opened by the school custodian every day.
Active: An accident happens at this crossroads nearly every day.
(No passive, because there isn't an object.)
3-1
Active fiilin nesnesi, passive cmlede zne durumuna geer ve cmlenin tense'ine uygun
olarak be + past participle (fiilin nc hali] kullanlr.
He is washing the car.
object
The car Is being washed by him.
subject
Mum cooked
the dinner.
object
The dinner was cooked by Mum.
subject
Present Progressive
Simple Present
Simple Past Past
Progressive Present
Perfect Past
Perfect Simple
Future be going to
Future Perfect
144 D ELS
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
3-2
a)
Cmlenin sonunda kullanlan zaman zarflar, "by phrase" den sonra gelir.
Active: Jack washed the car yesterday.
Passive:The car was washed by Jack yesterday.
Active: Jack will wash the car tomorrow. Passive:
The car will be washed by Jack tomorrow.
Active: Jack will have washed the car by 5 p.m.
Passive:The car will have been washed by Jack by 5 p.m.
"Always, usually, just, already, probably" gibi cmle iinde kullanlan zaman zarflar
genellikle, "be" fiilinden sonra gelir. Ancak, vurgulanan eye bal olarak bu zarflar,
cmle iinde farkl yerlerde bulunabilir.
Active: Jack usually washes the car in the afternoon.
Passive:The car Is usually washed (by Jack) in the afternoon.
Usually, the car is washed (by Jack) in the afternoon.
The car is washed (by Jack), usually in the afternoon.
The car is washed, usually by Jack, in the afternoon.
Active: Jack last washed the car two days ago.
Passive:The car was last washed by Jack two days ago.
Active: Since we bought the car, Jack has always washed it himself. Passive:
Since the car was bought, it has always been washed by Jack himself. Since the
car was bought, it has been washed always by Jack himself.
ELS Q 145
"Carefully, beautifully, deeply gibi durum bildiren zarflar (adverbs of manner) passive
cmlede genellikle "be" fiili ile asl fiil arasnda yer alr. Ancak bu zarflarn asl fiilden
sonra kullanm da mmkndr.
Active: The horror film affected the children badly.
Passive: The children were badly affected by the horror film.
The children were affected badly by the horror film.
., i
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Local people are going to plant 100,000 trees next weekend as part of the Green
City campaign.
As part of the Green City campaign, 100,000 trees......................................................
When I applied for the job, the manager interviewed me.
When I applied for the job, I ...............................................................
The vice-president will explain the new regulations at the meeting tomorrow.
The new regulations ................................................................................................
Some soldiers were guarding the President's house.
The President's house ...................................................................................
In 1878 Nils Nordenskjld, a Swede, crossed the Northeast Passage in a ship called
the Vega.
In 1878 the Northeast Passage..................................................................................
The Food and Drug Administration have not approved the drug for sale yet, but
scientists have already tested it on human volunteers.
The drug.................................................yet, but it
...............................................................
The rainstorm destroyed most of the crops last week.
Most of the crops ...........................................................................................
The antibiotic penicillin effectively cures many infectious diseases, including some
that were once life-threatening.
Many infectious diseases, including some that were once life-threatening,
All year round, volunteers look after the nature reserve.
All year round, the nature reserve...............................................................................
I expect the school will have provided all the students with books by the end of the
week.
I expect all the students ........................................................................................
Despite clear notices, the campers still leave litter around the campsite.
Despite clear notices, litter.........................................................................................
After the customs officers have searched you, they will pass your luggage through
an X-ray machine.
After you..................................................your luggage...............................................
through an X-ray machine.
Miraculously, grave robbers had not stolen the treasures from the four Egyptian
tombs.
Miraculously, the treasures in the four Egyptian tombs ............................................
146 G ELS
14. At the moment, a teenage gang are plaguing a Shrewsbury youth centre.
At the moment, a Shrewsbury youth centre...............................................
15.
The council will pay compensation to the residents of the houses which collapsed
into the old mine shaft.
The residents of the houses which collapsed into the old mine shaft
WHAT TO EAT
Before the arrival of our son, my husband and I
attended birthing classes at the hospital. One day we toured
the maternity ward. The instructor mentioned that on the last
evening of our stay, we would be given a complimentary dinner
for two, and she told us what the menu selections would be. As
we continued the tour, I whispered to my husband, "Honey, I'm
getting so excited."
"Me too," he replied, "I'm going to order the lobster."
(by Katie Schneider from Reader's Digest)
3-3
Passive bir cmlede, eylemi yapan kiiyi "by phrase" ile belirtiriz.
Active: My mother made this pullover. Passive:
This pullover was made by my mother.
Active: The President will announce the date of the meeting.
Passive:The date of the meeting will be announced by the President.
Ancak, passive bir cmlede eylemi yapan kii, eer eylemin kimin tarafndan yapld
nemliyse belirtilir. Eylemin kimin tarafndan yapld deil de, eylemin yaplm olmas
nemliyse, "by phrase" kullanlmaz.
Active: Einstein developed the theory of relativity.
Passive: The theory of relativity was developed by Einstein.
Yukandaki rnekte, "by Einstein" kullanarak, eylemi yapan kiiyi (agent) belirtmek zorundayz.
nk "by Einstein" ifadesini kullanmazsak, "zafiyet teorisi gelitirildi." olur ki bu da anlaml
bir cmle olmaz. "zafiyet teorisi Einstein tarafndan gelitirildi." doru ve tam bir cmledir.
Aadaki rneklerde, eylemin kim ya da kimler tarafndan yapld nemli olmad iin,
"by phrase" kullanmaya gerek yoktur
Active: People mine coal in Zonguldak.
Passive:Coal is mined in Zonguldak.
Active: The judge sentenced the murderer to life imprisonment.
Passive:The murderer was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Active: Someone made this pullover in Germany.
Passive:This pullover was made in Germany.
Active: They make paper from wood.
Passive:Paper is made from wood.
ELS a 147
EXERCISE 3: Change the active to the passive. Use "by phrase" only If it is necessary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
3-4
If someone exposes his hands and face to extreme cold, they may get frostbite.
If hands and face.........................................................they may get frostbite.
A private fund provides each of our students with a pair of shoes every year.
Each of our students...............................................................................
Some youths were vandalizing the phone box when we walked past.
The phone box.......................................................................when we walked past.
They are increasing the old age pension by 25 percent.
The old age pension...................................................................................................
George Eliot wrote the famous book "The Mill on the Floss".
The famous book "The Mill on the Floss" ..................................................................
They sent the order special delivery.
The order......................................................................................................
People across the globe loved Princess Diana.
Princess Diana...................................................................................................
After they have taken your order for the main course, they will bring a tray of hot
and cold starters to your table.
After your order for the main course.............................................................a tray of
hot and cold starters.................................................................to your table.
When I telephoned them, they hadn't received the package yet.
When I telephoned them, the package .....................................................................
Someone has loaded our baggage onto the plane.
Our baggage...................................................................................
Everyone watches that television programme.
That television programme .............................................................................
They have destroyed dozens of shops since the beginning of the riots.
Dozens of shops..................................................................................................
Smith had beaten Jones in the 100-metre race three times before.
Jones ........................................................................................................
The last time I checked with the bank, they hadn't agreed to our loan of 5,000, but
they hadn't rejected our application either.
The last time I checked with the bank, our loan of 5,000..........................................
but it.................................................................... either.
We expect that we will have collected 3000 by the time we draw the lottery.
We expect that 3000.............................................................by the time the lottery
Active bir soruyu, passive bir soruya dntrrken yine ayn kurallar geerlidir.
Active: Is Jack washing the car now?
Passive: Is the car being washed by Jack now?
Active: Does Jack wash the car every day?
Passive:Is the car washed by Jack every day?
Active: When does Jack usually wash the car?
Passive: When is the car usually washed?
"Who" ile sorulan sorularda dikkatli olunuz. Eer "who", eylemi yapan kiiyi (agent) soruyorsa
"Who .... by?" soru biimini kullanmamz gerekir.
Active: Who discovered America? Passive:
Who was America discovered by?
(By whom was America discovered?)
Active: Who founded the Republic of Turkey? Passive:
Who was the Republic of Turkey founded by?
(By whom was the Republic of Turkey founded?)
148 Q ELS
"Who" nesne durumundaki kiiyi soruyorsa "by" kullanlmaz. Ancak, nesneye ait bir
preposition varsa, o kullanlr.
Active: Who will you invite to your party?
Passive: Who will be invited to your party?
Active: Who did you see him with?
Passive: Who was he seen with? (With whom was he seen?)
Active: Who are you going to borrow the money from?
Passive: Who is the money going to be borrowed from?
(From whom is the money going to be borrowed?)
Active: Who did he lend his car to?
Passive: Who was his car lent to? (To whom was his car lent?)
"What" bir cmlede nesneyi sorar. Yani, "what' ile sorulmu bir soruda, nesne yoktur. Bu
durumda, cmleyi passive yaparken, zne durumuna getirebileceimiz bir szck yok
demektir. Byle bir cmleyi u ekilde passive yaparz:
Active: What are they doing about the case?
Passive: What is being done about the case?
Active: What did they do about the case?
Passive: What was done about the case?
Active: What have they done about the case?
Passive: What has been done about the case?
Passive cmlede "what" dan sonra gelen fiiller tekildir.
EXERCISE 4: Change the active to the passive. Use "by phrase" only if it is necessary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
EXERCISE 5'. Change the following active sentences to the passive if possible. (Some of
the verbs are intransitive and cannot be changed.)
SAMUEL MORSE (1791-1872)
1.
"I wish that in one instant I could tell you of my safe arrival, but we are
apart and must wait four long weeks to hear from each other."
2.
3.
He was studying art in London and she was living at the family home in
Charlestown, Massachusetts.
4.
5.
6.
7.
He realized that he could earn very little money from painting portraits.
8.
9.
3,000 miles
10. Morse remarked, "If we can make the presence of electricity visible in any part of
the circuit, I see no reason why we cannot transmit intelligence by electricity."
11. During the rest of the voyage, he worked excitedly on drawings for his plan.
12. Morse had an inventive mind but little knowledge of electricity.
13. Thus, he required years of work and study to perfect his device.
14. People greatly admired his determination.
15. The industrialist Alfred Vail, the physicist Joseph Henry and others gave him
practical help.
16. In 1837, he applied for a patent on The American Electromagnetic Telegraph.
17. He went to England, France and Russia seeking aid for his invention but met with
failure there as at home.
ISO Q ELS
18. Finally, in 1843, the United States Congress appropriated $30,000 in order to build
19. In May 1844, they flashed the first message over this wire.
20. After his years of sacrifice, Morse became wealthy as a great inventor.
21. Newspapers, railroads and businesses quickly found use for the telegraph.
22. After they had founded Western Union in 1856, they soon strung wires from coast
to coast.
23. Other men of science had worked on the problem, but Morse's invention was the
24. We still know the code of dots and dashes used in sending messages as Morse code,
25. When Morse died in 1872, on April 2, they held public memorials across the nation.
EXERCISE 6; Change the following active sentences to the passive If possible. (Some of the
verbs are intransitive and cannot be changed.)
SILK, THE QUEEN OF FABRICS
1.
For more than 4000 years, weavers have created this sensuous cloth from the
strand of a mere worm and it has reigned supreme as the queen of fabrics.
2.
The cloth of emperors, silk remained China's secret for more than 2000 years - and
then it reached Japan.
3.
In the sixth century, according to legend, two monks brought back a supply of
silkworms to the Emperor Justinian.
4.
People have made silk cloth into many items, such as clothing, tapestries and
accessories.
5.
6.
Silk production still provides much-needed work in several poor but labour-rich
countries.
7.
8.
9.
10. The Empress of Japan still feeds silkworms on the palace grounds each spring.
11. The Queen of Thailand sponsors silk-making lessons in her palace.
12. They even use silk for certain components of tennis-racket strings, fly fishing lines,
ELS Q 151
13. Surgeons have used silk to save lives, as the fine thread easily stitches wounds.
14. Benjamin Franklin used a silk kite during his famous experiments with electricity.
15. What makes silk fabric look so spectacular?
16. Silk fibres are triangular, and so they reflect light.
17. Layers of protein build up a pearly sheen, making silk a luxurious, sensuous fabric.
18. Designers rejoice in its feel, its look and even its smell.
19. Fanners raise "Bombyx mori", the most commonly cultivated silkworm,
domestically, but only where there are mulberry trees.
20. The more than 500 species of wild silkworms fend for themselves, feasting on oak
and other leaves.
21. Wild silkworms produce a tougher, rougher silk because they are more robust than
their domesticated cousins.
22. Japan, India, Russia and South Korea also produce silk.
23. Though the Japanese have mechanized production techniques, people do many
tasks by hand in other countries.
24. In India, the craft of silk-making involves the whole family.
25. The West's hunger for silk has always encouraged an unceasing trade from East to
West.
26. At its peak from the 7th to the 10th century, the silk trade route, or "Silk Road",
linked two powerful civilizations - Rome and China.
27. Although silk is widely available today, silk gowns adorn mainly the rich and
famous.
3-5
Baz fiiller iki nesne alr: "indirect object' ve "direct object'. Bu nesnelerin cmle iindeki
yerleri iki ekilde olabilir.
I gave
I gave
him
some money yesterday.
I.O.
D.O.
some money to him yesterday.
D.O.
I.O.
a book tomorrow.
I.O. D.O.
I will buy a book for her tomorrow.
D.O.
I.O.
rneklerde grdnz gibi, indirect object, yani insan olan nesne, fiilden hemen sonra
geliyorsa, dier nesneye geerken bir preposition kullanlmaz. Eer fiilden hemen sonra
object geliyorsa, indirect object'e geerken, fiilin gerektirdiine gre, "to" ya da "for" kullanlr.
152 O ELS
direct
a book tomorrow.
D.O.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Our charity club will award ten students a scholarship this year.
Ten students......................................................by our charity club.
A scholarship......................................................by our charity club.
A waiter handed us a menu as soon as we sat at our table.
We..........................................by a waiter as soon as we sat at our table.
A menu...................................by a waiter as soon as we sat at our table.
The electricity board sent him someone else's bill.
He....................................................................by the electricity board.
Someone else's bill.....................................................................by the electricity
board.
The cabin crew serve the passengers light refreshments during the flight.
Light refreshments................................................................by the cabin crew
during the flight.
The passengers...................................................................by the cabin crew during
the flight.
The mail-order company is going to send us a catalogue.
A catalogue...................................................by the mail-order company.
We..................................................................by the mail-order company.
The Red Crescent provided tents for the victims of the earthquake.
Tents...............................................................by the Red Crescent.
The victims of the earthquake..............................................................by the Red
Crescent.
The interview panel will tell you the decision on the same day.
You...........................................................by the interview panel on the same day.
The decision.................................................by the interview panel on the same day.
The conman sold old people burglar alarms at incredibly high prices.
Old people...................................................by the conman at incredibly high prices.
Burglar alarms............................................by the conman at incredibly high prices.
EXERCISE 8: Complete the sentences with the given words. Some of the sentences are
passive and some are active. Use any appropriate tense.
1. An avalanche (report)..............................near Hakkari late last night. It (occur)
................................around 11 p.m, and a passing coach (cover)................................
with snow. By the time the rescue team (arrive) ..............................at the spot,
some of the passengers (already, freeze) .............................to death. The rest
(rescue)..............................from under the snow thanks to the team's relentless
efforts.
ELS a 153
2.
Diamonds (mine) .................................in many parts of the world, but they (find)
................................ in abundance especially in the Republic of South Africa.
3. The play (rehearse) .................................meticulously every day since last week,
because it (perform) .................................next week, and the director wants to have a
perfect opening.
4. As a child, he (think) ..................................by his teachers to be extremely bright, but
he (disappoint) .................................all of them by making little effort and thus
achieving nothing.
5. A new species of parrot (discover) ................................recently in the Mato Grosso
forest in Brazil, but this forest (cut down) ................................rapidly at the moment
for ranches and timber, and scientists (fear)
................................that the new species
(make) ................................extinct before long.
6. One year's average rainfall (fall) ...............................in only five days' time last year in
Caracas, Venezuela. The torrential rain
(lead) ...............................to deadly mud
slides. 400,000 people (make) ................................homeless. 25,000 people (kill)
................................Many people (die) ................................because their houses (not,
build) ................................properly.
7. About 700 passengers (rescue) ...............................from the "Titanic" after it (hit)
..............................an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean.
8. No film by Leni Riefenstahl (show) ................................in her native Germany since
the end of the Second World War.
9. As I was getting up to give my speech at the opening session of the conference,
something (whisper) .................................to me by someone nearby, but I was too
excited to hear what he said. Later, I found out that he (whisper)
....................................to me that there was a split in the back of my trousers.
10. When a person (expose) .............................continually to an antibiotic during an
illness of long duration, such as rheumatic fever, the targeted bacteria may develop
their own defense against the drug.
11. The Marathon of Sands (hold) ............................... every year in spring. The race
(start) ...............................in Ouratazate in Morocco and (last) .................................six
days. Competitors (walk) ...............................or (run) ................................. 140 miles
across the Sahara Desert. Each person
(allow) .................................nine litres of water
a day. The race (refer) ...............................to as the toughest foot race on the Earth.
12. A: Hello, Jones & Sons.
B: Oh, I'm sorry. I think I (just, give) ...............................the wrong telephone number
by the operator, or I (dial) ...............................incorrectly,
13. The chemicals, which (discard) ..................................... so carelessly, (leak)
................................. into the river and (cause) ...................................so much pollution
that the river (since, declare) ................................unusable.
14......................................she (tell) ...................................the news yet? If not, someone
ought to tell her as soon as possible.
15.................................... someone (tell) ..............................me what all this noise is about?
UNDRESSING THE EGG
During the time that the US author John Cheever and his family lived in
Rome, they had a maid who spoke very little English. Every morning she would
serve Cheever a soft-boiled egg, which had been peeled in the kitchen and,
consequently, was stone cold. After a week of this, Cheever went to his ItalianEnglish dictionary and constructed and memorised a sentence to explain, in the
most polite terms, his desire to shell his own eggs. When he delivered his
sentence early the next morning, however, the woman turned bright red,
slapped him and marched out of the flat.
She returned that evening, still angry. It was then that Cheever
learnt what he had really said: "Do not undress in the kitchen, you egg."
(from Reader's Digest)
154 Q ELS
3-6
w in
be
be
can may
be
should ought
be
not to had
be
better had to
be
must
be
were supposed to be
be
posted tomorrow.
postponed to next Monday.
allowed to leave early.
warned against dangers.
eaten too much.
cancelled.
taken to hospital.
told the news.
informed about the change.
shouldn't have
cant
have
mus t
have
ought to have
been
been
been
been
allowed to go there.
EXERCISE 9: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Some of the
sentences are passive and some are active.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
I see that your daughter has great musical ability. She should (encourage)
............................. to develop her talent.
My friends Betty and Mary are identical twins, so no one can (distinguish)
............................. one from the other.
Oh no! This computer is not working again.. It can't (repair) ..............................
properly the last time.
Because the Italian president couldn't (speak) ..............................Japanese, his
speech had to (translate) .............................for the Japanese audience.
Your tickets will (sell) .............................to someone else if you don't collect them
at least half an hour before the performance.
Don't use the car until the mechanic's looked at it. I know it was only a minor
accident, but the car might (damage) .............................in away that can't (see)
...................................without a proper examination.
Suitable clothing must (wear) ............................during the hike, or it will cause
great discomfort.
A: I can't (find)............................my Cosmopolitan Magazine, and I haven't read it
yet.
B: Could it (throw] ...........................away by mistake?
A: Now that you mention it. I did leave it under my desk near the waste-paper
basket.
Before the fleeces of Mongolian goats can (make) ............................into Cashmere,
the wool has to (wash) ...........................several times.
Normally Jeff can't (rely) ............................upon to finish a project on time, but he
must (take) ...........................this one seriously as he handed it in punctually.
In my opinion, young drug addicts should (receive) .............................immediate
treatment.
As a rule, foreign languages can't (learn) .............................very quickly, but if the
new language is close to your own, it can (pick) ............................up in no time.
More food should (send) .............................to Malawi; otherwise, millions of people
will starve.
The reporter on the spot points out that Western nations should (send)
............................food supplies to Malawi in order to avoid a human disaster.
The antidote for the poison must (take) ............................within four hours in
order to be effective.
ELS Q 155
BAPTIZED PUPPIES
3-7
STATIVE PASSIVE
ngilizce'de fiillerin nc halleri
(past participle), baz cmlelerde sfat
gibi ilev grr. Bu cmleler yap olarak passive olmalarna karn,
kullanlan past participle, eylemin nasl
yapldn ya da kim tarafndan
yapldn ifade etmez. Yalnzca bir ismi tanmlar. Yani bir
nesnenin ya da
kiinin durumunu ifade eder. Bir ismi tanmlad iin de bu szckler
sfat grevindedir.
iki cmledeki "large" ve "white" szck tr olarak sfattr. "Broken" ise "break"
fiilinin nc halidir; ancak o da, "large" ve "white" gibi "window" szcn
tanmlamtr. Bu tr szcklerin, cmlede passive eylem grevinde mi yoksa bir ismi
tanmlayan sfat grevinde mi olduunu cmlenin akndan karabiliriz.
Yesterday, the window of the classroom was
(passive action)
156 Q ELS
11. The train (crowd)..............so...................that one lady couldn't get off at the right
stop.
12. I don't want to take my camera with me as it (not, insure)..........................
13. The Professor (annoy) ............................probably because half of the students
hadn't bothered to turn up for his lecture.
14. The Blue Mosque, which is among Istanbul's major tourist attractions, (decorate)
..............................very ornately. It's so called because its walls (all, cover)
..............................with blue tiles.
15. Many homes have been repaired since the earthquake, but many (still, damage)
3-8
"Stative passive" bildiren fuller ounlukla bir preposition ile birlikte kullanlr.
I'm Interested In music, especially in folk music.
She Is married to an American.
I'm satisfied with the progress you've made in English.
(NOTE: Exercise 11 ve 12"yl yapmadan nce, "Appendix l" deki "Adjective + preposition"
listesini inceleyiniz.)
EXERCISE 11: Stative Passive + Preposition. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
B) for C) against
B) from C) by
B) at C) of
8.
dishwasher.
A) about
B) from C) at
D) with E) for
Today, macaroni is commonly associated
........... Italy; however, it's believed that it
9.
originated"ta China.
A) to
Bl from C) about
D) by E) with
Marie Antoinette, the last Queen of
France, is best remembered ..........
reportedly saying, "Let them eat cake,"
when she was told that the peasants of
Paris were rioting because they had no
bread to eat.
Al about
BJ for C) to
D) from E)of
158 D ELS
straits.
A) for
B) to C) on
D) from E) in
16. McGill University is best known ......... its
work in medicine and has one of the best
medical libraries In Canada.
A) from
B) for C) at
D) to E) as
17. Everybody looked smart, except for John,
who was dressed .............. Jeans and a Tshirt.
A) for
B) about C) from
D) in E) with
A) to
C)
E) about
19. This cushion is filled..........the soft
feathers of eider ducks.
A)
B) from
with
D) for
E) by
A) on
C)in
23.
B) from
D) with
E) out of
B) to D)
about
E) from
C)
B) from
D) in
E) with
B) about
D) with
E) towards
"Annoy, please, surprise, frighten, etc." gibi fiilleri kullanrken dikkatli olunuz. Bu fiillerin
active biimleri "kzdrmak, memnun etmek, artmak, korkutmak vb." biimindedir. Eer
bunlar "kzmak, memnun olmak, armak, korkmak" anlamnda kullanmak istiyorsak, "be +
past participle" ya da "get + past participle" yapsyla, yani passive cmle yapsyla kullanmamz
gerekir.
She disappointed me with her low grades. (Dk
notlaryla beni hayal krklna uratt.)
EXERCISE 13: Use an appropriate form of "get' and the given verbs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
160 Q ELS
14. It's only two weeks now until we fly to Egypt for our holiday. We (both, excite)
15. Jean and Neil (divorce) ............................ at the moment, but it is taking a long
istruction site.
B) with D) from
............. the young
B) with
DJfor
A) for
C) by
0 on
B) from
D) in E)
A) from
B) in C) inside
D) for E)by
15. There is a fierce debate in the country
about whether minks should be raised
their fur.
A) with
C) for
E) out of
B) by
D) as
163
Gerund/Infinitive ieren bir cmlede zellikle fiillerden hangisinin active hangisinin passive
olduuna dikkat ediniz. Bazen her iki fiil de passive olabilir.
They don't allow students to take books out from the library.
Passive 1: Students aren't allowed to take books out from the library.
(aren't allowed: passive, to take: active)
(rencilerin ktphaneden dar kitap karmalarna izin verilmiyor.)
Passive 2: They don't allow books to be taken out from the library.
(don't allow, active, to be taken: passive)
(Kitaplarn ktphaneden dar karlmasna izin vermiyorlar.)
Passive 3: Books aren't allowed to be taken out from the library.
(aren't allowed: passive, to be taken: passive)
(Kitaplarn ktphaneden dar karlmasna izin verilmiyor.)
EXERCISE 16: Change the active to the passive.
Active:
People believe that he Is the murderer of his wife.
Passive 1: It's believed that he Is the murderer of his wife.
Passive 2: He is believed to be the murderer of his wife.
(Onun, karsnn katili olduuna inanlyor.}
Birinci tip passive cmleye "It's + past participle" ile balanr ve "that clause" aynen eklenir.
kinci tip passive cmleye ise, "noun clause"daki zne ile balanr. Bu passive biimini
tense'lere gre u ekillerde kullanabiliriz:
a)
b)
Simple Present
c)
d)
Simple Past
People claim that he left the country two months ago.
It is claimed that he left the country two months ago.
He is claimed to have left the country two months ago.
e)
Present Perfect
f)
Present Progressive
We think that he is waiting there now.
It's thought that he is waiting there now.
He is thought to be waiting there now.
g)
Past Progressive
People say that he was working very hard.
It is said that he was working very hard.
He is said to have been working very hard.
h)
165
i)
J)
Temel cmledeki yklem past tense ise, passive cmlede "was, were" kullanmamz gerekir.
People believed that he had committed the crime.
It was believed that he had committed the crime.
He was believed to have committed the crime.
Temel cmlenin yklemi "present", yan cmleciin yklemi "past" olduu zaman passive
cmlede "to have done" yapsnn kullanldn grdk. Bunun nedeni, eylemler arasndaki
zaman ilikisini vurgulamaktr.
They believe that she acted deliberately.
(believe: present, acted: past) It is believed
that she acted deliberately. She is believed
to have acted deliberately.
Eer hem temel cmlenin hem de yan cmleciin yklemi "past" ise, iki eylem arasnda zaman
fark olmad iin, bu ifadeyi passive yapya "to do/to be doing' biiminde aktarrz. Yan
cmledeki eylem daha nce gereklemise, bunu active cmlede "past perfect/past perfect
continuous" kullanarak ifade ederiz. Bu durumda, iki eylem arasndaki fark gstermek iin
passive cmlede yine "to have done/to have been doing' kullanrz.
They believed that she knew the truth.
(believed: past, knew, past)
She was believed to know the truth.
They believed that she had acted deliberately.
(believed: past, had acted: past perfect) She was
believed to have acted deliberately.
They reported that the two sides had been fighting for two months. It
was reported that the two sides had been Ughting for two months. The
two sides were reported to have been fighting for two months.
Bu passive yapsyla yaygn olarak kullanlan fiiller say, claim, understand, think, suppose,
expect, report, allege, acknowledge, assume, estimate, believe, consider gibi fiillerdir.
166 a ELS
EXERCISE 18: a) Complete the passage using the correct forms of the verbs given. Use
active or passive.
CRAZY HORSE
Crazy Horse (1. bear) ...................................on Rapid Creek, USA, in 1843. Although
he (2. be) ...................................not the son of a chief, he (3. become) ......................................
one of the greatest leaders of his people during his lifetime.
The boyhood of Crazy Horse (4.spend) ....................................in the days when
the western Sioux Indians (S.seldom, see) ...................................a white man. He (6.bring\
.................................. up carefully according to the Sioux tribal customs. Crazy Horse
(7.1ove)...................................horses, and his father (S.give) .....................................him a
pony of his own when he was very young. He
(9. become) .................................... a fine
horseman and (10. accompany) ............................his father on buffalo hunts. In those
days, the Sioux (11.have) ....................................only a few guns, and the hunting (12.do)
.................................. mostly with bow and arrows.
Young Crazy Horse was twenty-one years old when all the western and plains Sioux
Indians (13.meet) ...................................in council to determine upon their future policy
toward the white settlers. They (14.reason) ....................................that the country was
wide, and that the white traders should (15.make) ....................................welcome. Up to
that time, they (IB.anticipate) ....................................no conflict. They (17.permit)
...................................the Oregon Trail, but now to their astonishment, forts
(IS.build)
...................................in their territory.
After years of unrest, in 1866, the Sioux (19.decide) .....................................to defend
their rights and territory by force. Attacks (20.make) ....................................upon forts
throughout Sioux territory.
Crazy Horse (21. become) ...................................the leader of the Sioux warriors. He
(22.1ead)....................................his men to victory on many occasions and (23.never,
defeat) ....................................in a military battle, but he (24.MI) ...................................... at
only 34 years of age, on September 6, 1877. He (25.stab) .....................................in the
back by an American soldier at Fort Robinson, Nebraska, while he was under US Army
protection.
2.
C raz y H orse..........
A )w a s s h o t in a b a ttle
B ) w a s m orta lly w ou nd ed w hile buffalo hunting
C ) w a s ca ptured w he n he fell off his horse
D ) d isa gree d w ith the o ther council m em bers
E) w as killed by an A m eric an soldie r
3.
T he Siou x's o rigina l rea ctio n to the w hite trade rs w as tha t they
A ) could defeat all the other Indian tribes if they joined forces
B ) ou gh t to b e w e lc om e d and no t op pos e d
C ) w ould de finite ly des troy the ir buffalo hunting grounds
D ) shou ld be res is ted by fo rc e im m e dia te ly
E) c ou ld n ot b e tru s te d e ve n if the y s igne d a tre a ty w ith the m
168 Q ELS
EXERCISE 19; a) Complete the passage using the correct forms of the verbs given. Use
active or passive.
A PROJECT TO RETRACE THE ROUTES TAKEN BY EARLY ARAB SAILORS
It (1.generally, acknowledge) ............................... that stories about the folk hero,
Sinbad the Sailor, (2.base) ................................. on the adventures of Arab seamen during
the golden age of Arab sail between the 8th and llth centuries. During this time, Arab
sailors (3.venture) ................................. to the limits of the known world. It
(4.believe)
............................... that they (S.reach) ..................................as far as China. Their boats
(6.not, nail) ................................ together. Instead, they (7.stitch) .................................
together with a thick cord, which
(8.make) ................................from coconut husk fibres.
When Tim Severin (9.decide) ................................ to build a replica boat and attempt to
follow the old merchant shipping routes, the Omani government
(10. agree)
............................... to pay for the project almost entirely. They
(11. cover)
...............................the costs of building and (12.supply) ...................................a crew of
experienced seamen. The boat (IS.build) ................................ in only 165 days. The wood
(14.shape) ...............................with hand tools and 20,000 holes (IS.drill)
.................................An amazing 400 miles of rope (IB.use) ....................................The
wood (17.bring) ............................... from India's Malabar coast and the keel
(IS.make)
...............................from one 52-foot-long giant log. The replica boat
(19.name)
............................... "Sohar" by the team, after Sinbad the Sailor's reputed birthplace. On
November 23, 1980, during the celebration of the tenth anniversary of Sultan gaboos'
rule, the boat (20.1aunch) ................................ at Sur in Oman and tribesmen from
Oman's interior, fishermen from the coastal villages and old sea captains
(21. gather)
............................... to dance and sing in celebration. The crew
(22. travel)
............................... first to an Indian island, then the Indian mainland and on to Sri
Lanka. After stopping at Sumatra and Singapore, they
(23. set) ...................................out
across the South China Sea. In pirate-infested water in the South China Sea, they
(24,come) ................................across a boat which (25.1oad) ..................................with
Vietnamese people who (26.sail) ................................ for Taiwan. After they (27. give)
............................... the Vietnamese people medical supplies and directions to Taiwan,
the crew (28.continue) ................................ on their journey. The Sohar (29.arrive)
...............................at her destination in China on July
11, 1981, and by then, the boat
(30-cover)................................ a distance of 6,000 miles.
We learn from the passage that one special feature of Arab boats of the 8th century
was that they.........
A) were paid for by the government
B) were nailed together with over 20,000 nails
C) were used solely by fishermen from coastal villages
D) were named after the captain's birthplace
E) were sown together with cord
2.
EXERCISE 20: a) Complete the passage using the correct forms of the verbs given. Use
active or passive.
RESEARCH ON AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Autism (l.be) .................................a severely incapacitating life-long disability.
Usually, it (2.start) .......................................at birth, but never later than two-and-a-half
years of age. It (3.characterize) .........................................by severe learning and
communication deficits, little interest in others, withdrawn behaviour, aggression and
even self-injurious conduct. Despite their serious mental disability, many autistic
children (4.display) ........................................extraordinary talents in areas such as
mathematics, music or art.
Bernard Rimland's involvement with research on autistic children
(5. begin)
.........................................in March 1956, with the birth of his first son, who (6-display)
......................................behavioral characteristics typical of autistic children, although he
(7.be) .........................................then, and (8.be) ...........................................today, a perfect
physical specimen. As then little (9.know\ ...................................... about autism, he
(W.decide) .........................................to investigate the condition to see what
(11. can, do)
...........................................for him. After several years, he (12.begin) .......................................
to develop a theory of what autism (IS.mean) ..................................what might be its
cause, and where in the brain the disorder might reside. This
(14. do) ...............................
in his leisure hours, as he (IS.then, work) ........................................full time for the
Government. In five years, he (16.complete) .....................................his book entitled
"Infantile Autism", which (17.win) ......................................the first Century Award in a
competition. Almost overnight, he (IS.become) ...................................an authority on
autistic children, his book having demonstrated that it was in fact a physiological
disorder of the nervous system, and not primarily an emotional illness as
(W.previously,
think) ......................................Subsequently he(2Q.grantj ................................ a on e -y e a r
fellow ship at the Center of A dvanced Studies of B ehavioral Sciences at Stanford
U niversity, where he(21.further,develop).............................................his theo ries. The
high leve l of public aw areness of autism since the
1980s (22.frequently, attribute)
.....................................to his relentless w ork in this field.
b) C h oos e the c orre ct ans w er ac cord ing to the pass age.
1.
2.
From the typical features of autistic children, w e can conclude that they
.
A ) ca n d o ph ys ica l ha rm to th e m s e lve s
B ) ca nn ot lea rn a n yth ing a t a ll
C ) ne v e r a t ta c k the p e op le a ro u n d the m
D ) don't ac tu ally ha ve a ny diffic ulty learning the vis ua l a rts
E) are extrem ely em otional
3.
I7O Q ELS
EXERCISE 21: a) Complete the passage using the correct forms of the verbs given. Use
active or passive.
THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES
The largest palace in France (1.situate) ...........................in the city of Versailles,
about 21 kilometres southwest of Paris. It (2.build) ...........................as a result of the
envy of King Louis XIV, and when it (S.complete) ............................, it (4.become)
..............................the object of envy of every other monarch in Europe. The Winter
Palace in St. Petersburg, Schonbrunn in Vienna, and Herrenchiemsee in Bavaria are
only three of the royal palaces which (S.build) ...........................in imitation of the
Palace of Versailles. Versailles itself (6.serve) ...................... as a royal residence for a
little more than a century, from 1682 until 1789, when the French Revolution (7.begin)
................................ On August 17, 1661, Louis (S.see) ............................the magnificent
palace of his superintendent of finances. He (9.outrage) ............................that one of his
ministers should have such a home, while he did not. The superintendent (10. throw)
..............................into prison and the King (ll.hire) .............................the men who
(12.design) ........................... and (IS.build) ...........................the superintendent's
palace to do the same for him at Versailles. About 15,000 hectares of land (14.clear)
.......,...................to make room for tree-lined terraces and thousands of flowering
plants. There were 1,400 fountains and 400 pieces of new sculpture. The construction
of the palace, which (15.start)............................in 1669, went on through the next
century. More than 36,000 workers (IB.involve) ........................in the project, and when
the building (17.complete) ............................it (IS.can, accommodate) .......................up
to 5,000 people. Funded by two French government grants, a 70-million-dollar
restoration (W.complete) ...........................in the late 1980s. More than eighty rooms
(20.renovate) .............................The parts of the palace that (21.damage)
..............................after the French Revolution (22.restore) .............................to their
original design. Today the palace (23.visit) ...........................by tourists from around the
globe as one of France's finest monuments. Due to the building's immense size,
members of the public (24. only, admit) ...........................to a small portion of it. Many
of the rooms now (25.serve) ........................... as government offices.
ELS a
EXERCISE 22: a) Complete the passage using the correct forms of the verbs given. Use
active or passive.
ROSA BONHEUR
Few women artists (I.be) ............................... so successful in their lifetimes as the
19th century French painter and sculptor Rosa Bonheur. A kindly person, she
(2.devote)
..............................to animals. Her pictures of them (3.win) ................................. her fame
and fortune.
Rosa Bonheur (4.bear) ................................ in Bordeaux, France, on March 22,
1822, and was the oldest of four children. Her father, a painter and an art teacher,
(S.give) ...............................Rosa her first art lessons. Although they were poor, Rosa's
father always (G.manage) ............................to have some pets for his children to love and
to sketch. At an early age Rosa (7.begin) ............................... sketching animals. As she
(S.grow) .............................older, she (9.visit) ................................. butcher shops and
slaughterhouses to study animal anatomy. In
1852, she (lO.give) ................................
permission from the police prefect to wear clothes more suitable to these activities and
the outdoor life that she (11. prefer) ...............................instead of the traditional women's
clothing. Rosa (12. encourage) ...............................by the beliefs of the St. Simonions, who
(IS.believe) ..............................in equality of the sexes, and from the works of George
Sand - pen name of Aurore Dudevant, the most famous woman writer in
19th-century
Europe - to pursue her career. Rosa was only nineteen when two of her pictures
(14.accept) ..............................for the annua l P aris ex hibition of p aintings, the Sa lo n.
Four years later the Salon(IS.aw ard) ...............................he r a m e d a l in th e na m e of K in g
Louis Philippe. This(IG.mark) ...............................the beg inning of a suc ce ssful ca ree r,
during w hich she(17.receive)...............................m a n y h o n o u rs . S h e(I S . e v e n, m a k e )
..............................an officer of the Legion of H onour. This w as the first time that a
w om an (IS.aw ard)...............................this title. She(20.undertake) .................................
enorm ous, com plex canvases suc h as The H orse F air', w hic
(21
h .c ons ide r)
..............................he r m asterpiece by m a ny con te m porary critics, a nd
(22.n ow , d ispla y]
..............................at the M etropolitan M useum, N ew Y ork City. In 'H orses Threshing
Corn', ten life-size horses(23.depict) .................................A t th e tim e of its exec ution, th is
w as the la rg est anim al picture tha(24
t .e ver, pain t).................................
2.
A c co rdin g to the au thor, B o nhe ur fou nd the motiva tion to purs ue a caree r partly
w ith the help of............
A ) the w orks of G e orge Sand
B ) h e r p e ts a t h o m e
C ) the Legion of Honour
D ) pe op le w orking a t sla ughterhouse s
E) pa inting th e la rg est p ic tu re of hors es
3.
17Z Q ELS
YOURSELF 3
1.
2.
3.
h i a r ra n g e d m a rr ia g e s , th e p a re n. ts
w h o th e i r d a u g h t e r o r s ..............
on
A } a r e c h o o sin g /a r e m a rr ie d
B ) had chosen/w ould have m arried
C) have chosen/m arried
D )ch o se/m a rry
E) c h o o s e /w ill m a rry
4.
6.
7. T h e d r i e s t p l a c e o n e a r th i s I n t h e
A tam a cad esert o f C h ile , w h e re n o
ra in fa ll
a t a ll............b e t w e e n 1 5 7 0 a n d 1 9 7 1 .
A )w a s re c o rd e d
B )has been recorded
C ) w e re re co rd in g
D )h a d re c o r d e d
E) w o u ld h a v e r e c o r d e d
8. R a k , th e m o s t fa m o u s T u rk is h
a lc o h o li c
b ev erag e,............w h i te w h e n w a t e.............
r
to it.
A )h a s tu rn ed /w ill b e ad d ed
B ) is turn in g /h as ad d ed
C) w a s
tu rn ing /ad de d
D )tu rn s/is add ed
E) tu rn ed /h ad ad d ed
A )w e r e r e s c u e d /h a d c o l l a p s e d
B ) a r e b e i n g r e s c u e d / is c o l l a p s e d
C) have been rescued/collapsed
D) had rescued/was collapsed
E) were rescuing/has collapsed
5.
A )i s b r o u g h t/ m a y f in d
B ) h a s b r o u g h t/ c o u ld f i n d
C ) w e r e b r o u g h t /w o u l d b e f o u n d
D )h a d b r o u g h t / m i g h t h a v e f o u n d
E) w o u ld h a v e b r o u g h t / h a d f o u n d
U n le s s th is o u tb re a k o f c h o le............
ra
11. T h e lo a n p e rio d fo r lib ra ry b o o k s is
ra p id ly u n d er co n tr o l, w
............
e
tw o
o u rse lv e s w ith a n e p id em ic o n o u r h an d s .
w e e k s , b u t b o o k............fo
s
r a se c o n d
tim e, w h ich effec tiv e ly m e an s th at
you
..........to k e e p t h e m f o r o n e m o n th .
A ) c a n b e r e n e w e d / a r e a l lo w e d
B ) s h o u ld r e n e w /h a v e b e e n a llo w e d
C ) h a v e b e e n r e n e w e d /h a v e a l lo w e d
D ) a r e re n e w e d /o u g h t to a l l o w
E)
a r e s u p p o s e d t o r e n e w / a ll o w
ELS Q 173
12. B e fo re th e A sw an H ig h D a.............
m
ag ricu ltu re In E g y ............o
pt
n the annu al
flooding of the N ile.
A )h a d b u i l t / w a s d e p e n d i n g
B )w as b uilt/h a d d epe nd ed
C) was being built/has depended
D) is built/has been depending
E) has been built/depended
14. T h o u g h th e b o o............y
k
e t, m an y p e o p le
..........it fr o m th e p u b lish e r a lre a d y .
A )w a sn 't p u b lis h e d /w il l h a v e o rd e re d
B ) w o n 't b e p u b l is h e d / o r d e r e d
C ) i s n 't p u b lis h in g /a r e o r d e rin g
D )h a s n 't b e e n p u b l i s h e d /h a v e o r d e r e d
E) w o n 't h a v e p u b l i s h e d /o r d e r
18. I t i s h o p e d th a t t h e n e w s c h e m e w h i c h
..........i n to o p e r a ti o n n e x t m o n.............
th
p ris o n ers o c c u p y th e m se lv e s u se fu lly .
A )p u ts /i s g o i n g t o h e lp
B )w as put/h as helped
C ) i s p u t t in g / i s h e l p i n g
D )w i l l b e p u t / h a s h e l p e d
E) is b e in g p u t/w il l h e lp
19. A s th e le tte............o
r
n ly y es te rd a y , I
d o u b t th a t I............b
t
y to m orro w ev en in g .
A ) h a s b e e n p o s te d / is a rr iv i n g
B ) ha d p o s te d/ w o uld ha v e a rriv e d
C ) h a d b e e n p o s ti n g /h a s a rri v e d
D ) w ould be p os te d /w ou ld a rriv e
E) w a s p os te d /w ill ha v e a rriv e d
20. h a F ra n c e , a s I n o th e r E u r o p e a n
c o u n tr ie s , w in e p ro d u c tio n a n d m a rk e tin g
p ro c e s s e s............stric tly.............b y t h e
g o v e r n m e n t to a s s u r e c o n s is t e n t h i g h
q uality.
A )are/reg u late d
B ) have /reg u late d
C ) have been /regu lating
D ) w e r e / r e g u la tin g
E) w ill h a v e / re g u l a t e d
A )b r e a k / h a v e c h a n g e d
B) had broken/would change
C) are breaking/will change
D) broke/were changing
E) would break/had been changing
23. B y th e tim e th e r u in s o f A n g k o r W a t
.........., th e re w a s n o th in g le f t o f th e g re a t
civ iliza tio n th at
............th e m .
A ) d is c o v e r e d /w o u ld h a v e p r o d u c e d
B ) w e r e d i s c o v e r e d /h a d p r o d u c e d
C ) h a v e b e e n d i s c o v e r e d /w a s p r o d u c i n g
D ) w e r e d is c o v e r in g /p ro d u c e s
E) h a d b e e n d i s c o v e r e d / h a s p r o d u c e d
his hideout.
LS a
175
36. I t a pp e a r s tha t, I n th e fu tu re , v a s t s um s
of money............In order to solve the
problem of air pollution.
A ) is going to spe nd
B ) h a s be e n s pe n d in g
C ) h a v e b e e n s pe n t
D ) c ould ha v e s pe n t
E) w ill have to be spent
37. M any of therelics of early M esopotamia,
one of the areas where civilizations first
..........,.............from their sites over the
ye a rs, and a re now on display in
E u ro p e a n m u s e u m s .
A ) use d to de ve lo p/w e re re m o ve d
B ) h a d d e ve lope d/h a ve re m ov e d
176 a ELS
alcoholism.
A )is n't c on tro lle d/c a n le a d
B ) do e s n 't c on tr ol/m u s t le a d
C ) did n't c on tro l/m ig ht le a d
D )ha s n 't c o nt ro lle d /h a s le d
E) w a s n't c o n tro lle d /h a d le d
50. T e m p e ra tu re............b y a t h e r m o m e t e r , a
gla ss tub e In w hic h the he igh t of a
colum n of mercury or alc ohol
............w ith
varia tions In tem perature.
A ) is m e a s u ri n g /h a s c h a n g e d
B) m easures/has been changed
C) m easured/had changed
D ) is m e a s u re d / c h a n g e s
E) h a s m e a s u r e d / i s c h a n g e d
51. U nde r U K equal oppo rtunity la w s, an
employee............a ga in s t on the g ro u n d s
of race, religion or gender.
A ) d idn 't u s e to d is c rim in a te
B ) sh ou ld n ot d isc rim in a te
C ) w o n't ha ve dis crim in ated
D ) h as n't be e n dis c rim in a ting
E) c a nn ot b e dis c rim ina te d
52. A great deal of research
.............o ut In th e
field of genetic engineering In recent
years.
A ) is being carried
B ) h a s be e n c a r rie d
C) w ill be carrying
D ) w ill be carried
E) w ould ha ve ca rrie d
country road.
A ) h a d d riv e n/w ou ld d ec id e
B ) m u s t h a v e d riv e n /h a d de c id e d
C ) s ho ul d h a ve d riv e n /d e c id e s
D ) c o uld ha v e drive n /de c ide d
E) w a s dr iv in g /ha s d e c id e d
w hile
ELS a 177
1 78 Q EL S
ELS a 179
Q183
qo INTO TRANNq
TO IEARN
kow?
JOAN BAEZ
TkE
(US
PAblo
(SpANsh MUSCAN ANd
COMpOSER)
UNIT 4 and
"WISH" Clauses
INTRODUCTION
"If clause" un Trke karl "koul cmlesi" dir. Koul cmleleri iki cmlecikten oluur: "if
clause ve temel cmle. "K" in bal bulunduu cmlede koulu, temel cmlede ise, o koul
yerine geldiinde olabilecek eylemi, yani sonucu ifade ederiz. Cmleye "If "clause ya da temel
cmle ile balamak anlam deitirmez. Ancak, "if' clause cmle banda yer aldnda, temel
cmleye geerken virgl kullanlr.
If he comes early.
conditional clause
4-1
if he comes early.
conditional clause
"IF" CLAUSES
b)
c)
4 -2
T Y P E1 : T R U E IN T H E P R E S E N T O R F U T U R E
inde bulunduumuz anda ya da gelecekte, belli bir koul yerine geldiinde olabilecek olaylar
type l- if clause ile ifade ederiz. Temel olarak kullanabileceimiz tense'ler, "if li cmlede Simple
Present (do/does), temel cmlede ise Simple Future (will) dr.
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.
I will visit my parents after work if I have time.
They will come to the cinema with us if they leave work early enough.
If she passes the university exam, her life will change a lot.
"If 'in bal bulunduu cmledeki eylem gelecek zamana ait olduunda da, Future Tense yerine
Simple Present kullanlr. Cmleye gelecek zaman anlamn, temel cmlede Future Tense
kullanarak verebiliriz.
Perhaps she will come tomorrow. Then we will study together.
If she comes tomorrow, we will study together.
Perhaps she wiUget her salary next week. Then she'll pay back what she owes me.
If she gets her salary next week, she will pay back what she owes me.
Perhaps there will be another rise in prices soon. Then everybody will suffer. If
there is another rise in prices soon, everybody will suffer.
Perhaps it won't be her day off tomorrow. Then I'll go shopping alone.
If it isn't her day off tomorrow, I'll go shopping alone.
4-3
"ffli cmlede Simple Present, temel cmlede Future Tense kullanmnn dnda, gerek if
clause'da gerekse temel cmlede baka yaplar da kullanabiliriz.
1. TEMEL CMLEDE KULLANABLECEMZ YAPILAR
a)
"WilTin varyasyonlar (will be doing, will have done, will have been doing)
She applied to a computer firm last week, and she may get the job. If she is
hired, she will be working there as a sales representative next month.
If I start studying right away, I will have finished my work by the time you
come back from shopping. Then we can drink our afternoon tea together.
She has been working for us for exactly ten years now, and if everything goes
alright, she will have been working here for fifteen years by the time she retires.
b)
May/Might/Could (Possibility]
If the weather continues like this, we may/might/could cancel the garden
party at the weekend.
(Perhaps we will cancel the party.)
If inflation keeps rising at its present rate, there may/might/could be another
devaluation.
(Perhaps there will be another devaluation.)
188 Q ELS
c)
d)
Must, have to, have got to (necessity); should, ought to, had better
(advisability) and any expression of command, request, suggestion or advice
(necessity)
If you don't want to be late for the beginning of the film, you have
to/must/have got to leave at once.
.:
(Advisability)
If you want to get rid of this cold, you should/ought to follow the doctor's
instructions.
If she doesn't want to be fired, she had better be punctual.
If you want to keep fit, stop smoking and take up a sport.
If you don't want to put on weight, don't eat so much.
(Request)
If you don't have anything to do now, can you do the dishes for me?
If this report isn't urgent, could I leave a little early today?
(Preference)
If the film isn't worth seeing, I would rather have an early night.
(Suggestion)
If the weather is nice at the weekend,
e)
Temel cmlede Simple Present kullanm ok yaygn deildir. Ancak, alkanlklarmzdan, belli
bir koul yerine geldiinde genelde yaptmz eylemlerden ve doa olaylarndan sz ediyorsak,
temel cmlede Simple Present kullanabiliriz.
If someone shouts at me when I don't deserve it, I get angry, (general)
If I get hungry before lunch time, I usually eat a few biscuits to satisfy my
hunger, (general]
If you boil water, it evaporates, ('will evaporate" de kullanlr.)
If the temperature drops below OC, water freezes, ("water will freeze" de
mmkn.)
2.
"tf'li cmlede en ok kullanlan tense, Simple Present Tense'dir. Bunun yan sra
kullanabileceimiz yaplan yle sralayabiliriz:
a)
.f
If you can pass the university exam, you will be one of the lucky ones, (abilit If
one can speak two or more foreign languages, it is easier to find a proper job.
(ability)
If you can leave work earlier tomorrow, shall we meet up and go to the cinema
(permission)
ELS n ]
b)
Have to (necessity)
Normally, it is my off day tomorrow, but I may have to go to work to finish the
project.
If I have to go to work, I'll let you know.
She has an exam tomorrow, so she may have to prepare for it tonight.
If she has to study tonight, she won't be able to come to the cinema with us.
c)
Eer konuma srasnda devam etmekte olan bir eylemi ifade ediyorsak, "if1 clause'da Present
Continuous Tense kullanabiliriz.
If you are looking for your slippers, they are under the cupboard.
- Shall I put the macaroni into the pot?
- If the water Is boiling, you can put it in.
We can tell her the good news as soon as we get home, if she Isn't sleeping.
d)
"H '1i cmlede Present Perfect Tense'i, "Eer iini bitirdiysen, tamamladysan" gibi anlamlar
vermek iin kullanabiliriz.
If you have finished reading that book, may I borrow it for a while? If
you have finished your lunch, I'll ask the waiter for the bill. If you
haven't seen that film yet, we can go to see it tomorrow.
e)
Should
Type 2 - If clause, iinde bulunduumuz anda ya da gelecekte olacak bir olayn tersim
dnp koul ileri srmek ve bu hayali koulun sonucunu ifade etmek iin kullanlr. Bu
nedenle, kullanabileceimiz tense'ler, gerei ifade etmek iin kullanacamz tense'lerden bir
derece daha past olmaldr. Yani, will yerine would, can yerine could, do yerine did kullanmak
gibi.
19O Q ELS
Truth:
I don't have enough money now, so I can't lend you any to buy
that shirt, (present)
(u anda yeterli param yok. Bu yzden, o gmlei alman iin
sana para veremem.)
Conditional:
Truth:
Conditional:
4-5
1.
a)
b)
2.
a)
"be" (was/were)
If clause'da "be" fiili, btn zneler iin "were" biiminde kullanlr. "/, he, she, it" iin "was" da
kullanabiliriz. Ancak, btn znelerle "were" kullanm daha yaygndr.
ELS
Q191
Past Tense
c)
Eer devam etmekte olan bir eylemin (am/is/are doing) tersini dnerek koul cmlesi
oluturuyorsak if clause'da "was/were doing" kullanabiliriz.
I'm studying now, so I can't help you.
If I weren't studying now, I could help you.
(Eer u anda alyor olmasaydm, sana yardm edebilirdim.)
The baby is sleeping now, so I can't go out with you.
If the baby weren't sleeping now, I would go out with you.
d)
192 Q ELS
She doesn't have to get up early tomorrow, so she doesn't have to go to bed
early tonight.
If she had to get up early tomorrow, she would have to go to bed early tonight.
e)
Should
Type 2- If clause'da "should" kullanmak, ayn type l'de olduu gibi, olasln daha az
olduunu vurgular.
If there were a nuclear war, many living *hings would disappear from the
earth.
If there should be a nuclear war, many living things would disappear from the
earth.
If I were to see him tomorrow, I would give him your message.
If I should see him tomorrow, I would give him your message.
4-6
Type 3- If clause, gemite olmu olaylarn tersini dnp, bir koul ileri srmek ve bu
koulun sonucunu ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
Truth:
Conditional:
She didn't study hard enough, so she didn't pass the test.
If she had studied hard enough, she would have passed the
test.
Truth:
She was late for work, because she didn't hear her alarm
clock ring. Conditional:
If she had heard her alarm clock
ring, she wouldn't have been
late for work.
(Eer saatin aldn duysayd/duymu olsayd, ie ge
kalmazd.}
Truth:
She didn't warn the child about the boiling kettle, so he burnt
himself. Conditional:
If she had warned the child about
the boiling kettle, he
wouldn't have burnt himself.
4-7
1.
a)
b)
Because I knew the way to the tourist information office, I was able to direct the
tourists there.
If I hadn't known the way to the tourist information office, I wouldn't have
been able to direct them.
c)
Might have done (possibility) and could have done (permission and ability)
Because he wasn't well-qualified, he wasn't considered for the post.
If he had been well-qualified, he might have been considered for the post.
(Perhaps he would have been considered...)
He had the necessary qualifications, so he got the job.
If he hadn't had the necessary qualifications, he might not have got the job.
(Perhaps he wouldn't have gotten the job...)
Because he was extremely nervous during the driving test, he couldn't pass it.
If he hadn't been so nervous during the test, he could have passed it.
I learnt all the prepositions by heart, so I did well on the test.
If I hadn't learnt all the prepositions by heart, I couldn't have done well on the
test.
2.
a)
b)
c)
194 Q ELS
BLOSSOMS OF WHAT?
My daughter Bonnie knew how much I loved flowers. Once, when she
was nine, she picked some branches from our neighbour's blossoming fruit
tree. Realizing she intended to please me, I didn't scold her, but chose a
different approach.
"These are lovely, Bonnie, but if you had left them on the tree, each
of these blossoms would have become a cherry."
"No, they wouldn't," she stated firmly.
"Oh yes, they would. Each of these blossoms would have grown into a
cherry."
"Well, OK," she finally conceded, "but they were plums last year!"
(by Betty Bangay from Reader's Digest)
SUMMARY TENSE
COMBINATIONS IN TYPE 1
If Clause
do/does
am/is/are doing
have/has done
can, have to, must, should
be to do
Main Clause
will
will be doing, will have done
will have been doing
may/might
can
must, have to, have got to
should, ought to, had better
could (possibility)
could (suggestion)
Expressions of command, request
advice or suggestion
Main Clause
was/were
did, was/were to do
was/were doing
could
had to
should
Main Clause
had done
had been doing
had had to do
had been able to do
----'
\
/\
\
\
4-8
a)
b)
Q ELS
We live in a rural area and our youngest daughter, Pat, is a crosscountry champion. Part of her training is running 60 to 70 miles a week on
local country roads. For safety purposes, her father follows closely behind
her with his large tractor.
During one of his visits, my elderly grandfather watched her training
from an upstairs window. As she turned into the lane, I commented that she
was becoming quite fast.
N
'},
**)
1
>
\
/-\
EXERCISE 1: Write the conditional sentences for the given true situations.
1.
He may bring his chess set with him, so we can play a few games before dinner.
ELS Q
13. 1 don't need to include all the background information in my report because it is not
important.
I (have to)...................................include all the background information in my report
if it (be) ...................................important.
14. His wife didn't learn Japanese, so she made very few friends in Kyoto.
If his wife (leam) ..................................Japanese, she (make) .....................................
more friends in Kyoto.
15. The electrical repair shop may still be open now. Then we will leave our tape
recorder with them.
If the electrical repair shop (be) ...................................still open, we (leave)
..................................our tape recorder with them.
EXERCISE 2: Write the true situations for the given
conditional sentences.
1.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
4. If th e ric h e r co un trie
.........s
s
o much on
a r m s , th e y.........starv in g p eo p le m o re .
B) will suit
D) was to suit
E) had suited
B) would get
D) would have got
E) could have got
A )w o u l d n 't s p e n d / c a n h e l p
B) didn't spend/could help
C) won't spend/might help
D) hadn't spent/may help
E) weren't spending/helped
5.
9.
20. If we.........in t h e fu tu r e , o u r c h i ld r e n
........i n a p o llu te d , d a n g e r o u s a n d
co rru p t w o rld .
A )h av en 't in v e s te d /w ere liv in g
B ) h a d n 't i n v e s te d /a re liv in g
C) won't invest/would have lived
D) don't invest/will live
E) aren't investing/would live
n o w . C an y o u c all m e ba ck in h alf a n
hour?
27. If everything
.........a c c o rd in g to p la n , b y
th is tim e to m orro w w
.........t
e
o th e
airp o rt fo r th e b e g in n in g o f o u r trip .
A )w e n t/a re g o in g to d ri v e
B) goes/will be driving
C) has gone/were being driven
D) had gone/can be driving
E) should go/would have driven
4-9
OTHER CONDITIONALS
1.
Bu yaplar, tense kurallar asndan ayn "If' gibi kullanlrlar. Ancak "if den daha gl bir
koul ifade ederler.
You can pass the exam if you study hard.
(Eer ok alrsan snav geebilirsin.)
You can pass the exam onfy if you study hard.
provided (that)
providing (that)
as long as
so long as (Snav
ancak ok alrsan geebilirsin.)
"Only If' cmlenin banda kullanlrsa, temel cmle devrik olur. Dierlerinde byle bir
deiiklik yaplmaz.
Provided (that) you study hard, you can pass the exam.
Providing (that) As long as So long as
Onfy if you study hard can you pass the exam.
I will lend him some money provided he promises to pay me back.
I would lend him some money provided he promised to pay me back.
I would have lent him some money provided he had promised to pay me back.
I can forgive her so long as she apologizes to me.
I could forgive her so long as she apologized to me.
I could have forgiven her so long as she had apologized to me.
2.
UNLESS
Unless, "except on the condition that' anlamn veren bir balatr. Olumsuz bir anlama sahip
olduu iin bal bulunduu cmle genellikle olumlu yapdadr. Bu nedenle unless, baz
cmlelerde "If.... not" yerine kullanlabilir. Unless daha ok uyar anlam ieren ifadelerde
kullanlr. Type 2 - if clause ile kullanm ok kstldr.
You can't pass the exam if you don't study.
You can't pass the exam unless you study.
We can't get to the cinema in time for the beginning of the film unless we leave
immediately/if we don't leave immediately.
Unless you leave home at once, you will be late for work.
The factory will have to be closed down unless the economic situation
improves.
Unless' in bal bulunduu cmle genellikle olumludur ancak anlam olumsuzdur. Unless' den
sonra olumsuz bir ifadenin kullanlmas ok gl bir vurgu belirtir.
Don't go out in the midday sun unless/except on the condition that you realty
can't avoid it.
(Don't go out in the midday sun if you can avoid it.)
Bu iki cmle anlamca birbirine yakndr. Ama unless'li cmle gl bir uyan, If li cmle ise bir
t ifade eder.
202 G ELS
"Unless" ile kurulmu bir cmlenin "If... not" ile ifade edilmi biimi her zaman ayn anlam
vermez. zellikle Type-3 "if dause'larda bu anlam deiikliine dikkat etmek gerekir.
"Unless" her zaman bir istisna, ya da istisnai durumlar ifade eder. yle ki, temel cmledeki
eylemi sadece "unless" in bal bulunduu cmledeki koul deitirebilir. Bu nedenle, "unless"
ile kurulmu bir cmlenin e anlamls genellikle "only If' (sadece/ancak .... koulda] ile elde
edilmektedir. "Unless" ounlukla, temel cmlenin olumsuz olduu cmlelerde kullanlr.
Don't call me unless you (really) need help.
Call me only If you really need help.
Don't call me if you don't need any help.
(There is only one exception to "Don't call me", and that is your really needing
help.)
I'll be on time for the meeting if I can nd a taxi.
I won't be on time for the meeting if I can't nd a taxi.
I won't be on time for the meeting unless I can nd a taxi.
I'll be on time for the meeting, unless I can't nd a taxi.
(The only way that I will be on time for the meeting is If I can nd a taxi.}
(The only way that I won't be on time for the meeting is if I can't nd a taxi.)
Yukardaki rneklerde, "unless" ile "If... not" arasnda temelde fark yoktur, ancak "unless" li
cmleler daha vurguludur.
Type-3 "if clause'larda "unless", genellikle "sonradan akla gelen bir dnceyi" ifade etmek
biiminde kullanlr ve " - unless, of course, ....." (ancak tabii ki....... olmasayd/yapmasaydm.)
biiminde bir anlam verir. Konuma dilinde "unless" ile "of course" un birlikte ok sk
kullanlmas, yaz dilinde ise genellikle "unless" li cmlenin temel cmleden tire ile ayrlmas, bu
"sonradan akla gelen bir dnceyi" ifade etmeyi vurgulamaktadr. Aadaki rnekleri
inceleyelim.
I couldn't have got to the airport on time yesterday if I hadn't found a taxi.
(Result: I got to the airport on time because 1 found a taxi.)
I couldn't have got to the airport on time yesterday - unless, (of course), I had
found a taxi.
(Result: I didn't get to the airport on time because I didn't nd a taxi.)
(The only way that I could have got to the airport on time was if I had found a
taxi.)
3.
EVEN IF
"Even If, "... olsa bile/... olmasa bile" anlamn verir. Yani, istenilen koul yerine gelmese bile,
sonu deimeyecek demektir. u iki cmleyi karlatralm:
If it is cold tomorrow, we won't go on a picnic. (Eer
yarn hava souk olursa piknie gitmeyeceiz.)
Even if it is cold tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.
(Yarn hava souk olsa. bile piknie gideceiz.)
I will forgive him If he apologizes to me.
(Eer benden zr dilerse onu balarm.)
I won't forgive him even If he apologizes to me.
(Benden zr dilese bile onu balamayacam.)
ELS a 2O3
4.
"Whether ... or not" "... olsa da, olmasa da" anlamn verir. Yani istenilen koul yerine gelse de
gelmese de sonucu etkilemeyecek demektir.
I will go to the party whether they invite me or not. (Beni
davet etseler de etmeseler de partiye gideceim.)
5.
6.
INCASE
a)
"In case", "...olursa diye" anlamn verir. Temel cmlede yaplan eylem, "in case" li
cmledeki olabilecek, olmas muhtemel bir baka eyleme kar bir n hazrlk ifade
eder.
I will take something to eat in case I get hungry during the journey.
(Yolda ackrsam diye yanma yiyecek bir eyler alacam.)
I took an umbrella with me in case it rained.
(Yamur yaarsa diye yanma emsiye aldm.)
l sent him a second letter in case he hadn't received the first one.
(Birincisini almamsa diye ona ikinci bir mektup gnderdim.}
204 Q ELS
"In case", "If' ile kartrlan bir balatr. Ancak, ikisi farkl anlamlar ifade ederler. u iki
rnei karlatralm:
I will go to my mother's tomorrow la case she needs help with my brother's
wedding preparations.
(Kardeimin dn hazrlklar iin yardma ihtiyac olursa diye yarn
annemlere gideceim.)
l will go to my mother's tomorrow if she needs help with my brother's wedding
preparations.
(Kardeimin dn hazrlklar iin yardana ihtiyac olursa, yarn annemlere
gideceim.}
Birinci rnekte, "Annemin yardma ihtiyac olabilir veya olmayabilir. Ama yardma ihtiyac
olduunda ben orada hazr bulunmak istiyorum." anlam ifade edilmektedir. kinci rnekte ise
"Annemin yardma ihtiyac olursa gideceim." ifadesi, "ihtiyac olmazsa gitmeyeceim." anlamna
gelmektedir.
I will take an umbrella with me when going out in case it rains.
(Yamuryaarsa diye dar karken yanma emsiye alacam.)
(Yamur yaabilir de, yamayabilir de. Ama eer yaarsa ben hazrlkl
olacam.)
b)
In case
subordinate clause
Simple Present
should
can, can't
In case
subordinate clause
Past Tense
Past Perfect
should
could, couldn't
Temel cmle ile yan cmle arasnda bir tense uyumas gerekmektedir. Ancak should, temel
cmle present, future veya past olduu zaman da kullanlr. "Should" un buradaki anlam
gereklilik deildir. Sadece, olasln biraz daha az olduunu vurgular.
I want to give you my phone number in case you need to call me/in case you
should need to call me.
I gave him my phone number in case he needed to call me/in case he should
need to call me.
He would always take (used to take) his umbrella with him in case it
rained/should rain.
Take plenty of clothes with you while going on holiday in case you cant wash
the dirty ones.
I advised her to take plenty of clothes with her while going on holiday in case
she couldn't wash the dirty ones.
I'm cooking plenty of food in case someone comes/should come for dinner. I
cooked plenty of food in case someone came/should come for dinner.
ELS
05
I've already booked a seat for you In case you decide/should decide to come to
the theatre with us.
I had already booked a seat for her in case she decided/should decide to come
to the theatre with us.
c)
d)
In case of + a noun
"In case of dan sonra bir isim gelir ve "... durumunda/durumda" anlamn verir.
Ih case of (an) emergency, you can call this number.
(Acil durumda, bu numaray arayabilirsiniz.)
(If there is an emergency, you can call this number.)
The flight's full, but we'll put your name on the list, in case of (a)
cancellation.
(.... in case there is a cancellation.)
(.... bir iptal olursa diye...)
EXERCISE 5: Rewrite the sentences using "unless".
1.
2. If you don't know what you're talking about, you'd better keep quiet.
3.
If you don't change your attitude, I'll stop being friends with you.
4. The angry mother warned her children that if they didn't eat their green beans, they
wouldn't be getting any dessert.
5. She couldn't have got the lead role if she hadn't impressed the judges.
6.
She will take a postgraduate course at university whether she gets a scholarship or
not.
2.
He didn't write to me, but whether he had or not, I wouldn't have made an effort to
get in touch.
3.
We have to pay the rent today whether it leaves us short of cash or not.
4.
It is likely that they will be unable to come to the party, but we should invite them
anyway.
5.
They didn't offer him a company car, but whether they had or not, he would still
have quit.
6.
You may or may not apologize a thousand times, but he will never forgive you.
2O6 G ELS
"'
1.
. "f
*'
"Mixed time" if clause, temel cmledeki tense ile koul cmlesindeki tense'in farkl type'lara ait
olduunu ifade eder. rnein, koul cmlesinde type 3 kullanrken, temel cmlede type 2
kullanabiliriz. Ya da tersi. Ancak burada, eylemlerin if clause dnda gerek tense'lerinin ne
olduuna ok dikkat etmeliyiz.
I spent all my money foolishly, and I am broke now.
If I hadn't spent all my money foolishly, I wouldn't be broke now.
Yukardaki rnekte, "/ spent all my money foolishly." cmlesi past tense ile ifade edilmitir.
Yani bu cmleyi type 3 ile ifade edebiliriz. "I'm broke now." ise present tense'dir ve bu gerein
tersini dndmzde, bunu type 2 ile ifade edebiliriz.
ELS a 3M>7
He Is a rude man, because he rebuked his wife in front of others at the party
last night.
If he weren't a rude man, he wouldn't have rebuked his wife in front of others at
the party last night.
Bu rnekte ise "He is a rude man" kiinin genel halini ifade etmektedir ve bunu koul
cmlesine type 2 ile aktarabiliriz. "He rebuked his wife ..." cmlesi ise gemite olmu bir olay
ifade ettii iin, bunu da type 3 ile aktarabiliriz.
He didn't study hard enough for the test, and now he Is sorry about his score.
If he had studied hard enough for the test, he wouldn't be sorry about his
score now.
We missed the bus because of you, and now we are waiting here in the rain. If
we hadn't missed the bus because of you, we wouldn't be waiting here in the
rain now.
I couldn't get high grades in the quizzes, and now I have to study very hard for
the finals.
If I had been able to get high grades in the quizzes, I wouldn't have to study so
hard for the finals now.
EXERCISES: Write sentences using "If.
1.
2.
I have to attend tomorrow's meeting, because I didn't attend the one last week.
...........................................................................................................................>.......
He's very unpopular with his colleagues, so he wasn't invited on the trip to
Cappadocia. (use so instead of very]
3. They didn't treat the waste properly, and now the North Sea is heavily polluted.
4. You didn't think about your decision carefully, and now you're regretting it.
5.
He makes a lot of silly mistakes, so he wasn't given the promotion he wanted, (use
so many instead of a lot of)
6.
We can't have steak for dinner because we didn't take the meat out of the freezer
before leaving for work.
7.
My father has worked very hard all his life, so he is able to afford a pleasant
retirement now. (use so instead of very]
8.
Apparently, he has no taste. He wore a yellow shirt and a purple tie to the
interview, (use any instead of no)
9. The buyer for our house changed his mind, so we are still living here.
10. She is successful now because she didn't let anyone discourage her.
EXERCISE 10: Write the true situations for the given conditional sentences using the
words In parentheses.
1.
If you hadn't handed your project in late, the teacher wouldn't be deducting five
percent from your grade now. (and now)
2.
208 O ELS
3.
If he were a bit reasonable like his father, he wouldn't have caused the firm to
become insolvent, (so)
4.
The exam wouldn't seem so difficult to me if I had studied harder for it. (and now)
5.
If you weren't reprimanding your daughter for her faults all the time, she would
have developed a closer relationship with you. (so)
6.
If local people hadn't campaigned for two years, cyclists wouldn't be able to use this
separate cycle path, (and now)
7.
We could take a different route down into the valley if the winter snow had thawed
completely, (so)
8.
Your sister wouldn't be sulking in her room now if you had allowed her to use your
computer, (and now)
9.
Their son wouldn't have made rapid progress if they hadn't given him
encouragement and opportunities, (because)
10. We could take a walk along the coast if the wind wasn't blowing so strongly.
(because)
Just
For
Fun
{
Lonn and I were involved in a petty argument, both of us unwilling to
____[admit we might be in error. "I'll admit I'm wrong," I told my husband in a
conciliatory attempt, "if you admit I'm right."
He agreed and, like a gentleman, insisted I go first. "I'm
wrong," I said.
I AM RI6HT
With a twinkle in his eyes, he responded, "You are right!"
(by Jeannine Buckley from Reader's Digest)
. -> *' ;
0>
Ite,,,,^^
a)
Type l
Type-1 "IF clause'lan devrik yapmak iin Should + subject yaps kullanlr.
If you need any help, don't hesitate to call me. Should
you need any help, don't hesitate to call me.
He can improve his English if he goes abroad next summer. He
can improve his English should he go abroad next summer.
If you don't pay your bills in time, you may get into trouble.
Should you not pay your bills in time, you may get into trouble.
ELS Q 2O9
b)
Type 2
lype-2 "if clause'lar; "be" fiili bulunan cmleler iin "were + subject", dier fiiller iin ise
"were + subject + to do" kullanarak devrik yaplr.
If I were you, I would forgive him.
Were I you, I would forgive him.
I would feel happy now if he were here. I
would feel happy now were he here.
If you weren't busy right now, we could go out for a walk.
Were you not busy right now, we could go out for a walk.
I would give him your message if I saw him tomorrow. Were I
to see him tomorrow, I would give him your message.
I would probably be less stressed if I didn't live in this city. Were I
not to live in this city, I would probably be less stressed.
Passive cmleler kural olarak "Were + subject + to be done" biiminde devrik yaplr, ancak,
zellikle Informal English'de, "Were + subject + done" kalb da kullanlmaktadr.
If I were transferred to a remote branch, I would resign immediately. Were
I to be transferred to a remote branch, I would resign immediately. Were I
transferred to a remote branch, I would resign immediately.
c)
Type 3
EXERCISE 11: Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning by omitting "if.
1.
2.
If the weather weren't so cold today, we would spend the day outside.
3.
If the skiers had not ignored the clearly posted avalanche warning signs, seven
members of the group would still be alive.
4.
I wouldn't swap shifts with Jamie if it weren't really important for him.
210 Q ELS
5.
If the railway authorities improved the conditions on long distance trains, more
people would travel on them.
6.
You may face unpleasant side effects if you don't follow your doctor's instructions.
7.
If they were more interested in their children's achievements, the children would try
harder.
8.
If you want any alterations to the advertisement, please contact us before the end of
the week.
9.
There wouldn't be such passionate hostility today between the Turks and the
Greeks if the ancestors of the two nations hadn't fought.
10. If the boy scouts had been given proper supervision, the accident wouldn't have
happened.
11. If he took his work more seriously, his staff might do the same.
12. I would have visited you if I had known that you were in the hospital last week.
BUT
I would have come to see you yesterday, but I didn't have time. (If
I had had time, I would have come to see you yesterday.)
I would come with you, but my father doesn't let me out alone at night. (If
my father let me out alone at night, I would come with you.)
He would be a lawyer now, but he had to quit school because of his financial
problems.
(He would be a lawyer now if he hadn't had to quit school because of his
financial problems.)
b)
ELS Q
c)
(If
tehdit anlam
or else\
WITHOUT
I can't possibly finish this job without any help.
(I can't poss ibly finish this job If I don't get any help.)
We would still be living like primitives
without electricity.
(If there were no electricity, we would still be living like primitives.)
Without his generous contributions, we could never have held the Charity Ball.
(If
he hadn't contributed generously, we could never have held the Charity Ball.)
EXERCISE 12: Complete the sentences with the given verbs In parentheses. Some of the
verbs are passive.
1.
ELS
12. Perhaps there (not, be) .........................................a country named Turkey on earth
today if we, the Turks, (defeat) ........................................in the Independence War.
13. What if all the countries in the world
(lead) .........................................by women? Do
you think we (have) ........................................so many wars?
14. I don't think they know about the nuclear power plant in that area; otherwise, they
(not, consider) .........................................moving there.
15. The teacher distributed the parts in the play "The Three Musketeers", which was
performed at the end-of-term party, on the basis of the students' success in English
class, so my son (can, play) ......................................... the part of D'Artagnan, the
leading role, but he missed it by just two points.
16..........................I (know)..........................................how much work was involved in
putting together a school play, I (not, offer) .........................................my help. The
result was so satisfying, though.
17..........................................you (need) .......................................... any assistance, our staff
will be only too pleased to help you.
18. Imagine that you're going skiing tomorrow. What
..........................................you (do)
.......................................if you (break)..........................................your leg on just the
first day?
GRATEFUL TO THE DOORS
a)
W ISH
"Wish" in szck anlam "istemek, dilemek' tir. Bu adan "want' ve "would like" ile ayn
anlam tar. Ancak "wish" bunlarn iinde daha ok resmi ortamlarda kullanlandr.
"Wish" ten sonra bir baka fiile geebiliriz.
Who do you wish to see, Sir? (wish to do something)
wish to see the manager.
The Prime Minister wished the Opposition to be
tax system, (wish someone to do something)
"Wish" ten sonra bir isim gelebilir. Ancak "wish" in bu kullanm kstldr.
"Want" ve "would
like" tan sonra herhangi bir ismi kullanabiliriz. "/
want/would like some coffee. I want/would
like a ticket to Ankara" gibi. "Wish"i ise, ancak "ans, mutluluk, baar dilemek"
gibi yaplarda
kullanabiliriz.
Wish me luck in the exam, (wish someone something)
I wish you a swift recovery.
I sent a card to my parents and wished them a Happy New Year.
ELS Q 213
"Wish" ten sonra bir cmle (that clause) gelebilir. Bu cmlenin tense'i, present ya da future
tense olamaz. Mutlaka gerek durumu ifade eden cmledeki tense'in bir derece past biimi
olmaldr: do yerine did, can yerine could, did ve have/has done yerine had done gibi. ("Want"
ve "would like" tan sonra bu ekilde cmle gelmez.)
She Isn't here now. I wish she were here now.
(Keke o imdi burada olsayd.)
...-,
b)
WISH CLAUSES
<
214 Q ELS
3.
Wish clause'larda "would" un kullanm belli kurallara baldr. Temel cmle ile (I wish, she
wishes, etc.) yan cmlenin zneleri ayn ise (/ wish J....... She wishes she......), temel cmlede
"would" kullanamayz. nk "would", iinde bulunduumuz anda ya da gelecekte memnun
olmadmz ya da houmuza gitmeyen bir olay bir bakasnn deitirmesini istediimiz
anlamn ifade eder. Bu nedenle, iki cmlenin zneleri farkl olduu zaman (J wish you would ....
She wishes they would...) "would" kullanabiliriz.
I'm sure it will be a wonderful picnic.
I wish you would come too. (/ want you to come.)
,?
:"
She is thinking about studying abroad, but I don't want to be away from her.
J wish she would change her mind. (/ want her to change her mind.)
It's raining heavily, and I don't want to go out in the rain.
/wish it would stop raining. (I want the rain to stop.)
,.
Eer gelecee ynelik bir ifade kullanmak istiyorsak ama iki cmledeki zneler ayn ise "could"
ya da simple past tense kullanabiliriz.
c)
"If only" de "I wish" ile ayn anlamdadr ve ayn tense kurallarna gre kullanlr. Ancak "if
only" biraz daha dramatik (daha zc) olaylar ifade ederken kullanlr.
If only he hadn't been so seriously injured!
If onfy I knew where she was living now!
If only we could do something to deaden her pain!
If onfy you would drive more slowly!
.
.
"If only" run bal bulunduu cmle bir temel cmleye dorudan balanabilir. Bu kullanm,
"then/in that case" gibi, bir gei szc olmadan "I wish" iin mmkn deildir.
If only I had known that you were in the hospital, I would have come to visit
you.
, .. .,
If only you would drive more slowly, I would feel more relaxed.
(/ wish you wou/d drive more slowly; then/that way, I would feel more relaxed.)
If only I knew where she was living now, I could write to her.
(I wish I knew where she was living now. Then, I could write to her.)
ELS Q MS
"If only" kalbnda, "if ile "only" ayrlabilir ve "only" cmle iinde farkl yerlerde kullanlabilir.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
d)
WOULD RATHER
"Would rather" kullanarak "I wish" ile ayn anlam veren cmleler elde edebiliriz. Bu anlamda
"would rather", yaygn olarak zellikle konumac ile yan cmledeki zne farkl kiilerse
kullanlr.
I'd rather you were by my side at this difficult moment, (wish about the present)
I wish you were by my side at this difficult moment.
I'd rather he didn't come to the party next weekend, (wish about the future) I
wish he wouldn't come to the party next weekend.
I'd rather we hadn't stayed out so late last night, (wish about the past) I
wish we hadn't stayed out so late last night.
e)
"It's (high) time/it's about time", "... yapmann zaman oktan geldi/...yapmann zaman geldi
de geti bile" gibi anlamlar verdii iin, bu kalplan kullanarak "I wish" ile ayn anlamda
cmleler retebiliriz. nk, "....yapmann zaman oktan geldi." ve "Keke artk ...yapsan."
ifadelerinin her ikisi de, bir yaknma, bir dilekte bulunma ifade etmektedir.
"It's (high) time/It's about time" dan sonra gelen cmlede sadece Simple past kullanlr ve
present ya da future bir dilek ya da istek ifade edilir. Gemiteki bir dilek ya da istei bu
yaplarla ifade edemeyiz. "Bir eyin olmasnn zaman oktan geldi." anlamndan dolay, bu
kalplarla olumsuz yap kullanmak da mmkn deildir.
216 Q ELS
"It's time (for someone) to do something", "...yapma zaman geldi" anlamn verir ve "it's (high)
time/it's about time" gibi, bir gecikme ya da yaknma ifade etmez.
I've had a lovely time tonight, but it's time (for me) to go.
(The time has now arrived for me to go.) (..., ama artk
gitme zaman geldi.)
I've had a lovely time tonight, but it's (high) time I went (I
should probably have left before this.) (..., ama oktan
gitmi olmalydm.)
EXERCISE 13! Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the verbs given In
parentheses. Some of the verbs are passive.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
I wish you (can, be)....................................at the party last night. You (really,
enjoy)....................................yourself.
I quite like this flat, but I wish the people above us (not, be)......................................
so noisy.
I wish you (not, take).....................................so long to get dressed. It's half past
seven and you're only just ready. I'm sure we'll miss the beginning of the concert.
I really wish you (stop)....................................whistling. It's getting on my nerves.
Abra, Nike and their children are refugees from Sudan. Sometimes, they wish they
(be)....................................back in their beautiful country, but most of all, they
wish that the civil war there (end).................................... soon.
At this very moment, I wish I (sit)....................................in a warm room, (drink)
...........................................tea and (watch).......................................an old movie on
video.
Oh, don't we have a class today? I wish someone (telephone)......................................
me this morning. I have come all the way across town for nothing!
What a beautiful view! I wish I (bring)....................................my camera with me.
I wish you (stop)....................................pulling your sister's hair, Johnny. How
.......................................you (like).....................................it if she (pull)
.......................................yours?
If only Mr. Blake (not, interrupt) ....................................the speaker all the time, the
presentation would have been enjoyable.
I wish you (can, see).....................................the look on my husband's face
yesterday when he saw the colour I had painted the living room.
If only I (have)....................................better eyesight. I can't read anything now
without my glasses.
He must now wish that he (not, reject).....................................our offer because I've
heard that he earns less in his new job.
The plot of this book is very interesting, but I wish it (not, contain)
.......................................quite so many descriptive passages. They are really
distracting, and, in my opinion, totally unnecessary.
Isn't it bizarre? Children spend their lives wishing they (be).....................................
grown-up, and adults always wish they (can, be).....................................young
again!
'
-''.--
' ..
ELS a M7
16. I spoke to John yesterday and though he didn't actually say anything, I think he
"As If/as though" "sanki/gibf anlamn verir. Look, seem, sound gibi fiillerle ok sk kullanlr.
Eer as if/as though ile gerek bir olay hakkndaki izlenimimizi ifade ediyorsak, kullanacamz
tense, gerei ifade eden tense olmaldr.
There are dark clouds in the sky. It seems as if/as though it is going to rain.
(Yamur yaacak gibi grnyor.}
The travel agent praised the holiday resort a lot. It sounds as if we are going to
have a nice holiday.
Look at Sue! She isn't wide awake enough today.
"As If/as though" ile gerekteki izlenimimizi ifade etmiyorsak, sadece bir benzetme yapyorsak, o
zaman gerei ifade eden cmlenin past biimi kullanlr ve bu cmlelerde bir hayal
(imagine/unreal situations) ifade edildii iin, "be" fiilinin past biimi olarak btn znelerle
"were" kullanm tercih edilir.
I am not their daughter, but they treat me as if I were their daughter.
(Bana kzlanymm gibi davranyorlar.}
She speaks as if she knew everything. (In truth, she doesn't know everything.)
Sometimes she talks to her husband as if he were a child. (He isn't a child.)
She is always complaining as if she had no money. (In
fact, she has a lot of money in her bank account.)
I'm exhausted. I feel as if a truck had run over me.
(A truck didn't run/hasn't run over me.)
*> '
She speaks English and German as if they were her mother tongue.
(English and German aren't her mother tongue.)
Bu tr cmlelerin temel cmlesindeki fiil past tense olduunda da, "as If/as though" lu
cmlenin tense'i deimez.
They treated me as if I were their daughter,
She spoke as if she .knew everything.
She talked to her husband as if he were a child.
She was always complaining as if she had no money.
I was exhausted. I felt as if a truck had run over me.
She spoke English and German as if they were her mother tongue.
,..
" ;.K-
'\
.-'.'''
Bazen "as If/as though" ile ifade edilen durumun "real" ya da "unreal" olmas, konumacnn o
konuda sahip olduu bilgiye baldr.
- She looks as if she is rich, (real situation)
- She is\ She's the director of a large company.
He talks about art as if he had studied it before, but he is just being pretentious. He doesn't really know what he is talking about, (unreal situation)
"Unreal" durumlardan sz ederken, zellikle konumac kendisinin o anki duygularn ifade
ediyorsa, hem present hem de past tense'lerin kullanlmas mmkndr. Dilbilgisi kurallar
asndan past tense'lerin kullanlmas gerekir, ancak duygulara biraz daha dramatik bir
anlam katmak iin, present tense'ler bu biimde yaygn olarak kullanlmaktadr.
I'm completely exhausted. I feel as if a truck had/has run over me.
I'm so happy! I feel as though I were/am floating on air!
What's the matter? Your face is all white! You look as if you had/have seen a
ghost!
ELS a 2X9
Informal, zellikle de American, English'de, "as if/as though" yerine "ilke" kullanm ok
yaygndr.
I'm really tired. I feel like I've been hit by a truck.
What's wrong? You look like you've just seen a ghost!
Ancak bu kullanm, yaz dilinde doru olarak kabul edilmemektedir. zellikle, oktan semeli
bir snavda seeneklerde her ikisi ile de karlarsanz, dilbilgisi kurallarn uygulamanz
gerekir: "like" tan sonra bir isim, "as if/as though" dan sonra bir cmle gelir.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1-50. sorularda,
yerlere 'uygmijd'eiiszck,,ya da If
bulunuz.
C an y ou im agin e the c haos there
..........if
every individual in the w orld
..........a
different language?
2.
A )is g oi ng t o be /h a s s p ok e n
B ) w o uld b e /s p o k e
C ) w e r e /c o u ld s p e a k
D) ha s b e e n / m i g h t s p e a k
E) w ill be /h a d sp o k e n
3.
4.
5.
6.
B) hadn't given
D) haven't given
E) won't give
18. I'm su re y ou r h e a d a c he
..........if you lie
down for a w hile after you..........an
aspirin.
A )w o u ld h a v e d is a p pe a re d /h a d ta k e n
B ) m ig h t d is a p p e a r /to o k
C ) w i ll di sa p pe a r/h a ve ta ke n
D )h a s d is a p p e a r e d /w e re t a k in g
E) dis a p pe a rs/w ill ha v e ta ke n
222 Q ELS
A ) giv e/pa y
B ) ha ve g ive n /a re pa yin g
C ) w ill giv e/ha d pa id
D ) w ill have given/w ill pay
E) are giving/w ere paying
in
A) haven't quit
A ) u s e d to ra i n /h a d b e e n s n o w in g
B ) raine d/w ill ha ve s now ed
C ) is ra in ing /is s now in g
D ) w a s ra i nin g /w o u ld sn o w
E) h a s b e e n ra in in g / s n o w e d
28. If we..........to e xp a n d in to th e E u rop e a n
m a rk e t, w e..........c a rry ing ou t o ur m a rk e t
re s ea rc h a s so on as pos s ib le.
A )w e re b a n n e d /w o u ld h a v e d o ne
B )are banned/can be done
C ) w i ll b e b a n n e d /s h o u ld d o
D )b a n / i s d o n e
E) h a v e ba n ne d/w ill d o
A ) p la n n e d /w il l s ta r t
B ) a re p la n n in g / o u g h t to s t a rt
C ) w e re p la nn ing /w ill be s ta rting
D ) h a v e pl a n n e d /w o u ld ha v e s ta r te d
E) h a d pla nn e d /w ill h a v e s ta rte d
.*
ELS LJ 223
A ) r e tu rn /a ll o w s
B ) h a d b e e n re tu rne d/w as allow e d
C) are re turned/w ill be allowed
D ) w e r e re tu rn e d /a llo w e d
E) h a ve re tu rn e d/is go ing to a llow
41. Isn't it good luck? If ..........th
I
e p la n e t h a t
evening, I..........alive now.
A )w o u ld c a tc h / w e re n 't
B ) h a d c a u g h t/ w o u l d n 't b e
C ) c a ug ht / a m n o t
D) catch/won't be
E) have caught/couldn't be
A)had asked/could
B ) a s k s /w o u ld
C) has asked/did
D ) is a s k i n g /m a y
E) a s k e d / s h o u l d
46. T h e r e s c u e te a m..........m ore v ic tim s of
the e a rth qu a k e i f th e .y.........b e t t e r
eq uipm e nt.
A)could have saved/had had
B ) w o ul d b e sa v e d /w e re h a v ing
C ) h a d s a v e d / m ig h t h a v e
D ) w ill ha ve s a v e d/h a d
E) ha ve bee n sa vin g/w ill h a ve
47. L is te ning to th e tra ve l agen t talking ab out
224 Q ELS
B) have stopped
D) will stop
A ) m u s t h a v e c o n ta c te d
B ) w ill have contacted
C) ought to contact
D) could have contacted
E) have contacted
B) although D)
nevertheless
E) or else
B) even though
D) in case
E) as if
B) unless
D) without
B) As far as
D) While
A) if
C) so that
E) while
B) even thout
D) by the time
E) in case
58. The Smiths took lots of food with them on
holiday.........prices were very high at the
resort.
A) so that
C) in order to
E) in case
B) even if
D) thus
A) while
C) thus
E) despite
A) Since C)
However
E) Unless
B)
While
D) As if
B) thus
D) by the time
E) in order that
B) since
D) even if
ELS a 225
B) therefore
D) yet
E) despite
B) due to
D) unless
to buy one
D) petrol sources are rapidly running dry
E) pollution will be less of a problem
worldwide
68. I didn't want to sh are the house with her
a n y m o r e .............
with her
B) as I had lost confidence in her
following the last incident
C) if she hadn't kept on treating me as if
I were her maid
D) unless she never picks up after
herself and leaves the house in a
mess
E) provided she didn't listen to her music
so loudly while I was studying
226 Q ELS
8 0 . H a d th e to ur g ui de n o t to ld u s w h a t w e
w ere looking at..............
A ) he was very good at explaining the
history of the place
B) I don 't th ink I w ou ld hav e unde rsto od
half of w hat w e saw
C) I agree that it w as pretty obvious
n ob od y w a s tha t in te re s te d
D ) w e had to pay him a lot of m oney for
his services
E) w e w ere able to figure out m ore or
less e verything for ourselves
ELS Q
ZVJ
ELS
2Z9
230 O ELS
B)
C)
D)
E)
NuclEAR WAR
M p o ss ib le , S ATy hs E R E A L S.T
J.
HARRS
UNOVV NOT
AlbERT
ENSTEN
ELS n
UNITS
Noun Clauses
and Reported
Speech
INTRODUCTION
Noun clause bir cmlede isim gibi ilev gren cmleciktir. Yani cmlede zne ya da nesne
grevinde bulunabilir.
I don't know the answer, (object)
noun
I don't know what the answer is. (object)
noun clause
'"
'
''"'
334 Q ELS
5-1
a)
which
where
when
why
how
how long
how often
how far
how much
how many
b)
Question:
Noun clause:
. Question:
Noun clause:
Question:
Noun clause:
Question:
Noun clause:
Question:
Noun clause:
Question:
Noun clause:
Eer bir soru szc cmlenin znesini soruyorsa, o soru cmlesinde zne olarak bir baka
szck bulunmad iin, cmleyi dz cmle biimine dntremeyiz. Bu nedenle, soru
cmlesi ile noun clause'un szck dizimi ayn olur.
Question:
Noun Clause:
Question:
Noun Clause:
Question:
Noun Clause:
Question:
Noun Clause:
Simple Present Tense ve Simple Past Tense ile zneyi sorarken, "do, does" ya da "did" yardmc
fiilleri kullanlmaz.
Question:
Noun clause:
Question:
Noun clause:
Question:
Noun clause:
Question:
Noun clause:
Question:
Noun clause:
Question:
Noun clause:
Eer ayn soru szcklerini kullanarak cmlenin nesnesini soruyorsak, "do, does" ya da "did'
yardmc fiilleri kullanlr.
Who visits him every day? ("Who" zneyi soruyor.)
(Onu her gn kim ziyaret ediyor?}
I don't know who visits him every day.
(Onu her gn kimin ziyaret ettiini bilmiyorum.)
Cmlede nesne durumundaki insan sorarken "who" yerine "whom" da kullanabiliriz.
Who/whom does he visit every day? ("Who/whom" nesneyi soruyor.)
(O her gn kimi ziyaret ediyor?)
I don't know who/whom he visits every day.
(Onun her gn kimi ziyaret ettiini bilmiyorum.)
Who visited him yesterday? ('Who" zneyi auruyor.)
(Dn onu kim ziyaret eta?)
I don't know who visited him yesterday.
(Dn onu kimin ziyaret ettiini bilmiyorum.)
Who/whom did he visit yesterday? ("Who/whom" nesneyi soruyor.)
(O dn kimi ziyaret etti?)
l don't know who/whom he visited yesterday.
(Onun dn kimi ziyaret ettiini bilmiyorum.)
Who/whom did she go to the party with? ("Who/whom" nesneyi soruyor.)
(With whom did she go to the party?) I don't know who/whom she went to the
party with, with whom she went to the party.
236 Q ELS
"Who, what, whose" gibi soru szckleriyle sorabileceimiz u soru tiplerine de dikkat ediniz:
Who
are
verb
those girls??
subject
Who
te
that man?
verb
subject
What
that man
subject
this substance?
verb
subject
Whose is
verb
i.
verb
this substance
subject
is?
verb
that car?
subject
is?
verb
Whose book i
this?
verb subject
(OR Whose
i
verb
this
subject
this book?)
subject
i. OR
verb
this book
i.
subject verb
Soru szcyle balayan bir noun clause oluturabilmek iin, bu sraladmz kurallar
dikkate alarak, rneklerde kullandmz soru szcklerinin yan sra dier btn soru
szcklerini de kullanabiliriz.
EXERCISE l: Change the question in parentheses to a
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
noun clause.
EXERCISE 2: Make a question using the given sentence. The words In parentheses
should be the answer to the question you make. Then change the question
to a noun clause.
238 Q ELS
5-2
Yardmc fiille balayan bir soruyu noun clause'a dntrrken, noun clause'un bana
"whether" ya da "If' getirilir ve soru cmlesi, dz cmle biimine evrilir. "Or not" "whether" dan
hemen sonra gelebilir (whether or not) ya da noun clause'un sonunda yer alabilir (whether ... or
not). Ancak "or not" "if'den hemen sonra kullanlmaz. Sadece noun clause'un sonunda yer
alabilir (if...or not). Her iki cmlede de "or not" kullanmayabiliriz ve bu durumda anlam
deimez.
- Is she coming to the party?
- I wonder whether she is coming to the party or not.
whether or not she is coming to the party.
whether she is coming to the party. if she is
coming to the party ornot. If she is coming
to the party.
(Onun partiye gelip gelmeyeceini merak ediyorum.)
.-.-
;.'.-"-
ELS
a 39
Eer "noun clause" un banda bir preposition varsa ya da noun clause cmlede zne
durumunda ise sadece "whether" kullanlr. "If cmle banda ya da preposition'dan sonra
kullanlmaz.
Whether she is coming to the party or not isn't certain yet.
Whether or not she is coming to the party isn't certain yet.
Whether she is coming to the party isn't certain yet.
(Onun partiye gelip gelmeyecei henz belli deil.)
- Do we have to return our assignments by Monday?
- I don't know whether/if'we have to return our assignments by Monday.
- May I leave early today?
- I'd like to learn whether/if I may leave early today.
2.
240 o ELS
3.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
'^.--.-
Z41
5-3
Dz cmleleri noun clause biiminde kullanrken, noun clause'un bana "that" getirilir. Eer
noun clause cmlede nesne durumundaysa, "that" kullanmayabiliriz.
Statement:
Noun clause:
Statement:
Noun clause:
Eer noun clause cmlede zne durumundaysa, noun clause'un bandaki "that" kaldrlamaz.
Statement:
He committed the crime. Noun clause:
That he committed the crime is obvious. (Suu onun
iledii ak.)
Statement:
Noun clause:
Ancak "that clause"un bu ekilde cmlenin banda zne olarak kullanlmas pek yaygn
deildir. Onun yerine, cmleye "it" ile balayp noun clause'u ortada kullanmak daha
yaygndr.
It is obvious that he committed the crime. It
is obvious he committed the crime. (Suu
onun iledii ak.)
It is known that he can't win the election. It
is known he can't win the election. (Onun
seimleri kazanamayaca biliniyor.)
'
r^nu
a)
;;
,.
Sorry, glad, happy, afraid, surprised, disappointed, pleased, sure, etc. gibi duygu ya da tavr
bildiren sfatlardan sonra "that clause" kullanabiliriz.
Statement:
Noun clause:
Statement:
Noun clause:
Statement:
Noun clause:
Sonu -Ing ve -ed ile biten baz sfatlardan sonra "that clause" kullanm olduka yaygndr.
Surprised, amazed, pleased gibi sonu -ed ile bitenler, ancak bir canlnn duygulann ifade
edebilecei iin "/, You, We, They, Peter, My mother" gibi znelerle kullanlr. Surprising,
amazing, pleasing gibi sonu -Ing ile bitenler ise olaylarn durumunu ifade ettikleri iin zne
olarak "it" gerektirir.
It is very surprising (that) she was dismissed from her job.
(inden atlmas ok artc.)
I'm very surprised (that) she was dismissed from her job.
(Onun iten atlmasna ok ardm.)
It's pleasing (that) you've made good progress in English.
(ngilizce'de iyi bir ilerleme kaydetmeniz memnuniyet verici.)
I'm pleased (that) you've made good progress in English.
(ngilizce'de iyi bir ilerleme kaydetmenize memnun oldum.)
True, strange, fair, unfair, unfortunate, obvious, apparent, too bad, likely, unlikely gibi
sfatlarla da "that clause" yaygn olarak kullanlr.
b)
Miracle, pity, shame, wonder, relief, a good thing, fact, belief, theory, impression gibi
isimlerden sonra "that clause" kullanabiliriz.
It's a wonder (that) she survived the accident.
It's a miracle (that) the child didn't get killed when he fell from the fifth floor.
It's a widely accepted belief (that) the two major conservative parties should be
united to come to power.
It's a great shame (that) some nations spend an enormous amount of money
on arms while others starve to death.
It's a good thing (that) your parents are being so understanding on
this occasion.
It's my opinion (that) television reduces interest in reading.
(Benim grm o ki televizyon, okumaya olan ilgiyi azaltyor.)
' *
ELS a Z43
c)
Baz fiiller, kendilerinden sonra noun clause alabilirler. Bu cmlelerde noun clause, yklemin
nesnesi durumundadr.
I know his ambition.
noun
I know (tha he will try anything to attain his ambition.
noun clause
I will prove his innocence.
noun
I will prove that he is innocent.
noun clause
(Onun masum olduunu ispatlayacam.)
fear
realize (wh)
feel
find out (wh)
forget (wh)
guess (wh)
grumble
guarantee
happen
hear (wh)
hope
imagine (wh)
imply
indicate
inform
insist
know (wh)
learn (wh)
mean
notice (wh)
object
observe
occur to + object
order
perceive
point out
predict (wh)
presume
pretend
promise
propose
prove (wh)
reckon (wh)
recognize
recommend
remark
remember (wh)
remind
reply
report
request
resolve
reveal (wh)
say (wh)
see (wh)
seem
sense (be aware of)
show (wh)
state {wh)
stipulate
suggest (wh)
suppose
suspect
teach
tell (wh)
think (wh)
threaten
turn out
understand (wh)
urge
warn
wish
wonder (wh)
* Yannda (wh) bulunan fiiller, bir soru szcyle ya da whether ile balayan bir noun clause
da alabilirler.
244 Q ELS
d)
Bir "that clause" u ou zaman "the fact that" biiminde kullanabiliriz. "The fact that'li cmle,
zne ya da nesne durumunda olabilir.
Statement:
She couldn't pass the exam. That disappointed us. Noun
clause: The fact that she couldn't pass the exam disappointed us. (Onun
snav geememesi bizi hayal krklna uratt.)
Statement:
The War of Independence was won with great difficulty.
Noun clause: Yesterday in class we discussed the fact that the War of
Independence was won with great difficulty.
Statement:
She cheated in the exam. That made the teacher furious.
Noun clause: The fact that she cheated in the exam made the teacher
furious.
ELS Q 245
Eer "the fact that" cmlesi, son rnekte olduu gibi, cmlenin znesi durumundaysa, "the fact
that" yerine sadece "that" de kullanabiliriz.
That she cheated in the exam made the teacher furious.
Eer "that clause", bir preposition'n nesnesi durumunda ise bu noun clause yalnzca "that" il
balatlamaz. Bu durumdaki bir
"noun clause" "the fact that" kullanmay gerektirir.
We are not worried
'
I
5-4
a)
*.
new equipment.
'?-,
b)
Subjunctive'de olumsuzluk
1
Temel cmledeki eylem past olduunda da, subjunctive'de fiilin yaln hali kullanlr.
I suggested that he go to a doctor.
The headmaster demanded that my son not be so disobedient at school.
It was important that we not be late for the meeting.
The judge recommended that the murderer be given a life sentence in prison.
His employer requested that he not leave his job until the project had been
finished.
d)
British English'te subjunctive yerine, temel cmledeki eylem present ise noun
clause'da Simple Present ya da "should"; temel cmledeki eylem past ise noun
clause'da Simple Past ya da "should" kullanm daha yaygndr.
(Present)
I suggest that he goes to a doctor.
I suggest that he should go to a doctor.
"r (Past)
'
'
246 Q ELS
t ;?
i
Vl
''-..,- V
(Present) -'-
late for the meeting.
'
?
.,j
(Past)
It was important that we weren't late for the meeting.
It was important that we shouldn't be late for the meeting.
(Toplantya ge kalmamamz ok nemliydi.)
e)
f)
g)
Words of Urgency
1. Verbs
advise
ask
beg
command
decide
demand
determine
implore
insist
order
propose
recommend
request
resolve
suggest
urge
essential
imperative
important
necessary
obligatory
ridiculous
significant
urgent
vital
insistence
necessity
obligation
order
proposal
recommendation
2. Adjectives
advisable
crucial
desirable
3. Nouns
advice
demand
desire
h)
requirement
suggestion
wish
i)
this subject.
noun
5-6
Bir noun clause, zne tamamlaycs olarak kullanlabilir. Bu kullanmda bazen hem znenin,
hem de tamamlaycsnn noun clause olduuna dikkat ediniz.
This is where a bloody battle was fought.
What made us feel upset was that he didn't even thank us for our efforts.
What I'm curious about is how the prisoners dug the tunnel without being
noticed.
Our main priority is .how we'll overcome our financial difficulties.
5-7
TENSE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MAIN VERB AND THE NOUN CLAUSE
Noun clause'un tensel ile temel cmlenin tense'i arasndaki ilikiyi iki blmde inceleyebiliriz.
a) Temel cmlenin yklemi Present Tense ise,
b) Temel cmlenin yklemi Past Tense ise.
a)
Eer temel cmlenin yklemi "7 think, I have thought' gibi bir present tense ise ya da "7 will
say, I'm going to say gibi bir future tense ise, noun clause'un tense'i ile aralarnda mantkl bir
uyum olmas gerekir. Yani yklemin kstlayc baz zellikleri yoksa eer (rnein suggest,
recommend, promise, predict gibi fuller belli tense'leri gerektirir), noun clause'un tense'i
present, past ya da future olabilir.
Statement:
Noun clause:
Statement:
Noun clause:
Statement:
Noun clause:
Statement:
Noun clause:
Statement:
Noun clause:
Temel cmlenin yklemi present olduu zaman noun clause'da Past Perfect kullanm, "after,
before, by the time, etc." gibi zaman balalar kullanarak zaman netletirdiimiz takdirde
mmkndr. Yklem present iken noun clause'da "will" in past biimi "would" kullanlmaz.
Ancak, "would like, would prefer, would rather" gibi anlam present ya da future olan yaplar ve
2. ve 3. type "if clause" ile kullanlan "would" ve "would have done" kullanlabilir.
I think (that) she would succeed if she tried.
I think (that) she would have succeeded if she had tried.
I think (that) she would rather go to the theatre than to the cinema.
I think (that) she would like to be invited to the party.
I think (that) they had Just shipped the order when we called to remind them.
ELS a 249
Bu tense kurallar, soru szcyle ya da whether/If ile balayan noun clause'lar iin de
geerlidir.
I don't know
I have discovered
b)
Temel cmlenin yklemi "thought, had thought' gibi Simple Past ya da Past Perfect ise, noun
clause'un tense'i eylemin olu zamann ifade eden tense'in bir derece past biimidir. Yani will
yerine would, can yerine could, have done yerine had done, did yerine had done gibi.
Statement:
Noun clause:
Question:
Noun clause:
Question:
Is she going to come with us?
Noun clause: He wanted to know whether/if she was going to come with us.
25O o ELS
Ancak noun clause genel bir doruyu ya da doa kanununu ifade ediyorsa, temel cmlenin
yklemi past olduunda da noun clause'un tense'i present olabilir.
After the experiment, we found out that different fluids have different boiling
points.
Should, had better, ought to, would rather, wo u Id prefer ve would like, temel cmledeki fiil past
olduunda da ayn kalr. May, might biiminde, have to ve must ise, present anlamdaysa had
to, future anlamdaysa had to/would have to biiminde deitirilir.
I think she would rather stay at home.
[Evde kalmay tercih edeceini zannediyorum.)
l thought she would rather stay at home. (Evde
kalmay tercih edeceini zannediyordum.)
I suggest that he should look for another job.
(Baka bir i aramasn neriyorum.)
l suggested that he should look for another job.
(Baka bir i aramasn nerdim.)
She knows (that) she must/has to help her mother now.
(Annesine imdi yardm etmek zorunda olduunu biliyor.)
She knew (that) she had to help her mother. (Annesine
yardm etmek zorunda olduunu biliyordu.)
l must remind you (that) we have to get up at dawn tomorrow.
I reminded them (that) we had to/would have to get up at dawn the next day.
5-8
Noun clause'larda dikkat etmemiz gereken bir dier nokta, fiillerin alabilecekleri noun clause
tipleridir. nk her fiil, tip noun clause alamayabilir. Sadece soru tipinde (soru
szcyle ya da whether/if ile balayan) noun clause alabilen, sadece "that clause" alabilen ya
da her iki tip noun clause ile kullanlabilen fiiller vardr.
rnein, "zannetmek' anlamnda "think" sadece "that clause" alabilir. nk bir eyin "ne
zaman olacan, nasl olacan, olup olmayacan" zannedenleyiz. Ancak bir eyin "olduunu,
olacan" (that clause) zannedebiliriz.
I think (that) she will give up her job.
I don't think (that) she will go on working under these conditions.
I thought (that) she would refuse our offer.
I didn't think (that) she would accept our offer.
Ancak "think", "I can't think' biiminde kullanlrsa, "Bir neden dnemiyorum,
anlamyorum" anlamna gelir ki bu durumda soru szcyle balayan bir noun clause
alabilir.
I can't think why she refused our offer. I
can't think why she won't come with us.
Ask, want to know gibi baz fuller ise "that clause" almazlar. Bu fiilleri ancak bir soru
szcyle ya da whether/if ile balayan noun clause'larla kullanabiliriz. nk "bir eyin
olacan (that clause)" soramayz. Bir eyin "ne zaman olacan, nasl olacan, nerede
olacan," ya da bir eyin "olup olmayacan" sorabiliriz.
I will ask him what he will do with so much money.
She's asking where we are going to meet. I asked him
whether he liked the meal. She wants to leant if I will
join them.
ELS Q 251
Tell, understand, explain, know, etc. gibi fuller ise tip noun clause ile de kullanlabilirler.
He told me (that) he couldn't understand the lesson.
I wul tell you tomorrow whether I will come with you or stay home.
He hasn't told me yet woere we are going to meet.
I know (that) she doesn't trust me.
I know when she will leave on holiday.
I don't know whether/If she will be interested in our offer.
She understood by his remarks (that) he wouldn't lend her the money.
She didn't understand why he had refused to lend her any money.
I couldn't understand whether/if she was sincere in her attitude towards me.
Bu farkl kullanmlar gz nne alarak, rneklerde kullandmz fiiller ya da yaygn olarak
bilinenler dndaki fiillerle karlatnz zaman, fiilin alabilecei noun clause tipini
belirlemede size nerebileceimiz yntem, temel cmlenin yklemi ile noun clause'daki anlam
arasnda mantksal bir btnlk salamanzdr.
5-9
Soru szcyle ya da "whether" ile balayan noun clause'lan, belli kurallar dahilinde
ksaltarak, Question word + to infinitive biiminde ifade edebiliriz.
Ksaltma yapabilmemiz iin ncelikle, temel cmlenin znesi ile noun clause'un znesi ayn
olmaldr.
/don't know what /should do in this
case, /don't know what to do in this case.
(Bu durumda ne yapacam bilmiyorum.)
zneler farkl ise ksaltma yapamayz.
/don't know what you should do in this case, (no change) (Bu
durumda (senin) ne yapman gerektiini (ben) bilmiyorum.)
Eer bu cmleyi"... what to do" biiminde ksaltrsak, "... ne yapacam..." anlamna gelir ki
cmlenin anlamn deitirmi oluruz.
Temel cmledeki yklemin nesnesi ile (indirect object) noun clause'un znesi ayn kii ise yine
ksaltma yapabiliriz.
I can tell you how you can get to the station. I
can tell you how to get to the station. (stasyona
nasl gideceini syleyebilirim.)
Can you show me how / can start this machine?
Can you show me how to start this machine?
(Bu makinay nasl altracam bana gsterebilir misin?)
"Whether" ile balayan noun clause'lan da ayn kurallara gre ksaltabiliriz, ("if' bu ekilde
ksaltma iin kullanlamaz.)
I can't decide whether / should stay home or come with you.
/ can't decide whether to stay home or (to) come with you.
They wondered whether they should buy an expensive present or a cheap one.
They wondered whether to buy an expensive present or a cheap one.
252 Q ELS
Ksaltma yaparken, noun clause'da kullanlan tensel de dikkate almalyz. Bu ksaltma her
Lense ile mmkn deildir. Genellikle will, should, must ya da can/could ile kurulmu
cmleleri ksaltabiliriz.
She told me where I could get fresh vegetables.
She told me where to get fresh vegetables.
I don't know who/whom I should invite to the party. I
don't know who/whom to invite to the party.
> :
5-10 EXCLAMATIONS
ngilizce'de nlem cmleleri (exclamations), what, how, so ve such kullanarak kurulur. Ayn ya
da yakn anlaml cmleler retmelerine karn "what" ve "how" cmlenin szck dizimi
asndan farkllk gsterir. Formle edilmi olarak bu kullanmlar aada verilmitir.
Comparative adjective ya da adverb yaplarnn sadece "how much" ile kullanldna dikkat
ediniz.
1. EXCLAMATIONS with "WHAT"
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
fl
how + adjective
b)
c)
d)
e)
a)
so + adjective
Your niece is so cute!/They were so nice to me!
b)
c)
5-11
Soru szcklerine "on earth" ve "In the world" ekleyerek vurguyu artrabiliriz. Bu kullanm
zellikle fke, sabrszlk, aknlk, itiraz gibi olumsuz duygular ifade ederken yaygndr. "On
earth" ve "In the world", tek szckten oluan soru szckleriyle kullanlr: what, who, where,
why, etc. gibi. How much, what time, what kind o/gibi, birden fazla szck ieren yaplarla
kullanlmaz.
What on earth are you doing?
Who in the world is Nestor Makhno?
Why on earth would you want to eat tripe soup?
How In the world did you ever manage to learn to use chopsticks?
When on earth did he get here?
Where In the world are you running off to, young man?
Where on earth have you been? (Nerede/Hangi cehennemde kaldn?}
Informal English'de "question word + the hell" kalb da kullanlr.
Why the hell can't the bus arrive on time?
EXERCISE 5:
WHICHEVER
WHATEVER
WHEREVER
WHENEVER
HOWEVER
WHOEVER
WHOMEVER
means any me
Whoever ve whomever, "kim olursa olsun, her kim isterse" anlamna gelir. Noun clause'un
znesi durumundaysa sadece whoever, nesnesi durumundaysa whoever ya da whomever
kullanabiliriz.
- Who should I give this book to?
- It doesn't matter to me. You can give it to whoever needs it. (Whoever noun
clause'un znesidir.)
(Kitab, kimin ihtiyac varsa ona verebilirsin.)
- Who should I give this book to?
- It doesn't matter to me. You can give it to whoever/whomever you like.
(Whoever/whomever noun clause'un nesnesi durumundadr. nk noun
clause'un znesi "you"dur.)
(Kitab, (sen) kime istersen ona ver.)
Whoever/whomever I spoke to said they didn't like the party.
Whoever took my dictionary should return it right away.
Whoever wants to come with us should make his decision now.
I think I have the freedom to talk to whoever/whomever I like.
-f
'
;*.
- I must talk to her at once. Try to find her wherever she is. -<.->.
However, "istediin gibi yap, nasl istersen yle yap" anlamna gelir.
.-
>-
'
You can furnish the house however (any way] you like.
(Evi istediin gibi deyebilirsin.)
I don't want to interfere in your choice about the furniture;
however (but), I prefer modern style.
(Mobilya konusundaki seimine karmak istemiyorum, ama ben
modem stili tercih ederim.}
Whatever ve whichever, "ne istersen, hangisini istersen" anlamn verir. Burada nce, "what" ile
"which" arasndaki fark netletirmek gerekir.
"Which" snrl bir grup iinde tercih yaparken "hangisi" anlamn verir. "What" da ise snr
yoktur.
- What languages can you speak?
(Bu soruyu sorarken btn dilleri gz nne alyoruz.)
- Which European languages can you speak? (Avrupa dilleri ile snrlyoruz.)
- What should I wear to the party?
- Which of my outfits should I wear to the party?
"
Z56QELS
. , ' - -
11. He seems to settle in quickly.......................he lives. He's arrived here only recently,
but you would think he'd been living here for years.
12. Before a prime meridian was agreed upon, map makers usually began numbering
the lines of longitude on their maps at.......................meridian passed through the
site of their national observatory.
13.........................you give this vase to, I'm sure they will love it. It's so beautiful.
14.........................you decide to furnish your new flat, make sure you choose a dark
colour for the sofas and armchairs, because bright colours are very difficult to keep
clean.
15.........................it was that upset her, it must have been quite serious.
EXERCISE 7: Fill In the blanks In the passages below with the correct choice.
The word rom, or man, is (1) ......gives the
Gypsy language its name, Romany. There are
many dialects of Romany, but (2) ......are
based on Sanskrit, the ancient language of
India. (3) ...... they have lived, Gypsies have
absorbed many of the local words into
Romany. It's known (4) ...... Gypsies have
always been subject to national and local
laws, but they also enforce obedience to their
own customs. Thus, although there are
Muslim, Roman Catholic, Orthodox and
Protestant Gypsies, depending largely on (5)
...... country they live in, they have their own
separate baptism, marriage and burial
ceremonies.
1.
A}
which
C) how
7.
E) what
E) how
2.
A) all C)
every
A) However
C)
B) each D) neither
E) the whole
3.
B)
what
D)
whom
A)
which
B) that D)
who
B)
Whoev
er D)
Where
ver
E) Whichever
8.
A)
Wherever C) B) Whatever D)
Whomever E)
Whoever
Whichever
A) Though C)
By the time
E)If
A) when
C) what
A) Even if
C) Just as
B) As
if D)
Just
4.
B) where D) that
E) which
5.
10.
A)
whom
C) how
B) In case
D)
E) Until Whereas
E) that
B)
where
D)
which
A) when
C) during
B) while
D) the
E) since moment
ELS a 357
"-. T3 T .-T
2.
B) How
D)
Why
B) Which D)
What
E) Where
A) how often
C) how long
E) so long
E) whom
10. Can you give us a rough estimate on
.......................................................................
we'll pay for the repairs?
A) how many C)
how long
E) how far
A) that
C) whom
A) Why
B) The fact that
C) How much
D) Whether
E) When
B) whose D)
which
E) where
B) how much D)
wherever
E) what for
B) how much
D) how often
B) when
D) what
A)
which
C) how
A)
although C)
6.
B) so far
D) how far
B) wherever D)
no matter
E) whereas
day
s
258 Q ELS
afterwards.
A) Where
B) How
C) How much
E) That
D) When
E) whether
B) that
D) what
B) why
D) how
B) Whomever
D) Whenever
E) Either
20. In response to the rising problem of.......
to do with millions of tons of plastic
waste, the plastics Industry and
environmental groups are searching for
ways to recycle plastics.
A)
when
C) what
E) why
B) how
D) which
B) What D)
Whose
E) Why
B) whoever D)
A) where C)
who
E) that
B) how D)
how far
E) when
B)
whose
D) that
A)
When
C) What
E) Who
B) Where
D) How
B) how long
D) how often
whatever
E) whichever
E) However
B) Whoever
D) Whenever
B) whom D)
how
E) when
A) which
C) when
E) whose
A) whatever
B) wherever
C) whichever
D) whenever
E) however
B) wherever
A) however C)
D) whatever
whenever
E) whichever
A) How long
B) How far
C) Wherever
D) Whether
E) The more
A)
which
B) why
D) whether
E) how
E) how long
B) when
D) whom
26O a ELS
E) when
B) how long
D) what
A) that
C) how
B) which
D) what
E) where
E) why
B)
which
D) how
B) when
D) which
B) when
D) where
E) what
B) Whether
D) What
E) When
B) what D)
whose
E) where
A)
whose
C) what
E) when
B) which
D) why
A) What/when
B) Such/so D)
E) Whom/while
A)
which
B) what D)
where
B) What
D) Which
E) Who
58. Both of these paths lead to the old
fisherman's house, so you can follow
.........................................................................
one you like.
A) however
B) wherever
C) whichever
D) whenever
E) whatever
59. She told him ........he was the most
wonderful
person she had B)
ever
met.
where
When
D) that
A) who
C) when
E) what
60.........In the room you place that sofa, it
won't go with the rest of the furniture.
A) Whenever
C) Whatever
E) Wherever
B) Whomever
D) Whichever
E) how
53. Until the 19th century, agricultural
education was limited to ........practical
Information a father might hand down to
his son.
A) wherever
C) whatever
B) however
D) whoever
E) whomever
B) how
D) how long
E) how far
ELS a 261
D) sh ow s w h a t a gre a t th re a t the
com petition now poses
E) ha d reve ale d a m a rk ed drop in b oth
s a le s a n d p ro du c tio n
verile ngilizce
cmleye anlamca en yakn Trke
91. W hethe r h igh bloo d pressure is a dise ase
o r a s y m p to m is a m u c h d e b a te d
question.
A) Y ks ek tans iyonun ne gibi
hastalklara yol at hala
tartlm aktadr.
B) Y ks e k ta n s iy o n un b ir h a s ta lk m
yoks a be lirti m i old u u ok tartla n
b ir k o n u d u r.
C) E n o k ta rt la n k o n u , y ks e k
tans iy onun bir has talk olu p olm ad
ve belirtilerinin neler olduuydu.
D) Y ks e k ta ns iy on un b a z h asta lkla rn
belirtisi olup olm a d b ir ta rt m a
konusudur.
E) Y ks e k ta ns iy on has ta l nn
n e d e nl e ri p e k o k ta rt m a nn k o n u su
olm akta dr.
92. T ha n ks to te le vis io n, the re se e m to be
hardly a ny people w ho are not a w a re of
w hat is going o n in the w orld.
A) H e m e n h e rk e s, d n ya da n e le r o lu p
bittiini televizyon sayesinde
renebilmektedir.
B) T e le viz y on , btn ins a nla rn , d n ya d a
olup biten olaylar renm elerini
sa la m a ktad r.
C) o k a z in s a n d n y a d a o lu p b ite n
olaylardan televizyon sayesinde
h a be rda r old u um u z un fa rkn da d r.
D) Televizyon sayesinde, dnyada neler
o lup bittiin de n ha be rda r olm a ya n
in s a n h e m e n h e m e n y ok gib idir.
E) T e le viz y on a d k n ola n ins a n la r, b u
sa ye de dnyada ne le r olup bitti inde n
h abe rdar o ldukla rn ile ri
srm ekte dirler.
ELS a 265
E)
A) n s a n o lu n u n s or um s u z lu u
yznde n baz hayvan trlerinin yok
100. A film isn't w orth watching, whatever its
olduu, bazlarnn ise yok olmak
subjec t, unless it eng age s the v ie w er's
zere olduu ne yazk ki dorudur.
m in d a n d m a k e s h i m th in k .
B) u bir ge r e k k i ins a n o lun un
so ru m s uz da vra n la r baz h a yva n
A) K onusu ne olursa olsu n, bir film in
seyircinin zihnini m egul edip onu
trlerinin neslini tketmi, bazlar
d nm eye zo rlam as ge re ktiin e
nn ise varln tehlikeye atmtr.
inanyorum .
C) G n m zde baz ha yvan trlerin in
B) B ir film , seyirc inin zihnini megul
nes lin in t ke n m i ya da tk e nm e k
e dip onu d nm e ye z o rla m yors a,
z e re ol m a s n d a n in s a no lu n u n
k on us u n e olu rsa o ls un, se y re tm e ye
sorum lu olduu bir gerektir.
demez.
C) K o n u su ne olu rs a o lsu n, s e y irc in in
D) B ug n baz ha yva n trle rinin neslinin
z ihn ini m e g ul e d ip o nu d nm e y e
t k e nm i y a da t k e nm e k z e re
z orla yan bir film her za m an i in
olm a s n da n ta m a m e n in s a no lu
seyretmeye deer.
so ru m lud ur.
D) B ir filmin izlemeye deer olabilmesi
E) nsa n o lu, b ug n b a z ha yva n
iin seyircinin zihnini m egul etmesi
v e o nu d n d rm e s i ge re k ir.
t r le r in in ta m a m e n t k e n m i
E) Pek ok film, seyircinin zihnini megul
bazlarnn ise tkenm ek zere
e dip onu d nm e ye z o rla ya m a d
olm a s n da n ke nd in i s o rum lu
iin seyretmeye demeyecek filmlerdir.
tutm aldr.
99. O u r intellige nce m a kes us supe rior to a ll
t h e o th e r c r e a tu re s , b u t th is s h o u ld n' t
m ea n th a t w e c a n u s e the m ruth le ss ly for
our ow n interest.
A) Zekam z bizi dier tm ya ratklardan
s t n k la b ilir , a m a b u n d a n , o n la n
kendi karla rm z iin ac m aszc a
kullanabileceimiz anlam
karlmamaldr.
B) Zekam z bizi dier tm canllardan
s t n k ls a d a , b u d u ru m , o n la r n
kendi karlarmz iin acmaszca
kullanlm asn gerektirmez.
C) B izi die r t m ya ra tklarda n stn
k lan ze ka m zd r, a m a b u, onlar
kendi karla rm z iin ac m aszc a
k ulla nm am za neden olm a m aldr.
D) Zekam z bize dier canllar karsnda
s t n lk s a la s a da , b u n d a n , on la rn
kendi karlarmz iin acmaszca
kullanlabilecei anlam karlamaz.
101-1101
cmleye anlamca en yakn ingilizce
cmleyi bulunuz.
101. Yetitirdii rn iin hangi gbreyi ne
kadar kullanaca konusunda ifti bir
uzmana danmaldr.
A) A fa r m e r s ho u ld c on s u lta n e x p e rt
a b ou t h o w m uc h a nd w h ic h ty p e o f
fertilizer to use for the crop he grows.
B) A farm e r's d ecis ion abo ut w hic h type
and how m uch fertilizer to use for his
c rops is b est d on e w ith th e he lp of
experts.
C) It is ofte n necess ary for a fa rm er to
se e k the ad vic e o f a n exp e rt a b ou t
how m uch and w hich type of fertilizer
to use for his crop.
D) E x pe rts a re c o ns ulte d b y fa rm e rs
w is hing to k now how m uc h and w hich
type of fertilizer to use for grow ing
their crops.
E) E x pe rts h e lp fa rm e rs de c ide h ow
much and w hich type of fertilizer to
use for the best yield of their crop.
ELS Q Z67
102. H a n g i pa rti ik tid a ra g e lirse g els in , k k l 105. Ferdinand de Lesseps Fransz diplomat
de iiklikler ya p lm a d s re ce lked eki
olarak 24 yd alt, ama ona dnya
huzursuzluk devam edecektir.
apnda n kazandran, Svey
Kanal'nn inasmdakl baars oldu.
A) N o n e o f th e p a rti e s c a n e lim in a te th e
A) In Ferdinand de Lesseps' 24-year-long
u n r e s t i n t h e c o u n t r y i f t h e y d o n 't
c a re e r a s a F re n c hd ipl om a t, th e
a lte r th in g s ra d ic ally .
B) I t d o e s n 't m a t t e r w h e t h e r t h i s o r t h a t
p r o je c t th a t b r o u g h t h im th e m o s t
p a rt y c o m e s t o p o w e r , f o r n o n e o f
fam e w orldw ide w as the succ essful
them can m ake radical changes.
com ple tion of the Suez C anal.
C) W h ic h e v e r p a rt y c o m e s to p o w e r , th e
B) A fter ha ving w ork ed as a Fren ch
u n r e s t i n t h e c o u n t r y w il l c o n t i n u e ,
diplom a t for 24 yea rs, Fe rdin and de
unless radical changes are m ade.
L esse ps b uilt the Suez C a nal, w hic h
D) T h e p a rty w h i c h w ill c o m e to p o w e r
earned him w orldw ide fa m e.
s h o u l d m a k e ra d i c a l c h a n g e s if th e i r
C) Fe rdin a nd de L e sse p s w o rk e d24
aim is to stop the unrest in the
ye a rs a s a F re nc h dip lom a t, b ut it w as
c o u n try .
h is s uc c e ss in b u ild in g the S u e z
E) T h e u n r e s t i n th e c o u n tr y w i ll p e r si s t
C a na l tha t e a rn e d h im w o rld w ide
a s l o n g a s t h e p a r t y w h i c h c o m e s to
fame.
p o w e r m a k e s o n l y sl i g h t a lt e r a t i o n s ,
D) A lthough it w as the building of the
i n s t e a d o f ra d i c a l o n e s .
Sue z C an al that brough t w orldw ide
fa m e to F e rd ina n d d e L e s se p s, this
103. Son getirilen dzenlemelerin yararl olup
w a s o nly one su c c es s in a 2 4- ye a rlong diplom atic care er in France.
olmayaca konusunda kukularmz var.
E) O f all the p ro je cts Fe rdin and de
L esse ps c om ple te d in his 24-yea r-long
A) We are not sure if the latest
diplom a tic ca re er in France , it w as the
regulations will bring any benefits.
S u e z C a n a l th a t b ro u g h t h im th e m os t
B) We have our doubts about whether
fame.
the recently implemented regulations
will be beneficial or not.
106. sveli tenisi Bjrn B org'un nabznn
C) They've recently implemented new
d a kika da sa d ec e 3 5 a tt bi im ind e ki
regulations, but we are doubtful of
ya yg n ola ra k biline n hika ye aba rtd an
their benefits.
baka bir ey deildir.
D) The recently-implemented regulations
have aroused doubts among us as to
A) A ltho ug h it is t ru e tha t the S w e d is h
whether they will be beneficial or not.
tennis playe rB jrn B org d id ha ve a n
E) For many of us, it's doubtful that the
extremely low pulse rate, the w idelyregulations implemented recently will
c ircu la ted figu re o f35 bea ts p er
be of any benefit.
m inu te w a s an e xa gg e ra tion .
B) It w as w idely believed that the
104. Beni en ok artan, kendisine
Sw edish tennis playerB jrn B org's
yneltilen o kadar hakaretten sonra bile
p u ls e ra t e w a s o n ly35 be a ts p e r
glmsemeye devam etmesiydi.
m in u t e , b u t th is a p p e a r s t o b e a n
exaggeration.
A) I was surprised that he managed to
C) The Sw edish tennis playe B
r jrn B org
keep smiling after such insulting
adm its that the w idely-held belief that
remarks.
h is p u l s e ra te w a s a s lo w a s3 5 b e a ts
B) I was so surprised to see him smiling
pe r m inu te w a s a n e x a gg e ra tion.
despite so many insults.
D) T he S w e d ish te n nis pla y e B
r jrn
C) The fact that he just smiled after so
B o rg 's p u ls e ra te w a s s o m e ti m e s a s
many insults had been directed at
low a s 3 5 b e a ts p e r m i nu te a nd th is is
him was what surprised me most.
no exaggeration.
D) What surprised me most was that he
E) T he w id e ly-kn ow n sto ry tha t th e
kept smiling even after so many
Sw edish tennis playerB jrn B org's
insults directed at him.
p u ls e ra t e w a s o n ly35 be a ts p e r
E) It was really surprising that he did
m in u t e is n o m o re t h a n a n
nothing but smile at the insulting
exaggeration.
remarks uttered about him.
268 a ELS
ELS
269
Dolayl anlatn (indirect/reported speech), kiinin azndan kan ifadeyi aktarrken baz
deiiklikler yapmay gerektirir (pronoun, tense, etc. changes).
George: I don't like horror films.
George said (that) he didn't like horror films.
George: Do you like horror films?
George asked me if/whether I liked horror films.
Dolayl anlatm, aktarlan cmlelerin yaps asndan u grupta inceleyebiliriz:
1. Reporting Statements
2. Reporting Questions
3. Reporting Imperatives
5-14 REPORTING STATEMENTS
Dz cmleleri aktarrken en ok kullanlan aktarma sz "teli' ve "say dir. "Teli" den sonra
mutlaka szn kime sylendiini belirtmemiz gerekir. He has told me..., I will tell him...We told
them..., etc. "Say" den sonra hemen cmle gelir. He said (that) ..., I will say (that) ..., etc. "Say
den sonra bir zamir kullanmak istersek, "He said to me, She said to us, etc." gibi, zamirden
nce "to" kullanmak zorundayz. Ancak "say in bu kullanm, Indirect Speech'de pek yaygn
deildir.
Eer aktarma sz, "She always tells us, She has just told me, She will tell us" gibi Simple
Present, Present Perfect ve Simple Future ise, aktarlan cmlenin tense'inde bir deiiklik
yaplmaz. Sadece gerekli zamir deiiklikleri yaplr.
Paul: I am not so keen to see this film.
Paul says (that) he Is not so keen to see that film.
Paul has told us (that) he Is not so keen to see that film.
Paul will tell you (that) he Is not so keen to see that film.
Eer aktarma sz Simple Past ya da Past Perfect ise (/ told him, he had told us, etc.), zamir
deiikliklerinin yan sra, tense ve zaman zarflarnda da deiiklik yaplr. Direct cmlenin
zamirlerini deitirirken, sz kimin sylediini ve bu sz kimin kime aktardn dikkate
almalyz.
Aye: /will help you tomorrow.
Aye told me (that) she would help me the following day.
Aye told her sisters (that) she would help them the following day.
Aye told her brother (that) she would help him the following day.
Z70 Q ELS
a)
Reported
Speech
Direct cmledeki "I/We shall', indirect cmlede "He/She/They would" olur. Ancak indirect
cmlede zne "I/We" olarak kalyorsa "I/We should/would" kullanlr.
"I shall meet my friends tomorrow."
All told me (that) he would meet his friends the following day.
"I shall meet my friends tomorrow."
/ told my mother (that) / should/would meet my friends the following day.
Direct cmledeki would, would rather, would prefer, would like, would hate gibi yaplar,
indirect cmleye aynen aktarlr.
"I would rather stay home than go out today."
My mother said that she would rather stay home than go out that day.
"I would like to invite you to dinner one evening."
I told my friend that I would like to invite him to dinner one evening.
Type-1 If clause, indirect cmleye bir derece past yaplarak aktarlr, iype-2 ve iype-3 ise
aynen aktarlr.
"We will spend the day out if it is nice tomorrow."
She said that they would spend the day out if it was nice the following day.
"I would do the same if I were you."
She told me that she would do the same if she were me.
"I wouldn't have behaved like that if I had been in your position."
She said that she wouldn't have behaved like that if she had been in my
position.
ELS
Z71
Must ve have to, present bir anlam tayorsa had to biimine dnr.
"I must/have to get up very early on weekdays."
She said that she had to get up very early on weekdays.
Must ve have to (will have to) future bir anlam tayorsa genellikle would have to biimine
dntrlr. Ancak szn aktarld srada direct cmledeki gelecek zaman kavram artk
gemi durumda ise would have to yerine had to da kullanlabilir. Future bir anlam tayan
must indirect cmleye deitirilmeden de aktarlabilir.
"I must/have to/will have to get up very early tomorrow."
Last week, Sue left the party early, because she said she must/had to/would
have to get up very early the following day.
"I must/have to/will have to study harder next year." (spoken in 2004)
She said that she must/would have to study harder next year, (reported in 2004)
Tahmin bildirirken kullandmz must, indirect cmleye aynen aktarlr.
"He must be stupid to refuse their offer."
She said that he must be stupid to refuse their offer.
Zaman balalarnn bulunduu cmlelerde. Past Tense ve Past Continuous Tense normalde
indirect cmleye aynen aktarlr. Ancak, Past Tense'i Past Perfect Tense biiminde de
aktarabiliriz.
"I was studying English when you phoned me."
She told me that she was studying English when I phoned/had phoned her.
"I saw an old friend of mine while I was driving home yesterday."
He said he saw an old friend of his while he was driving home the day before.
Doa kanunlar, srekli geerlilii olan genel dorular ve kurallar aktarlrken tense deiiklii
yaplmaz.
"The earth revolves round the sun."
The teacher explained to his students that the earth revolves round the sun.
b)
Indirect
today...............................................that day
tonight.............................................that night
Zaman zarflanndaki bu deime her zaman ayn olmayabilir. Szn aktarld zaman da
dikkate almamz gerekir. rnein szn sylendii gn ile aktarld gn ayn ise "today
deimez.
"I may come home late today."
Sue told me this morning that she might come home late today.
On Saturday Sue said, "I'm starting my new job the day after tomorrow"
(Eer bu sz Cumartesi gn aktaryorsak)
Sue told me that she was starting her new job in two days' time.
(Pazar gn aktaryorsak)
Sue told me that she was starting her new job tomorrow.
(Pazartesi gn aktaryorsak)
Sue told me that she was starting her new job today.
c)
Direct cmleyi aktarrken, "say", cmlenin banda ya da sonunda yer alabilir. Bu durumda
cmle devrik olabilir.
Sue said, "I didn't like the film."
"I didn't like the film," Sue said.
"I didn't like the film," said Sue.
Say'den sonra szn kime sylendiini belirtmek istersek say + to kullanlr ve bu kullanm,
direct speech'te sadece cmlenin sonunda yer alabilir. Cmlenin bana gelmez ve devrik
yapamayz.
"I didn't like the film," Sue said to me.
Direct cmleyi aktarrken "tell" de kullanabiliriz. Ancak "teli" den sonra szn kime
sylendiini belirtmemiz gerekir ve teli, cmlenin sonunda yer alabilir.
"I didn't like the film," Sue told me.
Tell lies, tell stories ve tell the truth ifadelerinde, szn kime sylendiini belirtmek zorunlu
deildir.
She told (me) lies.
Grandma told (the children) stories.
Will you tell (me) the truth?
Indirect cmleyi aktarrken "say" ya da "tell + object" cmlenin banda kullanlr. "Say + to +
object" kullanm da mmkndr ancak ok yaygn deildir.
Sue said (to me that) she hadn't liked the film.
Sue told me (that) she hadn't liked the film.
"Tell someone about something/about doing something", bir konuda bir eyler anlatmak
anlamndadr. "Say bu ekilde kullanlmaz.
He told me about his trip to Alanya.
He told us about travelling around Turkey.
ELSQZ73
Cmleleri aktarrken "tell" ve "say" in yan sra baka fuller de kullanabiliriz. Bu fiiller cmleyi,
yaknma, itiraz, gzlem vb. gibi anlamlan da ilave ederek aktarmamz salar. Bu ekilde
yaygn olarak kullanlan fiiller unlardr:
add
admit
announce
answer
argue
assure+object
boast
complain
deny *
grumble
inform
murmur
object
observe
point out
promise
protest
remark
remind+object
reply
scream
shout
whisper
yell
* Deny fiilinden sonra gelen cmle olumsuz olamaz. Ancak direct cmle olumsuzdur.
"I didn't steal the money."
He denied that he had stolen the money.
"I can't finish all this work by lunchtime."
She protested that she couldn't finish all the work by lunchtime.
"We will get married as soon as school is over."
They announced that they would get married as soon as school was over.
;.'.';~''
EXERCISE 8: Put the following sentences Into Reported Speech. Pay attention to whether
the reporting verb Is In the Present or Past.
1.
2.
3.
4.
**'.
"I got your letter just as I was getting ready to phone you."
Mrs. Adams told her son..................................................................................
"You haven't got a clue what you are talking about."
His opponent screamed that.............................................................................
"I'm bored and there's nothing on TV."............................................................... '
My sister grumbled that...................................................................................
"Future generations must find alternatives to fossil fuels."
One of the speakers at the conference yesterday said
"I stayed in Saudi Arabia for three years, so I can speak Arabic fluently."
John boasted that..............................................................................................
6. "The incident hasn't been reported properly by the newspapers."
The politician claims that...................................................................................
7. "I left Turkey two years ago."
The young lady answered that............................................................................
8. "I paid a fortune for this blouse and it's faded after just one wash."
She complained to the manager that..................................................................
9. "I forgot to pick up your suit from the dry-cleaner's."
She told her husband that..................................................................................
10. "I'm having a very enjoyable time here."
I got a letter from my daughter in a summer camp in Belgium. In it, she says
5.
Z75
EXERCISE 9: Put the following sentences Into Reported Speech. Pay attention to the
tense of the reporting verb.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Z76 Q ELS
Eer bir cmle emir cmlesi biiminde balayp devamnda bir baka cmle (clause) alyorsa, o
cmlenin tense'ini bir derece past yapmamz gerekir. (Temel cmlenin yklemi present ya da
future ise tense deiikliinin yaplmadm hatrlaynz.) , ,,,..
"Dont unfasten your seatbelts until after the plane has fully landed."
The air-hostess told the passengers not to unfasten their seatbelts until after
the plane had fulty landed.
Emir cmlesi biiminde kurulan cmleler bazen uyan, t, tevik etme, neri vb. gibi
anlamlar ifade edebilirler. Bu durumda bu cmleleri, cmlenin ifade ettii anlama gre advise,
encourage, warn, beg, implore, forbid, recommend, remind, request, urge, etc. gibi fiillerle de
aktarabiliriz.
l '
14.
15.
AMAP
278 Q ELS
a)
Statement + Statement
"My son hasn't returned from school yet. I have to wait at home until he comes."
She said/told me that her son hadn't returned from school yet and that she
had to wait at home until he came.
Aktarlan cmlelerin her ikisi de dz cmle olduu iin bir tane aktarma sz yeterlidir. ki
cmle arasnda "and that" kullanlr. Eer iki cmle arasnda but, so, because, as, or gibi baka
bir bala varsa, o zaman and yerine cmlenin kendi balac kullanlr.
"I have to study hard, or I will fail the test."
She said that she had to study hard, or she would fail the test.
"I liked the book, but I didn't like its film version much."
She said that she had liked the book, but she hadn't liked its film version much.
b)
Question + Question
"Why are you still at home? Does your lesson start later today?"
My mother asked me why I was still at home and If/whether my lesson started
later that day.
c)
d)
e)
"Stop talking! You have to show some respect for your fellow classmates."
The teacher......................at us.......................................and .....................
"Could you post this letter? I want her to receive it by the weekend."
He
3.
PLAYIN6 HIDE-AND-SEEK
Our yard was a gathering spot for our five children's friends. One -Isummer
night we all played hide-and-seek and had so much fun that we lost track of time.
Unknown to me, a police officer had cruised by and noticed my 16-year-old
daughter running, then ducking into the shadows. The officer stopped her and
asked if she knew how late it was. He demanded to know where her parents
were.
"Well," she replied, "Mum is up in that tree, but I haven't found Dad yet."
(from Reader's Digest)
28O Q ELS
ki olumlu cmle, bir eleri hari, ayn anlam tayorsa, ikinci cmlenin sonuna "too"
eklenir. "Too" cmleye "de, da" anlam verir.
They have a pet dog at home. They have a cat too. He
raises sheep on his farm. He raises chickens too.
Bu durum iki olumsuz cmle iin sz konusuysa, ikinci cmlenin sonuna "either" eklenir.
They don't keep birds at home. They don't keep fish either. He
doesn't raise cows on his farm. He doesn't raise pigs either.
b)
Eer iki cmlenin, zneleri hari, dier eleri ayn ise, ikinci cmlede tekrardan
kanmak iin, olumlu cmlelerde "Subject + auxiliary verb + too", olumsuz cmlelerde
"Subject + auxiliary verb + either" kullanlr. Yardmc fiil, birinci cmledeki tense'in
yardmc fiili olmaldr.
My parents live in Germany. My sister does too.
I understood the lesson perfectly. Other students did too.
Jill was in a hurry. Her parents were too.
I don't like fish at all. My sister doesn't either.
You are not old enough to get married. Your boyfriend isn't either.
I didn't quite understand the lesson. The others didn't either.
c)
'Too" ve "either", anlamca uyumlu olan ama farkl szcklerden oluan cmlelerin
sonuna da gelebilir.
He Is very successful in his school subjects. He shows the same success in his
social life too.
She isn't very popular with her schoolmates. She isn't liked much by her
teachers either.
d)
Bazen iki cmle, anlamca ayn olmasna ramen, cmlelerin biri olumlu, dieri
olumsuz olabilir. Bu durumda, ikinci cmle yap olarak olumluysa "too", olumsuzsa
"either" kullanlr.
I hate martial arts, such as judo and karate.
I don't like football either.
I don't like getting up early. I
bate going to bed early too.
Kullanacamz yardmc fiil yine birinci cmledeki tense'in yardmc fiilidir. Neither/nor
kendileri olumsuz olduu iin, arada kullanlan yardmc fiil olumludur.
I like reading a lot, and so does my husband, (my husband does too.)
I went to bed quite early last night, and so did my parents.
(my parents did too.)
They don't like horror films, and neither/nor do I. (I don't either.)
I haven't finished my report yet, and neither/nor has Sue.
(Sue hasn't either.)
Temel cmle + yan cmle biimindeki cmlelerde, zellikle bir bala (conjunction) varsa,
dikkate almamz gereken yan cmlenin yardmc fiili deil, temel cmlenin yardmc fiilidir.
- I would forgive her if she apologized to us.
- So would I. (/ would (forgive her) too.)
- As soon as we're finished with this project, I'll go on holiday.
- So will I. (I'll go on holiday as soon as we're finished with this project too.)
- I hadn't believed him when he told us that he couldn't pass the exam.
- Nor had I. (/ hadn't believed him either.)
Ancak noun clause ieren baz cmlelerde, zellikle "so" ve "neither/nor" lu cmle
karmzdaki kii tarafndan syleniyorsa, yan cmledeki eylem de dikkate alnabilir.
A: I don't think we can afford such an expensive car.
B: Neither can your brother. (Kardeinin de maddi gc yetmez.)
(You can't afford such an expensive car, and your brother can't either.)
I don't think we can afford such an expensive car, and neither does my
husband. (Eim de yle dnyor.)
(l don't think we can afford such an expensive car, and my husband doesn't
think we can afford such an expensive car either.)
A: I thought the news bulletin was rather depressing.
B: So was the film following it. (Ondan sonraki film de yleydi.)
(The film following the news bulletin was rather depressing too.)
A: I thought the news was rather depressing. B:
So did I. (/ did too.) (Ben de yle dndm.) (I
thought the news was rather depressing too.)
Eer bizim dncemiz ya da durumumuz, bir bakasnmki ile ayn dorultuda deilse, o
zaman so/neither/nor kullanamayz. Bu ztla geii salamak iin "but" kullanabiliriz.
I don't like fish, but my husband does.
I didn't allow him to go alone, but my father dfd.
She Isn't interested in art, but her husband is.
She has got a car, but her brother hasn't.
He has a lot of hobbies, but his wife doesn't.
They have been abroad, but I haven't.
I have to work for a living, but you don't.
28X Q ELS
He had to show the content of his suitcase at the customs, but others didn't
They can afford a holiday abroad, but I can't.
You must study hard for the exam, but I needn't.
don't need to.
don't have to.
You needn't work for a living, but I must/have to.
You don't need to work for a living, but I do.
don't have to
Bu ztl though, although, even though gibi balalarla da vurgulayabiliriz.
:
1
"
'
'
'
*
'-. "
'
''
She has read three books since we decided to read regularly, and.......................I.
That blue jumper really suits you, and the grey one.........................
I didn't think much of the film, and.......................Sue.
Joseph hasn't been invited to the reception, and Charles..........................
You would be able to concentrate better if you took a break, and .......................Tim
and I.
9. As you haven't got much money with you, and no one else.........................we'll have
to cancel our shopping trip.
10. The Prime Minister should make sensible explanations about the economic and
social situations of the country, and.......................the other ministers.
11. They always keep some money aside in case they need it urgently, and we
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
";"':-
ELS
aa
17. Because of the sandals I was wearing, I couldn't walk up the hill, and
20. Teachers should take some responsibility for the development of children, and
........................parents.
*._-'
'
-Oh, is she?
",-
,
:
.'
.,->.
'
"
Yukardaki rnekte, "I do" yerine "so do I" kullanamayz. nk onu kullanabilmemiz ici
sylenen cmlenin olumlu olmas ve bizim de o ifade ile paralel durum ya da dncede
olmamz gerekir.
Believe, expect, suppose, think, hope gibi fiillerden sonra ve I'm afraid, It
seems/appears gibi yaplardan sonra bir that-clause yerine, olumlu bir anlam iin "so",
olumsuz bir anlam iin "not" kullanlr. "So" ve "not" m bu kullanm cmleyi tekrar
etmekten kanmak iindir.
- Will that party win the election?
- I think that party will win the election.
so (/
think so.)
- Do you think the teacher will postpone the exam?
- I hope that she will postpone the exam.
so
(Ihope so.)
(I hope not)
not
. . . . . . .
', . .
ELS a 285
b)
Bu yaplan kullanarak yamt verirken bize yneltilen sorunun yapsna dikkat etmeliyiz.
Olumlu anlam tayan "tag-question"a onaylayc yant vermek istersek "so", olumsuz anlam
tayan soruyu onaylyorsak, "not" kullanabiliriz.
- They can lend us some money, can't they?
- 1 think so/ 1 hope so/ 1 suppose so.
- She won't be late for the appointment, will she?
- No, I don't think so/ 1 hope not/ I suppose not.
- She won't be able to come with us, will she?
c)
"So" nun bu iki kullanm dnda (So do J, So is my husband, etc., I think so,
think so, etc.) iki kullanm daha vardr.
1.
Eer "do" fiili, daha nceki cmlede geen bir fiilin yerine kullanlyorsa, "do" nn
nesnesi olarak "so" kullanlr.
*' "
1 don'
-! s !'' '
,. , -
,,
i * *-V
' , ..,- *
- I hear that you have graduated from school. That means you can start
working immediately.
EXERCISE 13: Answer the following questions using "I think so, I hope not, etc."
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
5 -2 3
a)
Q U E S T IO N T A G S
, .; >
Dz cmlenin sonuna, o cmledeki tense'in yardmc fiili + zne getirilerek, cmle soru
cmlesine dntrlr. Olumlu cmlenin sonuna olumsuz yardmc fiil; olumsuz
cmlenin sonuna ise olumlu yardmc fiil getirilir. Yardmc fiilden sonra cmlenin
znesi, /, you, he gibi bir zamir (pronoun) olarak yazlr.
- Your brother la still at university, isn't he?
- Yes, he is.
- The Johnsons have been living here for a long time, haven't they?
- No, they haven't. They've only been living here for, two years.
- You don't like fish, do you? (Sen bal sevmiyorsun deil mi?)
- No, I don't. (Hayr, sevmiyorum.)
- Your son doesn't drink milk much, does he?
- Yes, he does.
ELS UZ87
Olumsuz cmle yapsndaki soruya yant verirken, "yes" ya da "no" ile vermek istediiniz
anlama dikkat ediniz.
- You didn't go to school yesterday, did you?
- No, I didn't. (I didn't go to school.)
- You didn't go to school yesterday, did you?
- Yes, I did. (I went to school yesterday.)
"There is/are" yapsyla kurulan cmleler iin yardmc fiilden sonra yine "there" kullanlr.
- There won't be too many people at the party, will there?
- No, there won't.
- There used to be a. cinema here in the past, didn't there?
- Yes, there did.
- There Is too much traffic in Istanbul, isn't there?
- Yes, there is.
Cmlenin znesi everyone (everybody), someone (somebody), no one (nobody), anyone
(anybody) gibi belgisiz zamir ise, question-tag blmnde zne olarak "they" kullanlr.
- Everyone Is here, aren't they?
- Yes, they are.
- No one wants to be poor, do they?
- Of course they don't.
- I don't think anyone wUl argue against our proposal, will they?
- I don't think so.
Cmlenin znesi everything, something, nothing gibi bir zne ise, question-tag blmnde
zne olarak "it" kullanlr.
- Something must be done immediately, mustn't It?
- I think you're right.
- Nothing has been done yet, has If?
- I'm afraid not.
Cmlede no, none, neither, nothing, nobody, no one, scarcely, barely, hardly, hardly ever,
seldom, never gibi olumsuz anlam tayan bir szck varsa, cmle anlamca olumsuz olduu
iin, question-tag blmnde yardmc fiil olumlu olur.
You hardfy ever participate in such events, do you? Neither
of your parents approve of your marriage, do they? No
student of his can answer this question, can they? Nothing
can be done in this case, can it? None of them made a
complaint, did they? Sue seldom goes to the theatre, does
she? She could answer hardfy any questions, could she?
They barely spoke to us, did they?
Olumlu ya da olumsuz emir cmlelerinde, question tag blmnde genellikle "will you" kullanlr.
Ancak, "won't you, would you, can you, can't you, could you" gibi yaplar da kullanlr.
- Dont make any noise, will you?
- Okay, we'll try not to.
- Try to be on time for the date, will you?
- I certainly will.
- Hold on a minute, could you?
- I can call again later, if it'll take long.
"Let's" biiminde kurulan cmlelerde question tag "shall we?" dir.
- Let's meet in front of the cinema, shall we?
- Good idea.
- Let's play a game of tennis in the afternoon, shall we?
- Why not?
288 Q ELS
b)
Temel cmle + yan cmle biimindeki balal cmlelerde, temel cmleye bal olarak
"tag question" oluturulur. Ancak, "think, believe, suppose, don't think/ don't believe"
gibi yaplarda zne "I" ise, genellikle yan cmle temel alnr.
/think her new Job involves plenty of travelling, doesn't it? I don't
suppose that she can handle this on her own, can she? They don't
think that we'll manage to get this contract,
do they? She'll have to
travel a lot if she accepts this job, won't she? You went straight
home after you'd done the shopping, didn't you?
c)
'
*'
'-.''
J can't think of a reason why she refused this job, can you?
(Can you think of a reason why she refused this job?)
..
5.
Now that they have a baby, they hardly ever come out with us any more,
6.
7.
8.
9.
EXERCISE 15: Ful in the blanks in the passages below with the correct choice.
An eleven-year-old boy had the role of Joseph
in the Sunday school Christmas program. His
costume had been provided by the school,(1)
...... the shoes. The boy was discussing with
his mother (2) .......he should wear on his
feet. The mother (3) .......sandals, but the boy
wanted to wear his cowboy boots. When his
mother said it was unlikely that Joseph wore
western boots, the son replied, "Yes, but then
he (4) .......braces on his teeth, (5) ..........."
After this clever remark, the mother let her
son wear the boots.
1.
2.
B) such as
D) even
A) rather C)
except for
E) just
6.
B
)
A) Which
C) Where
E) That
W
h
a
t
D
)
W
h
o
s
e
A) how
C) which
3.
B) what
D) why
E) that
7.
A) despite
C) besides
B) due
D) in addition
E) because
A) argued
C)
indicate
4.
B) advised
D) informed
8.
E) suggested
B) later
D) next
A) after
C)ago
E} since
A) wasn't having
B) won't have
C) doesn't have
D) didn't have
E) hasn't had
9.
A) attained
C) wanted
B)
expect
E) predicted ed D)
insiste
d
10.
A) too
C) nor
B) neither
D) either
E) also
290 a ELS
B) how
D) that of
A) which
C) such
E) such as
IV ------.
1-25, sorularda, e
yerlere uygun de
an
6.
7.
4.
5.
8.
talents.
3.
9.
ELS a 291
,4
26. Sh e c a n 't b e a r n ot to be in c lu de d in
everything we do.........?
A) is she
C) can't we
B ) does she
D) don't we
E ) ca n she
B) did we
D ) ha dn 't it
E ) w as n't it
A) don't they
C) will they
E) does it
B) won't they
D) doesn't it
A) So does he
C) Neither is he
A) isn't she
B ) doesn't she
C) don't you
D ) does sh e
E) are you
A) did I
C) wouldn't you
E) did you
B) would you
D) didn't I
ELS QZ<
A) won't
B) can we
he C) can't
D) shall
he
E) don't we we
39. Everybody seems to have enjoyed the
party, ........It could have been organized
much better.
41
B) won't they
D) does it
A) will youC)
didn't you
E) does he
B) did he D )
don't you
A ) an d so have I
B ) but I ha ve
C ) a nd n or do I
D ) an d ne ithe r did I
E) b ut I did n't
A) will it
C) do they E) doesn't it
A ) so had
C) nor was
B ) so did D )
n or ha d
E) ne ither did
48. Joh n:
A ) I su pp ose so
B) So do 1
C ) O f course I am
D) Neither will I
E) I will too
A) either C)
though
E)but
Z94 Q ELS
E) also
54. We really appreciated being picked up
from the airport, but my wife was terrified
by the chauffeur's awful driving and,
frankly..........
A) she did, too
B) so was I
C) we weren't though
D) she wasn't either
E) I did too
B) didn't it
D) is it
B) haven't you
D) don't you
\, '
,
/ ,
rubbish.
Linda: ......I thought it was rather good.
A) Did you really?
B) Nor did I.
C) Neither was I.
D) So did I.
E) Wasn't it?
63. Jack:
A) wasn't he
C) didn't he
E) can he
B) hasn't
he D) did
he
ELS Q 295
65. Terry:
...........
A) to ta ke ou r e xa m pa pe rs to h e r ta ble
w hen w e 've finish ed answ ering the
q ue s tio ns
B ) w hethe r w e w ould ra ther ha ve the
e xam on M onda y o r on Friday
C) n ot to m a ke to o m uch no ise w h ile she
is off talking to the principal
D) that she w ould never forgive the
s tu d e n ts c h e a ti n g o n th e te s t
E) w hich sub jec ts w e w a nt he r to rev ise
b efore the exa m
A) J a ne t is s o m e w h a t m e nta lly
un ba la nce d a nd m igh t ea s ily be c om e
uncontrollably em otional, so let's not 93. The doctor told me that the first sign of
the disease would be a slight feeling of
tell frightening stories in her presence.
faintness.
B) J a ne t h a s tr o u b l e ke e p in g h e r
em otions under control, especially
A) D ok tor bana, b u has ta ln e n yay gn
w hen she is told frightening stories.
be lirtis in in a n i ba ylm a la r o ldu un u
C) S inc e Ja n e t is so m e w ha t unb a la nc e d,
syledi.
the only w ay to m a ke her la ug h is by
B) D ok tor, bu h as ta l nz am an z a m a n
telling stories, but w e should avoid
baylm alara neden olabileceini
sca ry o nes as they m igh t ca use he r to
syledi.
panic.
D) Ja net's s to ry is so frigh te ning tha t I
C) D oktor bana, hastaln ilk belirtisinin
don't think w e should tell it to anyone
hafif bir baygnlk hissi olacan
w ho could easily get hysterical.
syledi.
E) It is no fun to tell frightening stories
D) D ok torun dedi ine g re b u h astalk
to Ja ne t, w h o is not very sta ble
insa nda ha fif bir ba yg nlk hiss i
m e nta lly, b e ca us e s h e on ly la u gh s
yaratabilirm i.
instead of getting scared.
E) D oktor, bendeki hafif baygnlk
hiss in in h e n z te his e de m e di i bir
hastalktan kaynaklandn syledi.
A) T he in s pe c to r as ke d th e w itne ss to
ha ve a good lo ok roun d a nd say w ha t
c ha n g e s h a d b e e n m a de .
B) T he in s pe c to r w a nte d to ta ke th e
w itn ess to the spo t in o rde r to lea rn of 105. Bilimin henz tam olarak aklayamad
birok konu olduunu kabul ediyorum,
th e c h a n ge s th a t h a d b e e n m a d e .
C) The w itness looked round thoroughly
ama bunlar doa st glerle
a nd ta lke d to th e ins p ec tor a bo ut the
aklamaya almak doru deil.
cha nges she no tice d.
D) The w itness w as asked to investigate
A) Admittedly, there are many points
the a re a tho ro ug hly a nd inform the
which science does not fully explain,
ins pec to r of w hateve r cha ng es ha d
so you are justified in trying to
taken place.
explain them as the result of
E) U pon having a good look round, the
supernatural powers.
w itn ess e xplaine d to the ins pec to r
B)
Just because science has not fully
w h a t s he o bs e rv e d ha d c h a n g e d.
explained everything doesn't mean
that it is correct to assume
103. Kendisinin gelemeyeceini ama bize
supernatural powers are responsible
yardm etmesi iin birini gndereceini
for some phenomena.
syledi.
C) It is admitted that there are many
points which science cannot
A) W he n he h a d n o tim e to he lp us, he
sen t som e one els e in h is p lac e.
satisfactorily explain, but it doesn't
B) He could have sent som eone to help
follow that explanations of these
us e ven if he h im s elf w asn't able to
which involve supernatural powers
come.
are correct.
C) H e told m e tha t h e 'd a rra ng
e for
D) I admit that the phenomena which
so m e on e to h e lp us a s he h im se lf
science cannot yet fully explain are
w ouldn't be able to com e.
probably correctly assumed to have
D) He said he w ouldn't be able to com e
supernatural causes.
him se lf bu t w o uld s e nd s o m e one to
E)
I admit that there are many points
help us.
which science cannot yet fully explain,
E) He asked if he could send som eone to
but it is not right to try to explain
he lp us be ca us e he h im s e lf w o uld n't
them as th e result of supernatural
have time.
powers.
ELS
301
UNIT 6
INTRODUCTION
a)
Bir gerund ya da Infinitive, cmlede isim gibi ilev gren fiildir. Cmle iinde isimlerin
kullanld zne, nesne vb. durumunda kullanlr.
Gerund, bir fiil kkne "-tag" taksnn eklenmesiyle elde edilir:
playing football, having to get up early, etc.
swimming, reading,
Infinitive ise fiilin bana "to" getirerek ya da fiili yaln haliyle kullanarak elde edilir:
learn English, to climb the mountain, to be able to speak English fluently, etc.
to
Present participle ise fiilin, srerlik bildiren tense'lerle ekimlenirken "-ing" taks
almasdr.
The children are swimming in the sea.
6-1
GERUNDS
6-2
a)
Gerund, bir cmlenin ya da bir yan cmlenin znesi olarak kullanlabilir. Bu zne tek
bir szckten (simple gerund: swimming, reading, etc.) ya da bir szck grubundan
(gerund phrase: listening to the news, having the necessary qualifications, etc.)
oluabilir.
ELS Q 303
Bir cmlenin znesi gerund ise, yklemi tekil bir fiilden oluur: is, was, does, etc.
Ancak, iki gerund and ile balanyorsa, o znenin iinde birden fazla e bulunduu
iin, yklem oul bir fiilden oluur: are, were, do, etc.
Being interested in books is a good quality.
Giving severe punishments to children Is unfair.
Swimming and running are my favourite sports.
Ironing and washing the dishes are the most boring jobs for me.
c)
d)
EXERCISE 1: Complete each of the following sentences with a simple gerund or gerund
phrase as subject of the sentence.
Example: Storytelling is an ancient tradition.
Cycling is more environmentally friendly than driving a car.
1........................................................is one way to avoid spending a fortune on clothes.
2......................................................... seems to be difficult but, in fact, it isn't once
you've got used to it.
3.........................................................is what most babies do before they learn to walk.
4......................................................... seemed useless to me when I realized how
obstinate she was.
5......................................................... is the best thing about travelling.
6.........................................................can strain your eyes.
6-3
Bir gerund be fiilinden sonra gelerek zneyi tanmlayan bir szck ya da szck grubu olabilir.
My biggest problem at work now is having to deal with too many people every
day.
Their favourite pastime is watching television.
What he is most interested in is driving at high speed.
Her biggest dream is having a more affectionate mother.
The main quality needed in this job is being polite all the time.
3O4 Q ELS
EXERCISE 2: a) Answer the following questions with a gerund or gerund phrase as subject
complement.
Example: What are your fondest childhood memories?
My fondest childhood memories are playing with my friends and visiting my
grandparents.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
6-4
a)
Baz fuller, kendilerinden sonra gelen fiili gerund biiminde alrlar. Gerund bu
cmlelerde nesne olarak ilev grr.
I'm afraid I have to delay going on holiday.
I enjoy walking by the sea very much.
You can go out when you've nnished doing your homework.
admit
anticipate
appreciate
avoid
can't help
can't stand
complete
consider
contemplate
delay
deny
detest
discuss
dislike
enjoy
excuse*
finish
imagine
involve
keep
mean
mention
mind
miss
postpone
practise
recall (remember)
recollect (remember)
recommend
remember
resent
resist
risk
stop
suggest
understand*
* Yannda yldz olan fuller gerund'dan nce iyelik sfat kullanmay gerektirir.
l will excuse his coining late.
I don't understand your leaving so early.
ELS Q 305
EXAMPLES:
He admitted stealing his mother's silver tray but denied selling it for drugs.
I appreciate being with friends.
He avoided looking at me while I was criticizing him.
I cant help feeling sorry for them when I see small children in the street begging for money.
I excused her taking my dress without my permission.
I miss our gathering round my grandmother and listening to her war stories.
They had to postpone giving a party because of the car accident their son had.
In order to improve your English, you should practise speaking it whenever possible.
You have to quit eating too much if you want to lose weight.
I don't recall meeting you before.
I resented not receiving an invitation to the party.
Though she is on a strict diet, she sometimes can't resist eating dessert.
You risk losing all your money in that business.
I suggest going for a walk instead of playing cards here.
My parents won't tolerate lying.
b)
Bir gerund'n nnde iyelik sfat (possessive adjective: my, your, his, our, All's, my father's,
my sisters', etc.) kullanlr. Ancak gnlk dilde possessive yerine object pronoun da kullanlr:
me, you, him, Ali, my father, my sisters, etc.
Formal: I will never forgive Jack's scolding me in public.
I will never forgive Ms scolding me in public.
Informal: I will never forgive Jack scolding me in public.
I will never forgive him scolding me in public.
Bir gerund'n nnde possessive kullanld zaman, genellikle anlamda bir deime olur.
/ admit being guilty.
(Sulu olduumu kabul ediyorum.)
(Sulu olan ve kabul eden: ben)
I admit Ms being guilty.
(Onun sulu olduunu kabul ediyorum.)
(Kabul eden: ben, sulu olan: o)
/dislike interrupting people working very hard.
(Youn bir ekilde alan insanlarm iini blmekten holanmyorum.)
I dislike your interrupting people working very hard.
(Youn bir ekilde alan insanlarn iini blmenden holanmyorum.)
6-5
a)
Bir preposition'dan sonra isim gelir. Bu nedenle bir preposition'dan sonra gelen fiil de
gerund biimindedir.
I'm interested in music, (noun)
I'm interested In listening to music, (gerund phrase)
She is afraid of the dark.
She is afraid of going out in the dark.
I object to his proposal.
I object to doing the Job as he proposed.
I'm looking forward to my holiday.
I'm looking forward to having my holiday soon.
306
ELS
Son iki rnekte, "to" dan sonra gerund kullanmna dikkat ediniz. Bu rneklerde "to",
infinitive'in bir blm deil, preposition'dr ve kendisinden sonra bir gerund gelir.
1. I want a book on pollution.
I want to read a book on pollution.
2. I object to your offer.
I object to having the meeting at such a late hour.
Yukardaki rneklerden birincisinde, "want" in kendine ait bir preposition' yoktur. Bu nedenle
kendinden sonra direk nesne alr (want a newspaper, want a job, etc.) Ancak "want' tan sonra
fiile geerken "to" ile geilir, yani to + infinitive gelir, (want to buy, want to sleep, etc.)
kinci rnekte ise "to" "object' fiiline bal bir preposition'dr. Bu nedenle, "object" ten sonra bir
nesneye geerken de "to" kullanlr. Fiil ise gerund biiminde gelir.
b)
c)
1.
a 307
from
for
to
approve/disapprove of
argue about
believe in
Do you approve
Last night, we argued
I really believe
of
about
In
care about
comment on
complain about
concentrate on
consist of
deal with
decide against
depend on (upon)
dream of
feel like
forget about
insist on
look forward to
object to
participate in
plan on
refer to
Do you care
I don't want to comment
He always complains
You have to concentrate
Being a good student consists
I want to deal
Seeing the cold weather, we decided
Passing the exam depends
He has always dreamed
I fee/
She is trying to forget
Do you still Insist
What are you looking forward
Why do you always object
I want to participate
What do you plan
In his speech, the chairman referred
take advantage of
talk about
think about/of
She is thinking
succeed in
worry about
B.
Don't worry
drinking alcohol.
being late.
eating English meals
when you go there.
her staying out so late?
accuse someone of
apologize to someone for
arrest someone for
blame someone for
charge someone with
complain to someone about
congratulate someone on
deter someone from
devote oneself to
discourage someone from
They accused
She apologized
They arrested
I blamed
They will charge
I complained to
I congratulated
The storm deterred
She devoted
Someone discouraged
the man
to me
the guard
her
him
the owner
him
the climbers
herself
her
of
for
for
for
with
about
on
from
to
from
I can't forgive
They didn't Involve
By speaking too
loudly, they kept
What prevented
You shouldn't punish
Her attitude stopped
They suspected
I want to thank
him
their father
for
In
me
him
him
me
him
them
from
from
for
from
of
3O8Q ELS
the children
the children
studying.
leaving on holiday?
stealing Vns candy.
making friends with her.
betraying his partners.
helping me to find
for
some accommodation.
against going \oo near the lake.
about playing loo near the lake.
She
EXERCISE 3: Complete the following sentences with an appropriate preposition and the
gerund of the given verb.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
ELS Q 309
b)
accustomed to
afraid of angry
at appropriate
for ashamed of
aware of bored
with capable of
concerned
about content
with delighted
at
c)
different from/to/than
essential to/for
excellent at
excited about
exposed to
famous for
fed up with
fond of
generous about/in
good at
grateful to sb. for
sorry about
successful in suitable
for sure of (about)
surprised at terrified
of tired of (from) used
to (accustomed to)
worried about happy
about
Tired of, bir eyden bkmak, sklmak anlamna gelir. (=bored with, fed up with) Tred
from, bir iten dolay yorulmak anlamndadr.
I'm tired of waiting for the bus to come. Let's take a taxi.
I think I'm getting old. I'm beginning to feel tired from, working so hard.
3IO Q ELS
d)
speaking.
slow at
(nceleri i bana olduka zor geldi ama ksa srede orada almaya altan.)
I used to smoke more when I was at university, but now I smoke less.
(niversitedeyken daha ok sigara ierdim ama...)
She used to be quite slim before she got married.
(Evlenmeden nce olduka zayft.)
EXERCISE 4: Complete the following sentences with an appropriate preposition and the
gerund of the given verb.
1.
You must be very proud ...........your son's (come) .......................... top in the final
exams.
2. Gliding is similar ............ (fly) ..........................except that the craft has no engine.
3. Her parents are very concerned ...........her (travel) ........................... home alone so late
at night.
4. He always travels by land or sea because he is terrified
............. (fly) ............................
5. Since she began to live in her own apartment, Carol has become accustomed
.............
(cook) .........................her own meals.
6. Aren't you fed up ............ (listen) ..........................to the same cassette again and
again?
7. Many people think that gambling is addictive and therefore no different
............. (take)
........................drugs.
8. The people above us seem very generous
........... (help) .......................... their
neighbours.
9. It's not that he's incapable ............ (make) ...........................any progress - it's just that
he isn't making an effort.
10. I really must apologize for my son. I'm thoroughly ashamed
............ his (be)
........................so ill-mannered.
11. The right soil and temperature are essential ............ (cultivate) ..........................any
plant.
ELS
3II
12. That book is not appropriate .......... (study) .......................on your own. Why don't
you try this one?
13. She is quite famous............... (convince) .......................people to do something they,
in fact, don't want to do.
14. I'm really grateful to you.............. (show] .........................me such great hospitality
during my stay here.
15. You need to become excellent............... (speak) .......................in English if you want
to be a tourist guide.
16. My roommate really gets on my nerves. You see, she is rather lazy............ (pick)
........................up after herself, and as a result, our room is always in a mess.
17. She genuinely appears sorry........... (shout) ....................... at you. Perhaps you
ought to forgive her.
18. She wasn't at all happy........... (work) .......................so many weekends, but she
didn't refuse because she was worried ......... (lose) .......................her job.
19. She seems really excited .......... (visit) .......................Egypt for the first time. I know
she has always wanted to see the pyramids.
20. The duty nurse is responsible .......... (monitor) .......................the patients' progress
during her shift.
21. She felt guilty........... (not, send) ......................her daughters to ballet school when
they were children because they were both so good ......... (dance) .........................
22. The treasurer of the club appears to be guilty.......... (neglect) .......................his
duties, and I'm therefore opposed.......... (allow) .......................him to continue in
his position without a vote from the members.
23. I wish I didn't have to go to work now as I'm still tired ......... (cycle) .......................
along the coast yesterday.
24. When are we going to make some real money? I'm tired ......... (save) .......................
even for small items.
25. My husband isn't aware..........his (snore) .........................but it drives me crazy.
3.
Baz isimler kendilerinden sonra bir preposition + gerund yapsyla kullanlrlar. Bazlar da
hem kendinden nce hem de kendinden sonra preposition alabilirler. Bu ekilde yaygn olarak
kullanlan yaplar unlardr:
on account of ....yznden
in (the) case of .... durumunda
*difficulty in
.....sknt/glk ekmek
in addition to ....ilaveten, yan sra
*in charge of ....ile ykml
*in danger of ..... tehlikesiyle kar karya
in exchange for .....karlk olarak
excuse for
....mazereti olmak
in favour of
....lehinde olmak, taraftar olmak
for fear of
....korkusuyla
*in the habit of .....alkanlnda olmak
in return for
. . .karlk olarak
instead of
....yerine
interest in
....ilgisi olmak
in the course of..... srasnda, esnasnda
in the middle of..... ortasnda
need for
.... olan gereksinim
reason for
....nedeni
for the sake of ....hatr iin, ....... uruna
in spite of
....ramen
"technique for ....run teknii
the point of
. . .nm gerei, ......nn anlam (yok)
*on the point of.....yapmak zere olmak
312 Q ELS
a)
Bu kalplan kullanrken, gerund'un banda possessive adjective (my, your, his, etc.)
yaygn olarak kullanlr. (Banda yldz bulunan yaplarla possessive kullanlmaz.)
I'm not in favour of your going abroad for education.
In exchange for your taking the time to help me, I want to do something for you.
I have a great interest in his singing.
b)
The point of, bir eyi yapmann gerei, anlam demektir ve daha ok olumsuz
biimde kullanlr (bir gerei/anlam yok).
The road is winding. I don't understand the point of your driving so fast. Bu
yap there is kalbyla, "there is no/isn't any point in doing' biiminde de kullanlr.
Have difficulty In, preposition almadan da kullanlr ve yine, kendinden sonra gerund
alr. Difficult'm nnde no, little, less, much, more, great gibi szckler kullanarak,
zorluun derecesini azaltabilir ya da oaltabiliriz. Have difficulty ile ayn anlamda '
have trouble/have a hard time/have a difficult time doing something yaplarn da
kullanabiliriz.
I had great difficulty (in) finding a flat at a price I could afford.
You will have no difficulty/won't have any difficulty (in) answering the
questions about the prepositions if you learn all of them by heart.
EXAMPLES:
We were late for the concert on account of your taking too much time to get
dressed.
I can only afford to look after myself now, but in (the) case of my parents'
needing any help, I'd go short myself.
In addition to working in an office during the day, she is attending English
courses in the evenings.
You are in charge of meeting the customers and making them feel comfortable.
You are in danger of losing all your money.
In exchange for borrowing this book from you, I can lend you one of mine.
Do you have a good excuse for being late?
I'm in favour of taking strict measures against drunken driving.
We went in quietly for fear of waking the others at home.
I'm not in the habit of going to bed very late.
Will you get anything in return for helping them?
Let's watch the film on TV instead of playing cards.
She has a great interest in learning about other cultures.
There was great chaos in the course of the minister's speaking to the public.
When they heard a sound like a bomb exploding, the professor stopped
speaking right in the middle of giving his lecture.
Can you tell me what is the need for your working so hard?
The reason for his not being able to get up early is that he goes to bed very late.
Everybody must do whatever they can for the sake of realizing world peace.
She's having difficulty (in) making ends meet in spite of earning a. big salary.
If you want to improve your writing skills, you should learn the techniques for
writing good paragraphs.
I don't see the point of buying a second car. We share the present one with no
problems.
They were on the point of leaving the office when it started to rain heavily.
ELS a 313
"
"
' "
........................................................................ :
"
"
'
'
EXERCISE 5u
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
6-6
He declined the offer from his company to stay on after retirement age in favour
..........(move) ..........................to the country and spending more time with his wife.
She is in the habit ........... [speak] ..........................too much, so she bores the people
around her.
There was a power cut last night right in the middle
.............our (watch)
........................an extremely interesting documentary on TV.
We were just on the point ........... (park) ..........................the car outside my sister's
house when we realized that we'd left her birthday present at home.
There can be no excuse ........... (shout) ..........................at the customers in the way
you did today.
That building is in danger ........... (col/apse) ...........................and should be safely
demolished as soon as possible.
In addition ........... (work) ..........................on a construction site during the day, he
works as a nighttime security guard in a factory for the sake
........... (provide)
........................a good education for his children.
In exchange ...........his (give) ...........................me a hand with my graduation thesis,
I'm taking Jeff out for a meal this evening.
His reason ............ (open) ..........................a new school instead ............. (work)
........................for someone else was that he thought the town lacked one that
provided a really good service to students.
What's the point ............ (spend) ..........................a lot of money on advertising when
we have more than enough work for the next three months?
They chose our service on account ............our (offer) ...........................them free
delivery.
Terracing is an ancient technique ............ (grow)...........................crops on steep
hillsides.
In the case ............ her (have) ..........................to sell her house, she could stay in our
guest room for a while.
Are you sure you won't have any difficulty
........... (get) .......................... to the airport
on your own?
I didn't visit my sister this week for fear
............ (eaten) ..........................her infection.
EXPRESSIONS + GERUND
It's no use trying to conceal what you have just done. I saw you.
It's no good trying to persuade my father. He won't allow me to come with you.
314 ELS
go hiking
go hunting
go sightseeing
go skating
go skiing
Busy'den sonra direk bir isim geliyorsa, isimden nce with kullanlr.
She is busy with her homework.
After
(by
3.
How do you manage to make ends meet with such a small salary? (/ don't spend
anything on luxury items.)
4.
How did they rescue the boy? (They threw him a rope from a helicopter.)
5.
2.
316 o ELS
3.
4.
5. My brother rides his bike and he doesn't hold onto the handlebars.
EXERCISE 8: Complete the sentences using busy + doing or busy + with + a noun.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6-7
Passive'in temel kural be + past participle (be done) olduu iin, kendinden sonra gerund alan
fiiller, bu passive yapy being done biiminde alr.
I have been invited to the party. I appreciate this. I
appreciate being invited to the party. (Partiye
davet edilmek houma gitti.)
Bu kullanmlarda yklemin active, gerund'm passive olduuna dikkat ediniz.
She insists on our telling her the truth whatever it is.
She insists on being told the truth whatever it is.
I don't enjoy being asked personal questions.
You can't go to a party without being Invited.
Being the son of a very rich man, he is in danger of being kidnapped.
He is justly proud of being elected chairman.
For fear of being attacked, she avoids going out alone after dark.
I resented not being invited to the wedding.
I can't stand being told what to do.
I don't recall being informed about this case.
ELS Q 317
6-9
INFINITIVES
a)
Infinitive, fiilin bana "to" ekleyerek ya da fiili yaln haliyle kullanarak elde edilir. Bir
infinitive, ayn gerund gibi, cmlede zne ya da nesne durumunda kullanlabilen
isimlemi fiildir.
Infinitive tek bir szckten oluabilir (simple infinitive: to succeed, to rest, etc.), ya da bir
szck grubundan oluabilir (infinitive phrase: to talk about economy, to study medicine at
university, to drive dangerously, etc.)
She wants to study languages at university. To
be a student is really difficult. They are planning
to move into another house. Her father doesn't let
her go out alone at night. His poor appearance
made us feel sorry for him.
b)
c)
Simple Infinitive ya da Infinitive phrase bir cmlenin znesi olabilir. Ancak ngilizce'de,
cmleye Infinitive ile balamak pek yaygn deildir. Bunun yerine cmleye "it" ile
balayp, asl zneyi yklemden sonra kullanmak daha yaygndr.
To save money is impossible these days. It is
impossible to save money these days.
To chat is fun. It is
fun to chat.
To chat with a close friend is fun. It
is fun to chat with a close Mend.
ELS Q 319
Bu cmlelerde "it" anlam etkilemez. Yani her iki cmlenin de Trke'ye evirisi ayndr.
To travel by minibus takes a lot of time. It
takes a lot of time to travel by minibus.
(Minibsle seyahat etmek ok zaman alyor.)
To jump out of a plane with a parachute takes courage. It
takes courage to jump out of a plane with a parachute.
To become perfect in a foreign language takes years. It
takes years to become perfect in a foreign language.
b)
Daha nce bir gerund'n da cmlenin znesi durumunda olabildiini grmtk. Pek
ok cmlede, znenin gerund ya da infinitive olmas arasnda bir fark yoktur. Ancak
zne genel bir durumu ifade ediyorsa gerund, zel bir durumu ifade ediyorsa infinitive
tercih edilir.
Swimming is my favourite sport.
Reading is very important for children.
Knowing English enables you to communicate with foreigners.
To swim in that river isn't at all wise.
To read this book in Just three days will be difficult.
To learn English will enable you to find a good job.
Cmleye "it" ile balyorsak, devamndaki tamamlaycs genellikle infinitive olur. (Informal
English'de, "it" ile balayan cmleler, zellikle ok yaygn kullanlan baz ifadele'r, bazen bir
gerund ile devam etmektedir.)
It isn't at all wise to swim in that river.
It is important for children to read.
Its nice to see you again.
If s nice seeing you again.
Cmleye balarken bir possessive adjective (my, your, his, All's, Jane's, my mother's etc.)
kullanyorsak, zne olarak gerund kullanlr.
fos coming late made us angry.
Her not wanting to come with us is quite surprising.
The employees' complaining too much about the pay rise made the
management think it over.
EXERCISE 10: Rewrite the following sentences using "if as the subject of the sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To be picked for the national team was a great surprise for him.
It......................................................................................................................
To have a few days off next week will be wonderful.
It ....................................................................................................................
To get into the habit of borrowing money is unwise.
It......................................................................................................................
To overexert yourself when exercising can do more harm than good.
It......................................................................................................................
To produce something worthwhile takes time and effort.
It.............................................................:.......................................................
3ZO Q ELS
c)
zne olarak bir infinitive, gerund ya da "if ile balayan cmlelerde, eylemin kimin iin zor, kolay
vs. olduunu belirtmek iin for + noun/pronoun kullanlr.
Swimming is easy forme.
To swim is easy for me. It
is easy for me to swim.
Driving in heavy traffic isn't difficult for an experienced driver. To
drive in heavy traffic isn't difficult for an experienced driver. It isn't
difficult for an experienced driver to drive in heavy traffic.
d)
Of + Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive
zne olarak "if ile balayan cmlelerde, baz sfatlardan sonra of + noun/pronoun yaps
kullanlr. Bu sfatlar, eylemi deil de, eylemi yapan kiiyi tanmlayan sfatlardr: polite, kind,
rude, smart, clever, etc.
It's kind of you to help me.
(Bana yardm ettiiniz iin ok naziksiniz.)
5.
I lay in the sun for an hour without any protection. It was stupid.
It was stupid.............................................................................................................
6. The director reprimanded the manager in front of all the staff. It was
unprofessional.
It was unprofessional.................................................................................................
7. The weather is awful in May. It's unusual.
It's unusual...............................................................................................................
8. He didn't inform anyone about where he was going mountain-climbing on his own.
It wasn't sensible.
It wasn't sensible.......................................................................................................
9. She didn't offer to help us. It was inconsiderate.
It was inconsiderate
...................................................................................................................................
10. They received death threats. It must have been frightening.
It must have been frightening....................................................................................
6-11
"Be" fiilinden sonra infinitive kullanarak zneyi tanmlayc ya da aklayc bir ifade elde
edebiliriz.
When I was a child, my ambition was to be an architect.
A government's policy should be to do whatever is needed to improve the
standard of living.
After dinner tonight, my plan is to take a walk along the seashore.
What you need is to get some fresh air.
Daha nce gerund'n bu kullanmn grmtk. Ancak, gerund' genel ifadeler iin tercih
etmek gerekir.
Her favourite sport is playing tennis, (general)
Her plan after work today is to play tennis, (specific)
A nationwide pastime is watching television, (general) What
I will do after dinner is to watch television, (specific)
EXERCISE 12: Answer the following questions using infinitive as subject complement.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
32* Q ELS
1.
Verb + Infinitive
She decided to move to another city.
2.
3.
1.
Verb + Infinitive
a)
consent
decide
demand
deserve
endeavor
fail
happen
hesitate
hope
learn
manage
mean
offer
plan
prepare
pretend
proceed
promise
prove
refuse
seem
struggle
swear
tend
threaten
volunteer
wait
EXAMPLES:
They couldn't afford to go on holiday last summer.
I didn't agree to work with him.
You appear to be pale today. Is there something wrong?
We arranged to meet in front of the cinema.
I don't care to live alone.
She chose to stay home while we went out.
Don't hesitate to contact me if you need any help.
She demanded in a firm voice to talk to me.
She endeavored to finish her homework, but she couldn't.
She hopes to pass the exam with a good grade.
He never seems to succeed.
She sometimes tends to speak too much.
Some of the students volunteered to bring some food for the picnic.
He couldn't wait to see the manager.
b)
Eer prove ile prove'dan sonra gelen fiili ayn kii yapyorsa, reflexive pronoun +
Infinitive kullanlabilir.
The new headmaster proved to be successful.
The new headmaster proved himself to be successful.
She soon proved to be reliable.
She soon proved herself to be reliable.
2.
a)
advise
allow
appoint
cause
caution
challenge
command
compel
convince
direct
enable
encourage
forbid
force
hire
implore
instruct
invite
motivate
oblige
order
permit
persuade
remind
request
require
show... how
teach
tell
tempt
urge
warn
EXAMPLES:
I advised him to stop smoking.
Her father doesn't allow her to go out at night.
They appointed him to investigate the case.
The hard work caused me to feel depressed.
He challenged me to swim to the other side of the river.
They compelled me to tell the truth about her.
Owning a car enables you to travel without difficulty.
Last night, we hired a babysitter to look after our son.
Setting an aim motivates people to work harder.
I reminded him to buy some bread on his way back home.
My niece requested me to help her with her English assignment.
Her job requires her to travel a lot.
He told me to be there on time.
His bad companions tempted him to drink heavily.
b)
3.
a)
Bu gruptaki fiiller hem kendilerinden hemen sonra hem de bir dolayl nesneden sonra
infinitive alabilirler. Ancak iki cmlenin anlam farkldr. u iki cmleyi inceleyelim.
/want to study hard. (ok almak istiyorum.)
/want you to study hard. (ok alman istiyorum.)
324 Q ELS
Verb + infinitive
She decided to move to another city.
2.
3.
1.
Verb + Infinitive
a)
consent
decide
demand
deserve
endeavor
fail
happen
hesitate
hope
learn
manage
mean
offer
plan
prepare
pretend
proceed
promise
prove
refuse
seem
struggle
swear
tend
threaten
volunteer
wait
EXAMPLES:
They couldn't afford to go on holiday last summer.
I didn't agree to work with him.
You appear to be pale today. Is there something wrong?
We arranged to meet in front of the cinema.
I don't care to live alone.
She chose to stay home while we went out.
Don't hesitate to contact me if you need any help.
She demanded in a firm voice to talk to me.
She endeavored to Unish her homework, but she couldn't.
She hopes to pass the exam with a good grade.
He never seems to succeed.
She sometimes tends to speak too much.
Some of the students volunteered to bring some food for the picnic.
He couldn't wait to see the manager.
b)
Eer prove ile prove'dan sonra gelen fiili ayn kii yapyorsa, reflexive pronoun +
infinitive kullanlabilir.
The new headmaster proved to be successful.
The new headmaster proved himself to be successful.
She soon proved to be reliable.
She soon proved herself to be reliable.
2.
a)
advise
allow
appoint
cause
caution
challenge
command
compel
convince
direct
enable
encourage
forbid
force
hire
implore
instruct
invite
motivate
oblige
order
permit
persuade
remind
request
require
show. .. how
teach
tell
tempt
urge
warn
EXAMPLES:
infinitive gelir. nk
3.
a)
Bu gruptaki fiiller hem kendilerinden hemen sonra hem de bir dolayl nesneden sonra
infinitive alabilirler. Ancak iki cmlenin anlam farkldr. u iki cmleyi inceleyelim.
/want to study hard. (ok almak istiyorum.)
I want you to study hard. (ok alman istiyorum.)
324 Q ELS
c)
dare
expect
need
prefer
promise
want
wish
would like
d)
Soruda ya da olumsuz cmlede, dare fiilinden sonra infinitive "to" ile ya da yaln olarak
gelebilir.
- Would you dare do/to do a parachute jump?
- No, I wouldn't dare do/to do that.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
do" or "doing".
/,-%...........,"
....y
BACK THROUGH THE SAME WAY
My neighbour asked me to help her get into her house because her
young daughter had locked the door from the inside while she had been
outside hanging clothes on the line.
The kitchen window was unlocked but could only be reached by
ladder. When I finally climbed through, I had to clamber over a sink and the
counter covered with dishes.
While the little girl stood there wide-eyed, I made my way through
the house and opened the door.
When the mother entered, I headed for the window to close it.
"Oh," she said, "you don't have to go out in the same way."
(by Dan Epp from Reader's Digest)
>**
EXERCISE 14: Complete the sentences using gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs given in
parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
326 Q ELS
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
1.
advise
allow
attempt
begin
encourage
forbid
hate
'
intend
like
love
need
neglect
permit
prefer
recommend
start
ELS Q 3*7
a)
Bu fiillerden attempt, begin, cannot bear, continue, dislike, dread, hate, intend, like,
love, neglect ve start gerund ya da infinitive aldnda aralarnda nemli bir fark
yoktur.
I attempted doing/to do the job without getting any help.
Just as I left the office, it began raining/to rain.
I can't bear listening/to listen to that sort of music.
After a brief interval, we continued working/to work.
She dislikes being told/to be told what to do.
I hate washing/to wash the dishes.
They intend moving/to move into a bigger house.
I like walking/to walk.
She loves playing/to play with children.
He neglected Informing/to Inform us about the case.
I will start studying/to study as soon as the film is over.
b)
c)
d)
Bu kural (indirect object'den sonra infinitive gelmesi] sadece bu fuller iin geerlidir.
Kendinden sonra sadece gerund alan fiiller, nesne olsa bile, yine gerund alr.
I suggested going to an Italian restaurant for a change.
I suggested their going to an Italian restaurant for a change.
e)
Need fiili active cmlede kendinden sonra Infinitive alr. Passive cmlede ise passive
infinitive (to be done) ya da gerund (doing) alabilir.
I need to iron my shirt, (active)
My shirt needs to be ironed/needs ironing, (passive)
You need to repair the radio, (active)
The radio needs to be repaired/needs repairing, (passive)
*Bu fiillerden sadece attempt, begin, continue ve start srerlik bildiren tense'lerle kullanlr.
Dierleri kullanlmaz. "Kendisi progressive bir tense ile kullanlmsa devamnda infinitive alr"
kural da sadece bu fiiller iin geerlidir. Eer bir fiil kendinden sonra sadece gerund
alabiliyorsa, progressive tense'le de kullanlsa, gerund deimez.
3X8 a ELS
Prefer fiilinin gerund ya da infinitive almas, bir tercihten dierine geerken arada
kullandmz gei szcne baldr. Eer arada
"to" kullanlyorsa gerund, "than" ya
da "rather than" kullanlyorsa infinitive alr.
Eer sadece tercihi belirtip cmleyi bitiriyorsak, genel anlamdaki tercihlerimiz iin "prefer
doing", spesifik tercihlerimiz iin "prefer to do" kullanm daha yaygndr. Spesifik tercihlerimiz
iin "would prefer to do" da kullanabiliriz.
you watch television very often?
D , I prefer reading. (I prefer to read.)
o
(general}
2.
a)
mean (intend)
mean (result in, involve)
regret
stop
Do you remember our being stuck in the mud with the car last winter?
Yes, I also remember very clearly your losing your temper.
Really? What did I do?
You kicked the car and dented its rear fender.
Oh, I'd c ompletely forgotten doing that.
When I met him, I suddenly remembered lending him a large sum of money the
previous month. When I asked for my money back, he said he was sorry he had
completely forgotten borrowing money from me. (nce ona para verdim. Daha
sonra ona rastlaynca, ona para verdiimi hatrladm. O ise benden para
aldn unuttu.)
- Please remember (don't forget) to tell him that I will be waiting at our usual
cafe around 4 o'clock.
- Okay, I promise you. I won't forget (will remember) to give
him your message.
Because I left home in a hurry, I forgot to take my purse with me. (Czdanm
yanma almay unuttum. Yani yapmam gereken bir ii yapmadm.)
I usually forget to lock the door, but this morning I remembered to lock it/I
didn't forget to lock it.
(Kapy kilitlemeyi hatrladm/unutmadm. Yani yapmam gereken bir ii
yaptm.)
ELS
3X9
b)
Regret, yapmay planladmz bir ii yapamayacamz ifade ederken "I'm sorry" anlamnda
kullanlyorsa Infinitive alr. Bu anlamda regret, tell, say, inform gibi fiillerle birlikte ok sk
kullanlr.
l regret to tell you that 1 can't come with you.
(I'm sorry to tell you that..........)
1 regret to inform you that you couldn't get a passing grade.
d)
Stop to do, bir ey yapmak iin durmak anlamnda kullanlr. Burada "to" ama bildirdii iin
"stop to do" yerine "stop in order to do" da kullanabiliriz.
When the phone rang, 1 stopped my work to/in order to answer the phone.
When a loud noise was heard, everybody in the street stopped to/in order to
,
see what had happened.
Bazen bu iki yapy bir arada kullanmamz gerekebilir:
EXERCISE 15: Complete the sentences with the gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs given
In parentheses. In some sentences both are possible.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Our director won't permit (drink) .........................near the computers. We aren't even
allowed (drink) .........................anything at our desks during our breaks
.
His father encouraged him (start) ......................... up his own business; moreover, he
urged him (borrow) .........................money from the bank to set it up.
Too easily obtainable credit cards encourage
(borrow) .........................., which can
cause people (get) .........................into debt.
She recommended me (not enroll) ......................... in that school because it hasn't
got a good reputation.
A: I hope you didn't forget (post) .........................the letter I gave you.
B: No, I remembered (mail) ..........................it at the last moment.
I'm really sorry that I couldn't remember
(meet) .........................you at a party before,
but you have changed so much!
I don't think I'll ever forget (roll) .........................down from the top of a steep hill all
the way to the river below, which happened while I was hiking with some friends
last
month.
If you can't open the lid of a jar, try
(put) ..........................it upside down in hot
water.
I advised her (stop) .......................... (worry)...........................about what had happened
and (try) ......................... (forget)...........................all about it.
I can't help (feel) .........................anxious about the economic crisis in the country.
My grandmother doesn't allow (pick) ............................flowers in her garden.
Teacher, will you allow us (continue) ......................... (write) ..........................for some
time after the bell?
A: Oh, I'm afraid we can't go out for a walk. Look! It's beginning
(pour)
........................with rain.
B: Why not? I love (walk) .........................in the rain. Let's put on our raincoats and
go.
We regret (inform) .........................you that your application for a transfer has not
been accepted.
She has such an authoritative voice that whenever she starts
(speak)
........................., everyone stops (listen) ......................... to her.
I wish he would stop (complain) ............................He knows there is nothing we can
do to change the situation.
Those curtains really need (wash) ............................They're filthy.
I'm afraid your ankle is broken and I regret
(inform) ..........................you that you
won't be able to play basketball for a while.
If you intend (qualify) ......................... as a doctor, you will have to work very hard.
I suggested (camp) ...........................but the others insisted on (stay) ...........................in
a hotel.
A: Shall we have a coffee here?
B: I prefer (wait) ..........................until we get home.
Have you ever regretted (reject) ......................... the computing firm's offer and
(accept) .........................your current position?
My broken leg continued (h urt) ..........................even after I took two painkillers .
I'm not sure whether to accept their offer or not because it will mean
(get)
........................up really early and (commute) ...........................long distances every
day.
Where would you prefer (eat) ......................... this evening - at home or at a
restaurant?
ELS
331
Infinitive, baz isimlerden sonra gelerek, o ismi tanmlayan bir sfat ilevini stlenir. Bu
ekilde yaygn olarak kullanlan isimler unlardr:
ability
ambition
anxiety
attempt
decision
demand
desire
determination
eagerness
effort
failure
offer
plan
promise
refusal
request
right
scheme
willingness
wish
Not every person has the ability to think logically. Some people lack it totally.
Hts ambition to become the top student in the class made him ill. My
determination to go on walking even in the rain surprised them all. His
eagerness to pass the exam is at its peak these days.
b)
Genellikle nlerinde bir superlative ile birlikte time ve place* gibi isimler de bu yapyla
yaygn olarak kullanlr.
The best time to go on holiday is spring.
Tomorrow, I will have a lot of time to deal with you.
My favourite time to walk is early in the morning.
The best place to sh is just under the Bosphorus Bridge.
The first, the second, the next, the last, etc. gibi sra saylan da Infinitive alabilir.
Do you know who the first person to climb Mount Everest was?
The last person to leave home should lock the door.
(Evden en son kan kiinin kapy kilitlemesi gerekir.)
She is always the last (person) to come.
(Her zaman en son gelen (kii) odur.)
a)
disgusted
disturbed
sad
sorry
upset
proud
ashamed
anxious
eager
determined
motivated
prepared
ready
willing
afraid
careful
hesitant
reluctant
certain
likely
amazed
astonished
surprised
shocked
stunned
c)
Bu ksaltmay yaparken, temel cmle ile yan cmlenin znesinin ayn olmasna dikkat ediniz.
Eer zneler ayn deil ise, passive infinitive kullanarak yine ayn anlam verebiliriz.
She was disappointed that they didn't give her the job.
She was disappointed not to be given the job.
She was happy that they promoted her.
She was happy to be promoted.
EXERCISE 16: Change the following statements as shown in the examples.
Examples: I was relieved when I got the good news.
I was relieved to get the good news.
They were astonished when they heard about the rent their landlady was asking for.
They were astonished...................................................................................................
ELS a 333
He was disappointed when they told him that he had to work in another city.
He was disappointed
................................................................................................................................
3. They were shocked when they discovered that their house had been broken into.
They were shocked................................................................................................
4. It is likely that he'll leave on a business trip next week.
He is likely.............................................................................................................
5. We were all relieved when we found out that he had been found innocent of the
charge.
We were all relieved................................................................................................
6. It was lucky that he wasn't injured in the accident.
He was lucky..........................................................................................................
7. He was relieved when he got his wallet back intact.
He was relieved .....................................................................................................
8. They were amazed when they saw how quickly he recovered.
They were amazed..................................................................................................
9. She was determined that she wouldn't let his sarcastic remarks hurt her.
She was determined...............................................................................................
10. We were proud that we were chosen as the best performing department.
We were proud.......................................................................................................
2.
b)
Infinitive'in past biimi to have done, passive past biimi ise to have been done
eklinde ifade edilir. Infinitive'in ifade ettii eylem yklemden daha nce
gereklemise, past infinitive kullanmamz gerekir.
Past infinitive zellikle seem, appear, pretend gibi fiillerle; lucky, fortunate, happy, pleased,
content, likely gibi sfatlarla ok sk kullanlr.
I'm happy that I passed the exam.
I'm happy to have passed the exam.
(I passed the exam sometime before now, and now I'm happy.)
She is fortunate that she received a good education.
She is fortunate to have received a good education.
It seems that you have passed the exam.
You seem to have passed the exam.
It seems that they were surprised at the news.
They seem to have been surprised at the news.
(Habere arm gibi grnyorlar.)
334 O ELS
c)
To do/to be done ile to have done/to have been done arasndaki fark grmek iin u
cmleleri inceleyelim:
She is fortunate that she will study abroad.
She is fortunate to study abroad.
(Yurt dnda renim grecei iin ansl.)
She is fortunate that she studied abroad. She
is fortunate to have studied abroad. (Yurt
dnda renim grd iin ansl.)
She is lucky that she will be sent abroad. She
is lucky to be sent abroad.
She is lucky that she was sent abroad.
She is lucky to have been sent abroad.
It's likely that she is at home now.
She is likely to be at home now.
It's likely that she was at home then. She
is likely to have been at home then.
It seems he is given pay rises regularly.
He seems to be given pay rises regularly.
It seems he was given a pay rise last month.
He seems to have been given a pay rise last month.
d)
Seem, appear ve pretend fiillerini present progressive infinitive (to be doinl ve past
progressive infinitive (to have been doing) ile de kullanabiliriz.
It appears that they are waiting for us.
They appear to be waiting for us.
It appears that they have been waiting for us for a long time.
They appear to have been waiting for us for a long time.
e)
Tell, order, ask, request, etc. gibi pek ok fiilden sonra past Infinitive kullanlamaz.
nk bu tr fiillerle infinitive, yklemden sonra gerekleecek bir eylemi ifade eder.
I asked my friends not to make so much noise.
I told the children to be careful while crossing the street.
He told me to be there on time.
(Bana vaktinde orada olmam syledi.) (Daha sonra yapacam bir ii syledi.)
EXERCISE 17: Complete the sentences with simple inunitive (active or passive), past
infinitive (active or passive) or progressive infinitive.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The police are putting together their evidence about the suspect, who appears
(spy)
......................................for an unknown power for several years now.
6. Whenever I ask him (help) .......................................me round the house, he pretends
(do) ...................................... something else.
7. I'm sorry (sound) .......................................a little sleepy, but I didn't expect (call)
......................................on the telephone at three o'clock in the morning!
8. I was pleased (give) .......................................the chance to manage my own project
and also glad (accomplish) .......................................it so successfully.
9. Oh, the work is almost finished, and you'd only just started when I left. You all
seem (work) ........................................very hard since this morning then.
10. A: Why is he looking under every desk?
B: I don't know, but he appears (lose) .......................................something.
A: And now he is smiling. He seems (find) ........................................whatever it was
he'd lost.
Ama bildiren bir yap olarak In order to do yerine sadece to do kullanabiliriz. Olumsuz
ifadelerde "In order not to do" kullanlr.
I will go shopping because I want to buy some vegetables.
will go shopping to buy/In order to buy some vegetables.
To do/In order to do ile for dolng'in kullanm arasndaki ayrma dikkat ediniz. Bir
insann bir eylemi yapmadaki amacn ifade etmek istiyorsak
to do/In order to do
kullanlr. Bir nesnenin (bir alet, makina vb.) ne ie yaradm, ne amala kullanldn
ifade etmek istiyorsak be used for doing ya da be used to do/In order to do kullanlr.
Eer bir nesnenin ne ie yaradn ifade ediyor, ancak cmlede
"be used'
kullanmyorsak, sadece "for doing" kullandr.
Ancak, belli bir olayda (specific) bir nesnenin ne amala kullanldn ifade ederken
sadece to do kullanlr.
Detergent is used for cleaning/to clean dirty things, (general) A
lot of detergent was used to clean the house, (specific)
nsann bir eylemi yapmadaki amacn ifade ederken fiil deil de isim kullanyorsak,
for + a noun kullanlr.
I went to the bookstore to buy a book. I
went to the bookstore for a book.
EXERCISE 18: Complete the sentences with "to do", "for doing" or "for + a noun" using the
words given In parentheses, hi some cases, more than one answer Is
possible.
1.
kinci cmlenin sonunda yklemin nesnesi durumunda olan "it" sznn "too" lu cmlede
kullanlmadna dikkat ediniz. Bu cmlede infinitive, passive yapda bulunmad halde,
cmlenin anlam passive'dir. Bu nedenle iki cmleyi birletirdiimizde, yklemin nesnesi zne
durumuna gemitir (This box). Bu cmlede eylemi yapmann kimin iin zor, kolay, vb.
olduunu ifade etmek iin for + noun/pronoun kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda cmleyi Trke'ye
active olarak eviririz.
This box is too heavy. I can't carry it. This box
is too heavy for me to cany. (Bu kutu benim
tayamayacam kadar ar.)
b)
ELS a 337
c)
d)
Too ile ifade ettiimiz bir cmleyi, kullanlan sfatn ya da zarfn zt anlamlsn
kullanarak, olumsuz bir cmlede enough'la da verebiliriz.
She Is too young to get married.
(Evlenemeyecek kadar kk.) She
Isn't old enough to get married.
(Evlenecek kadar byk deil.)
The car Is too small to take five people.
(Araba be kiiyi alamayacak kadar kk.)
The car Isn't big enough to take five people.
(Araba be kiiyi alacak kadar byk deil.)
e)
Enough, genellikle bir sfat ya da zarftan sonra (strong enough, rich enough, etc.) bir
isimden nce gelir: (enough strength, enough money, etc.) Enough, bir isimden sonra
da gelebilir ancak bu kullanm pek yaygn deildir.
She is not experienced enough to do this job. She
doesn't have enough experience to do this job.
I'm courageous enough to talk back to him.
I have enough courage to talk back to him.
f)
Yklemin nesnesinin kendine ait bir preposition' varsa, too ya da enough ile kurulmu
cmlenin sonunda o preposition kullanlr.
This knife is blunt. We can't cut this meat with It.
This knife is too blunt to cut this meat with.
Is this chair strong? Can I stand on It?
Is this chair strong enough for me to stand on?
338
Her excuse for being late is ridiculous. No one can believe it.
Her excuse for being late...........................................................
People in parts of Africa are poor. They can't feed themselves.
People in some parts of Africa...................................................
ELS
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
She isn't strong. She can't get over this shock easily.
She.............................................................................................................................................
Our wrestler was weak. He couldn't beat his opponent.
Our wrestler ..............................................................................................................................
She is reliable. I can share my secrets with her.
She..............................................................................................................................................
Are you sure he's mature? Can he be left to look after himself?
Are you sure he .......................................................................................................................?
The room was noisy. I couldn't concentrate on my work.
The room ....................................................................................................................................
This water isn't clean. We shouldn't drink it.
This water .................................................................................................................................
He doesn't get a high salary. He can't afford a winter holiday. (Use "be
able to" in
the answer.)
He...............................................................................................................................................
The situation is complicated. No one can understand it.
The situation .............................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 20: Write synonymous sentences for the given ones, using the words given.
It's too dark to see properly, (enough) It
isn't light enough to see properly.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Eer bir eylemin oluunu batan sona grmsek, izlemisek, fiilin yaln hali kullanlr.
Devam etmekte olan bir eylemi grmsek gerund kullanlr. imdi u iki cmleyi
inceleyelim.
Yesterday, I took my son to the park. There, I sat on a park bench and
watched my son play with other children. (Ocumun oyun oynamasn
batan sona izledim.)
When I looked out of the window, I saw some
children playing in the street.
(ocuklarn oynama eylemi devam ediyordu. Ben onlar bir an grdm.
Oynamaya baladklar zaman grmedim.)
\
ELSQ339
see someone do something When I entered the room, he was taking some money out of the safe. I saw this.
I saw him taking some money out of the safe. (Onu, kasadan para alrken
grdm.)
Bu kullanmlar zellikle see, hear, watch, listen to, feel ve observe fiilleriyle yaygndr.
ou zaman, gerund ya da fiilin yaln halini kullanmak anlam pek etkilemez.
When I suddenly woke up in the middle of the night, I felt the ground
shake/shaking.
Ye st er da y, I saw hi m run/runni ng down t he st re et.
C)
d)
Passive cmlede gerund kullanm ayn kalr. Ancak fiilin yaln hali, passive cmlede
to+lnflnltive biimine dnr.
Someone saw the missing child walking along the river.
The missing child was seen walking along the river.
They last saw him chiving downtown late last night.
He was last seen driving downtown late last night.
Someone saw him leave the building hurriedly.
He was seen to leave the building hurriedly.
They clearly saw him steal the watch.
He was clearly seen to stea/ the watch.
-.
'
' < ' '
;
EXERCISE 21: Supply the correct form of the verbs given In parentheses. In some
sentences, more than one answer Is possible.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I had clearly seen the accident (happen) ......................., so I was summoned to the
court as a witness.
When our son was a small child, he was very fond of planes and we often used to
take him to the airport to watch the planes (take) ....................... off and (land)
When I entered the meeting room, I found everybody (wait) ........................for me.
The witnesses say they noticed two suspicious-looking men (walk) ........................
hastily away from the filling station just before the explosion.
"Was this man seen for certain (leave) ....................... the explosives in the
dustbin?" the judge asked.
We could hear some people (fight) ....................... outside our window last night, so
we called the police.
The manager caught the cleaner (look) ....................... through some private
documents and so he fired him.
340 a ELS
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
The man was definitely seen (put) ....................... something in his pocket, but the
witnesses couldn't identify the object.
They were observed (stare) .......................through the window of the jewellery
shop, but whether they were the ones who robbed it is not at all clear.
We live close to a bakery and every morning, we can smell the bread (bake)
.......................in the ovens.
Reports regarding the earthquake confirm that residents felt the ground (tremble)
..................... in districts as far away as two miles.
When I was young, I loved to get up at night if there was a wild storm and listen to
the thunder (roar] ..................... and watch the lightning (strike) ........................
The prisoners were caught (try) .....................to escape because they were heard
(tunnel) .....................under the prison walls.
The great thing about spending a day on one of the islands off Istanbul is that you
can't hear any car horns (honk) ....................... You can only hear the birds (sing)
....................... and the sound of horses (trot) ...................... along the roads.
When the photographer entered the village, he witnessed frail children (lie)
.......................... on the ground.
One night during our camping trip, I was woken up when I felt something (crawl)
..........................up my leg. Luckily, the creature was harmless.
WAVE
While honeymooning in Hawaii, a couple decided one morning to take a
photograph of themselves standing on a beautiful beach. Setting their
camera timer, they quickly climbed on some rocks. They faced the camera,
put their lips together and held the pose, waiting for the camera to click.
At that moment, they heard people yelling, "Wave, wave."
Embarrassed, they stopped kissing and began waving to the camera just as
a big wave hit them from behind and completely drenched them.
(by Una Debbini from Reader's Digest)
find
calculate
maintain
estimate
understand
believe
know
declare
take (presume)
think
suppose
assume
discover
fancy
feel
imagine
judge
proclaim
prove
show
EXERCISE 22: Change the clause Into an infinitive phrase as shown in the example.
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
From his voice on the phone, I imagined that your brother was older.
From his voice on the phone, I imagined..................................................................
People believe that the army has no power over the government.
People believe............................................................................................................
I have calculated that our expenses this month will be above our income.
I have calculated.......................................................................................................
It is estimated that this painting is worth over 10,000.
This painting.............................................................................................................
The drug was withdrawn from sale because it was proved that it had harmful sideeffects.
The drug was withdrawn from sale because it was proved
342 Q ELS
6-23
CAUSATIVES
Trke karl ettirgen at olan causative, ngilizce'de have, get ve make fiilleriyle elde edilir.
de anlamca birbirine yakn olmalarna ramen, aralarnda kk farklar vardr.
a)
Have
Daha ok kiinin doal grevi olan bir ii yaptrmak anlamnda kullanlr: tamirciye araba tamir
ettirmek, terziye elbise diktirmek vb. gibi.
Yesterday, I had the mechanic repair my car.
I will have the plumber Ux the leak tomorrow.
I have had my tailor make a wonderful dress.
(Terzime harika bir elbise diktirdim.)
Ancak, bu tr cmlelerde genellikle ii yapan kii deil, iin yaplmas nemlidir. Bu durumda,
ii yapan kiiyi belirtmeden sadece yaplan ii ifade edebiliriz.
Yesterday, I had my car repaired (by the mechanic.) I
will have the leak Uxed tomorrow (by the plumber.) I
have had a wonderful dress made (by my tailor.)
(Harika bir elbise diktirdim.)
b)
Get
'|j|et someb.........
^omethtog,
i yapan kiiyi belirtmeden, yaplan ii ifade etmek iin aadaki kalb kullanrz.
et
,gdtte(fc.
Make
344 Q ELS
EXERCISE 23: Supply the correct form of the verb given in parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. We were made (wait) .....................outside until the doctors thought he was ready
to receive visitors.
10. Could you get the plumber (look)......................at the tap in the bathroom after he's
done the one in the kitchen?
11. The gallery had a lot of valuable paintings (bum) .....................during the fire.
12. He is really good at convincing people. He usually gets me (do) ......................what
he wants.
13. In order to prevent them from decaying, you should have your teeth (check)
..................... every six months.
14. My little brother had his arm (break) ......................in a fight yesterday.
15. When I go away, I usually have my neighbour (keep) ..................... an eye on my
house for me.
EXERCISE 24: Fill In the blanks in the passages below with the correct choice.
The modern game of field hockey, (1) .......for
men or women, is played by two 11-member
teams (2) .......sticks with a crook at the
striking end. The object is (3) .......a ball into
the opponent's goal. The playing field is 100
yards long and 60 yards wide, and the most
common playing surface is grass. (4) ........all
international matches are required (5) ....... on
artificial turf. The goals at each end are 7 feet
high and 12 feet wide, and the shooting circle
is a semicircle centered on and 16 yards from
the goal. The stick has one flat and one
rounded side, and the ball must be hit with
the flat side.
1.
A) both
C) either
A) cry
C) being cried
E) to cry
B) whether
D) just
E) even
B)
cried
D)
havin
g
cried
7.
2.
A) used
C) being used
E) using
B) to have used
D) to be using
A) being hit
C) to hit
B) hit
D) to be hit
A) comforting
B) having comforted
C) comforted
D) comfort
E) to comfort
3.
8.
9.
A) being picked
B)
picking
C) to pick
D)
having picked
E) to be picked
10.
A) to have picked B)
picking C) to be picked
D) being picked E) to pick
E) having hit
4.
A) However
B) So that
C) No matter
D) Although
E) Therefore
5.
A) to be played
B) to play
C) played
D) playing
E) being played
A) learning B) learn D)
C) to learn learnt E) having
learnt
346 Q ELS
11.
A) to do
C) doing
B) done
D) having done
E) to be doing
12.
A) to be hurrying C)
to hurry
B) hurried
D) being hurried
E) hurrying
16.
A) Searching
B) To be searching
C) Being searched
D) To search
E) To have searched
17.
13.
A) attracting
C) attract
B) to attract
D) attracted
A) spoken
C)speaking
B
)
t
o
s
p
e
a
k
E) having
spoken
14.
E) being attracted
18.
A) To be bothered
15.
B) Having bothered
C) Bothering
D) To be bothering
E) Having been bothered
B) said
A) to be said C)
D) saying
having said
E) being said
19.
D
)
s
p
e
a
k
A) equipped
B) being equipped
C) equip
D) having equipped
E) to equip
A) to vary
C) to be varied
E) varied
20.
A) being stressed
B) varying
D) vary
B)
stressed
C) stressing
D)
to
stress
E) to be
stressing
ELS Q 347
7.
A )w a t c h /h a v in g p e rfor m e d
B ) to be w a tc hin g/to pe rfo rm
C ) to w a tc h /p e rfo rm
D )w a tc hin g/to be p e rform ing
E) w a t c h e d /pe rfo rm ing
5.
8.
I w on de r ho w sh e a lw a ys m a n a ge........
s
6.
In de nta l ca re , it is im p orta nt
........aw are
of any decay as early as possible.
A) having become
B) becoming
C) to become
D) become
E) have become
E) to be told
348 Q ELS
B) to tell
D) tell
d
self
15. T ha t author, thoug h no t one of the top 22. T h e old m an w a s asto nishe.......him
a ccused........the horse.
sellers, Is generally acknowledged
.......
one of the best-crafted books this decade.
A )for finding /to kidnap
A) to have written
B) wrote
B) finding/to have kidnapped
C) writing
D) to write
C) to find/of kidnapping
E) having w ritten
D)in finding/to kidnapping
E) of finding/kidnapping
16. S h e w a tc he d the a cc o untan.......the
t
m one y a nd the n m a de h im
. ......It In the
23. As I didn't want......obliged to speak to
safe w hile she w as still there.
A) being/to meet
B) to have been/meet
C) be/having met
D) having been/to have met
E) to be/meeting
24. I'd advise you........your jewellery.........in
your room until the party Is over.
A) keeping/to lock
B) to have kept/locking
C) having kept/having locked
D) to keep/locked
E) on keeping/being locked
25. Yesterday I went to the head office........
B) being
D) to be
ELS a 349
A) to worry/to tell
B) worrying/telling
C) worried/to have told
D) having worried/told
E) for worrying/having told
A ) has taken
B) taking
C) being taken
D) to take
E) to have ta ken
A ) to look/to finding
B) to have looked/find ing
C) to be looking/to have found
D ) looking/to find
E) having looked /having found
35. W ith all those young hooligans
........fights
on th e te rrac es, I'd m uch prefer
.......a
football match on TV at home.
A ) sta r t/h a v in g w a tc h e d
B ) starting /to watch
C ) started /watching
D ) having started/wat ch
E) to st art/watched
36. Winter is drawing near and we still
haven't had our roof.........We urgently
A) to repair/doing
B) repairing/having done '* _v
C) repair/to have done
D) repaired/to do
E) be repaired/to be doing
'
A) spending/pleased
B) to have spent/pleasing
C) spend/to please
D) to spend/having pleased
E) spent/to be pleased
r ELS
A) to find/to blame
B) finding/to be blaming
C) to have found/having blamed
D) to be found/being blamed
E) on finding/blaming
A) to cost/in believing
B) cost/to have believed
C) costing/having believed
D) having cost/believing
E) to have cost/to believe
4 3. I w o u ld m u c h ra th.......a
er bout the
s it u a ti o n t h a.......in
n
th e d a rk , a s I w a s .
A )h a v e b e e n to l d / k e p t
B) told/kept
C) telling/keeping
D) to tell/to keep
E) be told/keep
A )w ith h av in g a cted
B) to acting
C) to be acting
D) for having acted
E) with acting
352 Q ELS
A ) c ha tt in g /to d oin g
B ) c h a t / to h a v e d o n e
C ) c ha tt e d / to b e d o in g
D ) t o c h a t/ to d o
E) to b e c ha ttin g /ha vin g d o n e
....to
78. A ll of us wondered...........
A) w he th e r I ha ve bee n to ld ab out the
scanda l involving the fam ily or not
B) to know if the family had overcome all
the difficulties there
C) th a t is be c a us e of the p rob le m s he is
h a vin g a t h is c u rre nt s c h o o l
D) w hy the whole fam ily had suddenly
m o ve d to C a na d a w itho ut sa ying
an ything
E) th e fa c t tha t h is s o n a c tu a lly m a na g e d
to becom e a doctor
79. D on't forget..........
A) p u tting th e s e bo ok s b a c k in th e ir
us ua l p lac e a fte r yo u've used them
B) w here are they going to m eet for the
picnic
C) so that your boss w ill give you a
significant rise in pay
D) tha t he re ally w as n't so stric t w ith yo u
before
E) w hat excuse w ill you tell your m other
for being late
80. The fog w as too thick
...........
A ) th a n I w o uld da re to c ontinu e drivin g
B ) th a t m a n y d riv e rs h a d to dr a w th e ir
c a rs to th e s id e a nd w a it
C) th e fa s te r h e d ro v e a ro u n d th e be nd s
of the w inding road
D) a s th e ra d io br oa d c a s ts the w e a th e r
re po rt a t ce rta in inte rva ls
E) for the driver to see the roa d a hea d
very clearly
ELS Q355
91-100. sorularda,
cmleye anlamca en
cmleyi bulunuz. ,
91. The reason why he has been wandering
around absent-minded for days is that he
can't in any way decide whether to
expand the business or not.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
UNIT?
INTRODUCTION
Bir ismi tanmlayan szce sfat (adjective) denir: a pretty girl, rainy weather, hardworking
students, a difficult question, etc.
Zarf (adverb) ise ncelikle bir fiili tanmlayan szcktr: speak uentfy, walk slowly, cook well,
play badfy, etc.
Bir zarf bir sfat ya da baka bir zarf da niteleyebilir: very hot weather, an extremely difficult
question, very fluently, unusually quickly, etc.
Zarflar genellikle sfatn sonuna "-fy" ekinin getirilmesiyle oluur: serious/seriously, bad/badly,
extreme/extremely, etc. Ancak, sfat ve zarf biimi ayn olan szckler de vardr: fast, hard,
late, early, etc.
Sonu "-ly" ile biten her szck zarf olmayabilir. Friendly, lovely, elderly gibi szckler, sonu "ty"
ile bittii halde sfattr: an elderly woman, a lovely day, a friendly voice, etc.
Sfat ve zarfn cmle iindeki grevi, kullanmlar ve eitli sfat ve zarf yaplan, bu nitemizin
konusunu oluturmaktadr. imdi bunlar inceleyelim.
7-1
ADJECTIVES
a)
Sfat, bir sfat tamlamasnda (adjective + a noun), ismin nnde yer alr ve saylabilir
tekil isimlerle tamlamann banda a/an kullanlr. Eer sfat saylamayan bir ismi
(water, weather, work, etc.) ya da saylabilir oul bir ismi (days, girls, students, etc.)
tanmlyorsa a/an kullanlmaz.
He is a good cook. / She has a round face.
This is hard work. / I don't like to swim in cold water.
Those are nice shoes. / Our neighbours are really friendly people.
b)
Sfatlar yaygn olarak be, become ve get fiilleri ile kullanlr. Seem, appear, look, feel,
taste, smell ve sound gibi duyu fiilleriyle de sfat kullanlr. nk bu fiiller bir eylem
bildirmezler. Bir nesnenin durumunu ifade etmemizi salarlar.
360 Q ELS
be + adjective:
She was rather plump last year, but now she is sum.
The wages are rather low.
become/get + adjective:
She got/became happy when she learnt that she had passed the exam. I'll
get/become angry if she doesn't invite me.
seem/appear/look + adjective:
smell + adjective:
The room smells awful. (= There is an awful smell in the room.)
The rose smells nice. (= The rose has a nice smell.)
sound + adjective:
Grdmz bir durumu ifade ederken look/seem/appear kullanlr. Duyduumuz bir
durumu ifade ederken ise sound kullanlr.
The music sounds a bit loud.
I talked to her on the phone. She sounded ill.
The teacher in the next classroom sounds rather angry.
c)
Look, feel, taste, smell ve sound, "like" ile birlikte kullanlrsa, devamnda bir isim gelir.
"
e)
Turn (turn out) ve grow fiillerinden sonra bir nesnenin durumundaki deiiklii ifade
etmek iin sfat kullanabiliriz.
Her hair has turned grey now. (...has become grey)
The day started sunny, but later it turned out wet.
Everybody had considered her to be guilty, but sheturned out (to be)
Innocent, (...proved innocent)
We began to walk home when it grew dark, (became/got dark) My
father grows angry if I go home late, (gets/becomes angry)
Keep ve remain fiilleri de, bir nesnenin durumunu ifade ederken sfatlarla
kullanlabilen fiillerdir.
Although I shouted at her, she remained silent.
Nothing remains unchanged. Although things were
going badly, he kept calm. Keep quiet, please. I
can't concentrate on my work.
7-2
a)
Bazen bir ismi birden fazla sfatla tanmlayabiliriz. Bu durumda sfatlan belli bir
dzene gre sralamamz gerekir. Bu konuda eitli kullanmlar bulunmasna ramen,
dilde yerlemi biimiyle en yaygn kullanlan dizim yledir:
a) size (big, large, small, tall, short, long, etc.)
b) age (young, old, etc.)
c) shape (round, square, fat, slim, etc.)
d) colour (white, black, green, etc.)
e) material (plastic, cotton, wooden, woollen, etc.)
f) origin (French, Russian, Turkish, etc.)
362 Q ELS
b)
Pretty, bir baka sfatn nnde yer alyorsa ve aralarnda virgl yoksa,
(quite, very) anlamna gelir.
"ok, olduka"
Their daughter is a pretty tall girl, (quite/very tall girl} Eer pretty "ho,
gzel' anlamndaysa iki sfat arasnda virgl kullanlr.
Their daughter is a
"but"
7-3
Present ve past participle, bir fiil kknden treyip cmle iinde sfat grevinde bulunan
szcklerdir: running water, an exciting story, stolen money, baked potato, etc.
Present participle, fiil kkne "-Ing" taksnn eklenmesiyle oluturulur:
increasing demand, a tiring job, a moving car, etc.
developing countries, an
Past participle, dzenli fiillere "-ed" eklenerek, dzensiz fiillerin ise nc halini kullanarak
elde edilir: a damaged car, excited children, grilled chops, an unseen hand, a half-eaten apple,
the recently found solution, etc.
a)
Bir ismin "-ing" li bir sfatla m yoksa "-ed" li bir sfatla m tanmlanaca ncelikle o
ismin etkileyen (active) ya da etkilenen (passive) taraf olmasna baldr. Eer
tanmladmz isim, o eylemin olmasna neden oluyorsa yani etkiliyorsa, o ismi "-ing" li
bir sfatla tanmlayabiliriz. Eer tanmladmz isim o eylemden etkileniyorsa, onu "-ed"
li bir sfatla tanmlayabiliriz.
His job bores him. ("bore" cmlenin yklemidir.)
His job is boring. (Onun ii skcdr.)
("skma" eylemine neden olan, yani etkileyen taraf "hisJob"dur.)
b)
c)
Present Participle
Past Participle
admire
amaze
amuse
annoy
astonish
bewilder
bore
charm
confuse
depress
disappoint
discourag
e disgust
embarrass
encourage
excite
exhaust
fascinate
frighten
frustrate
horrify
interest
irritate
please
satisfy
shock
startle
stimulate
surprise
terrify tire
(out) thrill
irry
admiring
amazing
amusing
annoying
astonishing
bewildering
boring
charming
confusing
depressing
disappoin
ting
discouraging
disgusting
embarrassin
g
encouraging
exciting
exhausting
fascinating
frightening
frustrating
horrifying
interesting
irritating
pleasing
satisfying
shocking
startling
stimulating
surprising
terrifying
tiring
thrilling
worrying
admired
amazed
amused
annoyed
astonished
bewildered
bored
charmed
confused
depressed
disappointe
d
discouraged
disgusted
embarrasse
d
encouraged
excited
exhausted
fascinated
frightened
frustrated
horrified
interested
irritated
pleased
satisfied
shocked
startled
stimulated
surprised
terrified
tired
thrilled
worried
Bir ismin, "-Ing" li ya da "-ed" li bir sfatla tanmlanmas eylemin, devam etmekte olan
bir eylem mi yoksa tamamlanm bir eylem mi olduuna da baldr.
Turkey is among the developing countries, ('develop" eylemi devam ediyor.)
(Trkiye gelimekte olan lkeler arasndadr.)
The U..A., England and Germany are among the developed countries.
(ABD, ngiltere ve Almanya gelimi lkeler arasndadr.)
l need some boiled water to make coffee.
(Kahve yapmak iin kaynam suya ihtiyacm var.)
You should put macaroni into boiling water.
(Makarnay kaynayan (kaynamakta olan) suya atmalsn.)
The plumber will come tomorrow to repair the leaking pipe. He will also repair
the dripping tap in the kitchen, (sznu yapan boru, damlatan musluk)
You should rinse the dishes thoroughly in running water. (.......akan su)
My cousin played for the winning team. (.... kazanan takm)
364 Q ELS
d)
She is always complaining about something, and I'm beginning to find her
complaints rather............
A) annoyed
2.
The scenery along the road was really wonderful. We were all............by it.
A) fascinated
3.
B) amusing
8.
B) disgusting
Grandma often tells the children stories. The children find them..............
A) amused
7.
B) depressing
I was..........by the bloody war scenes from all over the world.
A) disgusted
6.
B) frustrating
5.
B) fascinating
4.
B) annoying
B) exhausting
I stepped on a woman's foot while dancing, and I felt very...........when she looked
at me angrily.
A) embarrassed
9.
B) embarrassing
B) embarrassing
ELS Q 365
B) stimulating
11. I noticed that the children were...........to clean the garden after my offering them a
cake for the Job.
A) motivated
B) motivating
B) thrilling
13. Last week, the square was..........with people waiting to see their party leader.
A) crowded
B) crowding
"Raisins."
B) drying
15. Little Susie seemed rather..........when I explained to her the difficulties of being a.
flight attendant.
A) discouraged
B) discouraging
16. They say the Illegally..........villas along the Bosphorus will be pulled down.
A) constructed
B) constructing
B) convincing
18. I don't think the police are trying hard enough to find the...........people.
A) lost
B) losing
B) losing
B) encouraging
B) depressing
22. She has an excellent personality, which makes her a much-..........person among
her friends.
A) admired
B) admiring
23. The rabbits were..........by the headlights of our car and ran In all directions as we
tried to avoid them.
A) startled
B) startling
24. When we reached the dance hall through a dim passage, the disco lights were
A) dazzled
B) dazzling
25. Keith has been driving around in a..........car for weeks. I wonder If he ever Intends
to repair it.
A) damaged
366 Q ELS
B) damaging
7-4
ADVERBS
Genel olarak zarflar kendi aralarnda eitli gruplara ayrlrlar. Bu gruplar yle sralayabiliriz.
a) Manner: slowly, gently, carefully, frankly, bravely, etc.
b) Place: here, there, up, down, near, etc.
c) Time: now, yesterday, tomorrow, still, yet, etc.
d) Frequency: always, never, frequently, once, twice, etc.
e) Sentence: actually, really, evidently, obviously, definitely, etc.
f) Degree: very, quite, rather, fairly, hardly, scarcely, etc.
g) Focusing: just, only, simply, even, also, etc.
Bu blmde daha ok zerinde duracamz zarflar, durum bildiren (adverbs of manner), derece
bildiren (adverbs of degree), cmleyi niteleyen (sentence adverbs) ve vurgulama yapan (focusing
adverbs) zarflardr.
7-5
a)
- coldly
-quickly
- wisely
whole - wholly
true
-truly
full
- fully
heavy - heavily
happy -happily
shy
- shyly
,
',"' "'.;
Baz sfatlarn sonu "-ty" ile biter: cowardly, friendly, likely, lovely, elderly, lively, lonely,
silly, ugly.
Bu szckleri tek bana zarf olarak kullanamayz. Eer bunlardan birini zarf grevinde
kullanmamz gerekiyorsa, in a lovely voice, in a friendly manner, in a cowardly way gibi bir
phrase (szck grubu) kullanabiliriz.
He is a cowardly person. (adjective)
He acted in a cowardly way. (adverbial phrase]
kinci cmledeki "cowardly, "way" szcn tanmlad iin yine bir sfattr. Ancak "in a
cowardly way bir btn olarak "act" eylemini tanmlad iin bir zarftr.
Our neighbours are very friendly people, (adjective)
Our neighbours welcomed us in a friendly way. (adverbial phrase)
She has a lovely voice, (adjective)
She spoke to me in a lovely voice, (adverbial phrase)
7-6
USE OF ADVERBS
a)
Zarflar, ncelikle, bir eylemin nasl yapldn ifade eden szcklerdir. Yani, ykleme
"How?" sorusunu sorduumuzda yant alabileceimiz szcklerdir.
He is a careful driver, (adjective)
He drives the car carefully, (adverb)
('How does he drive?" "Carefully")
b)
Zarflar, bir sfatn ya da bir baka zarfn derecesini artrmak ya da azaltmak iin de
kullanlrlar.
Adverb + adjective:
It is cold today.
It is extremely cold today.
Preposition + a noun yapsn kullanarak baz zarflarn tad anlam ifade edebiliriz.
She left home in a hurry/hurriedly. I broke your
window by accident/accidentally. He drove the car
with great care/very carefully. She looked at me
with sorrow/sorrowfully.
7-7
IRREGULAR ADVERBS
a)
Well, birinin "sal iyi' anlamnda kullanlyorsa bir sfattr. "How are you?" sorusuna "I'm
very good." biiminde yant veremeyiz. nk bu yant, "Ben ok iyi biriyim." anlamna gelir.
Oysa "How.......?" sorusu, insanlara ilikin sorulduunda, kiinin sal hakknda bilgi ister.
- How are you today?
- I'm very well, thanks.
Eer bir insann nasl biri olduunu sormak istersek "What is he like?" sorusunu sorarz ve bu
soruya yant verirken good szcn kullanabiliriz.
- What is your new boss like?
- I think he is a good person.
Bir nesnenin nasl olduunu sorarken "How is it?" ya da "What is it like?" sorularn
kullanabiliriz. Ancak bu sorulara yant verirken "jfyi" demek istiyorsak good szn
kullanmalyz. (Well, sadece canllarn salk durumunu ifade ederken sfat olarak kullanlr.)
- What is your new job like?/ How is your new job?
- I'm not sure yet, but I think it is good.
Well, past participle ile ok sk kullanlan bir zarftr: well-known, well-organized, well-dressed,
well-educated, etc.
Everybody at the party last night was very well-dressed.
Haven't you heard of him? He is quite a well-known author.
Past participle ile badly 'yi de kullanabiliriz.
Everything went wrong on our holiday. It was badly planned.
The car was not worth repairing. It was badly damaged.
b)
Fast, hard, late ve early, sfat ve zarf biimi ayn olan szcklerdir.
He is a fast runner, (adj.)
He runs fast, (adv.)
She travels to work on an early train, (adj.)
The train came early, (adv.)
"Ge" anlamndaki late ile lately birbirinden farkl szcklerdir. Lately, recently ile ayn
anlamdadr ve "son zamanlarda, son gnlerde" demektir.
- Have you been to the cinema lately/recently?
- I haven't done any shopping lately/recently.
Hard, "ok, youn" anlamndaysa sfat ve zarf biimi ayndr. Hard sfat olarak "zor" anlamnda
da kullanlr.
The exam was very hard. (=very difficult)
This is hard work. I can't do it. (adj.)
Although I worked hard, I couldn't finish the task, (adv.)
c)
Hardly, "youn" anlamndaki "hard" in zarf biimi deildir. Baka bir anlama sahip bir
zarftr.
Hardly any, miktar belirtirken kullanlr. Bu anlamda hardly, cmle iinde iki yerde
kullanlabilir.
I hardtyhave any money. /I have hardly any money.
(/ have almost no money = Neredeyse hi param yok,/ok az param var.)
She feels lonely. She hardly has any friends./She has hardly any friends.
(She has almost no/very few friends = Hemen hemen hi arkada yok.)
"Hardly" yi anyone, anything, anywhere gibi szcklerle de kullanabiliriz.
I hardty bought anything. /I bought hardly anything.
(I bought almost nothing.)
I hardly knew anyone at the party./I knew hardly anyone at the party.
(/ knew almost no one at the party.)
I can hardly go anywhere these days./I can go hardly anywhere these days. (/
can go almost nowhere these days.)
EXERCISE 2! Choose the correct answer In parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
The news that I had passed the exam made me feel (happy/happily).
She looked at me (happy/happily) when I gave her the news that she had passed
the exam.
Seeing that the students hadn't done their homework, the teacher grew
(angry/angrily).
Because the weather conditions are favourable, the fanners expect their crops to
grow (quick/quickly).
It's (real/really) (hard/hardly) to keep pace with our (rapid/rapidly)
(changing/changed) world.
I didn't like the party, because it was (bad/badly) (organized/organizing).
She isn't able to control herself. She is (near/nearly) always (extreme/extremely)
(excited/exciting).
She speaks English (fluent/fluently), and her pronunciation is very (good/well).
He was feeling (unwell/badly) yesterday, but he is (good/well) now.
He speaks (good/well} English. He can express his ideas (good/well).
It was a (hard/hardly) job, but by working (hard/hardly), we managed to finish it
just in time.
She is never (punctual/punctually). She always comes to work (late/lately).
The train never arrives at its destination (punctual/punctually)' It always arrives
(late/lately).
The soup tasted (awful/awfully). I could (hard/hardly) eat it.
Have you seen any (good/well) films (late/lately)? I'm very (eager/eagerly) to see one.
When I asked for help, she volunteered (eager/eagerly).
When I noticed a (suspicious/suspiciously) man on the corner, I informed the police
(imm edia te/imm edia tely).
This case is very important. It needs your (immediate/immediately) attention.
We were (hot/hotly) after our (vigorous/vigorously) game of football.
Because she wanted to lose weight (quick/quickly), she would jog long distances
(vigorous/vigorously).
The child was (violent/violently) at first, but he gave up btehaving (violent/violently)
after some time.
37O a ELS
7-8
a)
Durum bildiren zarflar, yklemden sonra gelir. Eer yklemin nesnesi varsa, zarf
nesneden sonra yer alr.
She spoke quietly.
He waited hopefully.
b)
'.-,..
Yan cmlesi olan ya da gerund - infinitive bulunan cmlelerde, zarfn hangi eylemi
nitelediine dikkat etmek gerekir.
I tried hard to make her study, ('hard', "try" eylemini tanmlyor.)
I tried to make her study hard, ("hard',
"study'yi tanmlyor.)
I know very well that she can knit, ("very well', "know" eylemini tanmlyor..
know that she can knit very well, ("very well', "knit' eylemini tanmlyor.)
7-9
ADVERBS OF DEGREE
Derece bildiren zarflar, bir fiili, sfat ya da zarf tanmlayabilirler. Bu zarflarn grevi
tarumladg fiilin, sfan ya da zarfn sahip olduu deeri azaltmak ya^a^iS
I realty enjoyed the meal.
This book is rather boring.
extremely difficult.
' ''^'S N
Sonu "-fy" ile biten pek ok zarf, derecelendirme yapmak iin kullanlabilir.
He won the football pools again. He is
incredibly lucky
Everything is surprisingly cheap at this market.
I was deeply hurt by his remarks.
Some of our traditions are utterly peculiar to foreigners
Turkey
exceptionally elegant
"olduka" demektir.
7Z Q ELS
b)
Very much daha ok olumlu cmlede kullanlr ve normalde yeri fiilden; varsa, nesneden
sonradr. Ancak, fiilden nce de gelebilir.
I very much enjoy being with friends./I enjoy being with friends very much.
She very much wants to buy a car./She wants to buy a car very much.
Very much olumsuz cmlede kullanldnda cmlenin sonunda yer almas tercih edilir.
I don't like football very much.
I don't approve of her course of conduct very much.
c)
d)
Bu zarflar, "hemen hemen, neredeyse" anlamndadr. Niteledikleri fiilin nnde yer alrlar.
I almost/nearly/practtcaltyhit the child. (But I didn't hit the child.)
(ocua neredeyse arpyordum.)
She almost/nearfy/practicalfy dropped the tray. (But she didn't drop the tray.)
(Tepsiyi neredeyse dryordu.}
The questions on the test were really difficult.
I almost/nearly/practicalty/vlrtually did nothing. (But / did something.)
(Neredeyse/hemen hemen hibir ey yapmadm.)
virtually, dier nden daha gl bir anlama sahiptir ve "gerekten" anlamna da gelir.
The defeat of our team was virtually a disaster. (But it wasn't a real disaster.)
(Bizim takmn yenilmesi gerekten bir felaketti.)
Barely/hardly/scarcely'nin cmleye verdii anlam ile almost/neart"Vt>ractically'nin verdii
anlama dikkat ediniz.
e)
'
EXERCISES:
E) quite
B) enough
D) extremely
E) enough
B) fairly
D) very
B) hardly
D) slightly
E) insignificantly
E) certainly
B) rightly
D) reasonably
E) almost
B) barely
D) rather
B) practically
D) barely
E) remarkably
E) intensely
B) bitterly
D) scarcely
9.
E) virtually
B) remarkably
D) greatly
E) utterly
B) almost
D) nearly
B) too few
D) a lot
B) slightly
D) decidedly
B) fully
D) unusually
E) increasingly
B) highly
D) deeply
B) exceptionally
D) badly
B) bitterly
D) certainly
E) exceedingly
B) deeply
D) greatly
B) slightly
D) fully
A) awfully
C) barely
E) bitterly
B) severely
D) highly
E) hardly
EXERCISE 4: a) Match each adverb on the left below with itssynonym on the right.
1. abruptly
2. daringly
3. deliberately
4. vigorously
5. exceptionally
6. extensively
7. hastily
8. rapidly
9. apparently
10. steadily
a)unusually
b)
suddenly
c) widely
d)intentionally
e) swiftly
f) courageously
g)seemingly
h) energetically i)
uninterruptedly J)
hurriedly
ELS a 377
2.
Tf\
J-/J
dUlULJLly
C) uninterruptedly
D) daringly E)
extensively
If you got up a bit earlier, you wouldn't
have to leave home so ....... every day.
A) hastily
C) unusually
E) intentionally
VnITrt'Vv
robbers.
A) hurriedly
C) apparently
B) vigorously
D) apparently
B) widely
D) swiftly
E) daringly
EXERCISE 5: a) Match each adjective on the left below with its opposite on the right.
1. compulsory
2. constructive
3. accidental
4. flexible
5. blunt
6. wide
7. dense
8. modest
9. brave
10. merciful
a) intentional
b)sparse
c) narrow
d)sharp
e) optional
f) conceited
g)pitiless
h) destructive
i) cowardly j)
strict
B) conceited
D) pitiless
B)
narrow
D)
sparse
A) dense
C) sharp
E) flexible
2.
A) intentional
C) pitiless
E) strict
B)
accident
al D)
conceite
d
A) strict
C) blunt
3.
B) wide D)
sharp
E) flexible
378 a ELS
E) optional
B) sharp
D) strict
EXERCISE 6: a) Match each adverb on the left below vrtth its synonym on the right.
1. approximately
a)gently
2. customarily
3. tenderly
4. utterly
5. ultimately
6. wisely
7. gradually
8. formerly
9. honestly
10. splendidly
11. accurately
12. mysteriously
13. placidly
14. precisely
15. temporarily
b)eventually
c) step by step
d)roughly
e) uprightly
f) exactly
g) completely
h) traditionally
1) correctly
j) inexplicably
k) for the time bein
1) cleverly
m) previously
n) calmly
o) excellently
6.
B) mysteriously
D) calmly
7.
A) temporarily C)
permanently
E) roughly
8.
B) approximately
D) ultimately
E) tenderly
4.
5.
A) temporarily C)
customarily
E) roughly
B) honestly
D) tenderly
A) inexplicably
B) gently
C) cleverly
D)
precisely
E) approximately
A) gradually
B) temporarily
C) previously
E) honestly D) roughly
3.
9.
B) ultimately
D) formerly
precisely
E) mysteriously
A) correctly
C) accurately
10. St. Patrick's Day is held
B) customarily
A) placidly
C) eventually
E) splendidly
B) uprightly
D) customarily
on the
A) completely
B) formerly
C) traditionally
D) eventually
E) uprightly
ELS Q 379
B) nutritious
A) flourishing
D) proper
C) motionless
E) diminishing
A) outrageous
B) superb
C) prosperous
D) absurd
E) ordinary
2. I was confused by what he told me.
A) upset
B) convinced
C) adored
D) perplexed
E) disclosed
3. The police have found a deserted car in
the country. It could be yours.
A) affluent
B) abundant
C) abandoned
D) absorbed
E) adorned
B) scarce
D) inexpensive
E)
delicious
5. She is rather unpopular with the people
around her, because they find her
arrogant
A) clumsy
C) awkward
E) conceited
B) evident
D) expedient
B) awkward D)
collapsible
E) brutal
13.
B) peculiar
D) alien
A) useless
C) curious
B) approaching
D) chief
E) devastating
E) miserly
B) sensitive
D) diplomatic
B) constantly
D) rarely
significantly over
A) considerably C)
slightly
E) fully
B) gradually
D) skilfully
A) ultimately
B) primarily
C) fortunately
D) obviously
E) evidently
B) complicated
D) peculiar
E) ordinary
1.
2.
7.
A) hazardous
C) secure
E) curative
8.
A) uncultivated
B) hostile
C) useful
D) barren
E) germinated
3.
4.
B) humble D)
ambitious
E) hollow
B) industrious
D) apathetic
E) strict
5.
6.
B) wide
D) high
B) flexible
D) stretchy
E) polished
9.
B) unbearable
D) unavailable
E)
inadequate
10. When we toured the property, we realized
that some features of the house had been
understated.
A) exaggerated
B) infamous
C) unnecessary
D) magnified
E) underestimated
11. You can see how much work he does if
you look at his hands, which are covered
in rough skin.
A) calm
C) smooth
B) coarse
D) raw
E) shiny
ELS Q 381
B) deep D)
miserly
E) narrow
B) reluctant D)
permanent
E) optional
B) secure
D) calming
B) superior
D) plain
E) withdrawn
B) hasty
D)
harH-"
Cmleyi niteleyen zarflarn byk bir blm, olaslk derecesini ifade eder. Bunlardan
yaygn olarak kullanlanlar unlardr:
actually
indeed
really
in fact
surely
certainly
definitel
y
clearly
evidently
obviously
of course
undoubtedly
doubtlessly
(doubtless)
perhaps
possibly
probably
presumably
maybe
Yardmc fiil yoksa, zne ile asl fiil arasnda; yardmc fiil varsa yardmc fiille asl fiil arasnda
yer alrlar.
He obviously avoids being seen with his new girlfriend.
They probably delayed going on holiday.
He will probably come late tonight. He
had obvlousfy taken the money.
Olumsuz cmlede "not" dan nce kullanlabilirler. Ancak, zneden hemen sonra kullanlmas
daha yaygndr.
He will probabty not come tomorrow. /He probably won't come tomorrow. He
certainly can't do the job.
'
b)
luckily
unluckily
honestly
personally
naturally
surprisingly
understandably
seriously
rightly
wrongly
"
'
ELS Q33
FOCUSING ADVERBS
Bu zarflar, cmlenin bir esini vurgulamak iin kullanlr. Cmle iindeki yerleri genelde
vurguladklar szckten hemen ncedir. Bu zarflan yle sralayabiliriz:
only
just
merely
simply
solely
a)
purely
exclusively
primarily
chiefly
mainly
exactly
mostly
especially
particularly
too
either
as well
also
even
Merely, purely ve simply, hemen her zaman vurguladklar szckten nce gelir.
Just, only ve even, vurguladklar szckten hemen nce gelebilir. Ancak arada
kullanlan zarflarn (mid-position) kullanld biimde de yer alabilirler.
I Just/ontywant to warn you.
(fiili vurguladklar iin baka bir yerde kullanlamazlar.)
(Seni sadece uyarmak istedim.)
I bought onfy/Just a sweater. / I only/Just bought a sweater.
(Sadece bir kazak aldm.)
I will eat onfy/Just a sandwich./I will onfy/Just eat a sandwich.
(Sadece bir sandvi yiyeceim.)
She did many things yesterday. She even did some shopping.
(Alveri bile yapt.)
He left without saying anything. He didn't even say goodbye.
I bought many things. I even bought a pet canary. (Bir kanarya bile aldm.)
Too ve as well olumlu cmlede ve genellikle cmle sonunda kullanlrlar. Ancak, too, zneyi
vurgularken ortada da kullanlabilir.
Everybody enjoyed the play. My parent: ^njoyed it too/as well.
I, too, had expected him to pass. (Ben de onun geeceini
ummutum.}
Also, ortada kullanlan bir zarftr, ancak cmle sonunda da yer alabilir. Vurgulad eye bal
olarak cmle iindeki yeri deiebilir.
I met many old school friends at the party. I also met some of our teachers. I
also had expected him to pass./I had expected him to pass also. (Ben de ...) I
had expected also him to pass. (Onun da ...}
d)
e)
a)
ELS 01 385
c)
d)
So + adjective/adverb:
Such + a/an + adjective + a singular noun: such a pretty girl, such a lovely day, such an
absurd case, etc.
Such + adjective + plural noun: such pretty girls, such happy days, such expensive shoes, etc.
Such + adjective + uncountable noun: such awful weather, such difficult vocabulary, such
strong coffee, etc.
So ve such niteledikleri sfatn anlamn kuvvetlendirir. Such, sfat tamlamalanyla kullanlr.
So'dan sonra bir zarf da gelebilir.
I liked the meal. It was so delicious. (It was really delicious.)
I don't want to read this book. It's so boring. (It is really boring.)
She is a good cook. She cooks such delicious meals, (really delicious meals)
I like her very much. She is such a nice person, (a really nice person)
Such'dan sonra direk bir isim de gelebilir. Bu durumda such
Some people like money a lot. Such people don't like to spend money even on
their own needs . (Byle insanlar .......)
b)
so good. (Bu
The exam was really difficult. I hadn't expected it to be such a difficult exam.
(Bu kadar zor bir snav olacan ummamtm.)
Their house is very large. I didn't know they had such a large house.
(Bu kadar byk bir evleri olduunu bilmiyordum.)
386 D ELS
Too ve as well olumlu cmlede ve genellikle cmle sonunda kullanlrlar. Ancak, too, zneyi
vurgularken ortada da kullanlabilir.
Everybody enjoyed the play. My parents ^njoyed it too/as well.
I, too, had expected him to pass. (Ben de onun geeceini
ummutum.)
Also, ortada kullanlan bir zarftr, ancak cmle sonunda da yer alabilir. Vurgulad eye bal
olarak cmle iindeki yeri deiebilir.
I met many old school friends at the party. I also met some of our teachers. I
also had expected him to pass./I had expected him to pass also. (Ben de ...) I
had expected also him to pass. (Onun da ...)
d)
e)
a)
c)
387
f)
Genelde, iki cmle arasnda tense uyumas vardr. Ancak, uygun bir gei
salanyorsa, neden ve sonu farkl zamanlara ait tenselerle ifade edilebilir.
He is so weak that I don't think he can carry this bag. He
was so weak that I didn't think he could carry the bag. (Bu
rneklerde neden ve sonu ayn zamana aittir.)
He got so annoyed with me that I didn't think he would forgive me.
('got annoyed" ve "didn't think", her ikisi de gemite gereklemi eylemler.)
(Bana o kadar kzmt ki beni affedeceini ummuyordum.)
He got so annoyed with me that I don't think he will forgive me.
("got annoyed" gemite gereklemi bir eylem. Ancak "don't think he will"
present time'a ait.)
(Bana o kadar kzd ki beni affedeceini sanmyorum.)
"
\
Bunt Reynolds describes the day both he and Clint Eastwood were
sacked by Universal Studios:
I was told I couldn't act, and Clint was told he talked too slowly and
his Adam's apple was too big. As we were walking to our cars, we were quiet
-but then, it's always quiet around Clint. Finally I said, "You're in trouble,
Clint. I can take acting lessons, but you can't get a new Adam's apple."
388 Q ELS
becam
e
famous
.
Y
ears
later,
he
retired
and
turned
the
busine
ss over
to his
son.
"Dad,"
said
the
son,
"there's
someth
ing I've
got to
know.
How
did you
get
those
walls to
match
that
vase
so
perfectl
y?"
"So
n,"
the
fat
her
rep
lied
, "I
pai
nte
d
the
vas
e."
(from
Reader's
Digest)
V
She earns so much money that she doesn't know how to spend it.
4.
So many people are unemployed that it's becoming harder and harder to find a
proper job.
5.
We were given so little time on the exam that I didn't even have a look at the last
two questions.
b) Rewrite the sentences using "so" Instead of "such".
There were such a few members that the meeting could not be held.
1.
,,
2.
Such a lot of students are taking the university exam that it's becoming
increasingly important to be well-prepared for it.
3.
It was such a badly-organized trip that 1 returned home rather tense instead of
being relaxed.
4.
Her house is such a long way from the station that I'm afraid we'll have to take a
taxi.
5.
I waited for him in the cafe for such a long time that I was furious when he nevei
came.
Just
For
Fun
ft
\
<
-*(
\
\
}
^B&*
3*^^
ELS Q 89
Sfatlarn karlatrmal biimini elde etmek iin "-er" taks ya da "more" szc kullanlr.
Genellikle bir heceli ya da baz iki heceli sfatlar sonuna "-er" taks alr.
big-bigger
thin-thinner
easy-easier
long-longer
short-shorter
slow-slower
tidy-tidier
pretty-prettier
happy-happier dear-dearer
quick-quicker early-earlier
Sonu -Ing, -ed ve -s ile biten sfatlar, ksa heceli de olsa sonuna "-er" taks alamazlar. Bu
sfatlarn bana "more" getirilir.
tired-more tired
tiring-more tiring
bored-more bored
boring-more boring
serious-more serious
tedious-more tedious
careful-more careful
careless-more careless
frequent-more frequent
intelligent-more intelligent
comfortable-more comfortable
beautiful-more beautiful
practical-more practical
efficient-more efficient
Baz bileik sfatlar, her iki biimde de comparative yaplabilir. zellikle Informal English'de,
sfatn birinci szcn ekimlemek ok yaygndr.
My brother is more hardworking than I am.
My brother is harder-working than I am.
I am more easy-going now than I was a few years ago. I
am easier-going now than I was a few years ago.
Sonu -ty ile biten zarflar bana "more" alr.
slowly-more slowly
easily-more easily
quickly-more quickly
cleverly-more cleverly
carefully-more carefully
comfortably-more comfortably
Sonu -ly ile bitmeyen zarflardan fast, hard ve late, sonuna -er taks alr. Ancak often, more
often biiminde ekimlenir. Early ise, sonu -fy ile bittii halde earlier biiminde ekimlenir.
fast-faster
hard-harder
late-later
b)
often-more often
early-earlier
Karlatrma yapabilmek iin iki eye ihtiyacmz vardr. ki insan, iki nesneyi, iki
yeri vs. birbiriyle karlatrabiliriz. Karlatrlan elerden ikincisine geerken arada
"than" kullanlr.
istanbul is bigger than Ankara.
Aye is more beautiful than her sister.
Your house is larger than ours, (our house)
Her hair is longer than mine, (my hair]
She is taller than me.
He is driving more carefully than you.
I find basketball more enjoyable than volleyball.
390
ELS
Karlatrmay yaparken, her iki nesnenin de tekil ya da her ikisinin de oul olmas
gerekmez. u rnei inceleyelim:
istanbul is bigger than all the other cities in Turkey.
Bu rnekte, stanbulu Trkiye'nin dier btn ehirleriyle karlatrdmz iin, yine iki taraf
vardr.
Aye is more hardworking than all my other students.
(Aye dier btn rencilerimden daha alkandr.)
He drives more carefully than his brothers.
Some people are luckier than others.
much = more
many = more
little = less
391
Eer, hasta birine "yileinceye kadar yatmalsn." demek istiyorsak, well ya da onun
comparative biimi better kullanabiliriz, (good kullanamayz.)
You must stay in bed until you feel well/better.
Eer hasta biri, "Bugn kendimi kt/daha kt hissediyorum." demek istiyorsa bunu yle
ifade edebiliriz.
I feel worse today, (not "bad') "Feel good/bad",
kiinin ruh halini ifade etmek iin kullanlabilir.
I feelgood, (happy, pleased, etc.)
I feel bad. (unhappy, displeased, etc.)
Get fiilinden sonra good ve bad kullanlmaz. Bunlarn comparative biimi better ve worse
kullanlr. "Get well" kullanm da mmkndr.
She was very ill yesterday, but she is getting better.
Your English is getting better. (ngilizcen dzeliyor.)
The economic situation is getting worse. (Ekonomik durum ktleiyor.)
I hope you'll get well soon. (Umarm yaknda iyileirsin.)
Nicelik sfat olarak much ve many "more" biiminde ekimlenir. Ltte'n comparative biimi
"less" dir. Few dzenlidir. "Fewer" biiminde ekimlenir.
You have little money, but I have less. (I have less money than you.)
I have few books, but you have fewer than me.
There were jfewer people at the demonstration yesterday than at the previous one.
(Dnk gsteride ncekinden daha az kii vard.)
Bu cmleden kan sonu "yataklarn ikisi de rahat, ama bu daha az rahat'Avc. Eer bu
cmleyi "more uncomfortable" ile ifade edersek anlam biraz deiir:
This bed is more uncomfortable than the one I slept in last night.
(Bu yatak, dn akam yattm yataktan daha rahatsz.)
Bu cmleden kan sonu ise "Yataklarn her ikisi de rahatsz ama bu daha rahatsdr.
Both a Mercedes and a BMW are expensive cars, but a BMW is less expensive
than a Mercedes.
My daughter is obviously less good at maths than my son.
392
ELS
Far iki ekilde comparative yaplr: farther ya da further. Eer fer, "uzak" anlamnda
kullanlyorsa comparative biimi farther ya da further olabilir.
Your house is farther/further from the city centre than ours.
Further'n bir anlam da
farther kullanlmaz.
I'll let you know as soon as I get further Information, (more information)
. '\ -.--,. . -
-:f^ v-^.
.:,-
Our apartment building is older than all the others in our street.
This car seems older than the one we tried out yesterday, and I'd prefer to buy
the newer one.
d)
Ankara is a big city, but Istanbul is much/a lot/far bigger than Ankara.
(Istanbul Ankara'dan ok daha byk.)
This exam is a bit/a little more difficult than the previous one.
(Bu snav ncekinden biraz daha zor.)
You said her handwriting was better than yours, but it isn't
(.... ama hi de daha iyi deil.)
Last night, I went to bed
e)
any better.
^
ELS Q 393
fl
Karlatrmal yapy, iki durumun birbirine bal olarak deitiini ifade etmek iin de
kullanabiliriz.
The harder you work, the more successful you will be.
(Ne kadar ok alrsan o kadar baarl olursun.)
The less you eat, the more quickly you'll lose weight.
(Ne kadar az yersen o kadar abuk kilo verirsin.)
The more you earn, the more you can spend.
(Ne kadar ok kazanrsan o kadar ok harcayabilirsin.)
The harder the job became, the less interested I was.
( zorlatka ilgim azald.)
The more he talked, the more annoyed I became.
(O konutuka fkem artt.)
EXERCISE 13: Complete the sentences using the "comparative + and + comparative"
structure with the words In parentheses.
Example: She is becoming more and more nervous as the exam draws nearer, (nervous)
1.
Example:
1.
As her son grew more self-confident, she became less worried about him.
The more self-confident her son grew, the less worried she became about him.
2.
3.
4.
As they went deeper into the forest, they felt more and more frightened.
5.
If we save more money now, we'll have more to spend on our summer holiday.
6.
7.
How fast our business will expand depends on how hard we work.
8.
The number of teachers required increases as we get more and more students to
enrol in our courses.
WHY ON THE DEAN'S LIST
When I received my grades from Harvard College, I was delighted
that they were higher than I had expected, and I phoned to tell my parents.
While I was on the phone with my mother, she shared the news with my 16year-old brother, whose experiences with school were far different from
mine. "(Suess what, Jes? Your sister is on the dean's list!" "Wow!" he replied.
"How could she get in that much trouble?"
(by Molly Schwartzburg from Reader's Digest)
Sfat ve zarflarda karlatrma yapabileceimiz dier bir yap as ... as/so .... as
kalbdr. As .... as kalb olumlu cmlede kullanldnda eitlik bildirir ve iki as
arasnda sfatn ya da zarfn yaln hali kullanlr.
as + adjective/adverb + as
Ali is 16 years old. Aye is 16 years old too.
Ali is as old as Aye.
Ali is 1.65 m tall. Aye is 1.65 m tall too. Ali
is as tall as Aye.
Ali is 50 kg. Aye is 50 kg.
Ali is as heavy as Aye.
They are driving at 100 kph. We are driving at 100 kph.
They are driving as fast as we are. (Bizim kadar hzl
sryorlar.}
He drives the car carefully. You drive the car carefully. He
drives the car as carefully as you. (Arabay senin kadar
dikkatli kullanyor.)
396 Q ELS
Sfat tamlamalarnda so/as + adjective + a/an singular noun kalb kullanlabilir. Bu yap
oul isimlerle ve saylamaz isimlerle kullanlmaz.
Have you ever seen as keen a boy as him?
(Hi onun kadar hevesli bir ocuk grdn m?)
-.
39
b)
The same ... as, karlatrlan iki enin "ayn" olduunu ifade eden bir yapdr. Ancak the
same ... as, isimlerle kullanlr.
Ali is as old as Aye. (as + adj + as)
Ali is the same age as Aye. (the same + noun + as)
(Ali Aye ile ayn yata.)
Ali is as heavy as Aye.
Ali is the same weight as Aye.
Your hair is as dark as mine.
Your hair is the same colour as mine.
I usually arrive home at the same time as my father.
The same as yan yana kullanlabilir.
My needs are the same as yours.
Her eye colour is the same as her mother's.
Your English teacher is the same as ours.
Eer karlatrlan iki eyi, cmlenin banda zne olarak kullanyorsak, as kullanlmaz.
Last night, I arrived home at the same time as my father. Last
night, my father and I arrived home at the same time.
She still lives in the same house as her parents.
Her parents and she still live in the same house.
c)
Benzerlikleri similar to, farkllktan different from ile ifade ederiz. (American English genellikle
different from/than, British English ise different from/to kullanr.)
Your pronunciation is quite different from/than/to mine.
(Senin telaffuzun benimkinden ok farkl.)
The layout of your house is similar to ours, but yours is a bit larger.
(Sizin evin plan bizimkine benziyor.)
Benzeyen ya da farkl olan noktay In that + a sentence biiminde ifade edebiliriz.
My job is similar to yours in that we meet a good many people throughout the
. day.
(Benim iim, gn boyu pek ok insanla karlamak bakmndan seninkine
benziyor.)
My point of view is different from/than/to yours in that I'm more optimistic
about the situation.
(Benim grm, bu konuda daha iyimser olmam bakanndan seninkinden farkb.)
d)
Than ve as' den sonra fiil subject + verb biiminde kullanlabilir. Eer fiil kullanlmyorsa,
object pronoun/noun (me, him, you, Aye. etc.) kullanlr. From ve to' dan sonra subject + verb
yaps kullanlmaz. Noun/pronoun kullanlr.
ELS a 399
You are taller than me. /You are taller than / am.
She can sing better than you. /She can sing better than you can.
I'm not as tall as him. /I'm not as tall as he is.
You can't sing as well as her. /You can't sing as well as she can.
Her tastes in clothes are different from/than/to mine.
His brother is very different from/than/to Jeff, (from/than/to him)
Eer bataki zne iyelik bildiriyorsa than ve as den sonra possessive noun/pronoun kullanlr.
Your parents aren't so strict as mine, (as my parents/as my parents are)
My hair is longer than hens, (than her hair/than her hair is)
SPEAKING VOLUMES
The music for the wedding reception of my wife's nephew was being
furnished by a young group, who obviously believed that loud is good. At one
point, I was standing at the far end of the room, where the grandmother of
the groom was trying unsuccessfully to carry on a conversation with another
woman. Finally, in desperation, she caught the eye of the bandleader and
beckoned him over. Shouting at the top of her voice, she asked, "CAN'T
SOMETHING BE DONE ABOUT THE VOLUME?"
With an apologetic smile, he shouted back, "I'M SORRY, MISSIS.
WE CAN'T DO ANYTHING MORE. IT'S TURNED UP AS HIGH AS IT WILL
GO!"
\
/
EXERCISE 15u Rewrite the sentences using "as/so ... as", or "such ... as" where possible.
Example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
4OO Q ELS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
This book has a hundred pages and that book has three hundred pages.
That book is ..............................................................................................................................
The old stadium seated 30,000 spectators. The new stadium seats
60,000
spectators.
The old stadium .......................................................................................................................
The new stadium ......................................................................................................................
Usually I take a four-kilometre walk in the morning, but yesterday I walked only
two kilometres.
I usually walk ..........................................................................................................................
Yesterday I walked ..................................................................................................................
Mary spent 100 on the curtains for her new house, but Sonia spent
1000 for the
same purpose.
Sonia spent ...............................................................................................................................
A normal washing machine washes
5 kg of clothing. The new Dyson washes almost
10 kg of clothing.
The new Dyson washes almost ..............................................................................................
A normal washing machine washes about
...........................................................................
The kitchen is 20 feet square and the living room is
60.
The living room is ....................................................................................................................
My house is the same (far/distance) from work (to/as) yours, but it usually takes
me (long/longer) to get home (than/as) you, because my route has (heavier/more
heavily) traffic.
I also need a box just as (large/larger) as this one to put my books in.
The dress in the other shop costs the same
(expensive/price) as this, but it is
(much/less) attractive than this one.
No one can really sing this piece as
(worse/badly) as him.
I don't usually smoke as (many/much) cigarettes as I am smoking these days.
He came rather (lately/later) than he had promised us.
I don't think driving a car is (as/such) (dangerous/dangerously) (as/than)
riding a
motorcycle.
16. He is (so/such a) sociable child that he has twice (as/so) (many/more) friends
manner.
19. I'm not feeling too (better/well). I think I'll go and lie down for a (few/little) hours.
20. She wouldn't have been (so/such) (upset/upsetting) if you hadn't spoken (so/such)
(sarcastic/sarcastically) to her.
Sfat ve zarflarda en stnlk derecesi "-est" taks ve "most" szcyle ifade edilir.
"-est" ve "most" un kullanmyla ilgili kurallar "-er" ve "more" iin belirttiimiz kurallarla
ayndr.
pretty-prettier-prettiest
big-bigger-biggest
clever-cleverer-cleverest
late-later-latest
early-earlier-earliest
late-la tter-las t
romance.
- I'd prefer to watch the latter. I'd find the former too nerve-racking.
(Ben ikincisini izlemeyi tercih ederim. Birincisini fazla sinir bozucu buluyorum.)
401 Q ELS
Bu cmlede "latter" syleni srasna gre ikinci srada yer alan "romance" yerine, "former" ise
birinci srada yer alan "thriller" yerine kullanlmtr, (former = first, latter = second)
Last, sfat ve zarf olarak kullanlr ve "first" ile zt anlamldr.
I first went to Germany in 1973, and I last went there in 1986. (adv.)
(Almanya'ya ilk olarak 1973'te, en son (son olarak) 1986'da gittim.)
I will be the last person to leave the office. Who will be the first? (adj.)
(Brodan en son ayrlan kii ben olacam. Birinci/ilk ayrlan kim olacak?)
Former"n bir anlam da "eskf demektir: in former times (eski zamanlarda), our former teacher
(eski retmenimiz/nceki retmenimiz). "Former" bir comparative deildir, "-er", szcn
yapsnda vardr. "Formerly" bir zarftr ve "eskiden, nceleri' anlamndadr.
I formerly worked as a secretary.
(Eskiden/'nceleri bir sekreter olarak alyordum.)
b)
much-more-most
little-less-least
few-fewer-fewest (dzenlidir)
Sfat ve zarflarn superlative biimi, bir kii ya da nesnenin, belirtilen zellie belli bir
grubun ierisinde en st ya da en alt dzeyde sahip olduunu ifade eder.
Superlative'in nnde "the" kullanlr.
She is the most hardworking student in the classroom.
Istanbul is the biggest city in Turkey.
Our apartment building is the tallest in our street.
She has the most money among us.
Aye has the least courage of them all. '
'
She has the fewest friends in the class.
This problem is the least important (one) of all.
''.-"
He is the best player in the team.
He drives the most carefully of all the drivers I know.
She speaks English the best of the three.
(nn iinde ngilizceyi en iyi o konuuyor.)
..''-...-.
c)
'
'
-vi
.:
ELS Q 403
Baz durumlarda comparative ile superlative kullanmn ayrt etmek g olabilir. u iki rnei
inceleyelim.
She is more hardworking than all the other students in the classroom. (O
snftaki dier btn rencilerden daha alkandr.)
She is the most hardworking of all the students in the classroom. (O
snftaki btn rencilerin iinde en alkandr.)
Bu rneklerden birincisinde, "she", snftaki dier rencilerin dnda tutulmutur. Yani bir
tarafta "she", bir tarafta "dier renciler" gz nne alndnda, iki eden oluan bir
karlatrma yaplmtr. kinci rnekte ise "she" grubun bir yesidir ve o grubun iinde "en
alkan" olduu ifade edilmitir.
istanbul is bigger than all the other cities in Turkey.
Istanbul is the biggest city in Turkey.
I consider his latest book to be more successful than all his others. I
consider his latest book to be the most successful of all his books.
e)
Like, enjoy gibi beeni ifade eden fiillerle "daha ok, en ok" anlamnda better ve best de
kullanabiliriz.
Of the two shirts, I liked the checked one better. (=more)
(ki gmlekten, kareli olann daha ok beendim.)
l like coffee better than tea. (=more than)
(Kahveyi aydan daha ok severim.)
Of all the Turkish pop singers, I like Sezen Aksu best. (=most)
(Trk pop sanatlar iinde en ok Sezen Aksu'yu severim.)
Hate, dread gibi olumsuz anlam tayan fiillerle better ve best kullanamayz. Bu tr fullerle
more ve most kullanabiliriz.
Among the martial arts I hate karate most.
(Dv sporlar iinde en ok karateden nefret ederim.)
fl
Bir superlative'in nnde, normalde "the" kullanldn grmtk. Ancak, "his, my,
this, that' gibi baka bir szck kullanlyorsa "the" kalkar.
His best book is his latest.
She is one of my most hardworking students.
4O4 O ELS
g)
Oldest-eldest
Oldest ve eldest arasndaki fark, older ve elder arasndaki fark ile ayndr. Eer bir kii ya da
nesnenin yaa en byk olduunu ifade ediyorsak oldest, aile bireylerinden en byk olann
ifade ediyorsak eldest kullanlr.
Who is the oldest student in this classroom?
The oldest representative came from China.
My eldest uncle is a lawyer.
My eldest brother is getting married next week.
h)
Most + adjective , nnde "the" olmadan kullanld zaman "very" anlamn verir.
A most strange thing happened the other day. (a very strange tiling)
(Geen gn ok garip bir ey oldu.}
You shouldn't miss that film. It's most interesting, (very interesting)
GOT HIS REVENGE
John Paul Getty, reputed to have been the richest man in the world,
once bought some goods from a very expensive Neiman-Marcus store, but
">
^>.
/
refused to pay the delivery charges. "So," reports the store's founder,
Stanley Marcus, "when I was in California some time later, I bought petrol at
a Getty station, but refused to pay the tax. Instead, I gave the attendant
my business card and told him to charge the tax to Getty personally. 'Tell
Getty that Stanley Marcus has got even,' I said."
)
^>
1
\
v
48$83!SK*^8te&ras&SSS8^^
ELS Q 4O5
"Too" ve "enough" ile kullanldnda, "to + infinitive" "...yapacak kadar" anlamm verir
ve neden-sonu ilikisinde sonucu ifade eder.
"Too" ve "enough" dan sonra sonucu
ifade etmek iin that-clause kullanamayz.
Reason: This text is too long.
This text is too long (for me) to translate in just two days.
(Bu metin, sadece iki gnde eviremeyeceim kadar uzun.)
Reason: This text isn't short enough.
This text isn't short enough (for me) to translate in just two days.
(Bu metin, sadece iki gnde evirebileceim kadar ksa deil.)
b)
that-clause ile
She is such a nice person to work with that everybody wants to work with her
In the same project.
This is such an interesting topic to work on
that Pll choose It as my term project.
4O6 Q ELS
Like, "similar to, for example, the same as" anlamn veren bir preposition'dr. Bu
nedenle kendinden sonra bir isim, zamir ya da gerund gelebilir.
She is very beautiful indeed, like an angel, (melek gibi]
Work hard like your father. (Baban gibi)
This bed is too tough. Sleeping in it is tike sleeping on the floor.
(Bu yatakta yatmak yerde yatmak gibi.)
Do you have any other books like this? (Bunun gibi baka kitaplarn var m?)
My son wants to be a teacher like me. (Benim gibi)
As I said before (daha nce sylediim gibi), as we stated before (daha nce belirttiimiz gibi], as
(Is) known (bilindii gibi), as (was) expected (beklenildii gibi), ete. bu ekilde yaygn olarak
kullanlan ifadelerdir.
Passive ifadeleri ksaltarak as + past participle ya da as + verb be + past participle biiminde
kullanabiliriz.
As is known very well = As known very well (ok iyi bilindii gibi)
As was mentioned before = as mentioned before (daha nce deinildii gibi)
As has been illustrated above = As illustrated above
(yakandaki rnekte grld gibi)
c)
Such as ve ilke bu anlamyla, kullanlan genel bir ifadeyi rneklendirir. (Yaz meyvelerinin
meklendirilmesi gibi.) Vereceimiz rnek bir tane ya da birden fazla olabilir.
Such ... as, birbirinden ayrlabilir ve araya genellediimiz isim girebilir. u rnekleri
inceleyelim:
,
Some countries, such as Turkey, are still dependent on agriculture economically.
Countries such as Turkey are still dependent on agriculture economically.
Such countries as Turkey are still dependent on agriculture economically.
I like to give presents such as books and records.
I like to give such presents as books and records.
I find some sports, such as car racing and climbing, really dangerous.
I find sports such as car racing and climbing really dangerous.
I find such sports as car racing and climbing really dangerous.
EXERCISE 19 : Complete the sentences with "like", "as" or "such as". There may be more
than one answer for some.
1.
This child is really above his age. He is just ten years old, but he can already think
......................... an adult.
2............................arranged with your purchasing department, we will deliver your
order on Friday.
3. We are in a hurry now. Leave the kitchen........................it is. We'll clear it up
when we return.
4............................ expected for a long time, they are increasing the taxes again.
5. I think films........................horror films and thrillers have a tremendous effect on
children.
6. Some businesses..........................restaurants, hotels and supermarkets, employ a
lot of students........................part-time employees.
7. After school, she spent two years in London to improve her English, and now she
can speak it very well; in fact.........................a native speaker.
408 Q ELS
EXERCISE 20: FUl In the blanks In the passages below with the correct choice.
In the English literature of the 20th century,
few writers have been (1) ...... original or
controversial.......D.H. Lawrence. He was a
man almost at war with the conventions,
moral constraints and technology of modern
civilization. Much of his life was spent in the
search for an ideal community of people in
which (2).........It was a search that failed in
spite of his pilgrimages to such places (3) ......
Italy, Ceylon - now Sri Lanka - Australia and
New Mexico. The oddities of his personality,
his wandering way of life and his desire (4)
......the depths of human relationships (5)
......originality to his novels and poems.
1.
2.
A) so... that C)
much... than
E) as... as
B) too... as D)
more... like
B) having lived
D) to live
A) lived
C) live
7.
8.
E) living
A)
like
3.
B) where D)
just
9.
E) that
4.
5.
A) exploring
B) to explore
C) explored
D) being explored
E) to be explored
A) brought
C) created
E) derived
10.
A) most
C) so
A) although
C) however
E) more
E) despite
B) rather
D) quite
B) instead
D) therefore
A) too strong
B) stronger
C) strong enough
D) as strong
E) the strongest
A) speculations
B) expansions
C) expeditions
D) capabilities
E) obstacles
A) later
C) next
E) latter
B) previous
D) former
B) took
D) fetched
ELS Q 409
A) Though
C) When
B) While
D) Even
E) Such
12.
13.
A) so
great C)
greater
A) as...as
B) so...that
D) such...that
C) more...than
E) such...as
14.
15.
A) such a C)
just as
E) too
17.
18.
19.
B) a more
D) so
A) so...as
B) more...than
C) such...that
D) that...when
E) whether...or
20.
A) turn down
C) back up
E) get off
A) as well
C) so good
A) just
C) so
B) put on
D) break in
B) better
D) the best
E) well enough
E) as
B) like
D) such
A) so hard that
B) as hard as
C) harder than
D) hard enough
E) how hard
A) nor
C) either
E) also
B) neither
D) too
GREAT EXPECTATIONS
410 a ELS
7.
A) as s atisfied/as
B) so satisfying/that
C) the most satisfied/as
D) too satisfying/as
E) more satisfying/than
A) either
C) like
E) such
2.
3.
4.
8.
A) worse C)
the worst
E) too badly
A) the former
B) formerly
C) lately
D) the latest
E) the latter
A) as
bad C)
B) the worst
D)too bad
E) so bad
9.
you,
10. Mrs. Smith is almost.......age
but you look much younger.
B) as/as
A) more/than
D) similar/to
C) the same/as
E) so/like
11. Her account of the accident was rather
exaggerated, so it led us to think that it
was.......it actually was.
A) so bad that
C) as bad as
B) the worst of
D) too bad for
E) worse
than
ELS a 411
B) the most/for
D)too/so
E) more/than
A) how
C) such
E) what
E) much
B) such
D) as
E) for
25. Would you like some of these vegetables,
as I seem to have bought.......than I
actually need?
A) too much
C) so many
B) shortest
D) short enough
E) so short
B) far more
D) the most
E) such a lot
26. Of the many treasures excavated in
Egypt, the limestone head of Queen
Nefertiti is one of........
B) like
D) just
A) as
C) such as
B) so badly
D) worse
A) just
C) like
B)
as
more
B) the most/than
D) such/that
E) too/that
A) a finer
C) the finest
B) fine enough
D) too fine
E) as fine as
B) as/as
A) more/than
C) so/that
D) such/that
E) too/than
28.
B) the highest
D) such high
C) high enough
412 Q ELS
E) the higher
A) as hard as
C) too hard
B) so hard that
D) harder than
E) hard
enough
32. Considering how little they've got in
common, it's amazing that they get on
A) the least
C) as good
B) too badly
D) much less
E) so well
B) so hot as
D) as hot
E) hotter than
B) either/or
A) not only/but also
D) such/that
C) both/and
E) the same/as
B) as good
D) too well
E) the best
ELS a 4X3
B) such
D) too much
E) the most
B) The oldest
D) The older
E) Too old
B) well enough
D) the best
E) so well that
B) much/as
D) so much/that
E) more/than
414 Q ELS
B) fatter
D) fat enough
E) too fat
B) so/as
D) much/than
E) such/that
B) far quicker D)
quick enough
E) as
quickly
64. I was......out of place in my clothes at
the party......I felt as if I came from
another planet.
B) more/than
A) as/as
D) so/that
C) such/that
E) the most/for
65. It was......likely that she would be
accepted at the academy than not;
nevertheless, she was anxious to receive
confirmation of her place.
A) so
C)
E) more
B) much D)
rather
business.
A) She is by far the m ost efficient
sec re ta ry
B) T h e m a n a ge r w ishe s eve ryo ne to
a tte nd this afte rnoon's sta ff m ee ting
C) W e seem , as ye t, una ble to find a
solution
D) B oth the v a lue a nd the q ua n tity o f th e
o rd ers
E) W e ought to inve st in so m e bette r
e qu ip m e n t
ELS Q 415
year.
A) These shoes seem as if they w on't be
so du ra ble
B) The shops are offering som e amazing
disc ounts
C ) Y our new cups are very sim ilar
D) Sale prices this year are n't nearly as
c he a p
E) I can't find anything I like in the
s h o ps th is ye a r
72..........the less likely It Is to fall.
A) A s th ey nee ded to put in m o re an d
more effort
B ) The m ore carefully thought-out the
plan is
C) H aving closely inspected even the
sm allest of details
D ) T he dee pe r he fou nd h im s elf in debt
E) F ra nkly , so m uch attention w as paid
a t ea c h s ta ge
73. H is opin ions are qu ite s im ilar to m ine
....
A) just as w e w ere on the poin t of
s ta r tin g a n a r g u m e n t
B) th at m a kes up for the differen ce s in
o u r ba c k g ro u n d s
C) and we rarely find anything w hich w e
ag ree on
D) in that w e a re both dee ply c onc erne d
a b ou t e n v iro nm e n ta l is su e s
E) fo r us to be a ble to ha ve a dis cuss io n
w ithout falling out
ex p erien ce as a c h ild
D) T h e m a c h i n e s w e r e m a k i n g s u c h a
l o u d n o i s e t h a t w e c o u l d n 't h e a r e a c h
o th e r.
E) W e t r i e d h a r d t o h e a r e a c h o t h e r
abo ve the d eafen ing m achin es.
^ = p re se n te d s o m u c h in f o rm a t io n in
h is o w n fav o u r.
T h e p ro o f a g a in s t h im w a s n o t
su ffic ien t fo r th e ju d ge to c on v ic t h im .
T h e ju d g e p ro n o u n ced h im g u ilty ,
th o u g h th e re w ere fe w fac ts to
su p p o rt th is d ec is io n .
W h ile th e ju d g e w an ted to b eliev e h is
s to ry , t h e r e w a s j u s t n o t e n o u g h
e v id en ce to su p p o rt it.
T h e fa c t s p re s e n te d a g a in s t h im w e re
so o v e rw h e lm in g th a t th e ju d g e
d is co u n ted h is s to ry .
D)
the fillings
C) th e w o rse th e co n d itio n o f h er tee th
w ill becom e
E)
D) it h a s e v e n tu a lly s t a rt e d to c a u s e h e r
m o re d is co m fo rt
E) b e c a u se h er te e th h a v e g r o w n a lo t
m o re sen s itiv e
84. N o t a ll so c ie tie s s h a re th e s am e id e a s o n
fam ily life an d th e co rrec t w ay to raise
ch ildren.
81-90, sorul
anlamca en
A ) A ttitu d e s to w ard s fa m ily life an d
81. C o n s id e r in g th i s s h o p i s th e m o s t
ch ild re n 's ed u ca tio n v a ry ac c o rd in g to
ex p en siv e in to w n , th e q u ality o f its
th e so c ie ty o n e is in .
p ro d u cts is o f a v e ry lo w s ta n d a rd .
B) S o c ie ties h av e d iffere n t a ttitu d e s
ab o u t fam ily life an d h o w ch ild ren
A) T h e p r o d u c ts o f th i s sh o p a r e
should be brought up.
co n sid ered to b e v ery lo w q ua lity , y et
C) T h e ro le o f th e fam ily an d m eth o d s o f
it is a m o n g th e m o s t e x p en s iv e sh o p s
b rin g in g u p c h ild r e n a re c h a n g in g in
in to w n.
society.
B) I t's n o t su r p ri sin g th a t th e p ri c e s in
th is s h o p ar e v e ry lo w b e c au s e its
D) T h e ac ce p ted id eas in o n e so ciety
p ro d u cts a re n o t g o o d q u a lity .
a b o u t ra i s in g c h i ld re n m a y b e
C) A m o n g th e to w n 's m o st e x p e n siv e
u n a c c e p t a b l e in a n o th e r .
o n e s, th is sh o p is re n o w n ed f o r th e
E) T h e re a re c u ltu ra l d iffere n ce s
h ig h s ta n d a rd o f it s p ro d u c ts .
co n c ern in g h o w fam ilies sh o u ld
D) B e c a u se o f th e h ig h s tan d a rd o f its
d isc ip lin e th e ir ch ild ren .
p ro d u c ts , th is s h o p i s th e o n e w ith
th e h ig h e s t p r ic e s in to w n .
85. The price of the blouse w as too tem pting
E) O n e w o u ld ex p e ct h ig h er q u ality
for me to resist buying it.
p ro d u c ts f ro m th is sh o p a s it is m o re
ex p en s iv e th an all th e o th e rs in to w n .
A) I couldn't resist bu ying the blou se
82. T h e so un d o f o u r v o ice s w as co m p lete ly
de spite the fa ct th at it w as too
d ro w n e d b y th e ro ar o f th e m a ch in e ry .
expensive.
B) I ha d en ough m one y on m e to bu y the
A) W e c o u l d o n l y j u s t h e a r e a c h o t h e r
blouse, so I decided to get it.
a b o v e t h e lo u d n o is e o f th e
C)
I bought the blouse because it w as
m a c h in e r y .
just w hat I w as looking for.
B) W e k n e w t h a t t h e m a c h i n e s w o u l d
D) I'd have bought the blouse if the price
d r o w n o u t o u r c o n v e r s a ti o n , s o w e
ha dn't bee n so high.
d i d n 't t r y t o s p e a k .
C) B e c a u s e t h e m a c h i n e s w e r e s o
E) I ended up buying the blouse as it
d eafening , our v oices seem ed rather
w a s suc h a ba rga in .
faint.
B) th e m o re m o n e y sh e h ad to p ay fo r a ll
ELS a 417
418 Q ELS
91-100,
cmleye anlamca en yakn Trke
"
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j
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:r
, 4
.-
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D)
E)
419
E)
i rk e t y e n i b i r u b e a m a k i in h e n z
y e t e r in c e g l d e i ld i , a m a s a a tl i k
bir tartm adan sonra, alm asna
k arar v erild i.
A) So n za m a nla rn en n e m li b irka
bu lu un da n biri ola n e le k tro nik he s a p
m a kina la rnn e tkis i g n lk ya a m n 102. R ve t olaylarna o kadar altk ki, bir
he r a lann da his sedilm e kted ir.
y e n is ini d u y d u u m uz da a rtk h i
B) So n z a m a nl a rd a , g nl k y a a m
yadrgamyoruz.
do ru da n e tkile m i ok az bu lu ta n
biri de elektronik hesap m akinalardr.
A) H e aring of a b ribe ry cas e is no thin g
C) S o n z a m a n la r n e n b y k b u lu u ,
n e w to us a s w e a re s o us e d to the m .
B) B e ing a c c us to m e d to he a rin g of
g nl k ya a m n he r a la n na i le m i
bribery cases all the tim e, w e w ere not
olan ele ktronik hesap m akinalardr.
a s to nis he d at th is o ne a t a ll.
D) So n zam a nlarda ya plan o k az bulu
C) W e've got so accustom ed to bribery
g nl k ya a m e le ktron ik he s a p
cas es tha t w e no longer find it stran ge
m a ki na la r ka d a r de rind e n
to hea r a bo ut a n ew on e.
etkilemitir.
D) A s bribe ry c as e s a re so com m o n
E) ok az b ulu , ele ktro nik he sa p
n ow a da ys, w e 've le arnt n ot to be
m a ki na la r n n s o n z a m a n la r da k i
surprise d upon h earin g of a new one.
du ru m u g ib i g n l k y a a m n h e r
E) Since w e've been exposed to so m any
alanna ilem itir.
b ribe ry cas es, it's not s urpris in g tha t
w e do n't fin d them strange.
100. A t the en d of a thre e-h our disc uss ion, it
103. Buray bu evrenin en ok tercih edilen
w a s d e c id e d th a t th e c o m p a n y w a s no t
restoran yapan kesinlikle personelinin
y et strong enough to ope n ne w b ra nc hes.
itenliidir.
A) s a a t l i k t a r t m a n n s o n u n d a ,
irketin henz yeni ubeler aacak
k a d a r g l o lm a d n a k a ra r v e rild i .
B) ir k e ti n y e n i u b e le r a a b i le c e k g te
olup olm ad konusunda kan
tartm a tam saat srd.
C) s a a t s r e n b i r t a r t m a n n
sonunda irketten, yeni bir ube
a a b ile c e k k a d a r g l o lm a d k la r
k ara r kt.
D) T a r t m a s a a t s r d v e s o n u n d a
irketin karar, yeni ubeler am ak
i in h e n z y e terin c e g le nm e d ikle ri
biim indey di.
4ZO Q ELS
A) T h e s t a f f o f t h i s r e s t a u r a n t a r e s o
sincere that it has becom e the m ost
preferred restaurant in the area.
B) T h i s r e s t a u r a n t i s p r e f e r r e d m o r e t h a n
all the others in the area because of
its s in ce re sta ff.
C) T h e s i n c e r it y o f i t s s t a f f m a k e s t h i s
restaurant one of the m ost preferred
in the area.
D) W h a t m a k e s t h i s t h e m o s t p r e f e r r e d
restaurant in this area is certainly the
since rity of its staff.
E) T h e s t a f f i n o t h e r r e s t a u r a n t s a r e n o t
as sincere, so people prefer this one
m ore than the others.
421
4X2 Q ELS
UNITS
Relative Clauses
INTRODUCTION
Relative clause, bir ismi tanmlayan cmledir. Ancak tek basma kullanlamaz. Bir temel
cmleye bal olarak tanmlad isimden sonra gelir. Bir ismi tanmlad iin relative clause
"adjective clause" biiminde de isimlendirilebilir.
Sfat tanmlad isimden nce gelir. Relative clause ise tanmlad isimden sonra gelir.
The student who is the betin the classroom is Aye. (relative clause)
The best student in the classroom is Aye. (adjective)
The money which was stolen from the bank hasn't been found yet.
(relative clause)
The stolen money hasn't been found yet. (adjective)
Relative clause, tanmlayan (defining) ve tanmlamayan (non-defining} biiminde ikiye ayrlr.
Defining relative clause, bir ismi tanmlayarak dierlerinden ayrt etmemizi salar. "The man"
dediimiz zaman karmzdaki kii hangi adamdan sz ettiimizi anlayamaz. Ancak, "the man
who is standing at the corner" (kede duran adam) ifadesinde "the man" artk belli bir kii
durumuna gemitir.
Non-deflnlng relative clause, zaten tanmlanm bir isimden sonra gelir. "My father" dediimiz
zaman, karmzdaki kii kimden sz edeceimizi zaten anlam durumdadr. Eer biz bu ismi
bir daha tanmlyorsak bu non-defining relative clause'dur. Yani o isim hakknda fazladan bilgi
veren bir cmleciktir: "my father, who lives in Germany,.." (Almanya'da oturan babam,...)
The man who will come to see you tomorrow wants to do business with you.
(Defining)
(Yarn seni grmeye gelecek olan adam seninle i yapmak istiyor.)
Mr. Jones, who will come to see you tomorrow, wants to do business with you.
(Non-defining)
(Yarn seni grmeye gelecek olan Mr. Jones seninle i yapmak istiyor.)
ELS
423
8-1
8-2
"Crowd, audience, class" gibi grup isimleri, insanlardan olumalarna ramen, eer kurumu
kastediyorsak, tekil bir fiille that ya da which kullanmay gerektirir. Ancak bu kurumu
oluturan bireyleri kastediyorsak, oul bir fiille who kullanlr ki bu kullanm defining relative
clause iin pek yaygn deildir.
A staff is inevitably inefficient. It is not well-trained.
A staff which/that is not well-trained is inevitably inefficient.
The staff are calling for a strike. They are dissatisfied with their conditions.
The staff, who are dissatisfied with their conditions, are calling for a strike.
Relative clause tanmlad isimden sonra gelir. Bu nedenle, tanmlayacamz isim temel
cmlenin znesi ise, relative clause zne ile yklemin arasnda yer alr.
The student is happy. She got the highest mark on the test.
The student who got the highest mark on the test is happy.
that got the highest mark on the test
The chair is broken. It is in the study room.
The chair which Is in the study room is broken.
that is in the study room
Bazen tanmladmz isme ait baka szckler olabilir. Bu durumda relative clause, bu
szcklerden sonra gelir.
There is someone at the door. He wants to see you.
There is someone at the door who wants to see you.
(Kapda sizinle grmek isteyen biri var.)
Who, that ve which'den sonra gelen fiilin tekil ya da oul olmas tanmlad isme baldr.
Eer isim tekil ya da saylamaz ise tekil bir fiil; oul bir isim ise oul bir fiil kullanlr.
The person who lives next door is an engineer.
The people who live next door are very friendly.
The plate which is on the counter is dirty. The
plates which are on the counter are dirty. The
milk which is in the bottle is for the baby.
4*4 Q ELS
Relative clause ile temel cmlenin tense'i farkl zamanlara ait olabilir.
The man who was run over by a truck yesterday is in the intensive care unit now. I
don't think the chair which was broken yesterday can be repaired.
Ancak, baz durumlarda, tense uyumas gerekebilir. rnein "7 congratulated the student.... "
ifadesini "who gets the highest mark' biiminde tamamlayanlayz. nk "kutladm"
diyebilmemiz iin tanmladmz ismin bir ey yapm olmas gerekir. Yani o da past ttae'a
aittir.
I congratulated the student who got the highest mark.
I helped the woman who had difficulty carrying the heavy shopping bags.
They will give a prize to the person who wins the competition.
They gave a prize to the person who won the competition.
EXERCISE 1: Combine the two sentences using the second sentence as a relative clause.
Example:
1.
2.
3.
The reporter was reluctant to go. He had been given an assignment in a trouble
spot in Africa.
4.
5. The church is visible from miles around. It stands on top of the hill.
6.
I'm sure I've met the lady somewhere before. She is getting out of that car over
there.
7.
8. Why did you buy a car? It is older than your previous one.
STIRRING THE PETROL
My grandmother, who had always lived on a farm which is in the
middle of nowhere, had never been in a car. The first time I managed to
persuade her to take a trip in mine, the poor woman was absolutely terrified.
After watching me change gears for a while, she said, "Listen, you
just keep your hands on the wheel and forget about that stick -1 can stir
the petrol for you while you drive."
(from Reader's Digest)
k
*tS8TO'~ ' - ,
ELS Q 4Z5
8-3
Tanmlayacamz isim, tanmlayan cmlede nesne durumunda ise insanlar iin who, whom,
that; cansz varlklar, hayvanlar ve grup isimleri iin which, that kullandr.
The applicant is suitable for the job. We interviewed her yesterday.
The applicant who we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.
whom we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.
that we Interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.
The book is very interesting. I bought it last week.
The book which I bought last week is very interesting.
that I bought last week is very interesting.
Tanmlayacamz isim, tanmlayan cmlede nesne durumunda ise, bir relative pronoun (who,
whom, that, which) kullanmadan da ayn anlam verebiliriz.
The applicant we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.
The book I bought last week is very interesting.
The man was a sales representative. We met him yesterday.
The man who we met yesterday was a sales representative.
whom we met yesterday was a sales representative.
that we met yesterday was a sales representative.
0 we met yesterday was a sales representative.
The flat should have at least three rooms. I'll rent it.
The flat that 111 rent should have at least three rooms.
which Fil rent should have at least three rooms.
0 111 rent should have at least three rooms.
EXERCISE 2: Combine the two sentences using the second sentence as a relative clause.
1.
I wonder what happened to the child. A cyclist ran over him in the park this
morning.
2.
Some of the guests didn't turn up. We'd invited them to the party.
3.
The epidemic has spread all over the area. They have been trying to bring it under
control for months.
4.
5.
6.
The film wasn't suitable for children. I didn't let my son watch it.
7.
Have you met the person? They appointed him to head of the department.
8.
I don't like the music. Our neighbours play it very loudly all day long.
426 Q ELS
8-4
The picture had already been sold. Sally was very interested in it.
2.
I want to introduce you to the woman. I'm thinking of doing business with her.
3.
4.
The theory didn't seem very sound. He based his argument on it.
5.
The woman was extremely wealthy. This dress was designed for her.
6.
7.
The illness seems to be very serious. Our boss is suffering from it.
8.
The period was marked by conflict between Vikings and Christians. This church
dates from it.
ELS Q 427
8-5
Tanmladmz isim, tanmlayan cmlede iyelik bildiriyorsa, hem insanlar hem de nesneler
iin "whose" kullanlr.
Do you know the man? His car was stolen.
Do you know the man whose car was stolen?
The man is our next-door neighbour. I want to buy his car.
The man whose car I want to buy is our next-door neighbour.
Can you repair the chair? Its legs are broken.
Can you repair the chair whose legs are broken?
2.
You should have apologized to the woman. You stepped on her foot while dancing.
3.
A company is likely to suffer in the current economic climate. Its financial backing
isn't secure.
4.
5.
These are the birds. Their habitat is threatened by the development of the new
shopping centre.
428 D ELS
6.
Do you know if this is the hotel? Its swimming pool is open to non-guests.
7.
What's the name of the mythological figure? His touch turned things to gold.
...................................................................................................................................9
The candidate won by a small margin. I am strongly opposed to his ideas.
8.
8-6 USING'WHERE"
Tanmladmz isim, tanmlayan cmlede yer bildiriyorsa (dolayl tmle ise) relative szc
olarak "where" kullanabiliriz.
l liked the seaside resort. We spent our holiday there (in that resort) last summer.
I liked the seaside resort where we spent our holiday last summer.
Don't clean the room. My son is studying in that room.
Don't clean the room where my son is studying.
Yer bildiren bir ismi tanmlarken which ve that kullanabiliriz ya da hibir relative szc
kullanmadan, relative clause getirebiliriz. Ancak, which ve that kullandmzda ya da bo
braktmzda, o isme ait preposition' mutlaka kullanmak zorundayz.
I liked the seaside resort which we spent our holiday in last summer.
that we spent our holiday In last summer. 0
we spent our holiday In last summer. in
which we spent our holiday last summer.
Don't clean the room which my son is studying in.
that my son is studying in.
0 my son is studying in. in
which my son is studying.
';
This is the restaurant. I usually eat lunch there (at this restaurant.)
This is the restaurant which 1 usually eat lunch at.
that I usually eat lunch at. 0
I usually eat lunch at. at
which I usually eat lunch.
This is the restaurant where I usually eat lunch.
Bir yer ismi, tanmlayan cmlede zne ya da nesne durumundaysa, onu tanmlarken "where"
kullanamayz. "Where" kullanabilmemiz iin o ismin, "at the cinema, on the table, in the
country, etc." gibi yer belirtmesi gerekir.
I like the house. It has a large garden. (It - subject)
I like the house which has a large garden.
that has a large garden.
ELS a 4X9
EXERCISE 5: Combine the two sentences, using the second sentence as a relative clause
and giving all the possible patterns.
1.
2.
3.
4.
This is the very spot. A big explosion occurred on this spot yesterday.
5.
I know a small restaurant. You can have a nice dinner there enjoying the
magnificent Bosphorus view.
6.
Istanbul is a city. You can meet people from all over Turkey in Istanbul.
___j
^
8-7
Tc-f
For 1
^Fun
M
NO TROUBLE
USING "WHEN"
Tanmladmz isim, tanmlayan cmlede "on that day, in that year, at that hour, etc."
biiminde bir zaman belirtiyorsa, when, which, that kullanabilir ya da bir relative szc
kullanmadan relative clause getirebiliriz. Bunlardan sadece which, preposition kullanmay
gerektirir. Preposition whlch'in nnde kullanlr: on which, at which, etc.
1923 is the year. The Republic of Turkey was founded then, (in that year]
1923 is the year when the Republic of Turkey was founded. that
the Republic of Turkey was founded. 0 the
Republic of Turkey was founded. In which the
Republic of Turkey was founded.
(1923, Trkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kurulduu yldr.)
Saturday is the day. We usually go shopping then, (on that day)
Saturday is the day when we usually go shopping. that
we usually go shopping. 0 we
usually go shopping. on which we
usually go shopping.
43O Q ELS
EXERCISE 6: Combine the two sentences giving all the possible patterns.
8-8
1.
1980 is the year. The last military coup in Turkey took place then, (in that year)
2.
They haven't yet fixed the date. They'll get married then, (on that date)
3.
I forgot the time. Her plane would land then, (at that time)
4.
6th August 1945 is the date. An atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima then, (on
that date)
5.
Half past four is the hour. The caretaker always collects the rubbish then, (at that
hour)
6.
llth September 2001 is the date. Terrorists destroyed the World Trade Center, (on
that date)
USING "WHY"
"Reason" szcnden sonra neden ifade eden bir cmle getiriyorsak, why, that ya da for
which kullanabiliriz. Ya da hibirini kullanmadan direk relative clause getirebiliriz.
The reason why we are holding this meeting is to seek solutions to our problems.
that we are holding this meeting
0 we are holding this meeting for
which we are holding this meeting
Reason, explanation gibi szckleri, "... ileri srd neden, ... yapt aklama" gibi ifadeler
iin kullanyorsak, "why" kullanamayz. Bu anlamda onlan dier cansz varlklar gibi dnp
which, that kullanabilir ya da her ikisini de kaldrabiliriz.
The reason that he gave us for the delay frustrated us all.
which he gave us for the delay 0 he gave us
for the delay
The explanations that the teacher made on the subject confused us.
which the teacher made on the subject 0 the
teacher made on the subject
\>
ELS a 431
A person
fame is nationwide is
difficult to contact.
A) who
B) whom C) whose
D) where E) when
2 Spring and autumn are the seasons . . I
like best.
A) when
B) that C) in
which
D) where E) whose
3 The only person who didn't seem to be
enjoying the party was the girl for ........ it
was organized.
A) that
B) which C)
who
D) whom E)
where
everyone
4 This is the time of year
seems vulnerable to catching coughs and
colds.
A) which
B) where C) that
D) why E) whom
432 O ELS
A}-
C) where
E) that
B) when
D) why
A) of which
C) -
E) to whom
A) with whom
C) for that
B) whose
D) that
B) about which
D) of whose
E)-
8-9
Bir relative clause everybody, someone, anybody, etc. gibi belgisiz zamirleri tanmlayabilir. Eer
tanmladmz zamir, tanmlayan cmlede zne durumundaysa who ya da that kullanlr.
Nesne durumundaysa, who, whom ya da that kullanabiliriz, ama genellikle relative szc
kullanlmaz.
Everybody who came to the party was elegantly dressed.
that came to the party
Everybody whom I met said that he was dishonest.
who I met that I met 0
I met
There is someone whom I want you to meet.
who I want you to meet.
that 1 want you to meet.
0 I want you to meet.
Anything, something, nothing gibi szckleri tanmlarken which ok ender kullanlr. Onun
yerine that tercih edilir. Eer tanmlanan szck nesne durumundaysa relative szc
kullanmamak daha yaygndr.
Everything that was said at the debate was true.
Everything that he said at the debate was true. 0
he said at the debate was true.
Anything that has been found can be helpful to prove his innocence.
Anything that you have found can be helpful to prove his innocence. 0
you have found can be helpful to prove his innocence.
Those szcn tanmlarken insanlar iin daha ok who, nesneler iin ise which kullanlr,
ancak her ikisi iin that de kullanabiliriz.
Only the people who/that are members can enter the club.
Only those who/that are members can enter the club.
Bu iki cmlenin Trke'ye evirisine dikkat ediniz. Birinci cmleyi "Kulbe, sadece ye olan
kiiler girebilir." ; ikinci cmleyi ise "Kulbe, sadece ye olanlar girebilir." biiminde
evirebiliriz.
ELS a 433
The students who/that want to come on the picnic should inform me well in
advance.
Those who/that want to come on the picnic should inform me well in advance.
(Piknie gelmek isteyen renciler........., Piknie gelmek isteyenler......)
- Shall I bring all the books?
- No, I need only those which/that are on the top shelf.
a)
b)
Coal, rice, milk, flower, etc. gibi isimler genel anlamda kullanld zaman, zaten
herkese bilinen isimler olduu iin, non-deflnlng relative clause alr.
Flowers, which almost everybody likes, need special care to grow.
(general - non-defining)
The flowers which are sold at that florist's are usually fresh, (specific - defining)
Milk, which Is essential for people of all ages, should be boiled well.
(general - non-defining)
The milk which we get from that dairy is really delicious, (specific - defining)
434 Q ELS
Non-defining relative clause ile that hibir durumda kullanlmaz. Dier relative szckleri who,
whom, which, whose, where ve when kullanlr. Non-defining relative clause, eer araya
giriyorsa iki virglle, cmlenin sonunda yer alyorsa bir virglle temel cmleden ayrlr.
Mr. Smith, who works at the same company as me, is very fond of children. I
can rely on Mr. Smith, who works at the same company as me.
8-13 POSSESSIVE
Btn isimler iin whose kullanabiliriz. Cansz varlklar iin "of which" de kullanabiliriz, ancak
bu kullanm pek yaygn deildir.
My classmate Susan doesn't want to be a doctor. Her parents are both doctors.
My classmate Susan, whose parents are both doctors, doesn't want to be a doctor.
Their house cost them too much money. They painted its exterior pink. Their
house, whose exterior they painted pink, cost them too much money. , toe
exterior of which they painted pink,
ELS
435
Possessive durumdaki isme ait bir preposition varsa, bu preposition' whose'un nnde ya da
relative clause'un sonunda kullanabiliriz.
Mr. Clark is leaving hospital. The doctor had some doubts about his recovery.
Mr. Clark, whose recovery the doctor had some doubts about is leaving hospital.
, about whose recovery the doctor had some doubts,
Uluda is a famous ski resort. You can always see snow on its top. Uluda,
whose top you can always see snow on, is a famous ski resort.
, on whose top you can always see snow,
, on the top of which you can always see snow,
place)
Salihli, where
, which
I was born in,
, in which I was born,
C) whom
B) who
E) whose
D) which
436 a ELS
E) where
A) which C)
whom
E) that
A) that
C) whom
3.
B) who
D) whose
A) which C)
whom
E) when
r
Non-defining relative clause ile that hibir durumda kullanlmaz. Dier relative szckleri who,
whom, which, whose, where ve when kullanlr. Non-defining relative clause, eer araya
giriyorsa iki virglle, cmlenin sonunda yer alyorsa bir virglle temel cmleden ayrlr.
Mr. Smith, who works at the same company as me, is very fond of children. I
can rely on Mr. Smith, who works at the same company as me.
8-13 POSSESSIVE
Btn isimler iin whose kullanabiliriz. Cansz varlklar iin "of which" de kullanabiliriz, ancak
bu kullanm pek yaygn deildir.
My classmate Susan doesn't want to be a doctor. Her parents are both doctors.
My classmate Susan, whose parents are both doctors, doesn't want to be a doctor.
Their house cost them too much money. They painted its exterior pink. Their
house, whose exterior they painted pink, cost them too much money. , the
exterior of which they painted pink,
ELS a 435
Possessive durumdaki isme ait bir preposition varsa, bu preposition' whose'un nnde ya da
relative clause'un sonunda kullanabiliriz.
Mr. Clark is leaving hospital. The doctor had some doubts about his recovery.
Mr. Clark, whose recovery the doctor had some doubts about, is leaving hospital. ,
about whose recovery the doctor had some doubts,
Uluda is a famous ski resort. You can always see snow on its top. Uluda,
whose top you can always see snow on, is a famous ski resort.
, on whose top you can always see snow,
, on the top of which you can always see snow,
Istanbul, where more than ten million people live, has many problems to solve.
, which more than ten million people live in,
, in which more than ten million people live,
Eer bir yer ismi, tanmlayan cmlede zne ya da nesne durumundaysa where kullanamayz.
Sadece which kullanabiliriz.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. It is my hometown. (It - Subject)
Salihli, which is my hometown, is located in the west of Turkey.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I like t very much. (It - object)
Salihli, which I like very much, is located in the west of Turkey.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I was born there, (in Salihli - adverb of
place)
Salihli, where
I was born, is located in the west of Turkey.
, which
I was born in,
, in which I was born,
EXERCISE 8:
E) whose
B) who
D) which
436 Q ELS
E) where
A) which C)
whom
E) that
3.
B) who
D) whose
4.
A) which
C) whom
E) when
5.
deal of expertise.
A) which
B) where C) when
8. D) of which E) that
The headmaster, ....... promise to increase
9.
ELS Q 437
It's such a pity that you're working the night shift on Friday evening. We'll all be at
Tony's then celebrating his graduation.
2.
The time I hate most on weekdays is 6 a.m. I have to wake up then to get my son
ready for school.
3.
4.
5.
Peter and Mary got married on Valentine's Day. They thought it'd be interesting and
romantic to do so on that day.
One of, all of, most of, none of, etc. gibi ifadeleri, hem insanlar hem de nesneleri
tanmlarken kullanabiliriz. Bu ifadeleri relative clause'da insanlar iin one of whom,
some of whom, most of whom, etc. biiminde, nesneler iin ise one of which, some of
which, most of which, etc. biiminde kullanrz. Eer tanmladmz isim possessive
durumdaysa, one of whose, some of whose, etc. gibi ifadeler kullanabiliriz.
Sally has two very close Mends. Both of them are interested in music like her.
Sally has two very close friends, both of whom are interested in music like her.
Sally has very nice parents. I like both of them very much.
Sally has very nice parents, both of whom I like very much.
I want to introduce you to my friend Salty. One of her biggest interests is
classical music.
I want to introduce you to my friend Sally, one of whose biggest Interests is
classical music.
438 ELS
She bought many things at the store. Only a few of them were necessary.
She bought many things at the store, ontya few of which were necessary.
There are many Sims on this week. I'm quite interested in two of them.
There are many films on this week, two of which I'm quite interested in.
I watched a film on TV last night. Some of its scenes were disgusting. I
watched a film on TV last night, some of whose scenes were disgusting.
b)
Some of them, all of us, none of them, etc. gibi miktar/say bildiren szckler, virglle
cmlenin devamndan ayrlarak, relative clause ile ayn anlam verecek biimde
kullanlabilir. Ancak bu yaplar bir clause deildir, szck beidir. Bu nedenle, fiiller
(yklem) yoktur. Bu yaplar da, ayn relative clause'da olduu gibi, tanmlad isme
aklk getirir.
The parade was watched by a lot of people, some of whom had their children on
their shoulders.
The parade was watched by a lot of people, some of them with their children on
their shoulders.
My father gave me a chest full of books, most of which were rather old.
My father gave me a chest full of books, most of them rather old.
I have two antique vases, both of which have been in my family's possession
for over a century.
I have two antique vases, both of them in my family's possession for over a
century.
EXERCISE 10: Combine the two sentences. Use the second sentence as a relative clause.
1.
You'll face many problems in England. One of them will be finding accommodation.
2.
3.
4.
At the casino, he won about 1,000. He then gambled nearly all of it away again.
5.
He has two assistant managers. Both of them are efficient in their work.
6.
For one class at university, we had to read a book on strategy. Some of its chapters
were extremely boring.
2.
He broke two glasses while he was washing up. That was very careless of him.
3.
I'm having a few days off next week. I'm really looking forward to that.
4.
5.
He didn't offer to help his parents. That was a little selfish of him.
6.
She handed in her resignation after her quarrel with the manager. That didn't
surprise me at all.
rneklerde de grdmz gibi, relative clause daima bir isimden sonra, noun clause ise bir
fiilden sonra gelir. rnekteki relative clause'u baka biimlerde de ifade edebiliriz.
I don't know the city
where he lives.
that he lives in.
which he lives in.
0
he lives in.
In which he lives.
Noun clause'u bir tek biimde ifade edebiliriz. I
don't know where he lives.
Adverbial clause, noun clause ve relative clause arasndaki farkllklar iin aadaki rnekleri
inceleyiniz.
They got married on a day when I was abroad.
(noun) (relative clause)
V
(Benim yurt dnda olduum bir gnde evlendiler.)
,
They got married when I was abroad.
(verb)
(adverbial clause)
(Ben yurt dndayken evlendiler.)
I don't remember when they got married.
.'.,..'
(verb)
(noun clause)
(Ne zaman evlendiklerini hatrlamyorum.)
I want to know the students who/that are coming with us.
(noun)
(relative clause)
(Bizimle gelecek rencileri renmek istiyorum.)
I want to know who are fi) coming with us.
(verb)
(noun clause)
'
(Bizimle kimlerin geleceini renmek istiyorum.)
440 a ELS
What bir isimden sonra gelmez. Genellikle bir fiilden sonra gelir ya da zne durumundaki bir
noun clause'un banda bulunur. What, the thing that/the things that anlamndadr. (Burada
that yerine which de kullanlabilir; ama, that kullanm daha yaygndr.)
I don't know what he bought (Ne aldn bilmiyorum.)
(verb)
(noun clause)
I don't know the thing that he bought. (Ald eyi bilmiyorum.)
(noun)
(relative clause)
What he said wasn't so important. (Ne dedii o kadar nemli deildi.)
(noun clause)
The thing that he said wasn't so important. (Syledii ey o kadar nemli deildi.)
(relative clause)
EXERCISE 12: Choose the correct answer.
1. She refused to tell anybody ......... she had
resigned.
A) who
C) whom
E) whose
B) which
A) What
D) why
C) How
D) that/when
E) whose/which
E) where
C) Who
E) what
5. She Is donating half of her lottery
winnings to charity, ......... is extremely
generous of her.
A) that
C) which
E) what
D) Which
D) -
B) where
D) -
E) Whose
C) who/which
D) that/that
E) why /with
A) That
B) Who
B) when
A) who
C) that
B) What
E) Why
D) When
E) whom
B) that
D) what
B) who
A) What
D) why
C) Which
B) That
D) Where
E) Whom
ELS a 441
1 1 Tokyo
is said to be too crowded at
any time of the day, still attracts me more
than any other big city.
A) where
B) that C) which
D) whose E) what
12. My mother's house ........ you can always
for today.
A) which
B) what C) that
D) when E) whom
21. In medieval times, many people were
punished for things for .............. they would
among them.
A) whom
B) who C) which
D) that E) whose
14. We haven't decided yet ....... we'll spend
our holiday.
A) which
B) where C) what
D) that E) whom
15. They haven't decided yet ....... they'll
spend their holiday with.
A) where
B) that C) what
D) how E) whom
16. The words ....... he uttered last night hurt
me deeply.
A) that
C) how
E) whom
B) what
D) when
centre.
A) which
B) where C) when
D) that E) what
24. I should have bought the dress ........ I
tried on first of all as it was the most suitable
for the occasion.
A) when
B) how C) where
D) what E)25. At the meeting, the committee will decide
.............. to appoint as safety officer for the
club.
A) whose
B) whom C) that
D) where E)26. The US Captain Stephen Decatur rescued
the American warship Philadelphia from
B) whom
D) which
E) how
E) that
B) whose
D) in which
E) whom
B) who
D) what
A) how
C) who
B) what
D) whom
E) which
Present participle
the boy running, the people waiting for the bus, a truck carrying passengers, etc.
Eer relative clause'un tense'i, present continuous, past continuous, simple present ya da
simple past tense ve yklemi active ise ksaltmada present participle kullanlr.
The man who lives upstairs is making too much noise.
The man
living upstairs is making too much noise.
The woman who Is talking to the teacher is my mother.
The woman
talking to the teacher is my mother.
ELS a 443
The customers who wanted to see the manager looked very angry.
The customers
wanting to see the manager looked very angry.
The children who were playing in the rain seemed very happy.
The children
playing in the rain seemed very happy.
It's a school which employs
both foreign and native teachers.
It's a school
employing both foreign and native teachers.
The tree which blocked the road was blown down by the storm.
The tree
blocking the road was blown down by the storm.
Ayn kurallar gz nne alarak, non-defining relative clause'larda da ksaltma yapabiliriz.
Ksaltlan blm yine virglle cmlenin devamndan ayrmamz gerekir.
Her parents, who expect her to get a high grade, will be disappointed if she can't.
Her parents, expecting her to get a high grade, will be disappointed if she can't.
Mary, who wanted to make an impression on the teacher, studied very hard.
Mary,
wanting to make an impression on the teacher, studied very hard.
My son, who is playing with some children over there, is very sensitive.
My son,
playing'with some children over there, is very sensitive.
b)
Past participle
the cake divided into two, the explanations made by the Prime Minister, etc.
Her husband, who was promoted to a higher position, will get more money.
Her husband,
promoted to a higher position, will get more money.
c)
Be + adjective phrase
The girl who is happy with her exam result is smiling.
The girl
happy with her exam result is smiling.
Anyone who is interested in animals can join our club.
Anyone
interested in animals can join our club.
I need a box which is big enough to hold these books.
I need a box
big enough to hold these books.
My car, which was much cheaper than yours,
My car,
much cheaper than yours,
d)
Be + prepositional phrase
The books which are on the top shelf are difficult to reach.
The books
on the top shelf are difficult to reach.
444 Q ELS
The people who were along both sides of the road were watching the parade.
The people
along both sides of the road were watching the parade.
The students who are in the canteen must not be aware of the time.
The students
in the canteen must not be aware of the time.
e)
To + Infinitive
The first, the second, the last, the only gibi ifadelerden sonra, bazen de super/ave'lerden
sonra relative clause "to do" biiminde ksaltlabilir.
Yesterday, I was the last person who left the office.
Yesterday, I was the last person to leave the office.
(Dn brodan en son ayrlan kii bendim.)
I'm usually the first person who leaves the office.
I'm usually the rst person to leave the office.
(Genellikle brodan ilk ayrlan kii ben olurum.)
Eer relative clause'un yklemi passive ise, ksaltmada passive infinitive "to be done"
kullanlr.
The only man that was seen there that day was Mr Smith.
The onfyman to be seen there that day was Mr Smith. (O
gn orada grlen tek kii Mr Smith idi.)
The best route that can be followed is through the woods.
The best route to be followed
is through the woods.
(zlenecek en iyi yol koruluktan geendir.)
To + infinitive biimindeki ksaltmay something, anything, nothing, someone, anybody, etc.
gibi szcklerden sonra, zorunluluk, gereklilik ifade ederken pek ok isimden sonra ve baz
modanarn yerine kullanabiliriz.
Would you like something that you can read?
Would you like something to read?
It's cold outside. I need something that I can put on. I
need something to put on.
There was nothing that we could eat.
There was nothing to eat.
I have a lot of work that I must do. I
have a lot of work to do.
Today, I will have many clients that I must deal with.
Today, I will have many clients to deal with.
We need a larger box that we can put these books in.
We need a larger box to put these books in.
The children need a playground that they can play in.
The children need a playground to play in.
ELS a 445
f)
Appositive Phrase
ApposltLve phrase, bir isme aklk kazandrmak iin, isimden sonra kullanlan bir isim ya da
zamir grubudur. Appositive phrase, fazladan bilgi verdii iin, virglle cmlenin devamndan
ayrlr.
Mr Jones, who is the headmaster of our school, is a very strict man.
Mr Jones, the headmaster of our school, is a very strict man.
smet nn, who was the second President of Turkey, was a contemporary of
Atatrk's.
smet nn, the second President of Turkey, was a contemporary of Atatrk's.
Ankara, which is the capital city of Turkey, is better organized than Istanbul.
Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, is better organized than Istanbul.
Basketball, which is my favourite sport, attracts less interest than football.
Basketball, my favourite sport, attracts less interest than football.
h)
446 Q ELS
_____^
_......'-I /
The students who wanted to postpone the exam were eventually able to persuade
their teacher.
3.
Only those who have their identity cards with them will be allowed into the
building.
4.
"Roots", which was written by Alex Haley, is the history of one black American
family.
.. m
5.
Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.
6. The fence that surrounds their house is not so high. We can jump over it.
7.
8. Mrs. Smith, who is our next door neighbour, is very much interested in what is
going on in our house.
9.
We all expected to see pictures on TV that showed the pieces of the comet while it
was crashing into Jupiter, but we couldn't.
but we couldn't.
10. Mr. Jacobs will be the one who is in charge of the office during the absence of the
manager.
11. She, who was once a famous star, is now a hopeless alcoholic.
12. I have a lot of letters that I must write.
13. In some areas children, who don't know the danger, play in sewage waters.
14. His first book, which was published in 1975, didn't get so much praise as he
expected.
,,
: f
ELS a 447
15. I prefer to buy a house which overlooks the sea rather than a large one.
16. Students who aren't interested in grammar can prepare their term paper on
literature.
17. We were all relieved to get further news which concerned the accident.
18. The villagers, who were expecting a good harvest, were all distressed upon hearing
about the approaching storm.
19. The twins, who were wearing identical bright red jackets, really stood out in the
crowd.
20. If we go away next week,'we will have to find someone who will look after our dog.
2.
3.
B) charge
D) charged
E) having charged
Manhattan Island,...................for 25
dollars from the Indians In 1626, is now
the centre of New York, and one of the
largest and richest cities In the world.
A) buying
C) bought
B) having bought
D) to have bought
E) was bought
A) knew
B) known
C) knowing
D) being known
E) to know
T he P eacock R estaurant.......... to m e by
M onica, w as the Ideal place for a
rom antic m eal.
A ) recom m end ing
B) having recommended
C) recommends
D) to recommend
E) recommended
448 Q ELS
7.
B) having
D) have
E) to be having
A) noticed
B) noticing
C) having been noticed
D) to be noticed
E) to notice
A) to have starred
B) starred
C) to be starring
D) starring
E) having been starred
18. Under British law, if someone.............of a
serious crime pleads Innocence, he or she
Is tried before a jury..............of 12
members of the public.
A ) to - a c c u s e /c o ns is te d
B ) b e in g a c c u s e d /c o n s i s ts
C ) a c c u s e d / c o n s is tin g
D ) a c c u s e s /to be c o ns is t e d
E) a c c u s ing /h a v in g c o ns is te d
19. G re gory, not........of cigarette sm oking,
A) to approve
B) approved
C) approving
D) to have approved
E) being approved
B) to extend
A) extended
D) have extended
C) to be extended
E) extending
B) rank
D) be ranked
E) to have ranked
30. T h e train in g p ro g ra m
........by all o f o u r
new em ployees will cover the areas of
safety, com pany procedu re and filing.
2 3 . F o rm er ly.......as S lam , T h ailan d is o n e o f
th e m o st p o pu lar to u rist sp o ts in A sia.
A )u n d ertak in g
B) known
B ) u n d erto o k
A) to know
D ) knew
C) knowing
C ) h a v in g u n d e rta k e n
D )to u n d e rta k e
E ) h av ing kn ow n
E) to b e u n d e rt a k e n
24. The Koh-1-noor diamond,
........to h av e
b een taken fro m th e rajah of M alw a in 31. T h e n am e o f th e d o cto........w
r
ith y o u r
1 3 04 , m easu res 1 9 1 ca rats an d is o n e o f
d au g h ter is D r. B en ne tt.
th e m o st fam o u s d iam o nd s In th e w o rld .
A) dealt
B) deals
A) having believed
C)
deal
D) dealing
B) believed
E)
being
dealt
C) believing
D) to believe
E) to have believed
25. Students ........a foreign language can
always benefit from visiting the country
whose language they are trying to learn.
A) to study
C) studying
B) studied
D) to be studied
E) being studied
B) talked
D) to talk
45O Q ELS
B) to be relied
D) having relied
E) to be relying
B) being put
D) put
E) having put
B) sharing
D) being shared
E) having shared
tomb of Tutankhamen.
A) to recover
B) recovering
C) having recovered
D) recovered
E) have recovered
A) to be reached
B) having reached
C) to reach
D) being reached
E) to be reaching
39. The kitchen In a modem home, unless It
Is combined with a dining area, is a
relatively small room........with cooking
equipment.
A) to fill
B) to be filling
C) filled
D) having filled
E) being filled
WHERE TO GO
After voting on the election day, I stopped at a bakery. As the
cashier rang up some cinnamon rolls and doughnuts for the man standing
ahead of me, the customer joked, "Do you guarantee these don't have any
calories?"
Straight-faced, the cashier responded, "Absolutely no calories."
"You know where you'll go if you lie like that, don't you?" the man
teased.
"Yes," said the cashier, "to the Parliament."
(from Reader's Digest)
Vurgulamak istediimiz e insan ise, "It is/was someone who/that...."; insan dnda bir
varlk ise "It Is/was something that...." kalb kullanlr.
Nikola Tesla actually invented the radio, (simple statement)
(Radyoyu aslnda Nikola Tesla icat etti.) It was Nikola Tesla
who/that actually invented the radio. (Radyoyu icat eden
aslnda Nikola Tesla idi.)
ELS Q 451
(= Nikola Tesla was the person who/that actually invented the radio.)
(= The person who/that actually invented the radio was Nikola Tesla.)
He gave his wife a necklace on their wedding anniversary.
(Evlilik yldnmlerinde karsna bir gerdanlk hediye etti.)
It was a neck lace that he gave his wife on their wedding anniversary.
(Evlilik yldnmlerinde karsna hediye ettii bir gerdanlkt.}
(= The present that he gave his wife on their wedding anniversary was a necklace.}
b)
1939.
Prague was the city that Nazi Germany took in March, 1939.
Prague was what Nazi Germany took in March, 1939.
The city that Nazi Germany took in March, 1939 was Prague.
What Nazi Germany took in March, 1939 was Prague.
It was Prague that Nazi Germany took in March, 1939.
World War II actually began in the Far East, when Japan invaded China on
July 7, 1937.
The Far East was actually (the place) where World War II began ...........
(The place) where World War II actually began was the Far East,
......
World War II actually began on July
7, 1937, when Japan invaded China.
July 7, 1937 was (the day} when/the day that World War II actually began ....
(The day] when/The day that World War II actually began was July
7, 1937 ...........
c)
e)
MQTC.....................................................................................................
"It is/was ...." kalbndan sonra kural olarak subject pronoun (7, we, they,
he, she, etc.) kullanmak gerekir. Ancak Informal English'de object pronoun
(me, us, them, him, her, etc.) kullanm daha yaygndr.
It was me who/that first made this suggestion.
It's them who/that want to cancel the meeting.
f)
"All (that)" ve "the (only) thing (that)" gibi yaplarn da cleft sentence biiminde kullanm
yaygndr.
All (that) I want is a chance to prove that I am right.
(= 7 want a chance to prove that I am right and nothing else.)
AU (that) you need to do is (to) tie the two strings together. (=
You need to tie the two strings together and nothing else.)
(Btn yapman gereken, iki ipi birbirine balamaktr.)
All (that) he's done is (to) ruin my life!
(= He's ruined my life!)
The onfy thing (that) I can recall is making a fool of myself. The
onfy thing (that) I remember is that I made a fool of myself. (= 7
can recall/remember making a fool of myself and nothing else.)
EXERCISE 15: Fill In the blanks with suitable relative pronouns where necessary. Give all
the possible forms for each blank.
FRANZ KAFKA
The credit for making Franz Kafka internationally famous as a writer of visionary and
imaginative fiction belongs to his friend Max Brod, (1) .................... also a novelist himself. In
Kafka's will, Brod was asked to burn all manuscripts (2) .....................hadn't yet been
published and to refrain from republishing those (3) ..................... already in print. Brod, (4)
.....................didn't comply with his friend's will, instead edited the manuscripts and had
them published.
Kafka was born into a Jewish middle-class family in Prague, Bohemia, (5) ....................
now in the Czech Republic, on July 3, 1883. He attended the University of Prague, (6)
.....................he received his doctorate in 1906, after (7) ......................he spent a short time
as a legal apprentice. He then went to work for an insurance company, (8) .....................the
long hours of work prevented him from writing. Thus, he took a less demanding job with
another insurance business, (9) .................... he remained until 1922, (10) ..................... he
was forced to retire because of ill health. Soon Kafka, (11) ..................... health had seriously
deteriorated, went into a tuberculosis sanatorium in Kierling, Austria, (12) .....................he
died on June 3, 1924.
Kafka was in many ways a solitary figure, (13) .................... isolated in his own mind
from any true community of friendship and (14) ....................alienated from his own Jewish
heritage. This inner turmoil, (15) .....................was expressed in his continuously popular
writings, promoted Kafka into a symbol of the anxiety and alienation (16) ....................has
pervaded much of 20th-century society.
His total work, only a fraction of (17) .....................was published in his lifetime, includes
sections from "Description of a Struggle", (18) ..................... published in German in 1909, a
chapter from his novel "Amerika" (1913), and two stories: "Metamorphosis" (1915) and "In
the Penal Colony" (1919). "The Trial" and "The Castle", (19) ....................were published
after his death, are regarded as his major novels.
ELS 453
ANTIOCH
Ancient Antioch, (1) ......................was called the "queen of the East", is now the
modern town, Antakya, (2) ......................is a small trading centre in the southern part of
Anatolia, (3) ......................about 32 kilometres from the Mediterranean coast. The town, (4)
........................chief crops are wheat, cotton, grapes, rice, olives, vegetables and fruit, has
soap and olive oil factories, cotton textile mills and other processing industries. Silk, shoes
and knives are also manufactured.
The old city, (5) ......................was founded in about 300 BC by one of Alexander the
Great's generals, later became the capital of the Seleucid kings of Syria. Soon the city drew
great wealth from the caravan trade to India, (6) ...............,......helped it grow into a centre
of Greek culture. Just beyond its 70-foot walls lay the grove of Daphne, (7) ......................
filled with magnificent temples (8).......................attracted pilgrims from many parts of the
world. Antioch, (9) ......................the word "Christian" was first used, attracted the
reforming spirit of the Apostles even after it had passed under Roman rule. There Barnabas
and Paul - and perhaps Peter - are said to have sown the seed (10) ......................
eventually converted half the population to Christianity. The most famous of the saints of
the region was Simeon Stylites, (11) ...................... spent 30 years doing penance on top of a
high pillar (12) ......................was located near Antioch.
Antioch, (13) ......................suffered from many severe earthquakes, was sacked by the
Persian king Chosroes I in AD 538 and never recovered its former glory. It was taken from
the Seljuk Turks by the Crusaders after a nine-month siege in 1098, and for nearly two
centuries, it remained a Christian principality. Then it was conquered by the Muslims again,
in 1268, after great fighting (14) ......................caused much destruction and slaughter.
This last blow destroyed ancient Antioch, and in modern Antakya, (15) ......................little
remains of the old city, a few ruins of great aqueducts and parts of the walls can be seen.
WORLDWIDE FAME with ONE BOOK
Margaret Mitchell, (1) .....................lived between the years 1900 and 1949, wrote only
one book, but it sold as many as 50,000 copies in a single day. The book, (2) .....................
inspired one of the most popular films in motion-picture history, won the Pulitzer prize.
When Margaret Mitchell, (3) .....................was a locally respected journalist, wrote "Gone
with the Wind", she went in one great leap from being an obscure journalist to an
internationally recognized novelist.
Margaret Mitchell, (4) .....................demonstrated at an early age an aptitude for
writing, primarily used as source material the American Civil War stories (5) ......................
she heard from older relatives and friends of the family. She attended Washington Seminary
in Atlanta and then Smith College in Massachusetts. In 1922, (6) the year....................... she
took up journalism, she started to work as a writer for The Atlanta Journal, but in 1926, an
ankle injury (7) .....................kept her housebound for an extended time forced her early
retirement.
It was while recovering from the injury that Mitchell began the novel "Gone with the
Wind", (8) .....................a story of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction period (9)
.......................told from a Southern point of view. Mitchell, (10) .......................took ten years
to write the saga, carefully crafted her hero and heroine, Rhett Butler and Scarlett O'Hara.
The book, (11)......................published in June 1936, sold a million copies in the first six
months (12) .....................followed the publication. By 1939 United States sales had
reached 2 million, and by 1949 the book had been distributed in forty countries, with total
sales of 8 million copies. Motion-picture rights were sold for $50,000, and the public eagerly
followed the producer's search for the perfect actress to play Scarlett O'Hara, for (13)
.......................Vivien Leigh was eventually selected. The film, (14) .......................won ten
Academy awards in 1940, held the record for gross earnings for more than 20 years.
Mitchell's fame made her a tremendous asset as a Red Cross volunteer in World War II,
during (15) ..................... she worked devotedly.
454 Q ELS
EXERCISE 16: Fill In the blanks in the passages below with the correct choice.
In September 1944, the war in Europe
seemed all but over. British and American
forces had dashed across France and
Belgium, and (1) .......German defenses were
collapsing. One bold thrust, Allied
commanders felt, could open the way to
Berlin, Germany's capital, and end the
fighting. (2) .......in high optimism, began
Operation Market-Garden, a mighty air raid
(3) ......focus was the bridge over the Lower
Rhine in the Dutch city of Arnhem. Although
the battle (4) ......followed is little known, it
was the Allies' most severe defeat, with losses
(5).......greater than those of the Normandy
Invasion.
1.
2.
A) everywhere
B) whichever
C) wherever
D) where else
E) in which
6.
A) what
C) that
E)
which
D) why
A) Thus
C) In case
B) Just as
D) By the time
7.
A)
where
C) that
E) Though
E)
which
B)
wh
at
D)
ho
w
3.
8.
A) which
C) where
B) whom
D) why
A) how
C) what
E) whose
4.
E)
where
B) when
D) which
9.
A)
when C)
how
B) where
D) that
A) to
find C)
found
E) why
10.
A) so
C)far
B) more
D) most
E) quite
A) what
C) whose
E) where
B) when
D)
which
ELS
455
B ) tha t
D) where
E) which
12.
A) when
C) where
B) who
D) whose
E) whom
E) w ha t
17.
13.
14.
B ) th a t
D) where
A) Where
C) How
E) That
A) overcoming
B ) to overcom e
C) overcome
D ) being overcom e
E) having overcome
A) how
C ) that
B) when
D) where
E) which
B) Which
D ) W hat
18.
A) calling
C) being called
E) to call
B)
havin
g
called
D)
called
19.
A) hindered
C ) to hinder
B)
hinderi
ng D )
hind er
15.
E) having hindered
A ) acc used
B ) to b e ac c us e d
C ) ac c use
D ) be in g acc use d
E) acc using
456 Q ELS
20.
A) where
C) w hen
E ) th a t
B)
ho
w
D)
wh
at
TEST YOURSELF 8
Papermaking is a continuous
process, an
unbroken line of production
..................................................
begins
with the tree and ends with the
cut sheet of paper.
7.
B)
w
he
re
D)
w
ha
t
E) whose
A) where
C) which
2.
4.
8.
E) whom
A)
where
C)-
3.
B) whose
D) that
E) which
B) when
D) whose
9.
5.
E) which
B)
wh
at
D)
whe
re
B) whom
D ) when
E) where
6.
B ) tha t
D) whom
E)-
A) who
C) what
B) where
D) which
E) when
C) overlooked
D ) having overlooked
E) overlooking
12. T h e s u n is t h e c e n tr e a r o u n........the
d
earth and the eight other planets of our
solar system revolve.
B) where D)
which
E) what
13. Any money ........at tonight's ball will be
A) that
C) whose
457
E) when
B)
whose
D) whom
E) which
B) when
D) that
B) to set
D) setting
E) to have set
B) w hich D )
tha t
E) why
18. W e m u st a p p o in t s om e on........the
e
office
w hile w e a re out of the country.
E) what
B) when
D) that
E) who
B) where
D) which
A)
whose C)
B) that
D) which
E) when
A) to be locked
B) to be locking
C) having locked
D) to have locked
E) locking
A) where
C) which
458 Q ELS
B) whom
D) what
E) when
A) who
C) whom
E) which
B) why
D) who
:-
A ) extended
B ) ha ving extended
C ) to be extended
D ) extending
E) extend
B) how
D) where
B) being covered
D) covering
E) having covered
B) to arrive
D ) arriving
A) to cover
C) covered
B ) th a t
D ) w hat
E) where
A )hiring /w hic h
B) to hire/that
C) being hired/when
D) hired/E) having hired/what
E) which
A) whose
C) when
B ) w hat
D)-
A) of which
C) where
E) w hen
B) located
D) locating
E) having located
B) where D)
whose
E) that
B) where
D) who
A) when
C) which
E) that
A) visited
C) to have visited
E) visiting
B) having visited
D) visit
ELS Q 459
A) which
B) whom C) that
D) what E) whose
45. According to statistics, among the
countries In the northern hemisphere,
Switzerland is the country .............
B) what C)
D) which E)
ELS
A) when
C) where
E) that
B) whose
D) whom
E) when
A) whose
C) that
E) when
A) whom
C) when
E) where
A) proposed
B) proposing
C) to be proposing
D) to have proposed
E) having proposed
66-80.aorulard
66. The convict confessed that it was his
desperate poverty..........
A) w hich he has been suffering from for
a s l o n g a s h e c a n re m e m b e r
B ) as it affected his whole life
C ) t ha t h a d d ri ve n him t o c rim e
D ) m ade him lea d a m ise ra ble life
E) w hich w ere responsible for his
c om m itting so m a ny c rim e s
82. S u c h a m a jo r o p e r a ti o n a s th is h a s
proved completely successful In very few
cases.
A) S u c h a n im p o rt a n t o p e ra t io n h a s
neve r proved to be entirely successful
so far.
B) T his cas e is the first one in w hich an
im p orta nt o pe r a tio n h a s be e n
successfully accom plished.
C) T he re a re n 't m a n y c a se s in w h ic h a n
im po rta nt op e ra tion like this ha s b e e n
fully successful.
D) They have performed very successful
ope ra tions on seve ra l occas ions in
cases sim ilar to this.
E) In addition to this one, they hav e be en
signific antly successful in a few
ope rations be fore .
463
91-100. sorularda,
cmleye anlamca en yakn Terke
cmleyi bulunuz.
B)
C)
D)
E)
B)
C)
466 Q ELS
D)
E)
ye anlamca
cmleyi bulunuz.
101. Sonbaharn an kurak getii Hong
Kong'da ilkbahar tehlikeli toprak
kaymalan ve sellere yol aacak kadar
ok yaldr.
A) A utum n is alw ays extrem ely dry in
H ong K ong, bu t in spring , d ue to
in te nse ra ins, da nge ro us la nds lides
and floods are com m onplace.
B) In H ong K o ng, w h ere au tum n is
extrem ely dry, spring is so intensely
w e t a s to c a use da n ge rou s la ndslide s
and floods.
A) In H ong K ong, there is an acute
d ro u g h t i n a u tu m n , w h e re a s i n
spring, the city is threa te ned by
severe landslides and floods.
B) W h ile drought pos es a grea t da nge r in
au tum n in H ong K ong, in spring,
th e re a re su c h h e a v y r a in s tha t th e
result is landslides and floods.
E) H ong Kong, w hich is extremely dry
th ro ug ho ut th e a u tum n , re c e ive s s u c h
a lot of p rec ip itatio n in spring tha t
da nge rous la nds lides a nd floo ds
occur.
ELS a 467
468 a ELS
iNTElliqENT Fool
MORE COMpUx, ANd MORE
OF qENIUS
CAN
IT
TAkES A TOUch
" TO MOVE
T (| E
OppOSTE dRECTON.
AlbERT
ENSTEN
ELS Q 469
UNIT 9
Nouns, Pronouns,
Articles and Quantifiers
9-1
NOUNS
ngilizce'de isimler saylabilir (countable) ve saylamaz (uncountable) olmak zere ikiye ayrlr.
Saylabilir isimler rakamlarla ifade edebileceimiz, oul yapabileceimiz isimlerdir: a house,
two students, only one problem, another day, three years, etc. Saylamaz isimler, rakamlarla
ifade edemeyeceimiz, genellikle ktle halinde kat maddeleri, sv, gaz ya da toz halindeki
maddeleri ve soyut kavramlar karlayan isimlerdir: cheese, meat, water, milk, pollution, air,
salt, sugar, happiness, luck, etc.
9-2
COUNTABLE NOUNS
Saylabilir isimler, tekil (singular) ya da oul (plural) biimde kullanlr. Dzenli isimlerin
oul biimi, szcn sonuna "-s" taksnn eklenmesiyle elde edilir: a book-books, a doordoors, a baby-babies, a course-courses, etc.
a)
470 Q ELS
chair-chairs
ruler-rulers
girl-girls
bush-bushes
clutch-clutches
address-addresses
quiz-quizzes
box-boxes
boy-boys
play-plays
tray-trays
enemy-enemies
discovery-discoveries
cry-cries
2.
3.
A device operated by electricity or gas and found in the home is called a home
appliance.
6.
7.
8.
EXERCISE 2: Add "-s", "-es" or "-ies" to the nouns gtven to form the plural.
1. ash ............................
2. face ......... ...................
3. flash
...................
4 catch
5. tray
6. pie .
7. glorv
8. class
...................
9 branch . ..................
10. voice
Just 1
"u; "
For
.........
I/"'
b Fun f] P
IMike
'-" ....... - . y
"'
AN UNFORTUNATE MISTAKE
and his wife didn't see each other for several dc
different schedules.
When Mike arrived home late from the office on their wedding
anniversary, he found a card and a present for him on the table. Before he
left for work later that day, he made a long banner on his computer and hung
it on the kitchen door, where his wife could see it when she came in.
Unexpectedly, she arrived at his office rather upset. He had made an
unfortunate spelling mistake. The banner read:
"Happy Anniversary To The Women I Love."
(from Reader's Digest)
ELS a 471
b)
man-men
woman-women
foot-feet
tooth-teeth
ox-oxen
piano-pianos
photo-photos
radio-radios
solo-solos
zoo-zoos
studio-studios tattoo-tattoos
b) -es alanlar:
potato-potatoes
tomato-tomatoes
hero-heroes
negro-negroes
volcano-volcanoes/volcanos
mosquito-mosquitoes/mosquitos
Sonu -f ya da -fe biiminde biten isimler oul yaplrken, nce -f, -v'ye dnr.
Ondan sonra -es eklenir.
knife-knives
wife-wives
half-halves
loaf-loaves
leaf-leaves
life-lives
shelf-shelves
thief-thieves
cliff-cliffs
sniff-sniffs
fish
sheep
series
belief-beliefs
chief-chiefs
means
species
zellikle Latince kkenli olan isimlerin oul biimleri farkl kurallara gre elde edilir.
a) criterion-criteria
phenomenon-phenomena
b) analysis-analyses
thesis-theses
basis-bases
crisis-crises
oasis-oases
c) bacterium-bacteria
datum-data
medium-media
Explanations:
Tekil ve oul biimi ayn olan isimler, tekil anlamda kullanld zaman tekil fiil, oul
anlamda kullanld zaman oul fiille kullanlr.
There is a sheep in the meadow. There
are some sheep in the meadow.
The telephone Is a means of communication.
The telephone and the telegram are means of communication.
47* Q ELS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
9-3
11. belief.........
12. leaf...........
13. wolf..........
14. coat...........
15. cow............
16. piano.........
17. boot...........
18. housewife
19. city............
20. oasis..........
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Bu gruptaki isimler, birbirine benzer nesnelerden oluan grup isimleridir. Genellikle, btn
grubu ifade eden isim uncountable, grubu oluturan tek tek paralar ise countable olur.
Examples:
furniture - uncountable
chair, armchair, sofa, table, etc. - countable
fruit - uncountable
apple, orange, pear, peach, apricot, etc. - countable
Jewellery - uncountable
ring, bracelet, necklace, earrings, etc. - countable
weaponry - uncountable pistol,
rifle, gun, etc. - countable
b)
Substances
Solids: meat, cheese, butter, bread, ice, glass, iron, silver, gold, etc.
Fluids: water, milk, beer, wine, soup, blood, oil, etc.
Gases: pollution, air, steam, oxygen, etc.
Particles: salt, sugar, pepper, rice, wheat, com, flour, dirt, dust, sand, etc.
ELS a 473
c)
Abstract nouns
[es:
Natural Phenomena:
9-4
COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE
Baz isimler, hem countable hem de uncountable olarak kullanlabilirler. Ancak farkl bir
anlam ifade ederler.
iron:
474 Q ELS
This cupboard is too heavy, because it's made of iron, (iron = demir, uncountable)
It's easier to get creases out with steam Irons, (irons = tler, countable)
glass:
There may be some glass on the floor, because the window got broken, (glass =
cam, uncountable] We need some more glasses for the party, (glass =
bardak, countable)
paper:
experience:
work:
It's really difficult to find work after the recent economic crisis, (work = i,
uncountable) /
Have you read all the works of that author? (work =
eser, countable)
noise:
(gn - uncountable)
(kuzu eti - uncountable)
(tavuk eti - uncountable)
(kr,tara - uncountable)
(zaman - uncountable)
light
(elektrik, k - countable)
lamb (kuzu - countable)
chicken (tavuk - countable)
country (lke - countable)
time
(kez, kere - countable)
(Time uncountable olmasna ramen "have a nice time, have a good time" gibi deyimlerde a/an
ahr.)
Birden fazla eit, tr ifade ederken, saylamaz isimleri oul olarak kullanabiliriz.
We have no food at home, (uncountable)
Grains and vegetables are useful foods.
There is some fruit in the bowl, (uncountable]
Oranges and apples are winter fruits.
Cheese is a rich source of calcium, (uncountable)
They sell twenty different cheeses in their shop.
," -
.*
'l.' 1-,' * - T -
l(t.'
-' il - '
Hard cheese contain not more than 39 percent moisture, while semi-soft variety
normally contain up to 50 percent.
2. My son doesn't eat anything at breakfast other than some cheese and butter on two
thin sflce of bread.
3. I don't know how many time I've told him not to make those strange noise.
4. I never have enough tone to complete all my work.
5. Do you know anybody who has read all the work of Shakespeare?
6. The photocopier has run out of paper.
7. I never believe anything I read in any of the paper.
8. I love driving in the country in spring and seeing all the Iamb grazing in the fields.
9. They served Iamb and rice for dinner, but I'd prefer to have had some chicken
instead.
1.
ELS a 475
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
He raises chicken in his back yard and so gets fresh egg every day.
I think you've spilt some egg on your tie.
Neither of us ever drinks tea, so we'll have two coffee, please.
The constant noise in big city can make people neurotic.
Cotton and linen are similar material, but the latter creases much more easily.
Yesterday I made a skirt for myself, and I've got just enough
material left to make a
belt.
9-5
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
a)
ngilizce'de iyelik bildirmek iin apostrophe s ('s) ve "of kullanlr. Genellikle '"s" canl
varlklar iin, "of ise cansz varlklar iin kullanlr.
b)
my sister's room
the cat's tail
the dog's ears
c)
Dzenli (sonu -s ile biten) oul isimler iin oul taks -s den sonra sadece
apostrophe (') kullanlr. Sonu -s ile bitmeyen dzensiz oullarda ise apostrophe "s" fs)
kullanlr.
singular
plural
of kullanlabilir.
A week's holiday, two weeks' holiday, three hours' rest, etc. gibi sre bildiren yaplan
apostrophe "s" ile belirtiriz.
Two hours' sleep will do me good, (iki saatlik uyku...)
Our work is nearly one hour's drive from here, (arabayla bir saatlik yol...)
47 f Q ELS
My, your, his, our, etc. gibi szckler iyelik sfatlandr (possessive adjectives) ve bir
isimle birlikte kullanlrlar: my mother, his opinion, your ideas, etc. Mine, yours, his,
ours gibi szckler iyelik zamirleridir (possessive pronouns) ve tek balarna
kullanlrlar.
Subject Pronouns
Possessive adjectives
I
you
he
she
it
my
your
his
her
its
we
you
they
our
your
their
Possessive Pronouns
mine
yours
his
hers
yours
theirs
OR It's mine.
OR It is his.
zel isim ya da dier isimler, kendilerinden sonra baka bir isim olmadan '"s" ya da
apostrophe (') ile bitebilir.
- Whose bag is this?
- It's Aye's bag.
OR It's Aye's.
Possessive adjective ile isim arasnda, vurguyu artrmak iin, own kullanabiliriz.
Is this your own book or did you borrow it?
It's my own book, (or It's my own.) (Benim
kendi kitabm.)
Don't do what others say. You should have your own ideas.
(Senin kendi dncelerin olmal.)
Own, of ile de kullanlabilir.
She doesn't want to share her room with her brother. She
wants her own room. = She wants a room of her own.
She has very nice ideas of her own. (Kendisinin ok gzel dnceleri var.)
EXERCISE 6: Use apostrophe "s" Cs), apostrophe (') or "of to show the possessive case
of the nouns. In some cases more than one use is possible.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
9-6
a)
Belirtisiz article a/an, sadece saylabilir tekil isimlerle kullanlr. oul ya da saylamaz
isimlerle bu article' kullanamayz.
Sessiz harfle balayan isimler "a", sesli harfle balayanlar ise "an" alr: a teacher, a table,
a suggestion, an application form, an engineer, an eraser, etc.
"h" harfi baz szcklerde "a" biiminde okunur, "u" harfi ise baz szcklerde "yu" biiminde
telaffuz edilir. Bu durumda harfin yazl deil, okunuu temel alnr.
an honest man
an hour
an honorable person
b)
a university student
a European country
a universal fact
c)
Saylabilir tekil isimleri bu ekilde belirtisiz nesne biiminde kullanrken, tek balarna
kullanamayz. Mutlaka a/an ile kullanmamz gerekir. Saylabilir oul isimler ve
saylamaz isimler ise genel anlamda kullanldklarnda, tek balanna kullanlrlar.
My sister and I are teachers.
His parents are accountants at a big firm.
Nigeria and Zambia are countries in Africa.
I like oranges.
She is very fond of animals.
People of all ages should drink milk.
Money can't be a solution to every problem.
Paper has become rather expensive after the recent rises in prices.
Most women like to wear jewellery.
478 Q ELS
d)
Saylabilir oul bir ismi ya da saylamaz bir ismi genelin iinde bir grup, bir miktar
ifade edecek ekilde kullanrken, her ikisi iin de some kullanabiliriz.
Some + plural
noun, oul bir fiil, some + uncountable noun tekil bir fiil gerektirir.
;
...
EXERCISE 8: Add "a/an" or "some" where necessary. More than one use is possible in some.
1. I've bought ...........very nice clothes today.
2. He has ..........very large feet, so he has difficulty finding
.............. shoes to fit them.
3...............parents should be understanding to their children, especially when they are
at...........awkward age.
4................parents are too permissive with their children.
5. Jane has ...........very nice parents.
6................bread is thought to make ............people fat, but it contains .............very useful
vitamins, and every person should consume
............certain amount of .............bread
each day.
7. Mum, can you give me ............bread?
8. I like to read ............book before I fall asleep.
9. I like ...........music very much, and I find it soothing, so I usually listen to
............
music before I go to bed.
10. I need ............change so that I can make ..............telephone call.
11. There's ..........carton of orange juice in the fridge.
ELS a 479
12. If you put..........lemon juice into the mixture, it will help to counteract the
sweetness.
13............people are too rude to know how to behave in public.
14. Generally speaking, I don't like..........poetry, but there are...........poems which I
find quite moving.
15. It's very stuffy in here. Why don't you open..........window and let...........fresh air
in?
16............days, I just feel like throwing...........clothes into............suitcase, jumping on
.........plane and heading off to the sun.
9-7
a)
Belli bir nesneden sz ediyorsak the kullanlr. The saylabilir tekil ya da oul ve
saylamaz isimlerin hepsiyle kullanlr.
Yesterday, I bought a blouse and a skirt. The blouse was reasonably cheap, but
the skirt was rather expensive.
Yukardaki rnekte, blouse ve skirt isimlerinden ilk kez sz ederken a kullandk. Ancak, ayn
nesnelerden ikinci kez sz ederken the kullandk. nk artk hangi etek ve bluzdan sz
ettiimiz bellidir.
A newly married couple moved into the flat next to ours last week. The man
looks over fifty, but the woman can't be more than twenty-five.
She served us meat and rice at the dinner last night. The rice was really
delicious, but the meat wasn't very well-cooked.
b)
Kullandmz ifadede dinleyici iin net olmayan, bilinmeyen bir nesne ya da kiiden
sz ediyorsak a/an kullanlr. Ancak hangi nesne ya da kiiden sz ettiimiz ifademizde
belli oluyorsa the kullanlr.
She was reading a book when I went to see her.
She was reading the book I'd given her when I went to see her.
Are you still looking for a job?
Do you think you'll get the job you applied for last week?
Can you give me an apple out of the bowl? [herhangi bir elma)
Can you give me the apple just at the top? (en stteki elma, belli bir elma)
c)
d)
Dnyada ya da belli bir ortamda tek olan eyler iin the kullanlr.
What is the highest mountain in the world? (dnyada bir tane "en yksek da"
vardr.)
e)
Ancak bu szckleri bir sfat tamlamasnda kullanyorsak a/an, specific olarak kullanyorsak
the kullanlr.
We had a wonderful dinner together.
I left home after a hasty breakfast.
The breakfast we had at that hotel was awful.
Meal ile a kullanlr. Ancak specific anlamda the kullanm da mmkndr.
After the meeting, we went to a restaurant, and had a meal together. I
haven't seen him since the meal we had with his friends.
f)
Televizyondaki programlardan sz ediyorsak, television ile the kullanlmaz. Ancak cihaz olarak
televizyondan sz ediyorsak the kullanlr.
I can't watch television very often.
I remember watching this film on television before.
Will you please turn down the television? Let's
turn off the television and have a chat.
g)
Saylabilir tekil bir ismi the ile, btn bir tr ifade edecek ekilde kullanabiliriz.
The whale is the largest mammal.
The nightingale sings beautifully.
The willow is my favourite tree.
1
ELS Q 481
Baz sfatlar, isim kullanmadan, the ile kullanldnda, bir grubu ifade eden oul bir
anlam kazanr. Bu yap ile daima oul fiil kullanlr.
The old should be respected. (Yallara sayg gsterilmeli.)
The poor have become poorer since the recent crisis. (Yoksullar ...)
Special schools must be founded for the disabled. (Engelliler ...)
j)
Ulus isimlerini the ile kullanarak, btn bir ulusu ifade eden oul bir anlam
verebiliriz.
The Japanese are very industrious people. (Japanese people are ....)
The English are thought to be cold. The French are interested in art.
Bu szckler o lkenin dilini ifade ediyorsa, the kullanlmaz ve tekil fiil alr.
Japanese is said to be easy to learn. (Japonca......)
English is becoming a world language.
.Rrench is no longer so attractive as it used to be.
Turk, American, German, Russian, etc. gibi bir lkenin insann ifade eden szckler oul
kullanldklar zaman sonuna -a taks alr.
Turks are still thought of as barbarians by some Europeans.
k)
Africa
Europe
North America
Tek lke isimleri the almaz. Ancak lke adyla birlikte union, republic, kingdom, etc. gibi
szckler varsa the kullanlr.
Turkey
France
Bulgaria
China
Russia
the United Kingdom
'he Soviet Union
East, west, north gibi yn bildiren szcklerle blgeleri belirtirken the kullanlr. Ancak
bunlarn sfat biimleri ile (eastern, western, northern, etc.) the kullanlmaz.
the Middle East
Sicily
Bermuda
the Andes
the Alps
the Canaries
the Canary Islands
Gl isimleri the almaz. Ancak okyanus, deniz, nehir ve kanal isimleri the ile kullanlr.
Lake Superior
Lake Van
the Nile
the Kzlrmak
the Mississippi
EXERCISE 9: Add "a/an", "the" or "some" where necessary. In some cases more than one
answer is possible.
1.............students from............ class are going on........... outing to........... theatre
tomorrow night, but..........majority have opted to go ice-skating.
2. Don't put that plant on..........television; otherwise, ........... leaves will hang down in
front of.......... screen.
3. Can I take.......... time off work, please? I have........... problems at........... home that
I need to sort out.
4. I've just looked in..........newspaper and there doesn't appear to be anything good
on.......... television this evening, so why don't we have ..........game of........... cards.
5. That was..........most ridiculous story I've ever heard. He must either be............
compulsive liar, or he has ......... extremely overactive imagination.
6..............man and...........woman were waiting at........... bus-stop when I got there,
and I asked .........woman if she knew which bus went to Mecidiyeky.
7. The soldiers had to leave..........dead behind while they were retreating after the
battle, and they had great difficulty in carrying...........wounded.
8. I really enjoy.......... cigarette with........... cup of coffee after.......... breakfast.
9..............Mount Everest, which is situated in........... Himalayas, is ..........highest point
in..........world.
10. Apparently...........Italian is ...........easier language to learn than............ French.
ELS
483
QUANTIFIERS
One, many, much, some, etc. gibi szckler nicelik ifade eder. Nicelik bildiren szcklerin
bazlar sadece saylabilir isimlerle, bazlar saylamaz isimlerle, bazlar ise her ikisiyle de
kullanlabilir.
9-9
a)
Any, some, a lot of/lots of, hem saylabilir oul isimlerle hem de saylamaz isimlerle
kullanlr. Many sadece oul isimlerle, much ise sadece saylamaz isimlerle kullanlr.
Any daha ok soruda ve olumsuz cmlede kullanlr. Saylabilir isimlerle kullanldnda oul
isim ve oul fiil, saylamaz isimlerle kullanldnda tekil fiil gerektirir.
- Are there any wild animals in this forest?
- No, there aren't any. (There aren't any wild animals in this forest.)
- Is there any milk at home?
- No, there isn't any. (There isn't any milk at home.)
b)
Olumsuz cmlede not any yerine no kullanabiliriz. Ancak no saylabilir tekil isimlerle
de kullanlr. No kullanldnda fiilin olumlu olduuna dikkat ediniz.
There are no wild animals in this forest.
There is no milk at home.
There was no bus at that hour, so we took a taxi.
(There wasn't a bus at that hour.)
c)
Any olumlu cmlede kullanldnda, herhangi bir, istediin ... anlamn verir. Bu
kullanmda any'den sonra saylabilir tekil isim de gelebilir.
- Which dress should I wear to the party?
- You can wear any dress you like. (stediin elbiseyi giyebilirsin.)
- Which bus should I take to Kadky from here?
- You can take any bus. All the buses from here go to Kadky.
d)
A lot of/lots of, saylabilir oul ve saylamaz isimlerle genellikle olumlu cmlede ok
anlamnda kullanlr. Olumsuz cmlede ya da soruda ok demek iin saylabilir
isimlerle many, saylamaz isimlerle much kullanlr. Many' nin olumlu cmlede de
kullanm mmkndr. Ancak much' m bu ekilde olumlu cmlede kullanm ok
enderdir.
- Were there many people in the queue? (..... ok insan var myd?)
- Yes, there were a lot of/lots of/many people in the queue.
(No, there weren't many people in the queue.)
- Was there much traffic on the way to work yesterday?
- Yes, there was a lot of/lots of traffic on the way to work yesterday.
f)
Many + a singular noun (many a person, many a scientist, many a folk song, etc.)
kalb Trke'ye "birok/pek ok insan, birok/pek ok bilim adam, birok/pek ok
halk trks" biiminde evrilir. oul bir anlam ifade etmesine karn, tekil bir fiille
kullanlr.
Many a horror movie is based on a vampire or ghost legend.
(Birok korku filmi, bir vampir ya da hayalet efsanesine dayanr.)
Unfortunately, many a. child grows up devoid of affection.
(Ne yazk ki, birok ocuk sevgiden yoksun bymektedir.)
g)
Some, any, many ve much szcklerini "of lu bir tamlamada kullanrken, ismin
nnde my, your, the, these, those, etc. gibi bir szck kullanmamz gerekir. Bunun
nedeni belli bir grubun iinden bazlar, ou, vb. ifadelerini vermek iindir.
Some students don't attend classes regularly, (general)
Some of the students in this class don't attend classes regularly, (specific)
ELS Q 485
"Of' lu tamlamada oul isimlerin yerine zamir (pronoun) olarak us, you, them, these
ve those; saylamaz isimler iin ise it, that ve this kullanabiliriz.
Some of us don't want to go there. (Bazlarmz.....)
Many of them were involved in the case. (Onlarn ou.....)
Are any of you coming with us?
Some of these are yours.
- What did you spend the money on?
- Much of it was spent on advertisement.
EXERCISE 10: Use "many" or "much" with the following words, making the words plural if
necessary.
Example: car - many cars
1. accommodation..........................
2. machine..........................
3. machinery..........................
4. sheep..........................
5. luck..........................
6. tooth..........................
7. homework..........................
8. assignment..........................
9. progress..........................
10. deterioration..........................
11. individual..........................
12. person..........................
13. word..........................
14. vocabulary..........................
15. view..........................
Some ...... customers are so difficult to please that I feel sorry for the shopkeepers
who must serve them.
2. Many.......goods are now available online.
3. Many....... the goods we use today are imported from abroad.
4. We will get some ...... information about the case when he comes back.
5. I found some.......the information he'd provided to be unreliable.
6. Much.......the advice he'd given proved very useful for me.
7. There was a lot.......chaos after the Prime Minister's speech.
8. You can take a lot.......these books home with you to prepare your assignment. I
won't need them for some ......time.
9. There don't appear to be any.......glasses in the cupboard.
10. Many.......excuses were made, but I didn't believe any........them.
11. Much.......his time these days is taken up with charitable work.
12. Don't tell any.......your friends what I've just told you.
486 a ELS
A few olumlu bir anlam tar. Szn ettiimiz nesnenin sayca az ama yeterli
olduunu ifade eder. Few ise olumsuz bir anlam tar. Szn ettiimiz nesnenin
sayca ok az olduunu, yeterli olmadn ifade eder. Only a few ve very few, few ile
ayn anlamdadr.
I have a few close friends in Istanbul, and we have a very good time together.
(birka tane ama yeterli)
l have .few friends in Istanbul, so I feel lonely from time to time.
(very few/only a few friends - ok az arkada, yeterli deil)
b)
c)
Bu szckleri, ismin nnde the, my, his, this, these, etc. gibi bir szck kullanarak
"of lu bir tamlamada kullanabiliriz.
Few people are aware of the dangers of pollution, (general)
Few of the people IMng in big cities try to do anything about pollution, (specific)
Onfy a little of the vocabulary in this text is above your level, (specific)
You will have to learn only a little vocabulary for this test, (general)
d)
Few/a few of ile us, them, you, these, those; little/a little of ile it, that, this
kullanabiliriz.
Few of us can be frank in certain situations. (ok azmz...) Very
few of them were able to pass the exam. (Onlarn ok az...) I can
give you only a little of this, (bunun ok azn...)
e)
Too/so little ve too/so few, sahip olunan nesnenin ok az olduunu ifade eder.
After the war, people had too little money/so little money, (ok az para ...) You
can't prepare your term paper. There are too few materials/so few materials,
(ok az materyal...)
EXERCISE 12: Complete the sentences with "few", "a few", "little" or "a little".
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The only thing necessary for him to start his own business is...........courage.
If a person has.......... patience with children, he/she can't make a good teacher.
He moved to the country..........years ago.
We have only.......... days ahead of us to complete the project.
The teacher's explanations weren't clear enough, so ......... students understood the
lesson well.
I couldn't go to the cinema with the others, for I had .........money on me.
I hate driving in heavy traffic, but it is quite enjoyable when there is........... traffic.
She is really a good typist. She can type very fast and makes...........mistakes.
Although there were..........grammatical mistakes in your composition, I found your
explanation of the topic very impressive.
ELS Q 487
them.
12. If you can't finish writing your composition in an hour, I can give you...........more
minutes.
13. Will you give us..........more time if we can't finish our compositions in an hour?
14. Although people have been studying the universe for quite a long time now............
is known as of yet.
15. It's a promising sign that there has been at least...........progress in the treatment of
cancer in recent years.
9-11
Most, plenty of ve enough, hem saylabilir oul hem de saylamaz isimlerle kullanlr.
a)
Most, pek ok, ou anlamndadr. "Of lu tamlamada kullanld zaman ismin nnde
the, my, his, these, that, this, it, etc. gibi bir szck kullanmak gerekir.
Most people are dissatisfied with the life they are leading, (general)
Most of the people in Istanbul are those who migrated from Anatolia, [specific]
Most of the information in that book is inaccurate.
Most of the food we bought last week has gone bad.
Much ve many'nin superlative biimi most ile (en ok) miktar sfat most arasndaki kullanm
farkna dikkat ediniz. Superlative most bana daima the alr ve isim ile most arasnda of
kullanlmaz.
Out of all the students in the class, Sally has the most books, (en ok kitap...)
Of the three brothers, George has the most money, (en ok para...)
b)
Plenty'den sonra isim geliyorsa arada of kullanlr. Plenty of yeterinden fazla, bol bol
anlamn verir.
Let's drink some coffee before the film starts. We have plenty of time.
There were plenty of vegetables at home, so I didn't buy any when I went shopping.
c)
d)
Several, birka, baz anlamn verir ve sadece saylabilir oul isimlerle kullanlr. Eer
specific bir isim kullanlrsa, several'dan sonra of gelir.
There were several houses in the valley. (Vadide birka ev vard.}
He failed for several reasons.
(Baz nedenlerden dolay/birka nedenden dolay baaramad.)
He borrowed several of my books. (Benim kitaplarmdan birkan/bazlarn...}
Several of the houses in the slum area were pulled down the other day.
Most....... the items sold at the auction dated from the eighteenth century.
A German woman, whose name was kept secret, bought the most.......items at
yesterday's auction.
488 Q ELS
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
All, saylabilir tekil ve oul ve saylamaz isimlerle kullanlr. Saylabilir oul isimler
genel anlamda kullanld zaman direk ali 'dan sonra gelebilir.
AJ1 people are equal by law. All nations
want to be independent. * All students
are afraid of exams.
b)
't
....
.. - X
Bu yapda all cmlenin znesiyle kullanldnda, yardmc fiil yoksa, zne ile yklem arasnda,
yardmc fiil varsa, yardmc fiille yklem arasnda kullanlr.
All of them objected to our proposal.
They all objected to our proposal.
All of them were bought by a German.
They were all bought by a German.
She ate all of it
I wanted to see all of them.
She invited all of us.
Yardmc fiille biten ksa cevaplarda all, zne ile yardmc fiil arasnda yer alr.
We are all willing to help you.
- Who is willing to help me?
-We all are. ( Hepimiz.)
c)
He spent his whole life/all his life in the village. (Btn yaamn....) I
read the whole book/all the book in just two days. (Btn kitab...)
d)
Whole ise nne the alr: the whole day, the whole year, the whole night, etc.
e)
Half saylabilir tekil ve saylamaz isimlerle kullanldnda tekil fiil; oul isimlerle
kullanldnda oul fiil alr.
Half (of) this money is yours.
Half (of) the work has been completed.
Half (of) the film was censored.
Half (of) the students were against taking the exam that day.
Half (of) these books are my friend's.
Not all the books here are mine. Half of them belong to my friend.
Half (of) the money was spent on clothing, and half of it was spent on food.
ELS Q 491
13. Although I've been living here for almost eight years, I can't say I know the ............
town very well.
14...............Turkish coastal towns, especially in the west and south, are crowded with
both domestic and foreign tourists during the summer months.
15. There must be some truth behind ............these rumours that are going round.
EXERCISE 15: In some of the following sentences, "of is necessary. It is not possible In
some, and optional in some others.
Examples: All.....X.....living things require food to survive, (ofis not possible here)
All ....(of).... the plants in my living room need to be watered today, (of is optional)
All.....of..... them must be watered today, (ofis necessary)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
You needn't ask me. You can take all...............these if you need them.
I have heard all...............this nonsense before.
All...............animals are ruled by their instincts.
Half..............you will clean inside while the other half........you tidy up outside,
and we won't stop until the whole...............place is spotlessly clean.
Do you know all...............the people in your apartment building?
I was hoping to visit all...............my relatives during the holidays, but I didn't have
enough time.
I wish I had half...............the courage he has.
I had only cleaned half...............the house when I suddenly felt dizzy and fainted.
I tried on several skirts, but none...............them fitted me very well.
Almost all.............. people like money, but not all...............them are greedy.
I don't have much money on me, but I can lend you half...............it.
As women are becoming increasingly interested in football, perhaps one day half
..............the spectators at a football stadium will be women.
None...............the ideas he put forward in his book received as much interest as he
had expected.
She spent all...............year trying to save up for a car, but she couldn't buy one
because of the sharp increase in prices.
All...............nations must be united in order to eliminate, or at least reduce,
pollution.
]
a)
Both, oul bir isim ve oul bir fiille kullanlr. Both tek bana kullanlabilir,
kendinden hemen sonra isim de alabilir.
There were two girls in the classroom.
Both were reading something. = Both girls were reading something.
Both ile isim arasnda the, my, these, etc. gibi bir szck varsa of kullanabiliriz.
both of us
both of you
both of them
Cmlenin znesi ile bu ekilde kullanldnda both'un cmle iindeki yeri, eer yardmc fiil
yoksa zne ile yklem arasnda; yardmc fiil varsa yardmc fiille yklem arasndadr.
Both of us want to help you
Both of them were injured
Both of you can help him
ksa cevaplarda both, zne ile yardmc fiil arasnda yer alr.
- Which of you can speak English?
- We can both speak English.
OR We both can.
b)
c)
Either of ve neither of dan sonra specific oul bir isim gelir. Bu durumda fiil tekil ya
da oul olabilir. Either of ve neither of dan sonra us, you, them, these, those gibi
pronoun'lar kullanabiliriz.
Either of those dresses Is (are) suitable for the party.
Neither of my parents approves (approve) of my smoking.
Neither of them knew the way to our house.
We both know English. Either of us can translate the letter for you.
I think neither of them is (are) married.
d)
"
Either, olumsuz bir cmlenin znesi durumunda kullanlamaz. Ancak olumlu bir
cmlenin ya da soru cmlesinin znesi olarak kullanlabilir.
Either of these solutions will work.
Can either of you speak English?
ELS a 49:
NOT------------------------------------------------------------------------Both ve neither ile all ve none arasndaki aynma dikkat ediniz. Both ve
neither daima iki eyden sz ederken kullanlr. All ve none ise, saylabilir
isimlerle kullanldnda, en az ya da daha fazla eden oluan bir
gruptan sz eder.
They have two daughters. Both of them are attending university.
Neither of them is (are) a graduate yet.
They have three daughters. All of them are single.
None of them is (are) married yet.
or "none".
Because there were cars parked on ................... side of the road, it was very difficult
for two cars to pass each other.
2. Our literature teacher referred to several books by contemporary American writers,
but because I hadn't read anything from American literature
...................... of them
sounded familiar to me.
3. Although they have always tried to cultivate a taste for art in their son and
daughter .................... seems to be really interested in it.
4. The first two rules are ..................very important: you can't ignore .......................
5.......................our rooms have air conditioning, bathrooms and balconies, and the more
expensive rooms have other facilities in addition to these.
6. Her parents are ...................retired teachers.
7.......................of her parents is understanding enough to help her.
8.......................children seemed quite pleased when I gave them some candy.
9.......................children, whatever their age, like to listen to the stories told by their
grandparents, especially the stories about their grandparents' own experiences.
10....................team played particularly well in last night's football match, did they?
11.....................of the players on .................... team seemed to be putting much effort into
the football match, did they?
12. There was thick mud on ................... sides of the river, so we couldn't moor the boat.
13. We couldn't moor the boat on ................... side of the river because there was so
much mud.
14. I have so many cousins that I don't know the names of them
......................
15. I'm short-sighted in ...................eyes, but the left is much worse than the right.
16. We were given two prices for the flight to Thailand: economy and business.
Unfortunately ....................price was within our budget.
17. There were about eight patients in the ward, but Deirdre felt lonely because
................. the others were much older than her.
18. The old couple seemed rather disappointed when they learnt that the house was
going to be sold .................... knew what to say.
494 ELS
NO "T 1
\
I
-**','
\
)
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j
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>
One/only one, szn ettiimiz ismi say asndan vurgulamak istediimiz zaman
kullanlr. u iki rnei inceleyelim:
There is a man at the corner. I think he is waiting for someone.
(herhangi bir adam, birisi)
You said two men would be waiting for me, but there is one man (only one
man) at the corner, (bir tane adam, bir kii)
Give me an apple, (herhangi bir elma)
Give me one apple, (bir tane elma, iki ya da daha fazla deil\
Each, hem sfat hem de zamir olarak kullanlr. Every ise sadece sfattr ve kendinden
sonra mutlaka bir isim gelmelidir. Each iki ya da daha fazla eden oluan gruplar,
every ise ya da daha fazla eden oluan gruplar iin kullanlr.
Each student has to prepare a term paper.
Every student has to prepare a term paper.
We talked about the picnic with the students. Each will bring something to eat.
Each, her biri anlamn verir ve szn ettiimiz gruptaki her bir eyi tek tek dndmz
ifade eder. Every de buna yakn bir anlam ifade eder ancak every, eleri tek tek deil, bir
btn olarak dndmz vurgular. Bu adan every, all (hepsi) anlamna daha yakndr.
Each student was given a part in the school play. (Her bir renci, tek tek)
Every student took part in the school play. (Her renci, hepsi)
ELS Q 495
"Hepsi, tm" anlamm verdii iin every, "almost, nearly, practically" gibi szcklerle
kullanlabilir. Each bu biimde kullanlmaz.
With his brilliant scores in the exams, he caught the attention of almost every
teacher at the school, (...almost all the teachers at the school)
c)
One/only one, each ve every specific bir isimle "of lu tamlamada kullanlabilir. Bir
grubun iinden biri, her biri ifade edildii iin bu isim mutlaka saylabilir oul bir
isimdir. Ancak fiil yine tekildir.
Bitiik yazlan everyone ile every one of + plural noun arasndaki ayrma
dikkat ediniz.
Everyone, herkes anlamna gelen belgisiz zamirdir.
Everyone wants to live in comfort. (Herkes rahat yaamak ister.)
Every one of ise bir grubun iindeki elerin her biri anlamnda
kullanlr.
Every one of the exam papers was checked carefully.
(Snav katlarnn her biri dikkatle kontrol edildi.)
d)
One/only one, each (one) ve every one szcklerini of + us, them, you, these, those
biiminde kullanabiliriz.
There are many contestants. One of them is going to be the
winner. Each (one) of you is responsible for the situation. Every
one of us must help him.
e)
Every zaman szckleriyle de kullanlr: every day, every year, every summer, etc.
Most people buy a newspaper every day. We
try to go to the cinema every week.
Zaman szckleriyle each de kullanlr, ancak each sadece "gnden gne (her gn) yldan yla
(her yl)" gibi, deien ya da tekrarlanan durumlar ifade ederken kullanlr.
A great number of people are added to Istanbul's already big population every
day/each day.
We go to the same seaside resort every summer/each summer.
Her iki saatte bir, drt ylda bir gibi ifadeler iin sadece every kullanlr: every two hours, every
four years, etc.
Elections are held every four years in Turkey, (her drt ylda bir...)
These tablets should be taken every six hours, (her alt saatte bir...)
496 D ELS
EXERCISE 17: Choose the correct one of the words given in parentheses.
You'll (each/every) read a text of the same length, and the one who makes the
fewest mistakes will be presented with a book.
2. (Each/Every) of them (was/were) about the same size.
3. They (was/were) (each/every) about the same size.
4. Every (member/members) (is/are) going to participate in the preparations for the
conference.
5. One of my (student/students) (want/wants) to go abroad for a few months to
improve her English.
6. Every (machine/machinery) in the office (have/has) to be checked (every/each)
three months.
7. The police caught one of the (thief/thieves) while he was trying to sell the goods
they had stolen.
8. (Each/Every) (have/has) written a three-hundred-word composition.
9. (Each/Every) of us (want/wants) to be given a more sensible explanation.
10. (Do/Does) we (each/every) (have/has) to bring a map?
11. You'll need to come in for further injections (every/each) other week for the next
three months.
12. She gave the same amount of attention to (every/all) of the (student/students)
regardless of their ability.
1.
quite a few
numbers (two, three, etc.)
A number of (a group ofi, bir grup ... anlamndadr. Great, large, small gibi szcklerle bu
grubun bykln ifade edebiliriz.
A number of students are waiting to see you. (Bir grup renci...}
A small number of people live in luxury in Turkey. (Az sayda insan ...)
A large/great number of people live in poverty. (ok sayda insan ...)
A great many/a good many, bir hayli, olduka ok anlamndadr.
A great/good many people are in danger of being infected by the bacteria in the
polluted water.
They have spent a great/good many years abroad, and now they have difficulty
adapting to the customs here.
Quite a few, "olduka ok sayda, epeyce sayda" anlamn verir. Belirtilen say ok fazla
olmayabilir, ancak konumacnn ifade etmek istedii "normalin, beklenilenin zerinde bir say"
dr.
We encountered quite a few Turkish people during our tour in Italy.
Quite a few students have shown interest in taking part in organizing the event.
Quite a few ve a great/good many, bazen of + plural noun ile kullanlabilir.
Quite a few of my old university friends have moved to different countries since
graduating.
ki ve ikiden byk rakamlarn hepsini saylabilir oul isimlerle kullanabiliriz. Eer specific bir
isim kullanyorsak, rakamdan sonra of gelir.
Three students were late for the class this morning. Three
of my students were late for the class this morning.
ELS a 497
b)
A large (great) amount of/a large quantity of, ok miktarda; a small amount of/a small
quantity of, az miktarda anlamnda kullanlr. A good/great deal of ise bir hayli, olduka ok
anlamn ifade eder.
Try to put a small amount of money aside every month for the future. A
great amount of money is being spent on arms.
To start a new business in these economic situations takes a great/good deal
of courage.
c)
A friend of mine, some relatives of hers, etc. gibi yaplarda, of dan sonra possessive
noun/pronoun (mine, yours, hers, ours, his, Aye's, my father's, my sisters', etc.)
kullanlr.
a friend of mine
two relatives of hers
= one of my friends
= two of her relatives
498 Q ELS
b)
Any more, some more, no more gibi szcklerin kullanmna dikkat ediniz. u
rnekleri inceleyelim:
Can I have some rice, please? (sofrada ilk kez pilav isterken)
Can I have some more rice, please? (tekrar isterken: biraz daha pilav)
We don't have any money, (hi yok)
We don't have any more money. = We have no more money. ,
(Daha fazla paramz yok. Vard, bitti.)
Do you have any books on this subject? (Hi var m?)
Do you have any more books on this subject other than these?
(Bunlarn dnda, daha var m?)
d)
Any more'un bir anlam da "arak" demektir. Bir eylemi gemite yaptmz ama artk
yapmadmz ifade etmek iin any longer ile ayn anlamda kullanabiliriz. Her ikisi de
olumsuz cmlede kullanlr.
She used to be interested in football, but she isn't interested in it
any more/any longer.
They used to live in Ankara, but they don't live there any more/any longer.
e)
Olumsuz fill + any longer yerine olumlu fill + no longer kullanabiliriz. (No more, bu
ekilde fiillerle kullanlmaz; isimlerle kullanlr: no more tears, no more food, etc.)
She used to smoke a lot, but she doesn't smoke any more/any longer.
She no longer smokes. (Artk sigara imiyor.)
f)
a)
somebody
anybody
nobody
everybody
Thing
Place
something
anything
nothing
everything
somewhere
anywhere
nowhere
everywhere
-one ve -body ile biten szckler arasnda anlam fark yoktur. Her iki grup da insanlar
iin kullanlr, -thing ile biten szckler cansz varlklar iin kullanlr. zne olarak
kullanldklarnda bu szcklerin hepsi tekil fiil alr.
b)
gibi
"evet' olacan
something?
anything.
No ile balayan szckler olumlu fiille kullanlr. Ancak cmlenin anlam olumsuzdur.
f)
5OO a ELS
g)
-where ile biten szcklerin zne olarak kullanlmas kstldr. Anywhere ve nowhere zne
durumunda daha sk kullanlr.
Nowhere in the world is safe from terrorism.
. - Where do you want to go for your holiday?
- Anywhere is alright with me, as long as there is a nice sea and plenty of
sunshine.
h)
Nobody, nothing vb. olumsuz bir zneyle balayan bir cmlenin devamnda any,
anybody, anything vb. bir szck kullanabiliriz. Nobody, nothing gibi szckler
kullanamayz. nk, zne cmleyi olumsuz yapmtr ve bir cmlede iki tane
olumsuzluk kullanlmaz.
Nobody did anything, (nothing kullanamayz.) Nothing
was given to anyone, (no one kullanamayz) Nobody wants
to go anywhere, (nowhere kullanamayz.) No one had any
money, (no money kullanamayz.)
Without da olumsuz bir anlam tad iin kendinden sonra gelen szck olumsuz olamaz.
He must have entered the house without anybody seeing him.
He left home without saying anything.
i)
Something, nothing, someone, everyone, nowhere, etc. gibi szckleri "else" ile birlikte
kullanabiliriz.
I don't think Alice can help us. We must find someone else.
(Baka birini bulmalyz.)
We didn't like the place where we spent our holiday last year. We want to go
somewhere else this year. (Baka bir yere...)
She only said she was going. Nothing else.
EXERCISE 18: Complete the sentences with someone, anyone, anything, nothing,
anywhere, etc.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12
.
13
.
14
Plural
/
myself
you .. ...yourself
he . himself
she. . . ... herself
it ...... .. itself
We ... .. ourselves
You .. ..yourselves .
They . . themselves
indefinite pronoun
a)
Bir yklemin znesi ile nesnesi ayn ise, yani eylemi yapanla, eylemden etkilenen kii
ayn ise reflexive pronoun kullanlr. Tekil you iin yourself, oul you iin yourselves
kullanldna dikkat ediniz.
Janette cut the bread. (Janette, subject; the bread, object)
Janette cut herself. (Janette, subject; herself, object; the same)
We enjoyed ourselves very much at the party.
I blamed myself for the fight.
b)
502 Q ELS
object pronoun
She herself told me the news. = She told me the news herself.
(Haberi bana kendisi verdi.)
Jack himself came. = Jack came himself.
(Jack kendisi geldi.)
Reflexive pronoun nesneyi vurgularken nesneden hemen sonra gelir.
"In
herself/in person.
kullanabiliriz.
ELS 5O3
EXERCISE 19: Complete the sentences with myself, himself, ourselves, etc. or with my own,
his own, our own, etc.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Some students like to study on......................., but some prefer to study in groups.
She doesn't buy anything ready-made. She makes....................... dresses.
In the past, most women used to make their dresses.........................because there
weren't so many alternatives as today.
She admits that failing the exam was.......................fault, and so she has promised
........................to work harder this year.
The house.......................isn't very good, but it has a wonderful sea view.
When someone kills........................the case is called "suicide".
Do you think I should introduce........................to her?
He never trusts anyone, and drives the car.........................
He didn't want to take my car. He preferred to drive...........................
It'll be a long time before we have saved enough to buy a house of...........................
You did a really good job, children. You can be proud of..........................
You ought to be more honest with........................Sue; otherwise, you may start
having some psychological problems.
Although we have a car, which my husband and I use alternately, I would like to
have a car of.......................so that I can use it more freely.
She has become rather old now, and she can no longer cook........................food.
She never eats anything that is cooked by someone else. She only eats the food
cooked by.........................
According to Alfred Adler, the founder of individual psychology, one's opinion of
......................and of the world influences all one's psychological processes.
KID SENSE
,.._,
Bir cmlenin znesiyle yklemi arasnda, tekillik-oulluk asndan bir uyum olmas gerekmektedir. Temel olarak, tekil zne tekil bir fiil, oul zne oul bir fiille kullanlr.
The child was very excited about going to the zoo. (singular)
The children were very excited about going to the zoo. (plural]
5O4 a ELS
c)
zne gerund ise tekil fiil alr. Ancak iki gerund and ile balanyorsa, oul fiil alr.
Swimming is my favourite sport.
Swimming and running are my favourite sports.
Washing vegetables with this polluted water is dangerous.
Bazen bir gerund'dan sonra and ile balanm iki isim gelebilir. Bu durumda gerund tek
olduu iin fiil yine tekildir.
Making1 pies and cakes is my mother's hobby.
Putting his toys and stuff away was my son's responsibility.
d)
Someone, something, nothing, anybody, etc. gibi zneler tekil fiille kullanlr.
Has anybody applied for the job?
Nothing has been done yet.
Saylabilir oul ve saylamaz isimler iin ortak kullanlan some, any, a lot of, etc. gibi
szcklerle, saylabilir oul bir isim oul fiil, saylamaz isim ise tekil fiil gerektirir.
A lot of money was spent on this project.
A lot of people have become unemployed."
j^ '.."'....,
None of + saylamaz isim tekil fiille, none of + saylabilir oul isim tekil ya da oul fiille
kullanlr.
None of this information is accurate.
None of the students is/are eager to have an exam today.
b)
Every, each, either ve neither kendinden sonra saylabilir tekil isim ve tekil fiil alr.
Every student has to write a composition.
Each child was given a present.
Either method is suitable.
Neither method was suitable for our aim.
Either of ve neither of dan sonra oul isim gelir. Fiil tekil ya da oul olabilir.
One-third (te biri), two-thirds (te ikisi), fifty percent (yzde ellisft, etc. gibi ifadeler
oul isimle kullanldnda oul fiil, saylabilir tekil ya da saylamaz isimle
kullanldnda ise tekil fiil alr.
Almost one-third of the students have passed the exam. Two-thirds of
the earth's surface is covered with water. Three-fourths (three-quarters)
of the money was wasted thoughtlessly.
About forty percent of the students have passed the exam.
More than fifty percent of the world's population is living in terrible conditions.
d)
"There" den sonra birden fazla isim varsa ve bu isimler tekil bile olsa, kural olarak oul fiil
kullanmak gerekir. Ancak, Informal English'te "there" den sonra gelen ilk ismi dikkate almak
daha yaygndr, (tekil bir isimse tekil fi, oul bir isimse oul fiil gibi.)
There were a young woman and a small child in the car. (formal)
There was a young woman and a small child in the car. (informal}
a)
crew
crowd
family
gang
government
group
jury
public
staff
school
team
audience
Topluluk isimleri, topluluk bir btn olarak dnldnde tekil fiil; topluluu
oluturan bireyler dnldnde ise oul fiil alr. Ancak American English bu
anlamda da daha ok tekil fiil kullanr.
A football team consists of eleven players. The
team seems/seem happy with the result.
(Takmdaki oyuncular dnlyor.)
The class is too large. We have to divide it into two.
Our class Is/are going on a picnic next week. (Snftaki renciler kastediliyor.)
b)
Baz isimler, sonunda -s olmasna karn, tek bir nesneyi ifade ettikleri iin tekil fiille
kullanlr.
The United States Is a very attractive place for some people.
The United Nations hasn't done much to help the Bosnians.
Mathematics was my favourite subject in high school.
ELS
507
News sonunda -s olmasna karn, saylamaz bir isimdir ve tekil bir fiille kullanlr.
The news was rather disappointing.
b)
c)
Ulus ismi ve lisan biimi ayn olan isimler the ile kullanldnda ulusu ifade eder ve
oul bir fiille kullanlr. Lisan isimleri ise the almaz ve tekil fiille kullanlr.
Japanese is becoming popular in Turkey. (Japonca ...)
The Japanese are warm people. (Japonlar...)
d)
Baz sfatlar bana the alarak, oul bir anlam kazanr ve o zellii tayan btn bir
grubu ifade eder: the poor, the rich, the disabled, the handicapped, etc. Bu szckler
zne olduunda oul fiil gerektirir.
The poor don't have any social security in Turkey.
The old usually fail to tolerate the young. (Yallar ... genler ...)
EXERCISE 20: Use "is" or "are" for the given subjects. Both are possible with some.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
5O8Q ELS
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
My husband's hobbies.............
Every man and woman.............
Only one of the stores.............
The team.............
His pyjamas.............
Thirty dollars.............
The clothes in this shop.............
The indifference of the political parties..
Most of the land in those areas...........
The teacher or the students.............
The boys or their father.............
My sister and brother.............
My sister's daughter.............
Neither boy.............
Every one of the applicants.............
My son's toys.............
Her brothers' store.............
Jack's grandparents.............
The causes of inflation.............
The representative of the minorities ...
The maj ority of the peasants.............
A huge number of pedestrians............
Sue, with her two colleagues...............
Sue and Tom, with their son..............
A great deal of progress.............
Edith and Norbert had an unceasing battle over his inability to earn
a better living. She told him he wasn't forceful enough in asking the boss
for a raise.
"Tell him," she yelled, "that you have seven children. You also have a
sick mother, you have to sit up many nights, and you have to clean the house
because you can't afford a maid."
Several days later, Norbert came from work, stood before his wife
and calmly announced that the boss had fired him. "Why?" asked Edith.
"He says I have too many outside activities."
(^
i,
-*;/
(
/
)
A
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509
a)
Baz fiiller kendilerinden sonra object pronoun (me, him, etc.) alr.
I saw All./I saw him.
She promised her parents she'd pass the exam. /She promised them
she'd pass the exam.
Bu fiillerin znesiyle nesnesi ayn kii olduunda, nesne iin reflexive pronoun (myself, herself,
etc.) kullanlr.
She promised herself she'd pass the exam.
b)
'
Bir preposition'dan sonra normalde object pronoun kullanlr. Ancak zne-nesne ayn
ise reflexive pronoun kullanlr.
I looked at the children. /I looked at them.
/looked at myself in the mirror.
, .
'y-
;
,
.>
'
Comparative yaplarda than ve as'den sonra, object pronoun (me, them, us, etc.) ya da subject
+ verb (/ am, you do, he was, etc.) kullanlr. Karlatrmann birinci blmnde iyelik ifade
ediliyorsa, possessive pronoun kullanlr.
My sister is shorter than me.
My sister is shorter than I am. (I, ikinci cmlenin znesi durumunda)
"-.,.
Someone, nobody, etc. gibi szckler tekil kabul edilir ve daima tekil fiille kullanlr.
Ancak devamndaki pronoun tekil ya da oul olabilir.
Everybody has bis own ideas/their own ideas.
Someone has forgotten his/their wallet.
Bu szckler tag question yapsyla kullanldnda question tag blmnde they kullanlr.
Ancak, something, nothing gibi szckler iin tag blmnde It kullanlr.
*
Someone is going to help you, aren't they?
Nobody has done the homework, have they?
: ^
Something is wrong with him, isn't it?
Nothing has been done yet, has It?
;,
.,; V '
. .
a)
'""
Another, sfat ya da zamir olarak, belirtisiz nesne durumundaki tekil isimler iin kullanlr ve
"herhangi bir baka, bir dieri' anlamn verir.
51O a ELS
Pronoun
another book
the other book
another
the other
b)
Belirtisiz nesne durumundaki oul isimlerle other sfat, others zamir olarak kullanlr. Belirtili
nesneler iinse the other sfat, the others zamir olarak kullanlr.
Antalya and Alanya are attractive summer resorts in the south.
Other summer resorts in the south are Kemer and Ka.
Says belli bir grubun iinde geri kalan btn eleri sayyorsak, the other + plural noun ya da
the others kullanlr.
She has visited five European countries. One is Germany. Another is England
and the other countries/the others are Italy, France and Switzerland.
c)
Adjective
Pronoun
others the
others
d)
Gnmz ngilizce'sinde each other ile one another arasnda bir fark bulunmamaktadr. Ancak
ok genel ifadeler iin one another; daha spesifik durumlar iin each other tercih edilebilir.
Nowadays, people have no respect for one another, (general]
That couple is arguing fiercely all the time. I don't think they have any respect
for each other, (specific)
e)
Every other, periyodik olan bir eyin bir atlayarak devam ettiini ifade eder:
every other day
(gn an), every other line (bir satr atlayarak), every other week (iki haftada bir), ete.
I wash my hair every other day. (= every two days)
He comes to Istanbul every other month. (= every two months)
This meeting is held every other year. (= every two years)
Zaman, mesafe ve para miktar bildiren szckler another ile kullanlr ve bu szckler oul
olabilir: another ten minutes (bir on dakika daha), another ten kilometres (bir on kilometre
daha), another ten dollars (bir on dolar daha).
I haven't finished writing my report yet. I need
3.
4.
5.
6.
There were six foreign representatives at the meeting. Two of them seemed satisfied
with the firm's progress, but .........................had a more negative reaction.
People have different characteristics, both physically and mentally. For instance,
some people are optimistic, while .........................people are pessimistic. Some people
are selfish; ........................like to share. Some are tall; .......................... are short.
I have to leave in ten minutes. Can we discuss the situation
.......................... time, if
you don't mind?
If the teacher had given us .........................ten minutes, I could have written a better
composition.
This apple is rotten. Can you give me .........................one from those in the bowl?
Students have different study habits. Some students like to study regularly every
day.......................... prefer to study just before the exams.
512 Q ELS
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Although I'd eaten a helping of chicken with salad, I was still hungry, so I ordered
..................... one.
The secretary you'd recommended to us didn't accept the job. Can you recommend
any......................with the same qualifications?
Do you think you'll be able to recognize.......................after so many years? You
must both have changed a lot.
You'll get exhausted if you go on playing football every day. You could, at least, play
every......................day or so.
These shoes are a bit too small. Do you have any.......................similar to these that
I can try on?
I've brought one of the boxes in, but......................was too heavy for me to carry.
Mum, can you lend me......................10 so that I can buy those........................
boots that I told you about?
Among many......................, pollution is one modern problem which we can solve
through careful planning and consideration for the planet we live on.
We ended up renting the house in Kadky primarily because...................... one I
told you about was too expensive.
It's not just the swimming pool which makes this hotel superior to all......................
in this area. There are some...................... facilities as well, such as a sauna and
tennis courts.
Some plants, such as deadly nightshade, are so poisonous that they can kill you,
whereas ......................such as poppies, are used to make life-saving medicines.
I didn't go on the trip with.......................but now that I'm sitting here all by
myself, I really wish that I had.
When none of the class were able to finish the task in the time allowed by the
teacher, they asked him for an extension of......................two days.
The two divers relied completely on........................ If one's air tank failed,
.......................would have to share his.
ELS a 513
B ) an other
A) other
D ) others
C ) the others
E) the other
1.
B) any
D) m uch
A) plenty
C) less
E) many
7.
2.
A) either
C) both
A) is
having
B) has
C ) ha v e
ha d
D ) are
having
E) have
B ) each
D) every
E) all
A) which
C) theirs
A ) a n o th e r
B ) other
C ) the o the r
D ) the o the rs
E) others
E ) them
9.
4.
A) Every
C) Both
E) A few
5.
A) so large
B ) la rge
enough
C ) th e
la rge st
D) too
large
E ) la rg
er
B) All
D) Each
10.
B)
who
se
D)
tha t
A) its
C ) them
514 Q ELS
B) itself
D ) theirs
E) the mselves
B) every
D) its own
A) itself
C) their
E ) a no the r
11.
A) such
C) more
B)so
D) the most
E) too
12.
13.
16.
AS some
C) all
B) each
D) the whole
A) will be
carrying
B) had carried
C) has been
carrying
D) would carry
E) was carrying
E) both
A) theirs
C) its own
B) them
D) their own
17.
A) an
C) some
E) itself
14.
15.
B)
an
y
D)
-
E) the
A) some
C) a few
B)all
D) every
E) whole
18.
A) Me neither C) I
expect not
E) I am too
B)
I
ho
pe
so
D)
So
m
us
tI
A) by way of
B) in a way
C) all the way
D) by the way
E) a good way
19.
A) You
C) Yours
B)
Min
E) Yourself e D)
Mys
elf
20.
A) my
C) himself
B) mine
D) itself
E) theirs
ELS Q
515
TEST YORSEtP 9
1-75, sorularda, cmlede bo braklan
yerlere uygun de szck ya
1.
8.
B) themselves D)
their
E) itself
B) A great/ another
C) More/some
D) The/a
E) A s mall/m u ch
A) Every/none
E) None/each
C) Few/all
516 a ELS
B) Either/both
D) Some/neither
A) herself/them
C) ours/us
B) her/h ers D)
him/himself
E) his/him
9.
B ) u s/it
D) me/myself
A) Such
C) Quite
B) A little D)
Many
E) So
A) other
C) what else
E) another
B) neither
D) some
E) every
B) plenty of D)
many more
E) quite a
bit
B) any/some
D) the/the
E) a/the
B) the other
D) each other
E) themselves
A) yours C)
yourself
B) itself
D) them
E) themselves
;_,
'/j. "
....
"
A) another
C) other
E) some
B) a whole
D) most
E) either
B) the/an
D) a/an
E) the/the
ELS
Si:
B) both/either
D) few/neither
E) much/one
A) theirs/itself
B) him/them
C ) m i n e /h i m
D) your/yourselves
E) his/him self
E) much
B) some
D) a few
B) All
D) Neither
A) Both
C)
E) Either
A)the/one
C)-/any
B) the/some
D) an/the
E) -/much
A) any more
C) longer than
B) so long
D) long enough
E ) the
longest
42.........re se arch pa pe rs w e re due la st w eek,
b u t J a n e s till ha sn 't h an de d ........yet.
In
A) Theirs/it
B ) O u r/ h e rs
C ) Ou r o wn/h er
D) Ourselves/its
E) Her/herself
5 18 G ELS
A ) its ow n /n o m o re
B ) its /a n y m o re
C ) itse lf/n o longer
D ) the m s e lve s /a ny lon ge r
E) of the ir ow n/s o m e m ore
E) too
A)Such a lot/them
B ) T h e m o s t/th e ir
C ) S o m a n y /th e m s e lve s
D ) Too m uch /they
E) M u c h m o re /th e irs
A) very
C) much
B) mine/my
D) myself/I
E) I/myself
E) either
A) anywhere
C) anyone
A)
me/mine C)
A) too
C) such
A) all
C) both
B) so D )
su ch
B) yourself/me
A) your/you
D) him/yours
C) mine/yourself
E) our/mine
56. Even if it Is a little more expensive, I
think we will go by train since we live
......closer to the station.
A) enough
C) so much
B) too
D) the
most
E) much more
ELS Q 519
B) so much
D) plenty of
E) that many
B) A good many
D) More
E) Any more
or others will do
A) him/he
B) us/ours
C) yourself/you
D) theirs/they
E) myself/mine
63. It gets on my nerves that Jenny always
approves of what......say, as if she has
no ideas of.........
A) ano ther/hers elf
B ) wh enever/h ers
C ) an y o n e/h er
D) whoever/hers
E) others/her own
5XO Q ELS
B) all
D) neither
E) either
A) every
C) both
E) either
B) many more D)
as much
E) the most
B) where else D)
somewhere
E) anyone
ELS Q 521
practically inaccessible.
B) Tp alanndaki gelimeler,
yalanmann getirdii sorunlardan
bazlarnn geciktirilebileceini
gstermektedir.
C) Tp yalanmay durduracak kesin bir
zm bulamamtr, ama en azndan,
geciktirmeyi baarmtr.
D) Yalln getirdii baz tbbi sorunlara
kar byk ilerlemelerin olduu
gzlenmektedir.
E) Tp alanndaki bunca ilerlemeye
ramen yallkta hala pek ok
sorunla karlalmaktadr.
525
CUUucyj. uOlUj.li.
526 D ELS
B)
C)
D)
E)
UNIT10
INTRODUCTION
Conjunctions (balalar), ayn gramer yapya sahip (iki isim, iki sfat, iki zarfgibfl szck ya da
szck beklerini ve cmleleri balayan szcklerdir. Bunlar so, and, once gibi tek bir
szckten oluabilir ya da in order that, so that, as long as gibi bir szck bei de olabilirler.
Although she studied hard, she couldn't pass the exam.
Transitions ya da connectors diye isimlendirilen however, therefore, nevertheless gibi szckler
ise sadece iki cmleyi balayan, bir dnceden dier bir dnceye geii salayan cmle
balalardr.
She studied hard; nevertheless, she couldn't pass the exam.
Balalar grupta inceleyebiliriz:
1. Coordinating conjunctions
2. Correlative conjunctions
3. Subordinating conjunctions
"*"*-
"And" ayn dorultuda anlama sahip szckleri birletirir (her ikisi de olumlu ya da her ikisi de
olumsuz): beautiful and clever, sunny and warm, crowded and noisy, etc.
"But" ve "yet" "fakat, ama" anlamna gelir ve ztlk vurgulayan, elien szckleri birletirir:
beautiful but/yet stupid, cheap but/yet good, warm but/yet windy, etc.
528 Q ELS
"Or" seenek sunarken "ya da" anlamnda kullanlr: sooner or later, my parents or my sister, etc.
noun + and/but/or + noun
Bu kullanmda but' tan sonra gelen blm, zellikle uzun bir szck bei ise, genellikle
virglle cmlenin devamndan ayrlr.
The dog, but not the cat, is known to HP faithful.
The president, but not the woman he married, is quite a conservative person.
Cats and dogs don't get along well.
A toy or a game makes a good present for children.
And, but, yet (fakat), or, nor, so (bu yzden) ve for (nk) iki bamsz cmleyi
balayabilir.
ki tam cmleyi araya virgl koyarak arka arkaya ifade etmek mmkn deildir. Ancak birinci
cmleyi noktalayp ikinci cmleye geebiliriz ya da arada bjr bala kullanrz. Bu balalar
ikinci cmlenin bana gelir ve genellikle kendilerinden nce virgl kullanlr.
And, but ve r byk harfle cmle balatabilir. Bu durumda yine kendinden nceki cmleyle
balantldr. Ancak bu kullanm formal English'de pek tercih edilmemektedir.
The children were playing. The parents were chatting. The
children were playing and the parents were chatting. The
children were playing, and the parents were chatting. The
children were playing. And the parents were chatting.
Yet, so ve for bala olarak kullanldklarnda kendilerinden nce virgl gelir.
She didn't feel well, so she didn't go to work.
(Kendini iyi hissetmiyordu, bu yzden ie gitmedi.)
She didn't go to work, for she didn't feel well.
(e gitmedi nk kendini iyi hissetmiyordu.)
She didn't feel well, yet she still went to work.
(Kendini iyi hissetmiyordu, ama yine de ie gitti.)
ELS
529
Nor bu ekilde bala olarak kullanldnda birinci cmle olumsuz olur ya da refuse, deny
gibi olumsuz anlama sahip bir fiil ierir. Nor'un bal bulunduu ikinci cmle ise devrik olur.
Cmleyi devrik yapmak iin yardmc fiil + zne + yklem dizimi kullanlr.
He doesn't like meat, nor does he like fish.
(Eti sevmedii gibi, bal da sevmez.)
She herself didn't watch the film, nor did she let us watch it.
(Fifmi kendisi izlemedii gibi, bizim izlememize de izin vermedi.)
He refuses to take exercise, nor does he try to eat less.
(Egzersiz yapmay reddettii gibi, az yemeye de almyor.)
nce cmlelerin ortak ve farkl olan eleri belirlenir. Farkl olan elerden birinin
bana balacn birinci blm, dierinin bana ikinci blm getirilir.
Ali will come with us. Aye will come with us.
Yukardaki rnekte farkl olan eler znelerdir. Bu durumda kullanacamz bala bu iki
szc birletirecektir.
;;,
Balala elde ettiimiz yapnn cmle iindeki yeri balad enin yeriyle ayndr. Yan
iki zneyi baladysa cmlenin banda, iki nesneyi baladysa yklemden sonra yer
alr.
All will help me, or Aye will help me. (subject + subject)
Either Ali or Aye will help me.
I didn't buy a shirt. I didn't buy a sldrt. (object + object)
I bought neither a shirt nor a skirt.
The film was too long. The film was boring, (adj. + adj.)
The film was both too long and boring.
She wants to learn whether tiiejob is well-paid.
She wants to learn whether she will have any opportunity for promotion.
(noun cJause + noun clause)
She wants to learn not only whether the job is well-paid but also whether sr
will have any opportunity for promotion.
c)
Both ... and iki zneyi balyorsa fiil daima ouldur. Dier balalarla ykleme yakn
olan zne, yani ikinci zne temel alnr. Eer ikinci zne tekilse tekil bir fiil, oulsa
oul bir fiil kullanlr.
Both my parents and my sister are coming tomorrow.
Both Ali and Aye were absent from class yesterday.
Not only my parents but also my sister 1& coming tomorrow.
Not only my sister but also nay parents are coming tomorrow.
Not only Ali but also Aye was absent from class yesterday.
Neither the manager nor my colleagues approve of the plan.
Neither my colleagues nor the manager approves of the plan.
Either the teacher or the students have made a mistake.
Either the students or the teacher has made a mistake.
d)
Both ... and Trke'ye hem ... hem de biiminde evrilir ve olumlu cmlelerde
kullanlr.
Both the driver and the passengers were badly injured.
(Hem src hem de yolcular ar yaraland.)
Yesterday I both visited an art exhibition and went to the cinema.
(Dn hem bir resim sergisini gezdim hem de sinemaya gittim.)
Not only ... but also da olumlu cmlelerle kullanlr. Both ... and den daha vurgulu bir
ifadedir.
Not only the driver but also the passengers were injured.
(Sadece src deil yolcular da yaraland.)
l not onfy visited an art exhibition but also went to the cinema. (Sadece
bir resim sergisini gezmekle kalmadm, sinemaya da gittim.)
Neither ... nor Trke'ye ne ... ne de biiminde evrilir. Kendisi olumsuz bir yap olduu iin
olumlu fiille kullanlr, ancak cmlenin anlam olumsuzdur.
Ali doesn't like fish. Aye doesn't like fish.
Neither Ali nor Aye likes fish. (Ne Ali ne de Aye bal sever.)
She didn't study. She didn't watch TV.
She neither studied nor watched TV. (Ne ders alt ne de televizyon izledi.)
Either ... or, ya ...ya da anlamndadr. Genellikle olumlu cmlede kullanlr. Olumsuz cmlede
kullanld zaman neither ... nor ile ayn anlam verir, ama bu kullanm ok yaygn deildir.
Olumsuz cmlede either kullanmadan sadece "r" kullanmak daha yaygndr.
Either my sister or my friend must have taken my book.
(Kitabm ya kardeim ya da arkadam alm olmal.)
She has either fallen asleep or gone somewhere.
(Ya uyuyakald ya da bir yere gitti.)
She has been paralyzed since that shocking incident.
She can't (either) speak or walk. (She can neither speak nor walk.)
(Ne konuabiliyor ne de yryebiliyor.)
ELS Q 531
e)
Not only ... but also iki cmleyi balyorsa, not only'nin bal bulunduu cmle devrik,
ikinci cmle dz olur.
The hotel was marvellous. The hotel was cheap.
The hotel was not only marvellous but also cheap.
Not only was the hotel marvellous, but it was also cheap.
Not only ... but also iki cmleyi balarken, ikinci cmlenin de kendi znesi ve yklemi olmak
zorundadr. Bu durumda also cmle iindeki normal yerinde kullanlr. Not only ... but also
kalb also kaldrlarak da kullanlabilir.
He shouted at the child. He also hit him.
He not only shouted at the child but also hit him.
Not only did he shout at the child, but he (also) hit him.
(ocua sadece barmakla kalmad, onu dvd de.)
Pollution does harm to people today. It also endangers the survival of human
beings in the future.
Pollution not only does harm to people today but also endangers the survival
of human beings in the future.
Not only does pollution do harm to people today, but it (a/so) endangers the
survival of human beings in the future.
N O T ......................................................................................,
Not only ... but also iki zneyi balarken de cmlenin banda yer alr.
Ancak bu durumda cmle devrik olmaz.
Not only humans but also other living things are gravely affected by
pollution.
The country has been suffering from political unrest. The country has been
suffering from an economic crisis, too.
2. Body sprays are effective against mosquitoes. Electrical devices are effective against
mosquitoes as well.
3. Leonardo da Vinci lived during the Italian Renaissance, a period known for its
creative activity. Michelangelo lived during the Italian Renaissance, too.
4.
The building we choose for our cafe must be close to the shopping area. It must
also be reasonably priced.
Cutting down large areas of tropical rain forest destroys the habitat of wild animals.
It also destroys the homeland of native Indian tribes.
6.
532 Q ELS
7.
The protection of the environment is essential for people today. The protection of
the environment is also essential for future generations.
8.
She inherited a vast fortune upon her father's death. She also became the sole
authority to run her father's companies upon his death.
She wasn't efficient enough to take charge of the office. She wasn't keen enough to
take charge of the office either.
10. The solution didn't satisfy the management. The solution didn't satisfy the union.
11. The actors weren't good enough to hold the audience's attention. The play itself
12. This football player doesn't panic under pressure; nor does he argue with the
referee.
14. I will lend you my car for the day, or I will drive you to the conference myself.
15. I'll meet you at the airport myself, or I'll send someone, if I can't make it.
16. I might have left my umbrella at work, or I might have left it on the bus.
Not only the young but also the old (was/were) interested in the fashion show.
Both developed and developing countries (have/has) some common problems.
Either one of the members or the chairman (is/are) going to declare the items of the
agenda.
Both skill and patience (is/are) needed for good teaching.
Not only smoking but also drinking alcohol (is/are) claimed to cause cancer.
Either the ignorance or the carelessness of parents (causes/cause) a good many
household accidents to children.
Neither diseases nor natural disasters (does/do) as much harm to man as man does
to himself.
Not only his parents but also his brother (is/are) sure of his success.
Not only his brother but also his parents (is/are) sure that he will succeed.
Not only his sister but also his brother (knows/know) that he is capable of doing
better work.
Neither the passengers nor the driver (was/were) injured in the accident.
Neither the driver nor the passengers really (knows/know] how the accident
happened.
Not only the painting but also the sketches (was/were) bought by an unknown
dealer at the auction.
Either you or someone else from the department (is/are) going to have to attend the
meeting to represent the company.
Both great courage and patience (has/have) helped Michael achieve his aims so far
in life.
ELS Q 533
after, before, by the time (that), until, till, since, as long as/so long as*, while,
as, when, whenever, once, as soon as, immediately, the moment, now (that)
Place
Manner
Cause
because, as, since, seeing that, seeing as, for, as/so long as, inasmuch as
Purpose
so that/in order that, for the purpose that, for fear that, lest
Concession
and Contrast
Condition
if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that), provided (that),
in case, as/so long as, suppose (that), supposing (that), assuming (that)
Result
""So long as" in bir zaman balac olarak kullanm ok yaygn deildir. Bu anlamda daha ok "as long as"
kullanlr.
10-4
after
After I finish/have finished this report, I will go out for lunch.
After I finished/had finished the report, I went out for lunch.
before
Before I go out for lunch, I will finish this report.
Before I went out for lunch, I finished/had finished the report.
534 Q ELS
when
When I got home, they were eating dinner.
When I got home, they ate dinner.
When I got home, they had eaten dinner.
When I get home, they will be eating dinner.
When I get home, they will eat dinner.
When I get home, they will have eaten dinner.
When I finish/have finished this report, I will go out for lunch.
When I finished/had finished the report, I went out for lunch.
When I see him tomorrow, I will give him your message.
When I saw him yesterday, I gave him your message.
while, as
While/As I was walking up the street, I ran into an old friend.
While/As I was taking the cake out of the oven, I burnt myself.
While/As I cooked dinner, my son sat in the kitchen and watched me.
My friend looked after my plants while I was on holiday. My friend will
look after my plants while I am on holiday. They were playing cards
while I was working hard on my thesis.
by the time
By the time he comes back, we will have finished our work. By
the time he comes back, it will be too late. By the time he
came back, we had finished our work. By the time he came
back, it was too late.
until, till
She will wait for me until/till I finish/have finished my work. She
waited for me until/till I finished/had finished my work. I had
never heard of that author until/till you told me about her.
since
I am very happy to see him. We haven't seen each other since we left school. I
was very happy to see him, because we hadn't seen each other since we left
school.
the first time, the second time, the next time, the last time, etc.
The rst time I went to Ankara, I stayed at a three-star hotel. The
next time I go there, I won't stay at the same hotel. The last time
I went there, I visited many friends. The last time I saw him, he
was working for a computing firm.
now (that)
Now that we have finished our work, we can go out for a walk.
Now that school is over, he can start to look for a job.
Zaman balalar, eylemler arasnda zaman asndan iliki kurduu iin iki cmle
arasnda tense uyumas olmak zorundadr. (Yukarda verilen rnekleri dikkatle
inceleyiniz.)
b)
Zaman balacnn bulunduu cmlede (adverbial clause) Future tense (be going to,
will} kullanlmaz. Eylem gelecekte yaplacak bile olsa, Simple Present tense (do/does)
ya da eylemin gelecekte tamamlanm olacan vurgulamak iin Present Perfect tense
(have/has done) kullanlr.
Bir zaman balac olarak when iin de bu kural geerlidir. Ancak when bir noun clause ya da
relative clause ile kullanldnda, bal bulunduu cmlenin tense'i Future tense olabilir. Ya
da temel cmle ile tense uyumas olmayabilir.
When he came, I was studying, (adverbial clause of time)
When he comes, we will study together.
I don't know when he will come, (noun clause) I
don't know when he came.
Do you remember the day when the meeting will be held? (relative clause) Do
you remember the day when the meeting was held? (relative clause)
c)
Now (that) past tense'lerle kullanlmaz. Now (that) in bal bulunduu cmlede Simple
Present ya da Present Perfect tense kullanlr.
Now that you are eighteen, you can get a driving licence.
Now that we have finished our work, we can drink coffee.
d)
After, before, when, as soon as ve as ile "just" kullanarak eylemler arasndaki ilikiye
tezlik kazandrabiliriz.
Just as we sat down to eat, the phone rang.
(Tam yemee oturduk ki telefon ald.)
Just after you left the office, a client of yours came. (Sen
brodan ktktan hemen sonra bir mterin geldi.)
Just before he came, we had eaten our dinner. (O
gelmeden hemen nce biz yemeimizi yemitik.)
Just when I got to the office, they were signing the contract.
(Tam ben broya gittiimde kontrat imzalyorlard.)
536 Q ELS
e)
Hardly/scarcely/barely ... when ile no sooner ... than kalplan genellikle devrik cmle
yapsyla kullanlr. Bu kalplar iki eylem arasnda geen srenin ok ksa olduunu
vurgular ve as soon as ile ayn anlam ifade ederler.
She had hardly gone to bed when the phone rang.
Hardly had she gone to bed when the phone rang.
After ile afterwards arasndaki ayrma dikkat ediniz. After bala olarak kendisinden
sonra cmle; preposition olarak da isim alr: after the class, after the meeting, etc.
Afterwards bir zarftr ve "later, after that' anlamn verir.
After she came, we went out.
We went out after she came. (O geldikten sonra dar ktk.)
She came. Afterwards, we went out.
She came. We went out afterwards. (O geldi. Ondan sonra dar ktk.}
LUGGAGE WITHOUT THE OWNER
Mark arrived at the airport just as his plane was scheduled to take
off. The ticket agent checked his luggage and assured him he could make the
flight if he hurried.
Mark ran to the gate, where he found an attendant closing the door
to the ramp. Mark pleaded with the woman to let him board, but she
explained that the airline was promoting its "On Time" schedule and she
couldn't allow any late passengers.
Mark watched sullenly as the plane began to back up. After moving
about a hundred yards, it stopped. A small vehicle approached, and the
plane's side hatch opened. Mark looked on in disbelief as his luggage was
loaded on board.
(from Reader's Digest)
EXERCISE 3*. Complete the sentences with the correct verb form. Pay attention to
whether the verb Is active or passive.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ELS Q 537
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
\
V
A HISTORICAL FACT
In an examination a history teacher set on the First World War,
only one student answered his bonus question: "The Belgian Foreign Minister
who received the German ultimatum in 1914 was..............."
He was delighted that someone remembered the Belgian's name -until
he looked more closely.
There, in the blank, was written: "terrified."
(from Reader's Digest)
because
as
seeing that
as/so long as
since
538 Q ELS
inasmuch as
Bu balalar nedeni ifade eden cmlenin banda kullanlr. Temel cmle ise sonucu ifade
eder. Adverbial clause temel cmleden nce ya da sonra gelebilir.
Cause: I was ill.
Neden-sonu ilikisi bildiren cmlelerde temel cmle ile yan cmle arasnda tense
uyumas zorunlu deildir. Ancak yine de eylemlerin zaman bakmndan ilikisine
dikkat etmek gerekir. rnein, "Because the grocery bag was heavy" ifadesini "/ can't
carry it." biiminde tamamlayanlayz. nk antann ar olmas gemi zamana
aitse, onu tayamama eylemi de gemi zamanla ifade edilmelidir. Bu nedenle, bu
cmle u biimde tamamlanabilir:
.,,.,
Neden-sonu ilikisi, balalarn yan sra baka yaplarla da ifade edilebilir: because
of, on account of, thanks to, owing to, due to. Bu yaplar kendilerinden sonra isim,
zamir ya da isim-fiil (gerund) alr.
Because
Since
As
As/so long as
Inasmuch as
Seeing that. Seeing
as
Because of
On account of
Thanks to
Owing to Due
to
ELS a
539
Because of the very expensive present she bought me for my birthday, I now
feel obliged to buy her an expensive one too. (noun + relative clause)
('doum gnmde bana ald ok pahal hediye" yine isimdir.)
Because there has been construction work on the highway going on for some
time now, we have been taking another road to work.
On account of the construction work on the highway going on for some time
now, we have been taking another road to work.
c)
Because of, on account of, due to ve owing to yaplarndan sonra the fact that
kullanrsak devamnda isim deil, cmle gelir.
Due to her negligence of the children, they became disobedient.
Due to the fact that she neglected the children, they became disobedient.
Owing to her not studying regularly, she failed the exam.
Owing to the fact that she didn't study regularly, she failed the exam.
d)
NOTE: Yukardaki tablodaki cmleler ayn anlam ifade etmektedir. Ancak kullanm farklar vardr.
54O a ELS
Bir transition, cmle iinde yerde bulunabilir: cmlenin banda, zneden sonra (yardmc
fiil varsa, yardmc fiille yklem arasnda) ve cmlenin sonunda. Genellikle
transition virglle
cmlenin devamndan ayrlr.
(conjunction)
She didn't fee l well. Therefore, she left the office early, (transition)
She didn't feel well. She, therefore, left the office early. She didn't
feel well. She left the office early, therefore.
Because, as, since gibi balalar bir yan cmleyi temel cmleye balayan szcklerdir. Yan
cmle temel cmleden nce ya da sonra gelebilir.
Therefore, consequently ve as a result "fau
yzden, bu nedenle" anlamn veren gei
szckleridir ve ikinci cmlede kullanlrlar.
So, iki bamsz cmleyi birletiren bir balatr ve o da
therefore vb. gibi sonu
cmlesinde kullanlr. Ancak so cmle iinde
transition'lar gibi yer deitiremez ve
genellikle kendinden nce bir virgl gelir.
e)
So ... that ve such ... that balalar da neden-sonu ilikisi ifade eder.
Cause: It was too windy.
It
so + adjective/adverb + as + to infinitive
His music at last night's performance was
harshest critics admit to his talent.
His music at last night's performance was
harshest critics admit to his talent.
so emotional as to make
even his
even his
The garbage truck moved so slowty as to cause a traffic jam several kilometres
long.
The garbage truck moved so slowly that it caused a traffic jam several
kilometres long.
ELS
541
Her iki kalp da (so ... that/so ... as), vurguyu artrmak iin devrik cmle yapsyla
kullanlabilir.
So emotionally did he play the piano that even his harshest critics wept.
So emotionally did he play the piano as to make even his harshest critics weep.
Such ... as kalbnn vurgulu ifade biimleri iin rnekleri inceleyiniz.
It was such a powerful film that I left the cinema with tears in my eyes. The
power of the film was such that I left the cinema with tears in my eyes. The
power of the film was such as to make me leave the cinema with tears in my
eyes.
Such was the power of the film that I left the cinema with tears in my eyes.
Such was the power of the film as to make me leave the cinema with tears in
my eyes.
)
For "because" ile ayn anlam verir ancak kullanm daha kstldr.
For, nedeni belirten cmlenin banda kullanlr, ancak bal bulunduu cmle ikinci blmde
yer alr.
He finished his meal quickly, for he hadn't eaten anything since the morning.
He finished his meal quickly because he hadn't eaten anything since the morning.
Because he hadn't eaten anything since the morning, he finished his meal quickly.
For, "not... but' gibi baka balalarla birlikte kullanlmaz. Because bu ekilde kullanlabilir.
I got annoyed, not because he came late but because he didn't inform me that
he was going to be late.
(Ge kald iin deil, ge kalacan bana bildirmedii iin kzdm.)
Because, bir soruya yant olarak kullanlabilir ancak for, as ve since bu biimde kullanlmaz.
- Why were you late for work?
- Because I missed the bus.
h)
542 Q ELS
Effect
ers;
therefore,
as a result, as a result of
this, consequently, as a
consequence of this,
because of this, thus,
hence, accordingly.
Cause
Effect
so
Cause
Man hunts whales in
Man hunts
Effect
such large numbers that
so many whales that
Cause
Because
As
Since
Due to the fact that
Owing to the fact that
Effect
man's hunting whales in large numbers, they face extinction.
Cause
Man's hunting whales in
Effect
Cause
Because of On
account of
Due to
Owing to
Thanks to
As a result of
As a consequence of
Effect
large numbers causes
becoming extinct. results in
Effect
Whales' facing extinction
' '
'
Cause
is a result of
man's hunting them in large numbers.
a consequence of results from
Is
is due to
Effect
Whales face extinction,
Cause
for
c) (so...that) .....
d) (such...that)
e) (for)...............
ELS Q 543
h) (because) .........
(as) .......................
(Because/Because of\ his many hours of practice every day, he is now quite good at
skiing.
(Because/Because of) he practised regularly every day, he became quite good at
skiing.
She started to play the piano at a very early age, (so/for) she is an accomplished
pianist now.
(Due to/Due to the fact that) the huge crowd waiting to see the President, the police
took very strict security measures in the square.
(Owing to/Owing to the fact that) a huge crowd was waiting to see the President,
the policemen were all on alert.
All her attempts to convince her father to let her go on holiday alone (resulted
in/resulted from) failure.
The country suffered a serious economic crisis a few months ago; (therefore /for)
there has been considerable unemployment ever since.
Unemployment is getting bigger, (therefore/because) the economic crisis that
started a few months ago is still going on.
Many creative thinkers and scientists throughout history were put on trial
(because/because ofl their ideas, (therefore/for) they were courageous enough to
express them in public.
(For/As) the weather has been favourable since the beginning of the season, the
villagers are expecting good crops.
She rejected the job, not (because/for) the pay was low, but (because/since) the
working hours were very long.
The company is now on the verge of going bankrupt (as a consequence
of/consequently) having tried to expand too quickly.
All the residents of our street rushed to their windows or balconies last night to see
what was happening, (as a result/for) there was a tremendous noise just in the
middle of the night.
According to the statistics, a great percentage of traffic accidents (result in/result
from) speeding.
Life is now much more complicated compared with the past; (thus/owing to) people
have to learn a good many things to keep pace with it.
544 Q ELS
so as to/so as not to
lest
So that ve In order that ayn anlama sahiptir ve kullanm kurallar da ayndr. So that ve
In order that' in bal bulunduu cmle, temel cmledeki eylemin yapl amacn ifade
eder.
She is learning computing. She wants to find a better job.
She is learning computing because she wants to find a better job.
She is learning computing so that/in order that she can find a better job.
I got up early because I didn't want to be late for my interview.
I got up early so that/in order that I wouldn't be late for my interview.
So that/In order that temel cmle ile yan cmle arasnda tense uyumas gerektirir. Bal
bulunduklar cmle genellikle ikinci blmde yer alr ancak cmlenin banda da bulunabilir.
Temel cmle ile yan cmlede kullanabileceimiz tense ve modal' lar unlardr:
Present/Future
Main clause
am/is/are doing +
so that
do/does be going to do will do
have/has done
Subordinate Clause
do/does
am/is/are can
will will be able
to
may
Past
did
had done
so that
would
could
would be able to
might
ELS Q 545
b)
she can
Lest "for fear that, in case, so that ... not' anlamndadr ve genellikle should ya da subjunctive
(btn znelerle fiilin yaln hali) ile kullanlr. Temel cmlenin tense' ine uygun olarak
Simple
Present ve Simple Past da kullanlabilir. Lest Trke'ye olumsuz olarak evrilir.
d)
him.
+ infinitive de kullanabiliriz.
She lay on the sofa because she wanted to rest for a while.
She lay on the sofa so that she could rest for a while.
She lay on the sofa
her.
546 Q ELS
e)
So that ile In case arasndaki ayrma dikkat ediniz. In case' in, bir eylemin
gereklemesi olaslna kar nceden hazrlanmay ifade ettiini daha nce
grmtk. So that ise bir eylemin gereklemesi iin yaplan hazrl ifade eder. u
iki rnei karlatralm:
I will take my umbrella with me in case it rains/should rain.
I will take my umbrella with me so that 1 don't get wet in the rain.
Birinci cmleyi Trke'ye "Yamur yaarsa diye emsiyemi yanma alacam." biiminde
evirebiliriz. Yani yamurun yamas olaslna kar hazrlkl olmak istiyoruz. kinci cmleyi
ise "Yamurda slanmayaym diye (slanmamak iin) emsiyemi yanma alacam." biiminde
evirebiliriz. Buradan karacamz anlam "Yamur yayor ve ben slanmak istemiyorum. Bu
yzden emsiyemi yanma alacam." olabilir.
Ancak so that' li cmleyi biraz deitirerek yazarsak, In case' li cmlenin anlamn elde
edebiliriz.
I will take my umbrella with me so that I don't get wet If rains.
(Yamur yaarsa slanmayaym diye (slanmamak iin) emsiyemi yanma
alacam.)
l want to do some shopping in case my parents come at the weekend.
(Hafta sonunda annemler gelirse diye biraz alveri yapmak istiyorum.)
I want to do some shopping so that I will have plenty of food at home if my
parents come at the weekend.
(Hafta sonunda annemler gelirse evde bolca yiyecek olsun diye biraz alveri
yapmak istiyorum.)
f)
Ama bildiren so that ile sonu bildiren so bazen karklk yaratabiliyor. nk sonu
bildiren so, ok yaygn olmamakla birlikte, so that biiminde de kullanlabiliyor.
Bunlann ayrmn yaparken u noktalara dikkat etmeliyiz:
1.
Sonu bildiren so (that) ikinci cmlenin banda kullanlr ve genellikle kendinden nce
bir virgl gelir.
;
She studied very little, so (that) she got a rather low grade.
(ok az alt, bu yzden ok dk bir not ald.)
**
the exam.
very hard.
alt.)
2.
Ama bildiren so that' den sonra Simple Past Tense kullanlmaz. Sonu bildiren so
that' den sonra ise Simple Past Tense yaygn olarak kullanlr.
They bought a large house, so that the children had their own rooms, (result)
(Byk bir ev aldlar. Bylece ocuklarn kendi odalar oldu.)
They bought a large house so that the children would have their own rooms.
(purpose)
(ocuklarn kendi odalar olsun diye byk bir ev aldlar.)
ELS Q 547
3.
We should book our rooms well in advance because I want to make sure we won't
have any difficulty when we get there.
2.
We had our car checked before we left on vacation because we wanted to make sure
it wouldn't cause us any trouble on the way.
3.
They're taking out a special insurance policy. They want their possessions to be
covered while they are overseas.
4.
They took out a special insurance policy. They wanted their possessions to be
covered while they were overseas.
5.
6.
The professor has taken a break from lecturing this term. She wants to do some
research for her book.
although
though
even though
while
whereas
much as
as
however + adjective/adverb
no matter + question word
Bu balalar, belirtilen bir durumdan beklenmeyen bir sonucun ktn ifade etmemizi salar.
Although I was ill, I went to work.
She took a walk even though it was raining heavily.
548 Q ELS
--'
;,
Neden-sonu ilikisi bildiren because, as, since gibi balalarn beklenilen bir sonu ifade
ettiini grmtk. Kartlk bildiren balalar ise beklenmeyen bir sonu ifade ederler. u iki
rnei inceleyelim:
Because she studied hard, she passed the exam, (expected result) Although
she studied hard, she didn't pass the exam, (unexpected result)
Kartlk bildiren balalar, neden-sonu ilikisi bildiren balalarda da olduu gibi, tense
uyumas gerektirmez. Ancak yine de iki eylemin zaman ynnden ilikisine dikkat etmek
gerekir.
Although it was cold yesterday, I took my regular walk.
(Eylemlerin her ikisi de dn gerekleti.)
Although it was cold yesterday, it is quite warm today.
Although it has been quite mild for some time, snow Is expected in the coming
days.
Although she has been learning English for over four years, she still can't speak
it properly.
Although she had been learning English for over four years, she still couldn't
speak it properly.
a)
Bu balalarn de ayn anlam verir. Even though biraz daha vurgulu bir anlatmdr.
Balacn bal bulunduu cmle temel cmleden nce ya da sonra gelebilir.
Although she is quite good at music, she doesn't want to be a musician.
Though
Even though
She doesn't want to be a musician although she is quite good at music.
though even
though
(Mzikte ok iyi olduu halde/olmasna ramen, mzisyen olmak istemiyor.)
Though iki bamsz cmleyi birletirmek iin de kullanlabilir. Bu kullanmyla though, "but,
yet' anlamn verir ve genellikle ikinci cmlenin sonunda kullanlr, ama ikinci cmlenin
banda da yer alabilir.
I didn't like the film, though I liked its background music. I
didn't like the film; I liked its background music, though.
I didn't like the film, but/yet I liked its background music.
(Filmi beenmedim, ama fon mziini beendim.)
b)
clause gelir.
Despite her old age, she still takes long walks every day.
Despite the fact that she is old,
she still takes long walks every day.
hi spite of practising every day, she is still bad at driving.
In spite of the fact that she practises
every day, she is still bad at driving.
EXERCISE 7: Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning, using the word(s) in
parentheses.
1.
Although this material is cheap, I won't buy it because it doesn't look good enough.
(despite)
2.
3.
In spite of some bad qualities she has, she is quite popular with her friends.
(even though)
4.
Despite my offer to help him, he insisted on doing the job on his own.
5.
6.
7.
I believe television has many beneficial advantages despite the claims that it
diminishes creativity, (though)
8.
Although she has been warned twice before, she still keeps coining to work late.
(in spite ofi
9.
The villagers are expecting good crops this year despite the unfavourable weather
conditions continuing for some time,
(although)
(although)
(despite)
10. Although the library has an enormous number of books, Keith couldn't find the
book he needed, (despite)
550 a ELS
d)
(Despite/Although) the drought and famine that Africans have been suffering from
for years, their population is still increasing.
In my opinion, she was the most attractive of all the contestants.
(Despite/Although) this, she wasn't chosen Miss World.
(Although/In spite of\ her mother's attitude was a bit discouraging, she decided to
take the job anyway.
A good many people just continue smoking, (though/despite) it's known to cause
cancer.
(Even though/In spite ofi the fact that technology adva^0^ considerably rapidly in
Turkey, traditions seem to change very slowly.
(In spite of/Though) its many disadvantages, such as noise, pollution and housing
problems, many people are coining to Istanbul in the hope of better living
conditions.
Most of the students didn't understand the subject very well (despite/even though)
the teacher's clear explanations.
(Despite/Although) the teacher explained it quite clearly, only a few of the students
understood the subject well.
(In spite of/Even though) the many good suggestions his friends had given him
about how to improve his job, he stuck to his own guns and failed miserably.
(Despite/Although) the fact that his friends had given him several good suggestions,
he took no notice of them and followed his heart.
I think the accident was entirely his fault; I do feel sorry for him, (though, despite)
(Despite/Although) his real name was Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov, the extreme
poverty and arduous labour of his early life led the Russian writer to choose the
name Gorki, meaning "bitter", as his professional name.
(Even though/Despite) the long journey to the nearest beach, Daniel goes waterskiing every weekend.
(Even though/In spite ofi there was a stiff breeze blowing across the beach, sitting
outside was still pleasurable.
Less money was raised at this year's school fund-raiser than at last year's; I don't
think we did badly considering the awful weather, (though/although).
As, much as
,f
As, kartlk bildiren bir bala olarak, bir sfat ya da zarftan sonra kullanlr ve devamnda bir
cmle gelir. Ayn yapda though da kullanlr.
Patient though/as he is, he couldn't bear the noise the children were making
in the street.
Although he is patient, he couldn't bear the noise the children were making in
the street.
(Sabrl olduu halde sokakta ocuklarn yapt grltye katlanamad.)
Quickly though/as they worked, they failed to finish the task in time.
Although they worked quickly, they failed to finish the task in time.
(Hzl altklar halde ii vaktinde bitiremediler.)
e)
However ve no matter kartlk bildiren balalar olarak ayn anlam tarlar. Her ikisi de
"although" nun ifade ettii anlam verir, ancak daha vurguludurlar.
However + adjective/adverb + subject + verb, main clause
No matter + question word + subject + verb, main clause
However ve no matter'm bal bulunduu cmle, temel cmleden nce ya da sonra yer alabilir.
No matter'dan sonra daima bir soru szc kullanlr.
However late it is, you can call me for help.
No matter how late it is, you can call me for help.
(Ne kadar ge olursa olsun, yardm iin beni arayabilirsin.)
However hard I tried, I couldn't succeed.
Wo matter how hard I tried, I couldn't succeed.
(Ne kadar uratysam da baaramadm.)
You must know how to stand alone however many friends you have.
You must know how to stand alone no matter how many Mends you have.
(Ne kadar ok arkadan olursa olsun kendi bana ayakta durmay bilmelisin.)
No matter + question word yapsnn verdii anlam wherever, whatever, whoever gibi
szcklerle, ya da "regardless of + noun/noun clause" kalbyla da verebiliriz.
No matter what you do, don't join a street gang.
Regardless of what you do, don't join a street gang.
Whatever you do, don't join a street gang.
(JVe yaparsan yap, ama bir sokak etesine karma.)
No matter where you go, keep some money in reserve.
Regardless of where you go, keep some money in reserve.
Wherever you go, keep some money in reserve.
(Nereye gidersen git, kenarda biraz para bulundur.)
The greatest of the Islamic mystic poets Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi, better known as
Mevlana, said, "No matter who you are, come and join us."
, "Regardless of who you are, come and join us."
, "Whoever you are, come and join us."
(....."Kim olursan ol, gel")
552 Q ELS
EXERCISE 9: Write sentences with the same meaning using the word(s) In parentheses.
1.
However famous the actor is, the film's plot was rather poor, (no matter)
2.
She is a very difficult person to please: regardless of what you buy for her, she
never shows any sign of appreciation, (whatever)
3.
No matter how many hours we work, we never seem to get everything done.
(however]
4.
However fast we run, we won't be able to catch the train, (no matter)
5.
Although the case was very important, no one dealt with it seriously enough, (no
matter)
6.
It is still cheaper to go by coach no matter how much discount the airlines may be
offering, (however)
No matter which subject you choose to study at university, you'll have to work
hard, (whichever)
9.
The sofa will seem ugly in this room wherever you place it. (regardless of)
10. Regardless of when I call on my father, he is always busy in the garden, (whenever)
For
HELL
[ ' Fun M
BURNING
A Texas oilman died and went to heaven. After a few days, his
"bragging was getting on St. Peter's nerves. No matter what part of
paradise he was shown, the oilman claimed it failed to measure up to Texas.
Finally, St. Peter took him to the edge of heaven in order that he could look
straight into hell. "Have you got anything like that in Texas?" the saint
demanded.
"No," the oilman replied. "But I know some old boys down in Houston
who can put it out."
'"/'
\
(
/>>.
\
\
f)
Bu szckler kartlk bildiren gei szckleridir (transitions). kinci cmlede, yani sonucu
ifade eden cmlede kullanlrlar ve cmleler yer deitiremez. Even so, all the same ve
notwithstanding ayn anlam veren dier yaplardr.
Although it was cold, she went out for a walk.
ELS Q 553
It was cold.
1.
In spite of his being punished several times before, he keeps doing the same
naughty thing again and again, (nevertheless)
2.
Despite rehearsing for weeks, they were all extremely nervous on the opening night,
(nonetheless)
3.
She has a responsible job with a high salary; even so, she feels discontented, (in
spite ot\
4.
He is intelligent and has a. good sense of humour; all the same, he has very little
self-confidence, (despite)
5.
Bu balalar iki tam cmleyi birletirir. kinci cmlenin banda kullanlrlar ve kendilerinden
nce bir virgl gelir ya da birinci cmleyi noktalayp, byk harfle ikinci cmleyi
balatabilirler. Bu balalarn hepsi "ama j'ine de" anlamn verir.
It was cold, but she went out for a walk anyway.
It was cold, but she still went out for a walk. It
was cold, yet she still went out for a walk. It was
cold. Still, she went out for a walk.
(Hava souktu, ama yine de yrye kt.)
554 Q ELS
EXERCISE 11: Combine the Ideas In the two sentences, using the given words. Pay
attention to correct punctuation.
1.
They cultivated the land very well. They couldn't get good crops.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
(though)......................................................................................................................
(despite) .........................................................................................................................
(but... anyway)................................................................................................................
(howevei) .......................................................................................................................
(in spite of the fact that) ............................................................................................
(yet...stilD ......................................................................................................................
(even so) ........................................................................................................................
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
(as)....................
h)
while
whereas
but/yet
however
Bu yaplar, iki nesneyi karla tnrken, birinin dierinin tam tersi olduunu ifade etmemizi
salar.
,.
...
.,-
But/yet iki bamsz cmleyi birletiren balalardr. kinci cmlenin banda yer alrlar.
Some countries are rich, but/yet others are poor.
However ve on the other hand, "oysa, ise" anlamlarn veren gei szckleridir. On the other
hand genellikle ikinci cmlenin znesinden sonra kullanlr.
ELS a 555
NOT-------------------------------------------------------------------------"On the one hand ... On the other hand" bir olayn elien iki ynn
ifade ederken kullanlr.
She has a dilemma and she doesn't know what to do.
On the one hand, she very much wants to go abroad for her university
education.
On the other hand, she knows that her family will have difficulty affording it.
(ok mkl bir durumda ve ne yapacan bilemiyor. Bir yandan, yurt
dnda okumay ok istiyor. te yandan, ailesinin bunu karlamak iin
zorlanacan biliyor.)
In contrast, iki nesneyi karlatrrken kullanlr ve tam bir kartlk ifade eder.
Southern Turkey has hot, humid summers. Northern Turkey, In contrast, has
summers which are cool and windy.
In contrast to/with, prepositional phrase'dir. Kendinden sonra isim gelir.
In contrast to his sister, Jack is a very tidy boy.
(Kzkardeinin aksine, Jack ok dzenli bir ocuktur.)
On the contrary de bu grupta yer alr ancak kullanm ok kstldr. On the contrary, sylenen
bir ifadenin doru olmadn, tam tersi bir durumun sz konusu olduunu ifade eder.
zellikle on the other hand ile on the contrary birbirine kartrlr. Aradaki ayrm u
rneklerle inceleyelim:
You say she is very beautiful. I, on the contrary, find her rather ugly.
(Onun ok gzel olduunu sylyorsun. Aksine ben onu ok irkin buluyorum.)
I don't find her particularly beautiful. On the other hand, she is not ugly either.
(Onu ok gzel bulmuyorum, ama irkin de deil.)
Sue:
Jack:
Sue:
Jack:
Quite the contrary, "on the contrary" ile ayn anlam verir, ancak kullanl biimi asndan
farkllklar vardr.
Quite the contrary iki biimde kullanlabilir:
1. Olumlu ya da olumsuz bir ifadeyle kesinlikle hemfikir olmadn belirtirken,
2. Olumsuz bir ifadeyle tamamen hemfikir olduunu belirtirken
- He's pretty clever, (disagree with a positive statement)
- Oh, quite the contrary, he's really rather dim.
- He's not very clever, (disagree with a negative statement)
- Oh no, quite the contrary, he's really quite intelligent.
- He's not clever at all, is he? (agree with a negative statement)
- Quite the contrary, he's rather clueless really.
556 a ELS
1.
Whereas Aye is very sensitive to social problems, her brother seems rather
2.
The currents are very strong in this part of the river, while they are
.................................further ahead.
Some fruits, such as peaches, apricots and apples, are abundant in Turkey, while
others, such as bananas, kiwis and pineapples, are
.....................................
While the bread sold at the corner shop is sometimes a bit
stale, the bread from the
baker's is always very ....................................
Whereas the owners of the building claim the fire started
accidentally, the fire
inspector is certain that the furniture was set alight
......................................
Grey squirrels are common in England, whereas the larger red squirrel is
3.
4.
5.
6.
EXERCISE 13: Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning, using the word(s) In
parentheses.
1.
Whereas some people live in extravagant affluence in some parts of the world, in
other parts, some starve to death, (however)
2.
The accommodation at the hotel was awful, whereas the service was superb,
(on the other hand)
3.
Some people have an optimistic view of life, while others are rather pessimistic.
(however)
4.
Whereas sea fishing requires a boat, which is expensive even to rent, fishing from
the riverbank costs very little, (on the
other hand)
5.
Scuba diving requires some very expensive equipment, but snorkeling, which is just
as enjoyable, requires only a snorkel and some flippers, (on the
other hand]
EXERCISE 14: Complete the sentences with "on the other hand" or "on the contrary".
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Many people argue that television does harm to the child's intellectual development.
...................................I believe it makes the child aware of a vast amount of
knowledge which he can't be taught through books or any other method.
Living in the centre of town would be extremely expensive
.......................................it
would provide easy access to my workplace as well as to leisure facilities.
I don't agree with her parents when they say she is slow
......................................,1 find
her quick-witted and capable of picking up even the most complex ideas.
Many people consider that author to be exceptionally talented. I,
.................................. think he writes without perception or depth and shows no skill
in crafting his plots.
Cars cause a great deal of damage to the environment
........................................they
bring freedom to many people whose lives would be quite restricted without them.
The new factory will cause some pollution and look unsightly
.......................................
it will provide over one hundred jobs.
, >
...
..
' "'-/. .;
ELS a 557
1.
2.
3.
6.
7.
8.
B) because
D) still
A
)
alt
ho
ug
h
C)
as
E) so
9.
B)
Despite
D) Consequently
E) On the contrary
B) Both/and
D) Whether/or
......your brother.........your
cousin
phoned last night, but I'm not
sure which of them it was.
A) Not only/but also
B) Neither/nor
C) Whether/or
D) Both/and
E) Either/or
Amber has been used for
jewellery and
ornaments........prehistoric times.
4.
E) Merely/or
......the economic crisis the country has
been suffering from........the extravagant
spending of the partners has led to the
firm's bankruptcy, but they don't seem
frank enough to admit this.
A) Both/and
B) Neither/nor
C) Despite/as well as
D) Not only/but also
E) Because of/and
B) so long as
D) just as
A) even
before C)
more than
E) ever since
B) since
D) besides
A)
much as
C) so
that
E) otherwise
Just
5.
the opposite.
558 Q ELS
A)
Whereas
B) However D)
Therefore
E) In contrast
E) While
B) No matter
D) Moreover
E) unless
B) how
D) until
21 . It w a s.......hilarious film.........it m a d e u s
roll around In fits of laughter.
A ) so m uc h /a s
C ) m o re /tha n
B ) hardly /w hen
D ) s u c h a / th a t
E)
b o th /a n d
22. A diplomat's m ost dem anding activity is
probabfy negotiation, w hich requires
.......
skill.......patience as well as know ledge.
A ) either/or
C ) both/an d
B ) w h ethe r /or
D ) ne ithe r/n or
E)
much/than
23. IV e spotted a num ber of errors in your
essay; som e are m ajor ones,
........som e
are Just spelling m istakes.
A)
while
B) besides
D) therefore
E) despite
A) As if C)
However
B) Regardless of
D) In spite of
E) Owing to
B) Just as
D) In case
B) no matter
A) as though C)
D) whereas
18. T urkey has a large m anufacturing sector
even when
with many factories producing textiles
E) on the contrary
a nd cars, w hich are
.......use d for the
dom estic market.........exported.
26. The launch of the rocket was delayed for
a month.......a technical problem that
A )n o so o n e r /t h a n
arose at the last moment.
B)much m ore/than
A) so
C ) n e i th e r /n o r
B) on account of
that C)
D )w h e t h e r /o r
D) in addition to
E) not on ly/but also
E) just as
19.........num e rous w arnings from the
27. Even though he hadn't seen this town
lifeguard, the boys continued to surf
before, it was so familiar to him that it
dangerously close to the pier.
seemed.......he had known it all his life.
A) In spite ofC)
According to
B) Besides
D) However
E) Regardless
A) other than
B) as though
C) much like
D) such as
E) as much
ELS Q 559
B) whether
D) how
E) just
A) consequently
B) despite
C) otherwise
D) however
E) on the contrary
32. We stopped to shelter under some trees,
......the heat of the sun had become
unbearable.
B) despite
D) by the time
E) until
33. Our chance of success Is very small
Indeed; .......I suggest that we shouldn't
even try.
A) on account q
nevertheless
E) in contrast
B) even then
D) therefore
56O D ELS
A) even though
B) otherw ise
q however
D) therefore
E) as much as
36. Y our high -h eeled shoes m ay Indee d be
the latest fashion and extrem ely stylish,
......th e y a re no t the lea s t bit s uita ble for
a ten-mile hike.
A) yet
q so
B) such
D) as
EJfor
A)
provided q
B) Because
D) Until
E) Despite
B) therefore
D) so that
E) otherwise
B) Since D)
Whereas
E) Moreover
A) as though
C) therefore
E) even so
B) no matter
D) furthermore
A) So
that C)
B) In case D)
Whether
E) Not only
B) Just as
D) As a result of
E) Instead of
Passive: Before she was elected Prime Minister, she worked as a university
teacher. Before being elected Prime Minister, she worked as a university
teacher.
(Note: Ksaltma yaparken "before" atlamaz.)
ELS Q 561
b)
When
When, arka arkaya yaplm eylemleri ifade eden iki cmleyi balyorsa; active cmlede when +
clause yerine on/upon + doing kullanlr.
When she finished her report, she left the office.
On/upon finishing her report, she left the office.
Passive cmlede ya da "be" fiilinin asl fiil olduu cmlede, zne ve "be" fiili atlr; when + past
parciple/a noun/adjective kullanlr.
When he was a young man, he was very ambitious. When
a young man/When young, he was very ambitious.
When they are used too often, sedative drugs may cause addiction.
When used too often, sedative drugs may cause addiction.
When, baz cmlelerde "while" anlamnda kullanlr. Yani temel cmle ile yan cmledeki
eylemler ayn zamanldr. Bu durumda ksaltma, when + doing biiminde yaplr.
When you are travelling abroad, make sure you have traveller's cheques with you.
When travelling abroad, make sure you have traveller's cheques with you.
c)
Until, since
Until, active cmlede de ksaltlabilir, ancak passive cmlelerde ksaltma daha yaygndr.
Until I went to Australia, I had never seen a kangaroo.
Until going to Australia, I had never seen a kangaroo.
Prepositions must be studied until they are learnt by heart.
Prepositions must be studied until learnt by heart.
Since, "...den beri" anlamndaysa since + doing/being done biiminde ksaltlr.
Since I came to this city, I have lived in the same house.
Since coming to this city, I have lived in the same house.
Since it was occupied by the USA, Iraq has gone from bad to worse.
Since being occupied by the USA, Iraq has gone from bad to worse.
d)
Neden-sonu ilikisi bildiren clause'larda as, since, because gibi balalar atlarak doing
-being done/having done - having been done kullanlr.
Because she is married now, she has more responsibilities.
Being married now, she has more responsibilities.
Since she was tired, she went to bed early.
Being tired, she went to bed early.
Eer adverbial clause'daki eylem temel cmledeki eylemden nce gereklemise, having
done/having been done kullanlr.
Because I sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty walking.
Having sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty walking.
Because I had sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk.
Having sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk.
Because he had been transferred to a remote branch, he resigned.
Having been transferred to a remote branch, he resigned.
562 Q ELS
Perfect Participial phrase (having done/having been done), Trke'ye, because, after, when ve
bazen de relative clause yapsnda evrilebilir.
1. First, the students finally graduated from university.
2. Then, the students had a big party to celebrate their graduation.
3. Then, the students woke up quite late the following morning.
Yukardaki cmleler, ayn zneler tarafndan gerekletirilmi eylemleri ifade etmektedir.
Vurguladmz eye gre bu cmleyi birka ekilde balayabiliriz.
After/When the students had finally graduated from university, they had a big
party to celebrate their graduation; and after they had had the party, they
woke up late the following morning.
Because the students had finally graduated from university, they had a big
party to celebrate their graduation; and because they had had a big party, they
woke up late the following morning.
The students, who had finally graduated from university and (had) had a big
party to celebrate their graduation, woke up late the following morning.
Bu cmlelerin hepsini, perfect participial phrase kullanarak ayn biimde ksaltabiliriz. Phrase
cmlenin banda, zneden sonra, ya da cmlenin sonunda yer alabilir.
Having BnaJfy graduated from university and (having) had a big party to
celebrate their graduation, the students woke up late.
The students, having nalfy graduated from university and (having) had a big
party to celebrate their graduation, woke up late.
The students woke up late, having nalfy graduated from university and
(having) had a big party to celebrate their graduation.
(Sonunda niversiteden mezun olunca/mezun olan/mezun olduklar iin ...)
Having travelled more than eight hours, the passengers felt exhausted.
(Sekiz saatten fazla yolculuk yapm olan/yaptiklan Iin/yaptiktan
sonra/yapnca yolcular bitkin dtler.)
Adverbial clause'da be + adjective kullanlmsa, bu yapy being + adjective ya da sadece
adjective biiminde ksaltabiliriz.
Because she Is responsible for opening the office, she has to be there early.
Being responsible for opening the office, she has to be there early. Responsible
for opening the office, she has to be there early.
Olumsuz cmlelerde not doing/not having done kullanlr.
Because I don't know her phone number, I can't call her.
Not knowing her phone number, I can't call her.
Because she hadn't slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning. Not
having slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning.
Neden-sonu ilikisi bildiren cmlelerde, temel cmleyle yan cmlenin zneleri farklyken de
ksaltma yapmak mmkndr. Ancak ksaltmada her iki cmlenin de znesini belirtmek
gerekir. rnekleri inceleyiniz:
ELS
563
Because our car is broken down, we have been travelling to work by bus since
last week.
Our car being broken down, we have been travelling to work by bus since last
week.
As the weather was cold, we had to cancel the picnic.
The weather being cold, we had to cancel the picnic.
As the manager has gone abroad for a conference, the assistant manager will
preside over the meeting.
The manager having gone abroad, the assistant manager will preside over the
meeting.
Because there was a serious accident on the highway, we had to wait for a
long time.
Hiere being a serious accident on the highway, we had to wait for a long time.
e)
Koul cmlesi oluturan balalardan If, unless, as If ve whether...or not ksaltlm yapyla
kullanlabilir.
If they were collected together, his poems would fill a volume.
If collected together, his poems would fill a volume.
Unless this case is explained properly, it will continue to confuse people.
Unless explained properly, this case will continue to confuse people.
..,-.
She was speaking strangely, as if she was trying to conceal something from us.
She was speaking strangely, as if trying to conceal something from us.
As if he was unknown to everyone there, he came to the party and left
immediately, without saying a word.
As if unknown to everyone there, he came to the party and left immediately,
without saying a word.
Whether they are cooked in the oven or deep-fried, aubergines are my
favourite vegetables in summer.
Whether cooked in the oven or deep-filed, aubergines are my favourite
vegetables in summer.
f)
Although, though
2.
When you are loading these boxes, make sure that they remain in an upright
position.
3.
4.
Before she sealed the envelope, she checked the contents of the letter once more.
5.
6.
When he opened his wallet, he realized he didn't have enough money to pay the bill.
7.
You should write your name at the top of the page before you answer any of the
questions.
8.
Because he had driven through a red light, he wasn't at all surprised when the
police stopped him.
9.
As there were no seats left on the flight, we were obliged to travel by train.
10. Since he started his own business two years ago, he has been doing remarkably
well.
11. Although stamp collecting isn't so popular as it used to be, it is still a favourite
12. Because the children had never seen an elephant before, they were really excited
13. As they are amphibians, frogs can live both in water and on land.
14. If this flood is not brought under control, it could destroy the homes of thousands
of people.
15. When you receive a new credit card, you should always check the expiry date.
16. As there was heavy congestion at that time of day, we decided to walk rather than
drive.
17. Unless they are supported after treatment, alcoholics often suffer relapses.
18. Until wearing a seatbelt was made compulsory by law, it had often been ignored by
drivers.
19. When he was asked who the job had been given to, the manager refused to
comment.
20. Although my sister's job is much less stressful than mine, it provides her with a
higher salary.
EXERCISE 17: In the sentences below, there Is something odd In meaning. Rewrite them so
that the Intended meaning is clear.
Example: While cooking dinner, a saucepan boiled over and scalded him.
While he was cooking dinner, a saucepan boiled over and scalded him.
1.
2.
On reaching the top of the hill, the view completely overwhelmed them.
ELS Q 565
3.
Being terribly drunk, the car went out of control and hit a lamp-post.
4.
Never having looked after his teeth properly, more than half of them are already
decayed.
5.
Having opened the oven door too often, the cake I was baking sank in the middle.
6.
7.
Having examined the pattern carefully, the dress seemed easy enough for me to
make.
8.
While explaining the future perfect continuous, the janitor came in and asked me
what time the class finished.
9.
Having greedily eaten everything in the fridge, there was nothing left for his
flatmate.
10. After reporting her car stolen, the train seemed the best option for her journey
home.
HOW TO COMMUNICATE
manager instructed that in future all communication with him must be in
writing.
The following morning, he met an elderly member of staff, who
silently produced from his waistcoat pocket a small card and presented it to
him. On it, in copperplate handwriting, were two words:
"Good Morning."
(from Reader's Digest)
Shortly after being promoted, our over-zealous young production
566 a ELS
NOT
--------------------------------------------------------------------^
Beside ve besides arasndaki aynna dikkat ediniz.
She sat beside me at the meeting. (O, toplantda benim yanmda oturdu.)
j
\
NOT........................................................................................
"Besides" bazen "except (for)" ve "apart from" ile kartrlmaktadr. Aralarndaki
anlam ve kullanm farklar iin rnekleri inceleyiniz.
Yukarda da deindiimiz gibi, besides, belirtilen bir zellie ayn dorultuda bilgi ilave
etmek iin kullanlr: olumlu bir zellie olumlu; olumsuz bir zellie olumsuz ilave
yapmak gibi. Bu nedenle, "de, da" anlamn veren "also" ile birlikte ok sk kullanlr.
Besides Spanish, she (also) speaks Portuguese and Catalan.
(= She speaks Spanish; she also speaks Portuguese and Catalan.) -.,.
(spanyolca'nn yan sra, Portekizce ve Katalanca da konuuyor.)
Except (for) "hari, dnda" anlamn verir ve sz edilen eyi dnda tutar.
She's amazing! She speaks all of the Romance languages except (for) French. (=
She doesn't speak French, but she speaks all the other Romance languages.)
Yukardaki cmleyi Trke'ye, "Franszca hari/dnda, btn Roman dillerini
konuabiliyor." biiminde evirebiliriz. Ancak Trke'de "dnda" ifadesi ok net deildir ve !
bazen "yan sra" anlamna da gelmektedir. Fakat, ngilizce'de "except (for)" "belirtilen e \
dahil
degif
anlamn
verir.
j
Apart, from "dnda/hari", "dnda/yan sra" anlamlarnn her ikisini de vermektedir.
Sz edilen enin "dahif mi yoksa "hari" mi olduu genellikle konumann akndan
karlr.
Apart from English, she (also) speaks German and French. (=
She speaks English; she also speaks German and French.)
(ngilizce dnda/ngilizce'nin yan sra, Almanca ve Franszca da konuuyor.)
"No/nothing/nobody" gibi olumsuz anlam tayan szcklerle kullanldnda, "besides,
except for, apart from", de ayn anlam verebilir.
ELS Q 567
l O -1 0 IN V E R S IO N
Inversion "cmle iinde bir szcn yerini deitirmek' anlamna gelir. ngilizce'de bu yer
deitirme genellikle cmlenin znesini ve yklemini etkiler ve elde edilen cmle "devrik
cmle" olur.
Inversion eitli biimlerde yaplabilir. Yaygn kullanmlar yle sralayabiliriz.
1.
Negative Exclamations
Olumsuz soru biimindeki baz cmleler aslnda soru deil, nlem cmlesidir ve devrik
yapdadr.
Hasn't your little boy grown since I last saw him!
Doesn 't she have beautiful eyes!
.Aren't you selfish!
2.
Ksa cevaplarda kullanlan "so", "neither" ve "nor", sadece yardmc fiil kullanlarak yaplan
devrik cmle yapsdr.
- I think Pele was a better player than Maradona.
- So do I.
- I can't stand cold coffee.
- Neither can I.
"Nor", bamsz iki olumsuz cmleyi balarken de devrik cmle yaps kullanlr.
She didn't have any money, and she didn't know anyone she could borrow
some from.
She didn't have any money, nor did she know anyone she could borrow some
from.
Ayn kullanm "neither" ile de mmkndr, ancak "neither" dan nce "and" kullanmak gerekir.
My wife and I can't stand opera, and none of our friends can either.
My wife and I can't stand opera, and neither can any of our friends.
Bamsz iki olumlu cmleyi balarken "so" kullanlr, ancak "neither" da olduu gibi, "so" dan
nce "and" kullanmak gerekir.
He was born in Hull, and his father was too
He was born in Hull, and so was his father.
3.
ngilizce'de dilek, ilenme vb. duygulan ifade eden ve "may" ile balayan baz deyimler aslnda
devrik cmle yapsndadr
May you always be happy!
May the road rise to meet you! (Irish toast)
May God bless you!
4.
a)
Bu szcklerin hepsi temelde ayn anlama sahiptir. Ancak "barely ever" devrik cmle yapsnda
pek kullanlmaz.
568 a ELS
b)
hardly ... when/scarcely ... when/barely ... when/no sooner ... than
Bu kalplarn hepsi hemen hemen ayn anlam verir. Past Perfect/Past Simple kombinasyonu en
yaygn kullanmdr, ancak dier tense'lerle de kullanlabilirler. "Barely ... when" kalbnn devrik
cmlede kullanm pek yaygn deildir.
They had hardfy/scarcefy entered the building when the fire alarm went off.
Hardly/Scarcely had they entered the building when the fire alarm went off.
He had no sooner broken up with Linda than he fell in love with another girl. No
sooner had he broken up with Linda than he fell in love with another girl.
c)
"In/under any circumstances" devrik cmle yapsyla kullanlmaz. Olumsuz bir fiille dz cmle
biiminde kullanlr. Devrik cmle yapmak iin "In/under no circumstances" kullanlr.
You should not, under any circumstances, place your finger into an electrical
socket.
Under no circumstances should you place your finger into an electrical socket.
You are on no account to open any of these presents until Christmas morning.
On no account are you to open any of these presents until Christmas morning.
d)
v) only If
"Only If', "only when (after, before)" gibi, temel cmlede devrik yap gerektirir.
I'll lend you the money, but only if you agree to pay it back within two weeks.
Only if you agree to pay it back within two weeks will I lend you the money.
e)
f)
g)
not till/until
not only
Bu kalpta devrik cmle yaps, "not only" nin bal bulunduu yan cmlededir.
The king believed not only in his divine right to rule, but also that he himself
was infallible.
Not only did the king believe in his divine right to rule, but he also believed
that he himself was infallible.
i)
not + object
She hasn't said a single word since she arrived.
Not a single word has she said since she arrived.
j)
nowhere
The tango Is appreciated nowhere more than in the land of its birth, Argentina.
Nowhere is the tango appreciated more than in the land of its birth, Argentina.
5.
Karlatrma yapan kalplarda "as" ve "than" den sonra devrik cmle yaps kullanlabilir.
The Cambodian leader Pol Pot was a murderous dictator, as was his Ugandan
contemporary idi Amin.
She is a much better swimmer than is her brother.
"Than" ile yaplan karlatrmalarda, dz cmle kullanmak da mmkndr. Cmlenin
yklemi "be" fiili ise genellikle ikinci tarafta fiil kullanlmaz.
I'm a lot more patient with children than my sister is.
I'm a lot more patient with children than is my sister.
I'm a lot more patient with children than my sister.
"Than" ile karlatrma yaparken, devrik cmle kullanm, ancak iki taraftaki zneler farklysa
mmkndr.
I play the flute much better now than I did five years ago.
("/ play the uute much better now than did I five years ago." yanl bir ifade olur.)
57O Q ELS
6.
Eer yer bildiren bir zarf vurguyu artrmak iin cmlenin bana getiriliyorsa, genellikle devrik
cmle yaps kullanlr.
Out comes the sword from its sheath.
Through harbours and ports pass cargoes and travellers.
Under the bush lay the body of Jimmy Hoffa.
Down the road came the soldiers.
Up the stairs ran the children.
Here comes John now.
There goes the train.
Birbirini takip eden olaylar anlatrken kullanlan "flrst/second/then" gibi ifadelerle devrik cmle
yaps kullanlabilir.
Many historians believe that the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations
emerged first then came the Indus River Valley and Minoan civilizations, and
finally the Chinese civilization centered on the Huang He River Valley.
7.
a)
b)
c)
571
EXERCISE 18; Rewrite the following sentences using Inversion. Use the patterns given In
parentheses.
1.
I don't like the way you are acting, and I will not tolerate it any longer. (.......nor ...)
2.
Civilization couldn't really begin to develop until farming had been discovered,
about 10,000 years ago. (Not until]
3.
She told her son that he must not, under any circumstances, give chocolate to his
baby sister, as she was severely allergic to it. (Under no circumstances)
4.
I certainly wouldn't want to live in a big metropolitan city if I were given the choice,
(without "if)
5.
She'll only be able to come to the party if she can find someone to give her a lift
back home. (Only ifl
6.
The destruction of books ordered by the Chinese emperor Shih Huang Ti in the 3rd
century BC was so complete that almost nothing remained. (So... that]
7.
You haven't lifted one finger to help me around the house since we got married! (Not.)
8.
They've hardly ever come to any of the events we've invited them to. (Hardly ever)
9.
If we hadn't gone to the party last night, we certainly wouldn't have had as much
fun as we ended up having, (without "if)
10. The police tank came down the street menacingly, and the protestors ran away,
11. She claims that she has drunk alcohol only once in her life, but I know for a fact
12. The orchestra had barely begun their performance of the Beethoven symphony
13. If you get to the meeting early tomorrow, could you please inform Mr. Wiles that I'll
15. It was such an embarrassment last night that I will never be able to show my face
16. I was able to get the stereo working only after I had read the instruction manual
17. Irish author James Joyce left Ireland forever in the early 20th century; his
compatriot and friend, Samuel Beckett, did the same about 30 years later. (...,
as...) (Do not use "the same".)
18. Mr. Loman had no sooner stepped in the door than his wife slapped him across the
19. One seldom gets the chance to see two legendary musicians performing together on
20. My mother and father have never been out of the United States, and none of their
57* Q ELS
EXERCISE 19: FUl In the blanks in the passages below with the correct choice.
Considered the most influential architect of
his time, Frank Lloyd Wright designed about
1,000 structures. (1) .......a pioneer (2) ........
ideas were well ahead of his time, Wright (3)
......for acceptance of every new design.
Although Wright's work was always
controversial, he was recognized in Europe as
early as 1910, with the publication of his
drawings in Germany. In 1925, the Dutch
architectural magazine Wendingen produced
a book of his life's work, and Architectural
Forum devoted entire issues to his work in
1938 and again in 1949. He (4) .......the gold
medal of the Royal Institute of British
Architects in 1941, but it was not (5)........
1949 that he received a similar medal from
the American Institute of Architects.
1.
A) as much as
B)So
D) Such
A) Even
C) As
B) the
most
C) so many
E) Rather
D) more
than
E) much more
7.
2.
B) whose
D) that
A) where
C) which
A) when
E) whom
B) whose
C) in which
D) how
E) for what
A) will be fighting
B) ought to fight
C) has fought
D) had to fight
E) may be fighting
4.
A) exposed
B) to expose
C) being exposed
D) exposing
E) expose
9.
A) has been awarded
B) used to be awarded
C) could have awarded
D) had awarded
E) was awarded
A) Since
B)
Although
C) No matter
D) Just as
E) However
5.
10.
A) instead
B) by the time
D) while
A) until
C) when
E) since
B) despite
C) thus
D) otherwise
E) though
ELSa 573
B)if
D) as long as
A) in
case C)
E) whereas
16.
A) having swum
C) swum
E) swam
12.
A)
Since
B) Otherwise D) No
matter E) Even though
17.
A) whether...or
B) either...or
C) neither...nor
D) both...and
E) not only...but also
13.
A) just
B) such as
C) rather than
D) moreover
E) much as
B) swim
D) to swim
18.
A) had made
B) used to make
C) was making
D) has made
E) should have made
14.
A) has stored
B) were stored
C) will have stored
D) is storing
19.
E) is stored
A) although
C) even if
B) owing to
D) however
E) despite
15.
A) is left
B) to be left
C) has left
D) left
20.
A) Besides
C) Since
to D)
When
E) having left
574 Q ELS
E) Instead of
TEST YOURSELF 10
1-35. sorularda, cmlede bo braklan
yerlere uygun den szck ya da fadeyi
bulunuz.
3.
I t 's h i g h l y p r o b a b l e t h a t , u n le........w
ss
ith
g r e a t c a r e , t h i s g l a s s w a ........d
re
urin g the
move.
A)handling/m ight break
B ) h a n d l e d / w il l b r e a k
C) to handle/breaks
D ) t o h a n d li n g / i s b r o k e n
E) h a n d l e / h a s b r o k e n
8.
t o re a c h
having reached
having been reached
being reached
to be reaching
12.........o f t h e d a n g e r s m a n y t i m e s b y h i s
A )T o w a r n
B ) T o b e w a r n in g
C) To have w arned
D )H a v i n g w a r n e d
E) H a v i n g b e e n w a r n e d
ELS a 575
A) To be working
B) Having been worked
C) To have worked
D) Having worked
E) Worked
20. Although Patrick O'Brian........writing
until he was over 60, he........more than
20 novels up to now.
A )h a s n ' t s t a r t e d / h a s b e e n w r i t i n g
B ) c o u ld n 't s t a r t/ w r it e s
C ) h a d n ' t s t a r t e d /w a s w r i t i n g
D )w a s n 't s ta r t in g / i s w r it in g
E) d i d n ' t s t a r t / h a s w r i t t e n
21.........o f a ffectio n d u rin g h is ch ild h o o d ,
th a t b o y h a s d ifficu lty fo rm in g p ro p er
r e l a t io n s h ip s w i th h is c la s sm a te s.
A ) D epriving
B ) T o b e d ep riv ed
C ) H av in g d ep riv ed
D ) To dep riv e
E) Having been deprived
16.........a ll o u r o p t i o n s, th e b o a r d h a s
d e c id e d th a t e x p a n s io n In to th e E u r o p e an22. Seeing that the horses ........heavily, I
thought they .......for a considerable
m ark e t w o u ld n o t b e fea sib le at th is tim e.
distance.
A) To consider
A) have sweated/will be galloping
B) Considered
B) were sweating/had been galloping
C) Having considered
C) have been sweating/are galloping
D) To have considered
D) had sweated/will have galloped
E) Being considered
E) sweat/have galloped
17. Traffic .......to the adjacent street while
23. According to the police report, the
the natural gas pipes .......In our street.
robbery .......place about one hour after
the gallery ..........
A) has been diverted/are laying
B) will be diverted/are being laid
A ) h as tak en /clos ed
C) diverted/were laid
B) would take/has closed
D) was diverted/laid
C) took/had closed
E) had diverted/were being laid
D) is taking/will close
E) had taken/would close
18. I don't know whether she ........the
demonstration or not, but certainly no
2 4.........this opponent on two previous
one.......seeing her there.
occasions, the player Is quite confident of
victory tomorrow.
A) attends/is reporting
B) attended/reported
A) Having beaten
B) To beat
C) had attended/will have reported
C)
Beating
D) Beaten
D) is attending/was reporting
E) To have beaten
E) will have attended/reports
57* Q ELS
A) Neglected
B ) H aving been neglected
C) Having neglected
D) To be neglected
E) To neglect
A) got/has accumulated
B ) h a d g ot/w ill a c c u m u la te
C ) w a s g e ttin g / a c c u m u la te s
D ) w o uld g e t/w o u ld a c c u m u la te
E) h a s g o t / a c c u m u l a t e d
B) so
D) yet
E) nor
ELS a 577
B) instead of
D) however
A ) ho w ev er/s in ce
B ) w he re ve r/w h ile
C ) even if/de spite
D)how/unless
E) in c a se /the re fo re
E) whereas
38. Tourists are allowed to stay in the
country for three months........theyVe got
enough money to live on without taking a
job.
B) provided that
A) whereas
D) besides
C) even though
E) by the time
39. The airline only allows 20 kilos of
baggage per person, so you should pack
your bags carefully.......exceed the limit.
A) as much as
B) unless
C) no longer
D) in order to
E) so as not to
40. Today's cameras have automatic devices
that relieve the picture taker of any
thoughts.......concentrating on his or her
subject.
A) no matter
C) in case
E) other than
B) whereas
D)
B) because
D) thus E)if
49.
A) provided that C)
as though
E) just when
B) whereas
D) in case
578 ELS
A) Even though
B) Ever since
C) Only when
D) Provided
E) Hardly ever
......a tunnel has been built through the
mountains, the Great St Bernard Pass, in
the Swiss Alps, is much less dangerous
than before.
B) However
A) No matter
D) Therefore
C) Now that
E) Due to
B) until D)
unless
E) when
B) No matter D)
Rather than
E) Except that
B) Instead of D)
Despite
E) Until
B) Owing to D)
In order to
A) yet C)
before
E) otherwise
B) in spite of
D) even if
B) furthermore
D) even though
E) In view of
54.........reading a book on the train, I looked
up and suddenly realized that I was
sitting next to a famous pop star.
A) As
C) Even if
B) Although
D) Unless
E) While
B) however
D) consequently
E) though
ELS a 579
:3i yalan'Trke
A) B ir s or un un k a y na n b u lm a d a n o nu
orta d a n ka ldrm a ya a l m a nn pe k
yarar olmaz.
B) B ir s o r u n u ta m a m e n o r ta d a n
kaldrabilm eniz iin nc e sorunun
kaynan bulmanz gerekir.
C) B ir sorunu n k a yn a n bu lm a d a n, o
sorunu ortadan kaldra ca k yn tem le ri
belirleyemezsiniz.
D) B ir sorunu orta da n ka ldrm a k i in en 96. In contrast with the speed of
technological changes, changes In
iyi yntem , n ce so ru nu n ka yna n
traditions take a considerable amount of
bu lm a k , so nra on u y ok e tm e nin
time.
yollarn aramaktr.
E) B ir s or un u o rta da n ka ld rm a nn
A) Gelenekler, teknolojinin deitii
yolla rn a ra m aya k oyulm a da n n ce
kadar hzl bir ekilde
sorunun kaynan bulm anz gerekir.
deim emektedir.
B) Teknolojik gelimelerdeki hzn aksine,
94. The cost of scientific research can be
geleneklerin deim esi bir hayli
extremely high, especially if it involves
z a m a n a lm a kta d r.
the use of expensive equipm ent.
C) Teknoloji hzla deitii halde,
geleneklerin deim esi olduka uzun
A) B ilimsel aratrm alarn m aliyetinin
srm ekte dir.
ok yksek olm asnn balca nedeni
D) G e le ne kle rin de i m esi uz un zam an
alrken, teknolojik deim eler byk
pa hal e kipm an kullan lm as dr.
bir s ra tle ger ekle m e kte dir.
B) z ellikle pahal ekipm an kullanlm as
E) Teknolojinin hzla ilerlemesi
zorunlu olan bilim sel aratrm ala r ok
geleneklerin de byk lde
pa halya m a l olm a kta dr.
de i m es ine n e de n olm u tur.
C ) B ilimsel aratrm a, ok pahalya mal
olsa da, ze llikle pahal ekipm an
97. Unlike many other cities, Canberra, the
kullanm ay gerektirm ektedir.
capital of Australia, was first planned and
D) B ilim se l a ra trm ad a ok paha l
then established.
ekip m an kullan lm as gerekiy orsa
doal olarak maliyet de ok yksek
A) A v us tra lya 'nn ba ke nti C a nb e rra ,
olur.
n c e p la n la n m , s o n r a k u ru lm u
E) ze llikle pahal ekipm an kullanmay
oldu u ndan dier birok e hird en o k
farkldr.
gere ktiriyorsa, bilimsel aratrmann
B) D ier birok ehrin aksine,
maliyeti ok yksek olabiliyor.
A v ustra ly a'nn b ake nti C anb erra
k u r u l m a d a n n c e p la n la n m b i r
95. Since very little of Its land is suitable for
ehirdir.
farming, Alaska imports about 90 percent
C)
A v ustra ly a'nn b ake nti C anb erra 'n n
of its food from the other states.
dier birok ehirden fark, nce
p l a n la n m , s o n r a k u r u l m u
A) Topraklarnn ok az tarma elverili
olmasdr.
olduu iin Alaska yiyeceinin
D) A v us tra lya 'nn ba ke nti C a nb e rra ,
yaklak yzde doksann dier
dier birok ehirden farkl olarak,
eyaletlerden ithal eder.
n c e p la n la n m , so n ra ku ru lm u tu r.
B) Tarma elverili topraklan ok az olan
E) A v us tra lya 'nn ba ke nti C a nb e rra ,
k u r u lu u n d a n n c e p la n la n m
Alaska'nn yiyecek gereksiniminin
olmasyla dier birok ehirden farkl
hemen hemen yzde doksan dier
bir zellie sahiptir.
eyaletlerden ithal edilmektedir.
584 Q ELS
cmleye anlamca en yakn ingilizce W101. Edgar Allan Poe, Amerikan karakterler,
temalar ve mekanlar yerine, belli bir
zaman olmayan yerler ve insanlar
hakknda yakmtr.
A) Rather than placing his characters in
American settings and using
American themes, Edgar Allan Poe
chose to write about timeless places
and people.
B) Instead of American characters,
themes and settings, Edgar Allan Poe
wrote of timeless places and people.
C) The places and people Edgar Allan
Poe wrote about are not typically
American; rather, they are timeless.
D) Although he himself was American,
the characters, themes and settings
that Edgar Allan Poe wrote about were
timeless.
E) Instead of writing about his
contemporary Americans, Edgar Allan
Poe chose his characters, settings and
themes from the American past.
CREATE pEACE.
ANONYMOUS
ELS a 587
UNIT 11
Prepositions
Prepositional Phrases
INTRODUCTION
ngilizce'de "preposition" ok geni kapsaml bir szck grubudur. Cmle iindeki balca
ilevi, cmlenin dier eleri arasnda, zellikle de isimler arasnda balant kurmaktr. Bir
preposition' dan sonra noun, pronoun, gerund ve noun clause gelebilir.
a)
AT
Saatlerle at kullanlr.
Our classes start at 9 and finish at 12.
Yesterday, I left work at 6 o'clock sharp.
What time .......? ile sorulan sorularda ve bu sorulara verilen ksa yantlarda at genellikle
kullanlmaz.
- (Af] what time does the meeting
- (Aft 9 o'clock in the morning.
;88
ELS
start?
Age:
Other points
of time:
at + time:
(Note: American English'de Christmas iin genellikle "at Christmastime", Easter iin ise, "on
Easter' kullanlr.)
We are planning to set off at dawn. (afakta ...)
Most people were living in great poverty at that time. [O zamanlar ...)
He left home at the age of 15. (15yanda ...)
They are working on a new project at the moment/at present. (u anda ...)
Weekend ile British English at, American English on kullanr.
We usually go to the cinema at the weekend/on the weekend.
At the end ile In the end arasndaki ayrma dikkat ediniz. In the end, finally anlamndadr ve
kendinden sonra baka bir isim gelmez. At the end ise, bir eyin/bir srenin sonunda anlamn
verir: at the end of the month, at the end of the week, at the end of the term, etc.
He had been out of work for months, but in the end, he found a good job. I will
be paid at the end of the month. Then I can pay you back.
b)
ON
on (one's) birthday
on Christmas Day
on 12th October
on Monday morning on
that date on (one's)
wedding day
IN
in January, in December
in 1988, in the mid-1920s, in the 1960s
in (the) summer, in (the) spring
in the 20th century, in the Middle Ages
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
in the middle of the night
ELS a
589
IN + A PERIOD OF TIME
In two days, In a few hours, In three years. In a week, etc. gibi ifadeler gelecekte bir zaman
belirtir. Bu ifadeleri In two days' tne, ta three years' time, ta a week's time biiminde de
kullanabiliriz.
We are moving into our new apartment in two weeks/in two weeks' time.
(ki hafta sonra ...)
They are going to get married in three months/in three months' time.
( ay sonra ...)
In + a period of time ifadesi bu anlamda " "apostrophe + time" biiminde kullanlmaz. u iki
rnei karlatralm:
You will have to eat lunch in (within) halfan hour.
(Yemeini yarm saatte/yarm saat iinde yemek zorunda kalacaksn.)
You will have to eat lunch in halfan hour/in halfan hour's time.
(Yemeiniyarm saat sonra yemek zorunda kalacaksn.)
between... and
between 1975 and 1980
between 9 and 6
between Monday and Friday
after
before
before 1996
before 2 o'clock
before Friday
since
since Monday
since 1980
since 5 o'clock
between
592 Q ELS
NOTES:
a)
During ile while ayn anlam ifade edecek ekilde kullanlabilir. Ancak during' den
sonra bir isim, while' den sonra bir clause (subject + verb} gelir.
Suddenly, I began to feel unwell during the lesson.
Suddenly, I began to feel unwell while I was teaching.
I visited lots of places during my stay abroad.
I visited lots of places while I was abroad.
b)
Until ve by, Trke'ye ".... e kada" biiminde evrildii halde farkl anlamlar ifade
ederler.
Until, eylemin sz edilen zamana kadar devam ettiini ve o noktada bittiini ifade eder.
Last night, I studied until midnight
(= Last night I stopped studying at midnight.)
By ise eylemin en ge sz edilen zamanda gerekleeceini ya da sz edilen zamana kadar
gereklemi olduunu ifade eder. Yani eylem, belirtilen zamandan daha nce bitmi olabilir.
I had finished all my work by midnight
(= When midnight came, I had no work to do.)
EXERCISE 2: Complete the sentences with "during" or "wMe".
There were a few extremists among the crowd, and they caused a great deal of
trouble.....................the demonstration.
2. I'll ask my next door neighbour to look after my plants.....................I'm away on a
business trip next week.
3. I was so nervous....................the interview that I could hardly speak.
4. I've received about ten phone calls.....................the last hour.
5. A fire broke out last night at the Swan Theatre.....................the play "King Lear" was
being performed.
6. The fire at the Swan Theatre broke out.....................last night's performance of
"King Lear".
7. It was very rude of him to leave his mobile phone switched on.....................he was
in class.
8.........................his interrogation was being broadcast on television, the Chairman was
speaking at an international conference.
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Can you hold this dress for me..................... 5 o'clock? I'll bring the money then.
If you haven't brought the money.................... 5 o'clock, I'll have to put the dress
back on sale.
We must be there.....................7.45 as the dinner will be served at 8.00 o'clock
sharp.
They didn't arrive....................8.15, so they missed the starters, which had been
served at 8.00.
There wasn't a cloud in the sky....................lunchtime, when the sky suddenly
became overcast.
We hope to have finished the project....................the end of the month.
We won't know the result of the campaign.....................Monday.
We'll know the result of the campaign....................Monday.
ELS Q 593
EXERCISE 41 Complete the sentences with the prepositions explained In parts 11-2 and
11-3. In some sentences, more than one answer Is possible.
at
on
to
from
594 Q ELS
(zerinde, yzeyinde
anlamn verir.)
(ynelme bildirir.)
(bir yerden ayrlma ifade eder.)
Into
(bir eyin "iine doru"
hareket bildirir.)
out of
(bir yerden "dan kma" anlamn verir.)
round/around
beyond
by
past
through
throughout
(btn bir alan kaplama
anlamn verir.)
across
along
among
(ikiden fazla eden oluan
bir grubun iinde)
between
(iki ya da daha fazla eden oluan dzenli
bir grubun arasnda anlamn verir.)
up
down
above (= higher)
(dzey olarak zerinde, daha yksekte
below (= lower)
(dzey olarak allnda, daha aada
anlamn verir.)
ELS a 595
over
(bir nesnenin dier bir nesnenin zerinde olduunu
ifade eder. Nesneler birbirine deebilir.)
under
against
in front of
behind
inside
(iinde, ieride anlamlarn verir.)
outside
(darda, dnda anlamlarn verir.)
NOTES:
a)
b)
Birinin hala yatmakta olduunu ifade etmek iin in bed kullanlr. Ancak yatan
zerindeki bir nesneyi on (the) bed biiminde ifade edebiliriz.
It's already past 10 o'clock but he is still in bed.
Don't put your jeans on my bed.
c)
d)
"Nehirde yzmek' anlamnda in the river kullanlr. Ancak nehirdeki sandal, gemi, vb.
tatlann durumunu ve bir nehir zerine kurulmu yerleim merkezinin konumunu on
the river biiminde ifade edebiliriz.
It is not safe to swim In this river because of the currents.
Paris is on the river Seine.
There were a few boats on the river.
596 Q ELS
e)
Ayr ayr iki nesnenin birbirlerinin nnde/ardasnda olduunu in front of/behind ile
ifade ederiz. Ancak ayn zemin zerinde nde/arkada derken at the front/at the back
kullanlr. rnein snfn nnde (n tarafnda) demek iin at the front of the
classroom, snfn arkasnda (arka tarafnda] demek iin ise at the back of the
classroom ifadelerini kullanmamz gerekir.
Go, get, fly, drive gibi fiiller ynelme bildiren preposition "to" ile kullanlr.
He is going/flying/driving to Ankara tomorrow.
When I got to work, I found everybody in a deep silence.
Arrive fiili, village, town, city, country gibi bir yerleim merkezine varmak anlammdaysa in;
station, school, work, meeting, etc. gibi bir noktaya ya da aktiviteye varmak anlammdaysa at ile
kullanlr.
We arrived ta Ankara at dawn.
I arrived at my destination rather early.
Bu fiiller, home, abroad, here ve there ile kullanldnda preposition almaz.
"Bir eye yetimek/bir eyi almak iin uzanmak' anlamnda reach fiili for ile kullanlr.
Why don't you ask me to pass you the butter instead of reaching for it yourself?
EXERCISE 5: Complete the sentences with the prepositions of place.
1.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
8
.
9
.
10. Be careful! Don't lean anything
11. Victoria Falls, one of the world's mightiest waterfalls, is.................the Zambezi River
................ east-central Africa.................the border.................Zambia and
Zimbabwe.
12. Only relatively close stars can be seen with the naked eye. To see the stars that lie
...............them, we must use devices such as telescopes.
13. One of the smallest countries in the world, the Maldives is a chain of nearly 1,200
small coral islands................the Indian Ocean. Situated southwest of India, the
islands extend more than 764 kilometres................ north................ south and 130
kilometres................an east-west direction. All of the islands are low-lying - none
rises to more than 1.8 metres ............... sea level.
14. The famous river that George Washington and his troops went................ on a
stormy Christmas night in 1776 was the Delaware, which flows................. the rich
and densely populated Middle Atlantic region of the United States.
15. Don't forget to put your lights on when you drive.................the tunnel.
STAY INSIDE
Flying home from a visit to my daughter, we encountered a lot of
turbulence. The pilot, reassuring us that we would shortly fly above the rough
weather, reminded us to keep our seat belts fastened and remain in our
seats. Soon after, he got back on the intercom, lifted the restrictions and
said, "If you wish, you may now unfasten your seat belts and walk around a bit
- but stay inside.
(From Reader's Digest)
>
After they'd repaired his car, he gave the garage a cheque for 50.
a demand/a need for something
The traffic problems clearly show the need for better roads.
an advantage/a disadvantage of something
there Is an advantage/a disadvantage In/to doing something
>,.
"
EXERCISE 7; Complete each sentence with one of the phrases from the list below. Use each
phrase only once.
a) in error
b) in ink
c) in pain
d) in tears
e) in vain
ft in trouble
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
g? in public
h) in short
Q in silence
J) in captivity
Icf in fashion
I) in tune
m) in turn
n) in particular
o) in time
p) in a moment
q) in practice
ij in person
I don't know how people can walk in the really high platform shoes that are
................at the moment.
The doctors tried for hours to save the patient's life, but it was all..................
because, at 3 o'clock this morning, he died.
Each answer should be started on a separate page and written...................
preferably black.
The professor said that the book had first been published in 1941, but he was
.................because I know for a fact that it came out in 1939.
If you are going to see that film, take plenty of tissues with you because, I
guarantee, you'll be.................by the end of it.
The two skiers knew that they were.................as they were lost somewhere off the
marked runs, and it was getting dark and very cold.
According to the company rules, the marketing manager is supposed to authorize
all discounts personally; however, .................he leaves the majority of decisions up
to the salesmen.
The two aid workers were taken as hostages and kept.................in a small room
with no lighting or ventilation for two months.
Of all the places I want to visit in Turkey, I am....................interested in visiting
Mount Nemrut.
Haven't you heard the latest gossip? Well, I don't have much time at the moment to
tell you all of it, but..................it's about the affair between head of the public
relations and a client.
I'm sorry, we can't make exceptions for anyone, madam. To be fair to everyone, each
patient is seen...................
The actress is so famous that when she goes out...................she has to disguise
herself; otherwise, she is mobbed by her admirers and the press.
The professor was trying to start an open discussion on the subject, but the
students just looked at each other................., so the professor had to ask them
more direct questions.
There were too many wounded soldiers for the doctors to attend to them
immediately, so many of them had to lie there.................while they were waiting to
be seen.
My father has been to a party at Buckingham Palace recently, which makes him the
only member of our family ever to have met the Queen....................
If you wouldn't mind taking a seat here, your table will be ready.....................The
waiter is just laying it for you.
Whether or not they can sing..................every child will take part in the musical
we are preparing for the end-of-term party.
At first, the news that he wouldn't be able to walk again came as a shock to
everyone in the family, but................., they all got used to it.
ELS Q 6OI
EXERCISE 8: Complete the sentences with one of the phrases from the list below. Use
each phrase only once.
ai) in the circumstances
b) in cash
c) in order
d) in danger
e) in debt
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
f) in pieces
gl in the suburbs
h) in a hurry
1} in sight
J) in advance
k) in conclusion
1) in demand
m) in general
n) in common
o) in progress
Please slow down a little. I know that we are..................but I would rather get
there alive and late than dead and not at all.
The man who owns the hot dog stand on the main road went over to the auto lot
yesterday and paid for a new car...................He must be earning really well!
We apologize for any inconvenience we are causing to the residents while the
renovations are...................
He is fifty years old and now unemployed because the factory has closed down. You
would think...................he'd be demoralized, but he isn't. In fact, he is quite
enthusiastic about the future.
They have so many interests.................that everybody thought they would get
along great, but it turns out that they don't like each other at all.
We complete a customer card and then place the card in this box. You'll see that
the cards are.................alphabetically.
It is quieter and cleaner..................but I miss the nightlife and shopping facilities
of the city centre.
There are still some areas of the economy that need attention, but...................the
government's measures are working.
It's a good idea to train as a translator because they are..................these days, so
you won't have any problems finding a job.
If you are coming to Istanbul, let me know.................and I will arrange some
interesting things for you to do.
I think we have discussed all the items on today's agenda....................I'd like to
remind you that our next meeting will be on March 10th, so I hope to see you all
there.
She likes hiking in remote areas, where there is neither a house, a road, nor any
other sign of civilization...................
When he came back into the room only to find his mobile phone..................on the
floor, he realized that he shouldn't have taken his eyes off the youngster for even a
minute.
He has quite a well-paid job, but he spends more than he earns, so it's no wonder
he is always...................
If they are still out at sea in this storm, then their lives are seriously....................
6OZ Q ELS
b)
EXERCISE 9: Complete the sentences with one of the phrases from the list below. Use each
phrase only once.
a) on average
b) on board
c) on fire
d) on foot
e) on guard
f) on sale
J) on the increase
k) on (one's) own
J) on the phone
w) on the hour
n) on television
o) on a diet
) on strike
p) on (one's) way
h) on occasion
q) on the whole i) on
(that) date
r) on the outskirts
s) on loan
t) on purpose
u) on holiday
v) on a trip
w) on a tour
1$ on a cruise
y) on an expedition
1.
I received a postcard this morning from my mother and father, who are..................
at a summer resort in Spain at the moment.
2. The workers who were.................stood at the gates of the factory holding banners.
3. The soldiers who stand.................outside Buckingham Palace wear the traditional
uniform of the Queen's own regiment.
4. Since it was confirmed that he is suffering from diabetes, he has been...................
which was specially designed for him by his doctor and excludes most sweet foods.
5. As a receptionist, she spends a lot of her time.................talking to customers and
explaining the service.
6. In Cappadocia we went.................which included an underground city, some rock
churches, and an old stopping place on the Silk Road.
7. If we don't have time to visit the duty-free shop at the airport, we can buy cigarettes
................the plane.
8. A: Why is there a big red star here on your calendar?
B: Because my mother's birthday is....................
9. I'm afraid he's.................to France at the moment to inspect the new factory, but
he will be back in the office on Friday.
10. A lot of the people who have moved into Istanbul lately have chosen to live
................because the houses are cheaper there.
11. Two scientists were killed.................which was organized to photograph one of
Japan's active volcanoes.
12. The electricity does go off out here..................but it normally comes back on within
the hour.
13. The vegetables were a little over-cooked for our taste, but...................it was a
delicious meal.
14. My parents are going.................around the Pacific Ocean on a luxury liner, which
has its own swimming pool, casino and ballroom.
15..................., 70% of the human body consists of water.
16. The USA has the highest divorce rate in the world; moreover, divorces are.................
with a higher rate from one year to another.
17. This famous Picasso painting is on display at New York's Metropolitan Museum, but
it does not belong to them. It is.................from a rich businessman.
18. At the height of the blaze that swept through the Amazon rain forest, an area
equivalent to the size of France was...................
19. You shouldn't help him with his homework every time he asks as he has to learn to
do it...................
20. I'm sure that she didn't leave your name off the list.................... She has probably
just forgotten that you said you wanted to go.
21. The match will be shown live.................at 8.30 p.m. Do you want to watch it at
our house?
22. The double-decker bus from here to the centre leaves every hour..................
throughout the day.
23. She likes the clothes at that shop; however, she can only afford to buy something
when it is.................because their prices are so high.
24. When the river became too dangerous to navigate, the two explorers had to continue
their journey through the thick jungle....................
25. Jake was going to revise for his history exam this morning, but he met Gill
................to the library and they went to the coffee bar instead.
ELS
603
NOTES:
a)
on time/In time
b)
"Be/go on holiday/vacation" ifadesi, eer "holiday/vacation" m nnde the, a, my, your, etc.
gibi bir szck varsa "go for a/the/my holiday/vacation" biiminde kullanlr.
Let's not talk about business now.
We are on holiday/vacation.
We usually go to Bodrum for our holidays/vacations.
EXERCISE 10: Complete the sentences with "in" or "on".
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I was surprised that the train departed...........time, because normally it's delayed.
She got there just...........time to find her seat before the concert started.
We won't be...........time for the news report if we don't hurry up.
If you think that the show will start exactly...........time, we'd better get there about
fifteen minutes early to find good seats.
I hope we arrive........... time to have a meal before the meeting starts.
The lesson didn't finish...........time, so I missed the bus I normally catch.
A temporary secretary is starting on Monday and working for two weeks because
our normal secretary is going...........holiday.
The Smiths have been going to Blackpool...........their holidays for as long as I can
remember.
Are you going away anywhere...........your next holiday?
Shall we go...........vacation in September this year because it really gets too hot in
Antalya in August?
I'm planning to go to Singapore...........my vacation next year.
We had only been...........holiday for five days when we received the terrible news.
6O4 D ELS
c)
EXERCISE 12: Complete the sentences with a phrase from the list below. Use each phrase
only once.
a) out of luck
b) out of order
c) out of practice
d) out of the question
e) out of danger
f) out of debt
) out of reach
b) out of tune
1} out of work
J) out of sight
Is) out of fashion
1) out of place
1.
A lot of men have been.................in the region since the coal mine closed down
last winter.
2. Your going to a discotheque in the city at your age is...................You absolutely
cannot go.
3. The carriage became disconnected from the engine of the train and sped..................
back down the mountain until it crashed at the bottom.
4. The lace-up leather shoes made by this shoemaker have never been...................
They are as popular with businessmen today as they were in the thirties, when the
company started making them.
5. Because he borrowed so much money while he was a student, it will be some time
before he is...................
6. You don't have to stay in bed any longer, but you must keep warm and not go
.................for another week because the slightest breeze may cause the illness to
recur.
7. I thought the shop might still have some fresh bread left, but I was..................and
we had to manage without any.
8. Why is it that the juiciest blackberries, which look so delicious, are always just
................? Look, at those on the top, they look so nice!
9. The edition you want is.................now because they have published a second
edition.
10. Radar is an electronic system which allows a ship's crew to detect vessels which are
................and thus can be seen neither through binoculars nor on telescope.
11. I wouldn't eat that yoghurt if I were you. Look at the stamp on the lid. It is
12. This automatic vending machine must be..................because it took my money but
hasn't given me my drink.
13. Well, I can give you a game of tennis if you like, but I'm really....................I haven't
played for over two years.
14. I believe that brutal "sports" such as cockfighting, bullfighting, and hunting are
................in a civilized society.
15. The headmistress wants her niece to sing the solo in the school musical. How can
we tell her without hurting her feelings that the girl sings completely..................?
16. If we go away.............................prices will be cheaper but not all of the facilities for
tourists will be open.
17. I climb up four flights of stairs to my office in the morning, so when I reach the top,
I'm.................and have to struggle just to say good morning to my colleagues.
18. Once the explorers had successfully negotiated the dangerous currents, they were
................and they navigated the rest of the river easily.
ELS Q 60S
d)
EXERCISE 13: Complete each phrase below by using the following prepositions.
at
for
a)...........control
b)...........far
c) ..........first
d) ..........guarantee
e) .......... delay
from
by
f)...........least
g)...........mistake
h) ..........last
1) ..........fail
J) ..........most
under
without
k) ...........the influence
1) ............time to time
m) ........... length
n) ...........the time being
o) ...........no means
EXERCISE 14: Complete the sentences with a phrase from the list above. Use each phrase
only once.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, whose output was enormous especially in view of his
short life, was........................the most productive composer of all time.
2. If you ever turn up for work........................of alcohol again, you will be dismissed
instantly.
3. One reason, but........................the only reason, that British Prime Minister has
become so unpopular is that he gave the pensioners such a small rise in their
pensions.
4. It has taken the European Union a long time to agree on policy towards climate
change. I'm glad they have taken some positive action...........................
5. They have disinfected the farm from which the disease originated and destroyed all
the livestock. The authorities now claim that the situation is...........................
6. We only have seven hundred pounds........................to spend during the holiday,
though it'll be better if we don't spend all of it.
7. Julie doesn't work here any more, but she calls in........................to see how we ar
all doing.
8. Every day, .........................he went out for a walk, even when the weather was
awful.
9. Could you please send a workman to inspect our drains.........................? They need
urgent attention.
10.........................., I thought she was rude, but once I had got used to her direct
manner, I grew to like her.
11. He described........................how he was captured and tortured by the Japanese
during the Second World War, and I felt obliged to listen to him till the end in order
not to appear rude.
12. It will cost........................one hundred pounds to repair your car and I must warn
you that it could be far more than that.
13. Fortunately, my computer was still.........................so I didn't have to pay anything
for the repairs.
14. We'll use an extension lead.........................although we should have an extra
electric socket fitted as soon as possible.
15. I bought the wrong printer cartridge.......................... The shop refunded my
money, though, which was nice.
1.
606 Q ELS
EXERCISE 15: Complete each phrase below by using the following prepositions.
at
for
a)..........accident
b) ..........age
c)..........pressure
d)..........now on
e) ..........instance
from
by
f)............times
g) ...........any rate
h)............all means
1)...........doubt
j) ...........short
under
without
k)............the impression
1) ...........warning
m)............random
n)............a change
o) ...........heart
EXERCISE 16: Complete the sentences with a phrase from the list above. Use each phrase
only once.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
ELS Q 607
f) in danger of
kj on the point of
b) in touch with
on the strength of
I) in love with
c) in charge of
h) in return for
m) on behalf of
d) in favour of
i) at the age of
n) in the habit of
o) in common with
I wonder who will be put.................the office while the manager is away next week.
2. The crow and the raven have much.................each other, but ravens differ in that
they are slightly larger and much less social than crows.
3.....................my giving you a lift to work this morning, can you get a few things from
the shops for me while you're there?
4. Just as we were.................closing the shop for the day, a customer rushed in and
demanded to be served.
5. If you are not.................her, why do you keep sending her flowers?
6. Having retired from work.................68, she decided to buy a caravan and travel
round the world.
7. I'm not.................using animals for testing cosmetics on; consequently, I'm always
very careful about the products I buy.
8. I'm not.................gossiping about my friends, so you can stop trying to pry stuff
about their personal lives out of me.
9. Because of the cancellation of several orders recently, the company is..................
going into liquidation.
10. They had been considering divorce, but decided to stay together..................the
children.
11. I think we should get.................Tony and tell him about the changes to our
schedule.
12. As Sarah isn't.................Alan, I can't really invite both of them to come with us,
can I?
13. Are you sure we should go ahead just.................this report? Shouldn't we do some
more research first?
14...................all your friends and colleagues here, I would like to congratulate you on
your new appointment.
15. I'm sure I know the answer to this question. It's right.................my tongue!
1.
608 G ELS
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
I don't know why she thinks she can make a career as a singer. She's quite devoid
...............talent.
We're much obliged................you for all the trouble you've taken to help us.
She was thrilled................the present her parents gave her for her birthday.
Your new bag is quite similar................your old one, isn't it?
We weren't satisfied................the explanation they made.
I feel sorry................ her because she finds it so difficult to make friends.
Entry to the course will be limited................those who got over 70% in the exam.
A surprisingly large number of people are allergic................ dairy products.
Since her accident she has been subject................violent mood swings.
I was aware................the changes to the schedule, but Mary wasn't, so she wasted
her time going to the office on Saturday for the meeting, which had already been
cancelled.
If you had been more polite................him, he might not have gotten so angry with
you.
That restaurant is notorious................overcharging its customers.
His latest novel is vastly superior................his previous work.
He became used................getting his own way all the time.
I'm hopeless ...............maths, so I always carry a pocket calculator.
It isn't good................you to have to handle so much stress.
I'm curious................why she decided not to come with us.
The film was only loosely based................the book.
I hope you aren't annoyed ...............me.................forgetting to bring your scarf
back.
You shouldn't be jealous................her. You're much prettier than she is.
He's mad................cricket and never misses a match.
I'm grateful................you.................getting the information to me so quickly.
We're running short................sugar, so I'm just going out to get some more.
That remark was just typical................his whole attitude.
The soil in our garden is rich................nutrients, so everything grows really well.
WORRIED ABOUT THE NEIGHBOUR
My husband, Jerry, and I had a neighbour who worked evenings.
Without
fail, his car's piercing headlights would illuminate our bedroom
precisely at
12:20 a.m. as he turned into his driveway. My husband would
awaken
immediately and deliver a tirade about inconsiderate people.
One night, I was awakened by Jerry's tossing and turning. "Are you ill?" I
whispered.
"No," he said. "But it's nearly 2 a.m., and that guy hasn't come home yet. I'm
worried about him."
(from Re ader's Digest)
ELS a 609
I don't feel................cooking tonight, so I'm sending out for some Chinese food.
2. You don't seriously believe................ghosts, do you?
3. Did you hear................the debate in parliament today?
4. What's happened................your hair? It looks terrible!
5. Which area of medicine do you intend to specialize................?
6. I would never vote................that terrible man, even if someone paid me to.
7. I'm not prepared to comment................the situation until I've studied the report.
8. We could all benefit................an early night tonight as it'll be a hard day
tomorrow.
9. You haven't been quarrelling................your sister again, have you?
10. She found it hard to adjust................living alone after her husband died.
11. That man was so rude that I'm definitely going to complain.................the manager
................him.
12. If dinner isn't ready soon, we'll probably all die.................hunger!
13. You wouldn't have driven................the tree if you'd been paying proper attention.
14. Although he's resigning................the board, he will still remain as a director of the
firm.
15. You must have heard................him. His records are on the radio all the time these
days.
16. While you were looking................your address book, you didn't happen to see my
cheque book, did you?
17. He suffers................ quite a bad stammer, especially when he's nervous.
18. I'm going to vote................his proposal because I believe it would be damaging for
the company.
19. We were hoping................good weather today, so we laid the tables out in the
garden, and now it's raining!
20. Their house is hidden................the road by a large hedge.
21. I'm not looking................your answers; I'm trying to read your terrible handwriting!
22. Please don't touch those. They don't belong................me.
23. I hope he's forgotten................the dreadful argument we had last week.
24. Have you applied................that company................. the accountancy position yet?
25. I don't approve................buying products from that country because of their
terrible political system.
1.
61OQ ELS
2.
3.
4.
Divide the cake .................. equal slices; otherwise, the children will accuse me
..................his finest.
6.
7.
Please don't involve me ..................this case. It really has nothing to do with me.
8.
When he pointed the gun ..................me, his hand shook so much that I knew he'd
never fire it.
9.
sank.
18. If you had spent a little more time
' '"'
'
his speech.
23. Will you remind him..................the money he owes me when you next see him?
24. Everybody complimented her..................the beautiful dress she was wearing.
25. For this recipe, the meat needs to be cut..................thin slices.
ELS D 611
EXERCISE 21: Match each phrase on the left below with its definition on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
take part in
make sense of
play a trick on
put pressure on
take advantage of
pay attention to
take pleasure in
take charge of
keep an eye on
have confidence in
11. ca tch sigh t of
12. lose count of
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
1)
J)
k)
1)
EXERCISE 22? Complete the following sentences using the phrases on the left above. Use
each only once with the correct form of the verb.
1.
After the birth of her baby boy, Ellen got the name of a pediatrician
v
from her mother. "This is the doctor who took care of you when you were a
',.'
baby," her mother said. "/And I think he is still in practice."
Ellen got into contact with the doctor, and during his examination of the
,,>
baby, she remarked, "You were my pediatrician when I was a newborn."
'"* i
"/Ah," replied the doctor, "I thought you looked familiar to me!"
(From Reader's Digest)
v
612 nKI-
EXERCISE 23: Match each phrase on the left below with Its definition on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
take no notice of
make room for
have an effect on
pay a compliment to
take pride in
set fire to
catch a glimpse of
have a look at
take one's mind off
take care of
make a recovery from
make contact with
a) give praise to
b) turn one's attention away from
c) start something burning
d) ignore
e) influence
f) allow or prepare space for
) get over
h) look after
1) see briefly
j) get in touch with
k) be proud of
1) take time to see
EXERCISE 24: Complete the following sentences using the phrases on the left above. Use
each only once with the correct form of the verb.
I.
I think the doctor should .......................................... that cut. It seems quite serious to
me.
2.............................................anything he says! He really doesn't know what he's talking
about.
3. She.....................great.......................her children's successes and gives them lots of
support and encouragement.
4. I only.........................................them when you pointed them out to me, so I doubt
that I'd be able to recognize them again.
5. Children should be encouraged to .......................................... their teeth from a young
age so as to avoid dental problems later in life.
6. While he was trying to light the barbecue, he accidentally ...........................................
one of the trees in the garden.
7. The doctor says she's ......................an excellent .......................her illness and will be
back at work soon.
8. My husband has only ever ..........................................me once - and that was about
my cooking, not my appearance!
9. While I was away, I ......................................... a number of people who seemed very
interested in our organization.
10. Nothing we say ..................... any......................her. She just continues to do exactly
as she wants.
II. Perhaps an evening out somewhere will help you .........................................your
problems at work.
12. Yes, of course you can bring your friend with you. We can easily ..................................
another person in our cottage.
ELS Q 613
A) out of doors
B) in sight
C) on the outskirts
D) on their own
E) on average
2. They give weather reports.......from 7
p.m. to midnight, and I find it really
annoying to hear the same things every
sixty minutes.
A) on
time C) in
3.
B) on the hour
D) at random
E) without warning
fashion
6.
7.
6X4 Q ELS
8.
B) in captivity
A) on their own
D) at length
C) out of reach
E) in danger
9.
EXERCISE 23: Match each phrase on the left below with Its definition on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
take no notice of
make room for
have an effect on
pay a compliment to
take pride in
set fire to
catch a glimpse of
have a look at
take one's mind off
take care of
make a recovery from
make contact with
a) give praise to
b) turn one's attention away from
c) start something burning
d) ignore
e) influence
Q allow or prepare space for
) get over
h) look after
1) see briefly
J) get in touch with
k) be proud of
1) take time to see
EXERCISE 24: Complete the following sentences using the phrases on the left above. Use
each only once with the correct form of the verb.
I.
A) in the habit of
B) on the point of
C) in love with
D) on behalf of
E) in return for
16. The car was running smoothly, when
......, the engine exploded.
A) in particular
B) on time
C) for a while
D) all at once
E) by no means
17........their need for water and lumber for
pulp, paper mills are often located on the
banks of rivers, in remote forest areas.
B) In addition to
A) On account of
D) Even though
C) In spite of
E) In case
18. Many recreational outdoor sports-angling
and rowing
get very poor coverage
- are very
popular but
; on TV.
A) by no means
B) for instance
C) all at once
D) on occasion
E) in the least
19. The secretary attended the monthly
meeting ...... her boss, as he was away on
holiday.
A) in place
of C) in spite
of
B) in addition to
D) in return for
E) in case
of
20. The new government has to change many
things, but......., it should concentrate on
the economic situation.
A) first of all
C) all at once
B) on average D)
at the rate
E) in return
A) first of all
B) all at once
C) at any rate
D) by no means
E) without doubt
A) without doubt
B) under control
C) at random
D) in common
E) on the increase
24. There must have been.......two hundred
people at that party last night. It was
packedl
A) for instance
C) on purpose
E) at least
B) in vain D)
by chance
A) by no means
C) in advance
E) at first
B) out of
doors D) in
common
A) by heart
B) on purpose
C) under repair
D) at a glance
E) on occasion
28. If the men.......had been doing their jobs
properly, the break-in would never have
occurred.
B) off duty
A) by force C)
D) in debt
on guard
E) under suspicion
29. I sincerely hope that she Isn't.......
treating customers so discourteously.
A) on behalf of
B) in common with
C) for the sake of
D) in the habit of E)
on good terms with
30. I'm glad you managed to.......his speech
because I had absolutely no idea what he
meant.
A) play a trick on
B) make contact with
C) make sense of
D) pay a compliment to
E) lose count of
ELS Q 615
B ) by chance
D ) on th e contra ry
E ) in sh ort
B) On the whole
D) At first
E) In
progress
45. When his prototype car failed to start,
Professor Tumpy realized that all his
efforts had been.........
A) in silence
B) in vain
D) in debt
C) in public
E) in common
46. I explained the concept to him........
illustrating it by concrete examples, but
he still didn't understand what it really
meant.
A) for short
C) at least
B) on average D)
at length
E) by far
616 Q ELS
B) on the whole
D) by chance
E) in
A) on purpose
B) under control
C) in the circumstances
D) by mistake
E) out of order
ELS
617
EXERCISE 26: Fill In the blanks In the passages below with the correct choice.
One of the most notable directors of action and science fiction motion pictures, James
Cameron wrote and directed the movie "Titanic", an epic film that, despite its running time of
three hours, became one of the biggest-grossing films in American film history. "Titanic" was
Cameron's first attempt (1) ......making a historical drama. He spent three years (2) ........ the
film; researching, writing, producing, directing and editing it. His complete involvement (3)........
the filmmaking process and his insistence (4) ......maintaining historical accuracy down to
even the minutest detail reinforced his reputation (5).......being a perfectionist. He even had a
detailed model of the ship built almost to scale. Such expenditures contributed (6) ...... making
"Titanic", (7) ......a final production cost of more than 200 million dollars, the most expensive
motion picture made (8) ......that point. After months of bad publicity generated by the large
budget and several postponed release dates, the film opened to record sales and critical
acclaim (9) ......December 1997. One month later, Cameron won the Golden Globe award (10)
......best director.
1.
6.
A) to C)
from
A) for
C)in
B)at D)
on
E) with
B
E) about
7.
from
2.
A) with
C) for
on
E) through
A)
about C)
from
B) to
D)
B
)
E) towards
a
r
o
u
n
d
8.
D
)
w
i
t
h
3.
A) in
Qat
A) since
C) while
BJfor
D) on
B)
duri
ng
D)
upo
n
E) up to
E) round
9.
A) with
C) on
E) to
A) since
C)in
B) into
D)
along
5.
B) on
D)by
E)at
10.
A) with
Q for
B)through
D) around
E) from
6X8 Q ELS
A)
about
Owith
E) among
B)
to
D)
for
(11) ....... the 1930s the Tennessee River was virtually uncontrollable. In dry seasons it shrank
(12).......a mere trickle, and (13)..........heavy rainfall, it flooded lowlands and washed away
fertile soils. Croplands were continually eroded, and very little effort was made(14) ........ soil
conservation. Although the Tennessee Valley was rich (15) .......natural resources, its
inhabitants remained poor, and the area was almost totally devoid (16) .......industrial
development. To help lift the region (17)........poverty, a corporation named the Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA) was created by the United States government(18) ........May 18, 1933.
Its chief purpose was to harness the Tennessee River and its tributaries for flood control and
navigation. A second purpose was to bring electrification to the area. (19) .......the last few
decades, TVA has been successful (20)........both, but the secondary purpose - electrification soon assumed primary significance. In bringing electricity to the seven-state area it serves, the
TVA is now the largest utility firm in the United States.
11.
16.
A) Until
C) With
B) Since
D) When
A) of
Qi n
B) with
D) from
E) Upon
EJfor
12.
13.
17.
A) to C)
from
BJfor
D) with
A) into
C) within
E)in
E) through
B)
out
of
D)
abo
ut
18.
A) at the time
B) for the time being
C) at a time
D) from time to time
E) in time of
A) since
C)in
E) at
14.
B)
till
D)
on
19.
A) over
C) into
B) toward
D) within
A) Over
C)
Above
B)
Below
D) Until
E) along
E) Since
15.
20.
A) with
C)in
B)for
D) about
E) from
B)at D)
A) for
C)in
along
E) with
ELS Q 619
A mythological king of Phrygia, Midas has become a symbol of foolish greed. He once did a
favour (21) ......the god Dionysus, and Dionysus promised to grant him anything he wanted.
According to the story, Midas asked that everything he touched might turn (22) ...... gold. The
request was granted, but the king soon regretted it when he found that this applied even (23)
.....his food. Thus he had to ask Dionysus to take the gift (24) .........
(25) ......another occasion, Midas judged a musical contest (26) .......Pan and Apollo. He
awarded the prize to Pan, and in revenge, Apollo gave him a pair of ass's ears. Midas hid his
ass's ears (27) ......a cap, but his barber discovered the secret. The barber longed to tell but
was afraid (28) ......the king. Finally he dug a hole in the ground and whispered (29) .......it:
"King Midas has ass's ears." A reed grew from this hole, and when the wind blew, the reed
whispered the secret (30) ......everyone.
21.
26.
A) of
Qfor
B) from
D) with
A)
along Q
over
E) about
B) between
D) upon
E) among
22.
27.
A) in
A) onto
Q under
B) up
D) to
Q off
E) out
B) over
D)
below
E) down
23.
28.
B)to D)
in
A) with
Qfor
A) from
Q about
E) over
B) with
D) out of
E) of
24.
29.
A) back
Q up
B) on
D) around
E) over
A)
across Q
below
B)
beneath
D) into
E) upon
25.
30.
A) With
Q From
B)By
D)In
E) 0n
A) with
Qfor
B) to D)
from
E) through
.. - j ;.;
A) with /in
B) of /during C) for
1. /through
D) about/ since E) in/for
I've been looking ......... the want ads ....... a
5. A) on occasion
B) in public C) in
advance
D) by mistake E) at
once
Bill took Nancy out for Ice cream, and
......... , we hurriedly prepared the birthday
6.
7.
A ) in charge of
B ) on th e s tre ng th o f
C ) on th e point of
D ) in da nge r of
E) on th e tip of
14. It is........tha t sh e w ill fail he r exam s,
b e c a us e s h e h a s n' t do ne a ny w o rk
throug ho ut th e w ho le se m e s te r.
A ) in dem and
C ) by heart
B ) beyond doubt
D ) in advance
ELS
621
A) on/betw een
B) to/among
C) for/upo n
D) in/w ith
E ) at/from
19. Ted Is leaving.......a conference.........
Friday afternoon.
A ) at/in
B ) to /a t D )
C ) on /by
from/to
E) for/on
20. W hen I first.......he r, she w as s o
beautiful that I didn't know w hat to say.
A ) kept an eye on
B) got on w ith
C) grew out of
D ) se t eyes on
E) p u t u p w ith
21. Phil doesn't realty sm oke, but he does
enjoy a cigarette..........
A) for instance
B) by no means
C) at the time
D ) on the hour
E) from time to time
A) across
C) between
E) from
B) among
D) along
B) for/in
D ) a bou t/from
E ) a t/a b o u t
B) towards/on
D) along/to
E)
over/about
B) out of place
D) on the whole
22. S ince she looked so young, the guard at 29. Douglas didn't want to.......his mother's
the do or thou ght sh e w a.......a
s
nd d id n 't
good nature by asking her to help out
w ant to let her Into the disco.
minding the children, as she had already
A ) under the influence
B ) unde r age
C ) for short
D ) out of sight
E) in progress
622 Q ELS
A) take advantage of
B) play a trick on
C) take charge of
D) take part in
E) make sense of
A) by/about C)
about/with
E) on/in
B) towards/from
D) for/of
B) with/about D)
in/from
E) for/with
B) against/for D)
towards/to
E) on/about
B) at/against D)
from/with
E) at/for
B) out of luck
C) under guarantee
D) without fail
E) at length
A) In/on
B) For/with
C) During/in
D) By/through
E) Upon/at
38........, everybody likes to be on their own
in order to relax.
B) At times
A) In touch C)
D) By heart
For short
E) At once
39. T he police believe that the street gang
......other youths in the area to join them.
A ) c atches sight of
B ) tak e s p le a sure in
C ) m a ke s sen se of
D ) keeps pace w ith
E) p u ts p r e ss u r e o n
40. T he c o m m o n a s su m p tio.......scien
n
tists
is that the energy crisis w ill deepen
.......
the next few decades.
A) from/on
B) for/by
C ) am ong /during
D ) to/since
E ) betw een/until
41. I don't approve........p u n i sh i n g a n
adolescent.......c uttin g his or her p oc ke t
money.
A) of/by
C) about/for
B) on/with D)
for/without
E)
with/from
A) by/of
B) of/about
C) from/over
D) to/with
E) about/to
43. They had expected a large crowd at their
party, but........their disappointment,
only a few people turned.........
A) in/from C)
for/around
E) with/of
B) about/on
D) along/with
A) at/down
C) in/off
B) with/out
D) to/up
E)
among/on
44. Those going .....the expedition will be
provided......
equipment. all the necessary
A) to/of
C) at/from
E) on/with
B) for/by
D) in/to
ELS Q 623
A ) ac ros s/forC )
B ) into/from
th rou gh /of
D ) u n d e r /a t
E) over/by
46. Surprisingly, M ark looks very old
........a
m a n w h o is o nly........his m id-thirties.
A ) w ith/at
C ) a t /o n
A ) at/w ith C )
B ) in /for
fo r/ab ou t
D ) from /along
E ) o n/fro m
5 3. T he m a n s ta nd ing in fron t of the s h op,
......the re d a n o ra k , w a s sitting
..........us
at the cinema.
B ) for/in
D ) to /a ro u n d
A) on/beside
B) over/above
C) from/next to
D) in/behind
E) out of/below
E) like/of
4 7. T he w o rd w a s ju s........m
t
y tongue , but I
could not quite rem em ber it.
A ) in touch w ith
B ) for the sake of
C ) on behalf of
D ) in c om m on w ith
E) on the tip of
48..........he r e xpe rim e n ts as an a rc hitec t,
Catherina benefited greatly from the
experience of her fa ther, w ho w as also a
prom ine nt arc hite ct.
A ) O n th e po int o f
B ) In c on tra s t w ith
C ) In the c o u rs e o f
D ) In re tu rn fo r
E) In com m o n w ith
49. T h e fa c t th a t T a s m a n ia h a s b e e n
overlooked for so long
........m ore obvious
A us tra lia n a ttra c tions a dds to its app e al.
A ) in the event of
B) on occasion
C) in favour of
D ) at least
E ) w ithout do ub t
B ) W ith/in
A ) Sin c e /a t
D) B y/from
C ) For/w ith
E) B efore/by
55.
624 Q ELS
A) of/until
E) about/since
C) for/about
B) with/against
D) from/after
A)
B) over/for
with/in C)
D) about/with
for/of
E) at/among
B) from/alonA) for/with
D) with/uprn
C) about/without
E) at/through
67. When the train went.......the tunnel,
many of the passengers experienced a
popping sensation.......their ears.
A) near/from
C) around/with
E) about/at
B)
down/near
D)
through/in
A) for/of
C) from/for
E) in/with
ELS Q 625
B) about/by
D) towards/from
E) into/about
A) at/to C)
from/by
626 a ELS
E) of/about
A) in/with
C) for/on
A) T he re a re n o p h o to gr a p h s sh o w in g
w hat the m use um looks like inside.
B) It's not advisable to try to bring a
c a m e r a in to th e m u s e u m .
C) N o one h as e ver ta ke n a p ho to inside
the museum.
D) People are not allow ed to photograph
the in te rio r o f the m use u m .
E) W e w ere only able to ta ke photos of
the m use um 's e xte rior.
perfect.
B) To get the most out of the food, serve
it with wine, though it is still good
without it.
C) It is best to prepare the food using
wine as this enhances the flavour.
D) One of the basic ingredients of the
meal is wine, in one form or another.
E) Wine on its own is perfectly good; it
doesn't have to be with a meal.
90. The way a person decorates his house
usually reflects something of his
personality.
ELS Q 6*7
cfleye
cm leyi bltu
91. The body changes the calories In foods
Into energy, which Is necessary for every
movement we make, from blinking an eye
to running.
A) Vcut yiyeceklerdeki kaloriyi, gz
krpmaktan komaya, yaptmz her
hareket iin gerekli olan enerjiye
dntrr.
B) Yiyeceklerdeki kalori, vcudumuz
tarafndan enerjiye dntrlr ve
bu enerji, gz krpmak ve komak gibi
pek ok hareket iin kullanlr.
C) Gz krpmaktan komaya, yaptmz
her hareket iin gerekli olan enerji,
yediimiz yiyeceklerden salanr.
D) Vcudun, gz krpmak ve komak gibi
hareketleri yaparken kulland
enerjiyi, yiyeceklerin ierdii kaloriler
salar.
E) Gz krpmak ve komak gibi
hareketleri yapabilmemiz iin enerjiye
ihtiya vardr ve vcudumuz bu
enerjiyi yiyeceklerden elde eder.
J)
C)
D)
E)
629
630 G ELS
106.
was
caused by this new system.
K
B) I believe that this new system is not
advantageous as it causes an intense ut
la
competition between the employees.
m
C) In my opinion, this ruthless
al
competition between the workers
ar,
started after the introduction of the
e
new system.
hr
D) I'm not in favour of this new system
in
as it'll certainly start a competition
he
between the employees.
r
ye
E) I think the major drawback of this
ri
new system is that it'll start a fierce
nd
competition between the employees.
en
g
r
ne
n
m
uh
te
e
m
bi
r
ha
va
i
fi
ek
g
st
er
isi
yl
e
so
na
er
di.
A) T
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
f
i
c
e
n
t
f
i
r
e
w
o
r
k
s
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
a
t
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
c
e
l
e
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
e
e
n
f
r
o
m
y.
B) There were
magnificen
t fireworks
displays
everywhere
in the city
during
the
celebration
s.
C) The
fireworks
displays all
over the
city
at the end
of the
celebration
s were
breathtakin
g.
D) The
celebr
ations
conclu
ded
with a
specta
cular
firewo
rks
displa
y that
could
be
seen
across
the
city.
E) At the
end of
the
celebr
ations,
the
firewo
rks
display
s all
over
the
city
were
worth
seeing.
e
v
e
r
y
w
h
e107. ngiltere'nin
nde gelen
r
19. yzyl
e
yazarlarndan
biri olan Mary
i
Ann Evans,
n
bir erkek ismi
olan George
t
Eliot takma
h
adyla
e
yazmtr.
c
A) George
i
Eliot was
t
B)
C)
D)
E)
the
masculine
pseudonym
of the
writer
Mary Ann
Evans,
who was
among the
foremost
novelists
of the 19th
century.
During the
19th
century,
Mary Ann
Evans
wrote
using the
name of
George
Eliot, who
was one of
England's
prominent
novelists
at the
time.
Mary Ann
Evans,
England's
most
prominent
19th
century
writer,
used
the
masculine
pen name
of George
Eliot.
Writing
under the
masculine
pseudonym
of George
Eliot, Mary
Ann
Evans
became
one of the
most
prominent
writers of
the 19th
century.
One of
England's
foremost
novelists
of
the 19th
century,
Mary Ann
Evans
wrote
under the
masculine
pen name
of George
Eliot.
108.D i er
g ezeg en lerd e,
b izim
k end ileriyle
ir tib a t k u rm am z
b ek ley e n
c a n lla r n
bulunduuna
in a n a n
in s a n l a r n s a y s
o ld u k a faz lad r.
D) T h e
number of
b e in g s o n
o th e r
p l a n e ts
w ho are
w a itin g
f o r u s to
c o n ta c t
th em
m ig h t b e
q u ite
h ig h .
E) A larg e
n u m b er o f
p eo p le b eliev e
th at
th e r e is lif e o n
o th e r p l a n e t s
w h ic h
can be
c o n ta c te d .
F D)
r
a
n
c
e
u
n
d
e
r
A) T h e n u m be r
t
o f p eo p le w h o
h
b eliev e
e
th a t th e re a r e
E
b e in g s o n
n
o th e r p la n e ts
g
w a itin g fo r u s
l
to co n tac t
i
th e m is q u ite
s
high.
B) T h e be lie f
h
th a t th e re a re
C
b e in g s o n
h
o th e r p la n e ts 109.B ri ta n y a i le
a
w h o a re
n
F ra n s a 'y M a n
try in g to
n
D
e
n
M
'n
in
c o n ta c t u s i s
e
a
l
t
n
d
a
n
h e ld b y a
l
b i rb i r in e
la rg e n u m b e r
,
balayan
of people.
c
Channel
C) A n u m b er o f
o
p eo p le are
T u n n e l, ta h m in
w aitin g to b e
s
e d i le n d e n 6
co n ta c te d b y
t
m i ly a r d o la r
b e in g s w h ich
d a h a fa z l a y a m a l 6
th e y
b
o lm u tu r.
b eliev e liv e o n
i
o th er p lane ts.
A) I t is e s tim a te d l
l
th a t th e
i
C h a n ne l
T u nn e l, w hic h o
n
c o nn e c ts
d
B rita in to
o
F ra nc e u nde r
l
th e E ng lis h
l
C ha n ne l,
a
c ost m ore
r
tha n 6 billion
s
d olla rs to
m
build.
o
B) C osting 6
b illion dolla rs r
e
m ore tha n
t
th e origin a l
h
e s tim a te , the
a
C ha n ne l
T unne l, w hich n
lies unde r the e
s
E nglish
t
C han nel,
i
c onnec ts
m
B rita in to
a
F ra nc e.
t
C) T h e C ha nn e l
e
T u nn e l,
d
c o nn e c tin g
.
B rita in a n d
B
g l is h
r
C h a n ne l
i
and cost
t
an
a
es tim a ted 6
i
billion
n
dolla rs
a
ove r
n
budget to
d
build.
F E) T h e tun ne l
r
w hic h
a
c o nne c ts
n
B rita in to
c
F ra n c e
e
u n d e r th e
a
E n g lis h
r
C h a n ne l,
e
a nd w hich
c
c ost 6
o
billion
n
dolla rs to
n
b u ild , is
e
known as
c
th e
t
C h a n ne l
e
Tunnel.
d
b110. Yeni alnan
y
koltuklara yer
t
amak iin
h
birka para
e
eyay
C
eskiciye
h
satmaya
a
karar verdiler.
n
n A) If they
e
were to
l
buy some
T
new
u
armchairs,
n
they
n
would
e
have to
l
sell
,
some
w
items to
h
the junk
i
shop to
c
make
h
room for
r
u
n
s
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
E
n
them.
B) In order to
make room
for the
newlybought
armchairs,
they
decided to
sell
a few
items to
the junk
shop.
C) The
newlybought
armchairs
took up
so much
space that
they
decided to
sell some
items to
the junk
shop to
make room
for them.
D) Selling a
few items
to the junk
shop
made
room for
the new
armchairs
that they
had
decided to
buy.
E) They
decided to
sell their
old
armchairs
to the junk
shop to
make
room for
some new
ones.
ELS Q 631
2.
3.
6.
7.
B) below/with D)
from/alongside
E) beneath/from
C) under/by
63X O ELS
A)
for/with C)
9.
B) about/in
D) with /from
E) from/by
B) on/at D)
for/since
E) with/to
B) out of order
D) by far
E) without
warning
B) to/by
D) with/under
E) for/at
A) with/between
C) to/from
B) With/for
D) Of/at
A) About/to
C) From/in
E) For/about
B) out of sight
D) in vain
E) on my way
A) to/for C)
over/to
E) from/in
A) for/with
C) over/on
E) in/for
B) across/off
D) under/down
E)
along/into
B) by mistake
D) in trouble
D) for/about
E) along/around
A) in/through
C) on/along
B) about/to
E) around/to
B) until/by
D) at/on
B) In/with
D) For/along
E) From/to
B) from/at
D) out/with
E) into/for
A) in/around
C) from/to
B) about/in
D) with/for
E) for/without
B) for/with
D) from/without
ELS Q 633
B) for/on
D) out/round
E)
through/in
33. My hotel room, rectangular in shape......
a white ceiling and green walls, was.......
the second floor.
A) in/at
B) on/to
C) below/onto
D) with/on
E) over/for
34. I can't tell the difference.......cheap wine
and expensive, so don't waste your money
.....an expensive bottle.
A) among/about
C) between/on
B) of/for
D) over/to
E) from/with
A) among/in
C) within/by
B) by/at
D) to/to
E) during/during
A) out of doors C)
at most
E) by far
B) at least D)
by mistake
A)
at...on C)
B) without...for
D) with...of
E) on...about
A) at/to
C) on/without
E) in/off
B) under/of D)
during/from
E) with/in
B) about/for
D) from/by
634 Q ELS
B) of/off
D) at/around
E) for/between
B) under/through
D) down/out of
E)
past/beyond
B) to/up
D) for/of
E) about/out of
B) at/in
D) around/up
E) beside/from
B) Among/as D)
Between/at
E)
Beyond/for
52. You cannot continue to blame everyone
else ...... your misfortunes. You must
learn to take responsibility ...... your own
actions.
A) for/for
C) at/over
B) with/with
D) about/of
E) from/to
E) of/with
B) for/to
D) off/for
ELS Q 635
B) at random
D) out of breath
E) on his way
A) at/for
C) from/during
E) with/in
B) about/until
D) by/at
B) by/at
D) to/after
E) through/for
A)
for/over
C)
to/for
B) out of fashion
D) out of season
E) out of
A) out of
doors C) out
debt
B) from/into D)
in/for
E) about/from
B) in/outside
D) at/opposite
E) with/near
B) about/from
D) over/at
E)
between/about
A) among/to
C) from/with
B) for short D) in
common
E) for once
B) with/next to D)
over/in front of
E) about/on
E) on/to
636 a ELS
B)
towards
/with D)
with/about
A) to/out of C)
by/through
E) at/over
B) with/into
D) of/from
B) of/to
D) about/with
E) with/on
B) to/by
D) about/at
B) at/to
D) within/at
ELS a 637
ELS
sorularda,
91. The effects of acid rain can be devastating
to many forms of life. Including human
life.
A) Asit yamurlarnn etkileri, insan
ELS
639
'
B)
C)
D)
E)
B)
C)
D)
E)
642 ELS
UNIT 12
Phrasal Verbs
INTRODUCTION
Phrasal verb, bir fiil kkyle bir adverbial particle'dan oluur ve tredii fiil kknden farkl bir
anlam tar. rnein "take" fiili "almak, gtrmek' anlamndadr. Ancak "take off", "uan
havalanmas" ya da "bir giysiyi karmak' anlamlarn veren farkl szcklerdir.
Parents should bring up (raise) their children properly, (phrasal verb)
Do you think this blouse will go with (match/suit) my checked skirt? (phrasal v.)
Prepositional verb "verb + preposition" biiminde oluur. Ancak, preposition eklendii zaman
fiilin anlam deimez. Preposition'm buradaki grevi ynelme bildirmek ya da fiilden nesneye
geii salamaktr.
She is watting for her boyfriend, (prepositional verb)
He listened to the news very carefully, (prepositional verb)
Baz phrasal verb'lerde (transitive phrasal verbs), fiil kk ile particle arasna nesne girebilir.
Prepositional verb'lerde ise, fiil ile preposition in arasna nesne giremez. Ancak, briefly, angrily,
suspiciously, etc. gibi durum bildiren zarflar girebilir.
Parents should bring their children up properly, (phrasal verb)
I looked at the timetable, (prepositional verb) I
looked briefly at the timetable. I looked at the
timetable briey.
12-1
Phrasal verb'leri transitive (geili), yani nesne alabilen, ve Intransitive (geisiz), yani nesne
almayan fiiller olarak iki grupta inceleyebiliriz.
12-2 TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS
Transitive phrasal verbs, nesne alabilen fiillerdir.
a)
Geili fiillerin bir blmnde nesne iki ekilde yer alabilir: verb + partide + object ya
da verb + object + partide.
She turned off the television, (transitive)
She turned the television off.
They turned down my offer, (transitive)
They turned my offer down.
ELS a 643
b)
Baz transitive phrasal verb'lerde ise fiil kkyle partide birbirinden ayrlamaz.
He got over his Illness remarkably quickly. l
came across an old Mend the other day.
c)
Araya nesne alabilen phrasal verb'lerde nesne me, it, them, you, etc. gibi bir pronoun
ise, bu nesne particle'dan sonra kullanlamaz. Mutlaka fiil ile partide arasnda yer
almaldr.
She turned it off. They
turned him down. I'll
think them over.
d)
Ancak, blnemeyen phrasal verb'lerde, nesne bir pronoun da olsa, yeri deimez. Yine
particle'dan sonra gelir.
He got over it remarkably quickly.
I came across him the other day in a cafe.
The expedition set off at dawn to reach the area before it got too hot.
(intransitive)
By the time we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off. (intransitive)
NOTE: Phrasal verb'lerle ilgili egzersiz ve testleri yaparken, kitabn sonunda yer alan "Mini
Phrasal Verb Dictionary" den yararlanabilirsiniz.
EXERCISE 1: Complete the sentences using the words given below. Use the correct form
of the verb.
look
hold
take
make
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
up
up
up
up
pick up
grow up
blow up
set up
take up
show up
turn up
blow up
As 1 don't have Sam's telephone number at the head office, I'll have to ...................
it...........in the directory.
Getting there and pitching the tents...............................most of the first day, so we
didn't do any sightseeing until the next morning.
All the travellers are getting very impatient because they are being
................................by the slow-moving security procedures at the airport.
You may have to.................................the microphone for the people sitting at the
back of the hall to hear you clearly.
Princess Diana worked hard for a world-wide ban on landmines, devices placed
under the ground which.................................when a person or vehicle touches th
It is important for children to have positive role models while they..........................
Yesterday morning Dave overslept, but he.................................an elaborate story
an excuse to his manager and, surprisingly, he was believed.
The celebrities ................................. a charity to provide a telephone answer servi
for children in distress.
9.
I pick up the mail for my company at the local post office. Our mail
is supposed to be available by 8.30 a.m., but many times it hasn't been ready.
I complained to the central post office, and one morning our local postmaster
was waiting for me. He explained that I had no right to complain, since we
had not paid a "caller" fee for the privilege of collecting our mail early rather
than waiting for it to be delivered.
"Will paying the fee improve our service?" I asked.
"No," he replied. "It will give you the right to complain."
(from Reader's Digest)
EXERCISE 2: Complete the sentences using the words given below. Use the correct form
of the verb.
get down
lay down
cut down
knock down
bring
down turn
down turn
down let
down
break
down settle
down close
down slow
down
1.
EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences using the words given below. Use the correct form of
the verb.
run out
leave out
make out
break out
set out
come out
put out
let out
work out
go out
wear out
pick out
1.
EXERCISE 4: Complete the sentences using the words given below. Use the correct form
of the verb.
call off
come across
put through
pass away
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
flood in
see off
put away
try on
take in
take off
put on
look down on
646 Q ELS
9.
EXERCISE 5 Complete the sentences using the words given below. Use the correct form of
the verb.
catch up on
count against
get through
do away with
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
give away
hand down
die out put
across
pull over
set back
stand up
for tell
apart
I know this greatcoat is old and a bit worn, but please don't give it away to charity
as it was..........................................to me by my grandfather.
The extinction of the dinosaurs is more famous, but a much more massive
extinction had occurred long before - about 350 million years ago - when, for
unknown reasons, about 90% of the Earth's sea creatures.........................................
My sister must have a very heavy foot when she's driving, because she has
.............................................by the police at least a dozen times for speeding in the
last two years alone.
The professor has said that the quizzes we've had this semester are for us only, so
the scores won't..........................................us on our final grades.
I find it difficult to..........................the music of most classical composers
................; it all seems so similar to me.
Of course you don't want to lose your job, but if your boss really is treating you so
badly, you've got to.........................................yourself; after all, he has no right to
treat you like a child.
We were hoping to keep the news of our engagement a secret until we could find the
right time to announce it to everyone, but when my fiance got drunk one night and
started talking, he..........................everything..............................
ELS U647
8. I've been so busy with work lately that I haven't had time to .....................................
all the reading I wanted to do, so I guess I'll just have to wait till my vacation to get
it all done.
9. Although the feudal system was gradually......................................... in most of
Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, it survived in Russia until the year 1861,
when the Russian serfs were freed by Czar Alexander II.
10. The complex mathematics behind Einstein's theory of relativity is so difficult that,
in order to .........................the ideas of the theory.................to the normal person,
imaginary, science fiction-like stories must be told.
11. The standards at my university were not all that high, so I didn't really have any
problems to ...........................................
12. Because of personal problems at home requiring her to take time off work for a few
weeks, the professor has..........................................the due date of the midterm
essay to the end of October.
EXERCISE 6: Complete the sentences using the words given below. Use the correct form of
the verb.
touch down
wait on
see through
put forth
1.
think back on
shut off
put up
make for
wipe out
lay off
kick out
hang over
After the meeting, while we were all relaxing at the pub round the corner, everyone
............................................. a few more, unofficial, ideas for the new advertising
campaign.
2. Whenever he......................................... how badly he treated his ex-wife during
their marriage, he feels deeply ashamed of himself.
3. We sat down in the restaurant, but for about fifteen minutes, nobody
.............................................us, so we ended up just walking out and getting some
fast food instead.
4. Owing to the severe financial difficulties the company is going through at the
moment, we are unfortunately going to have to.......................................... about half
of our workers.
5. The peaceful Arawak Indians - the first encountered by Columbus in 1492 ........................................completely by the Europeans within 100 years.
6. With all my money problems lately, it always feels like something terrible
........................................me.
7. When I first came to live in Istanbul, I had no money for a hotel, but luckily some
friends were kind enough to..........................me............................for a couple of
weeks until I'd found my own apartment.
8. As soon as he realized that his mother had seen the vase he'd broken, the little boy
........................................ the door.
9. She was trying to tell me that she'd had to work late, but I.........................................
her immediately - I knew it was a lie.
10. A drunken man started causing trouble during the speech, so he...............................
by the security guards.
11. After having flown through heavy turbulence, all the passengers sighed in relief
when the plane......................................... safely.
12. After her surgery, the woman - who had no family and very few friends - felt very
........................................from the world while she lay in hospital for weeks.
648 Q ELS
6.
A ) In se a rc h of
B) W ith regards to
C ) In touc h w ith
D ) In the c ourse of
E) O n th e stre ng th of
A) out of
C ) th r o u g h
E) above
2.
B)
from
D)
w itho
ut
7.
A) put out
B ) brou gh t abo ut
C ) c u t a c ro s s
D) flooded in
E) blow n dow n
8.
A)
B) nearly
commonly
D) widely
C) narrow ly
E)
constant
ly
3.
A ) through
C ) out of
A) over
C) across
B) along
D) across
E ) a round
E) among
4.
9.
A) at C)
for
A) with
C )f o r
B) to D )
about
B) from
D) into
E)b y
E) from
5.
B)
behi
nd
D)
abov
e
10.
A ) in addition
B ) on th e c o n tra ry
C ) in re tu rn
D ) for instance
E) on th e o th e r h a nd
A) trying out
B) breaking down
C) putting off
D) taking over
E) wearing out
ELS
649
11.
A) eager
C) excited
A) by the
way
B) on their
own
C) in
advance
D) out of
order
E) by any
means
B) fond D)
envious
E) scared
12.
17.
A) over
C) out of
B) through
D) along
A) lined up C)
taken over
E) put on
E) above
B) broken in
D) laid down
13.
A) on guard C)
out of luck
18.
B) in short
D) at length
E) at random
A) to C)
with
14.
B)
at
D)
on
E) out of
A) putting up
B) turning off
C) trying on
D) looking after
E) showing off
19.
A) come across
hand in
C) make up
B)
D) go
with
E)
carry out
20.
15.
A)
among C)
from
650 a ELS
B) about
D) with
E) around
A) owing to C)
other than
E) just as
B) rather than
D) so much
E X E R C I S E8 : C h o o s e th e c o r r e c t a n s w e r .
1.
W h en e v er sh e In v ites m e to h e r h o u s e, I
h av e to........an ex c u se n o t to g o , w h ic h I
h ate d o in g . I w ish sh e 'd ju s t sto p in v itin g
me.
B ) ru n in to
A ) tak e InC )
D ) call off
make up
E) put out
A ) fo rm in g p art o f
B) go in g in fo r
C ) tak in g p la c e in
D ) tak in g ca re o f
E) c o m in g u p a g a in s t
9.
W e h a d n 't e x p e c te d h im to
................................................
at the
meeting as we thought he
was abroad.
A) get over C)
pass away
E) turn up
B)
put
off
D)
hand
in
2.
T h e n e w b o s........v
s
e r y s tr ic t ru le s a s
s o o n a s h e to o k o v e r th e p o sitio n .
3.
4.
5.
B ) got over D )
looked in to
E ) laid d o w n
B) w en t off
A ) b ro k e o u tC )
D ) c u t a cro ss
clo sed do w n
E ) turn ed up
A ) g e t o n w ith
B ) c a tc h u p w i th
C ) lo o k d o w n o n
D )c o m e u p a g a in s t
E) c u t d o w n o n
E ) w en t o n
6.
B) go offD )
A ) blow u pC )
k eep o u t
d o w ith o u t
E ) b reak in
7.
S h e fa in t e d w h e n w e b r o k e th e n e w s o f
h e r s o n 's d e a t h , a n d o n.......after
ly
w e'd
th ro w n so m e w a ter o n h e r fa c e .
A ) b ro u g h t ab o uCt )
c a m e ro u n d
B ) called at
D ) kept o ff
S h e h as n 't s h o w n h e r fa c e in p u b lic ev e r
s i n c e h e r s o n w a........b
s
y a bus and
killed.
n o t in a h u rry , s o I a s k e d th e t a x id riv er to
so tha t I could
A ) m ak e u p a d m ir e th e
C) set out
view.
D ) cu t d o w n
A ) sp e ed u p
B ) sw itch o ff
E) Ccall
) b rea k d o w n
D ) c u t a c ro s s
off
E ) slo w d o w n
13. I
14. U n fo rtu n ate ly , w e a re to
........to
o
w as
8.
A ) ru n o ve r C )
co m e ro un d
B ) p ass ed aw ay
D ) k n o ck ed o u t
E ) fallen
d ow n
I w a s s t u n n e d to h e a r t h a t s h e w........
as
th e b e a u ty c o n te st, s in c e sh e 's re a lly n o t
re m a rk a b ly a ttr ac tiv e .
a ffo rd a
h o lid ay th is y ear.
B ) let
down
D)
lo ck ed
in
E) hard up
1 5 . D o y o u re m em b e r G re g , w h o m w e
m e t in
L o n d o n ? W e ll, I s a w h im y e s terd a y
an d
h e.......y o u .
A ) ran in to
B ) th o u g h t
o v er
C ) ask ed after
D ) lo oked
for
E ) c a m e a c ro s s
ELS Q 651
A) well off
C ) cu t o ff
16. Peter:
B) tried on
D) made up
E) put on
B) get into
D)run out
E) cut across
B) carry out
D) come on
B) take up
D) put out
E) turn into
24. The owner of the warehouse claimed that
the fire was an accident caused by his
dog.......a gas lamp.
652 Q ELS
A) getting on
B) running across
C) breaking down
D) turning off
E) knocking over
25. The vice president had made many good
judgements in the past, but this time his
good sense........him...........
A) tore...up
C) picked...up
B) put...across
D) saw...off
E)
let...down
26. IVe always enjoyed reading this author,
ever since I.......one of his books in a
second-hand bookshop in London.
B) came across
A) turned over
D) took up
C) put up
E) took off
27. The moment Betty.......the candles on
her birthday cake in one big breath, the
others started singing "Happy Birthday".
A) took in
C) went over
B) brought up
D) blew out
E) burnt
down
28. Previously, I had always........this author
with disdain, but after I'd actually read
and enjoyed one of his books, I began to
reconsider my opinion.
A) put away
B) come across
C) caught up with D) looked down on
E) taken after
29. I really don't think you should go off on
holiday until you've got some of these
problems..........
B) checked in
A) tried on C)
D) laid down
broken into
E) sorted out
30. Jack couldn't wait for his friends to come
by his house because he was eager to
......his new bicycle.
A) go with
C) show off
B) get out of
D) put on
E) take in
A) look after
C) get back
B) throw away D)
cut across
E) put aside
/V luuivmg IULU
C) breaking into
carrying out
A) running out of
B) looking forward to
C) going in for
D) putting up with
E) making up for
35. I didn't want to do the health and safety
training, but unfortunately, I couldn't
find a way to ........it.
A) cut down on
B) come up against
C) catch up with
D) get out of
E) go down with
36. You'll never guess who I ........yesterday as
I was waiting in line to get the concert
tickets.
B) joined in
A) bumped into
D) took off
C) called at
E) counted on
37. The student group was ........anti-war
leaflets In most of the busier areas of the
city.
B) setting out D)
carrying out
E) coming
out
38. Once the uprising had been ........, no
mercy was shown to the rebels: hundreds
were shot without trial.
A) looking into
setting out
"* * g into
B)
D)
E) checking in
A) finding out
C) handing out
B) let out
D) close down
A) looked up C)
B) taken in
stood out
D) given off
E) put down
A) checked in
B) pulled up
C) sent for
D) came across
E) called off
ELS G 653
B) pick out
D) turn off
E) pass over
A) turns down
C) comes across
B) takes in
D) gets over
E) sets off
49.
A) carry on C)
think over
B) turn down
D) go in for
E) call off
55. Hay fever is more common among young
people than old, and what is more, most
people........of it by middle age.
B) set out
D) pick out
A) find out
C) grow out
E) cross out
B) make out
D) send for
E) look after
B) ran out
D) went through
E)
flooded in
51. I can't believe that you buy all your
clothes, and even your shoes, without
even........them..........first. How on earth
do you know theyll fit you?
A) wearing...out
B) letting...in
C) seeing...off
D) trying...on
E) putting...down
52. More and more people are becoming
pacifists as governments continue........
the threat of violence to enforce their
laws.
A) counting on
C) blowing up
B) bringing up
D) keeping out
E) putting on
A) grow up
C) show up
B) bring up
D) pick up
E) take up
A) sets up C)
blocks up
B) brings up
D) takes up
E) holds up
60. I.......my sister's two children when she
went to New York for two weeks'
management training.
A) take off C)
turn round
E) let out
654 Q ELS
B) figure out
D) come round
A) threw away
B) came across
C) looked after
D) passed
E) took after away
ELS Q 655
B) come across
D) bring about
E) look after
B) laid down
D) made up
E) went
through
B) lay down
D) carry on
E) bring down
B) back up
D) go in for
E) come up
A ) make up
C) wipe out
E) keep off
B) turned on
D) sorted out
E) glimpsed at
B) call in
A) look out C)
D) run out
come round
E) throw away
36. A friend of mine........school when he was
fourteen but has nevertheless made a
very successful career for himself as a
translator in Spanish.
A) caught up with
B) took charge of
C ) made up of
D) dropped out of
E) looked down on
B) laying down
D) leaving out
E) breaking
apart
30. The boss was really angry when he
discovered that Anthony had.......the day
......to watch the football match on TV.
B) passed...out
A) come...round
D) worked...out
C) taken...off
E) put...away
31. Since It's such a difficult decision, why
don't I........it and tell you tomorrow?
A) sleep on
C) look for
B) put up with D)
take over
E) get up
B) get on
D) go through
so
B) leave out
D) turn up
E) join in
next
38. There is yet another new book
month that will expose all the
embarrassing secrets of the British royal
family.
.
A) bringing up
B) dropping off
C) coming out
D) breaking in
E) laying down
B) turned up D)
pulled out
E) took off
B) shut down D)
come round
E) break into
ELS a 657
B) try out D)
take after
E) break into
B) came across
D) went about
E) lived on
658
ELS
A)
get...back
B) join...in D)
turn...down
E)
put...through
E) ran out of
A) get away
C) sell out
E) turn off
A) put off
C) taken in
B) handed out D)
brought up
E) turned down
A) run...out
C) cut...into
B) turn...off
D) give...up
E) get...down
B) look...after D)
put...down
E) see...off
ELS Q 659
TEST YOURSELF 12
The manager has told me not to ...... any
calls while he is speaking with his guests.
7.
B) blown up D)
turned down
E) broken into
B) put out D)
turn down
E) broke down
C ) put out
66Oa ELS
E) turn off
B) look into
D) live on
A) drops... off
B) brings... up
C) wears . . . out
D) closes ... down
E) puts... on
12. It's hard to tell how much of what he told
us was true and how much was .......
B) worn out
A) shown off
D) made up
C) laid down
E) called off
13. I haven't seen Alison and David together
since we all went out to the movies two
months ago. Do you think that they could
have ...... ?
A) split up
C) run out
B) cut across
D) come off
E) fallen off
A ) turned up
8.
B) cut across
D) do over
E) set off
5.
A) pass away C)
put through
E) hold on
B) called off
D ) held on
B) settle down
D) carry on
A) hand in
C) check in
E) point out
A) put away C)
B) get out of
make up for
D) take up
E) do over
18. I don't think 111 ever.......the shock of
finding a. burglar In the house when I got
home.
B) break in
A) get over C)
D) let down
come round
E) cut across
19. Certain Ingredients In salad dressings,
such as lemon juice and vinegar, do not
......well.........wine.
A) break...down
C) show...off
E) make.
B) go...with
D) lay...down
.up
A) got down
C) cut across
B) divided into
D) broke up
E) turned
off
25. The police officer's effort to.......his
mistake was discovered by a reporter and
turned Into a national scandal.
B ) cov er up
A) put away
D ) tu rn o ff
C) get out
E ) p u ll d o w n
2 6 . I a lw ay s g e t d e p r es se d b y th e lo n g
w in t e r s h e r e , b u t a s s o o n a s th e f ir s t
flo w ers of sp rin.........m
g
y m ood m akes a
b ig c h an g e fo r th e b e tte r.
A ) ho ld o n
C ) go w ith
B ) co m e o utD )
tak e ov er
E ) b rea k in
2 7 . W e a ll w a n t e d to g o h o m e , b u t th e
d ire c to r In s is ted th a t w........p
e
ra c ti s in g
th e s c en e u n til It w as p e rfe c t.
A ) carry o nC )
b reak d o w n
B ) sh o w u p
D ) tak e o ff
E ) ta k e o v er
28. W e.......g a s In th e m id d l e o f n o w h e re a n d
h ad to w a lk fo r m iles to fin d s o m e .
A )r a n o u t o f
B ) lo o k e d d o w n o n
C ) c a m e a c r o s s w i th
D ) w e n t d o w n w ith
E) k e p t u p w i th
29. H e id i w a s v ery s u rp ris e d ........that
to
her
father wasn't actually Swiss, but
Albanian.
A) got over
C) went off
E) put aside
B) passed away
D) wiped out
A) get
down C)
show off
B) live on
D) find
E) look into out
ELS Q 661
B) live on
D) cut down on
E) get over
E) looked out
threw away
662 Q ELS
A) grow out of
C) put up with
B) cut down on
D) look into
E) put
aside
B) come round
D) count on
E) put through
A) ran into C)
B) came round
D) called off
A) broken down
B) thrown away
C) moved in
D) shown off
E) turned around
B) bump into D)
join in
E) run away
E) break in
52.
B) sort out
D) set down
B) put out
D) made up
B) checked in D)
came round
E) passed
out
54. It was such a long hike that I had ........a
pair of boots before it was finished.
A) gone over
C) lived on
B) put on
D) come across
E) worn out
B) passed away
D) taken in
B) run out of
D) put forward
B) fell out
D) turned down
A) break...into
B) put...away
D) cross...out
C) take...in
E) pick...up
B) brought out
D) came across
B) got over
D) took after
ELS
663
E) flooded in
B) make...up
D) get...down
E) put...on
64. The huge ocean liner Titanic was.......
America when she struck an iceberg and
sank.
A) making for
C) breaking in
B) showing up
D) putting off
E) getting over
A) burnt down
C) flooded in
B) put down
A) held on C)
B) set out
D) call off
E) start over
A) show
off C) turn
E
)
A) hold up C)
E) get in
68. I can't possibly.......all this work today
unless I get some assistance.
get down
B) get through
D) use up
A) keep on C)
run away
B) set in
B) come across
D) look down on
E) put up
A) go in for C)
take part in
with
A) take after C)
count on
B) hand in
D) turn up
E) call off
72. What annoys me most about him is how
he thinks he can easily.......everybody
......with his lies.
B) put...off
D) put...on
cut down
664 Q ELS
B) put out
D) blew up
A) take...in C)
turn...down
E) cross...out
B) went offD )
brought up
E) flooded
in
77. The W orld H ealth O rganization w.......
as
in G eneva in1948 as the health agency
of the U nited Nations.
A ) put out
C) set up
B) taken off
D ) run into
E) made with
ELS Q 665
667
101-110, sorulardaTvl
cmleye anlamca en yata ingilizce;cmleyi bulunuz.
101. Y apabilecei en akllca ey, arabay
yolun ke na rna ekip sis kalknca ya
kada r bekle m e kti.
APPEND 1X1
ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS
absent from
He has been absent from school for three days.
absorbed In
He was so absorbed in reading his book that he
didn't notice me enter the room.
accustomed to
I'm not accustomed to very cold climates.
acquainted with
She is acquainted with our customs quite well.
addicted to
So many youths are addicted to drugs.
afraid of
She is afraid of going out after dark.
allergic to
My son is allergic to penicillin.
amazed at/by
We were all amazed at/by her unusual
behaviour.
angry at/about
We were angry at her
behaviour.
selfish
angry with someone for something
We were angry with him for his selfishness.
annoyed at/about
I was annoyed at not being invited to the party.
annoyed with someone for something
They were annoyed with me for not inviting
them to the parly.
anxious about/for
We were anxious about his constantly high
temperature.
The little boy was anxious for school to start.
appropriate for
Do you think this book is appropriate for our
goals?
ashamed of
I felt ashamed of my shabby clothes.
You must be ashamed of yourself for treating
her so rudely.
associated with
Steven Spielberg is particularly associated with
special effects in film.
astonished at/by
They were rather astonished at losing the
game.
aware of
Most people are still not aware of the extent of
environmental pollution.
badat
He is bad at repairing things.
bad for
Eating too much candy is bad for your teeth.
based on
Educational principles should be based on the
requirements of the times.
beneficial to
Taking regular exercise is beneficial to your
health.
bewildered at/about/by
Judy was bewildered by the complex
mathematical problem.
blessed with
Katie is blessed with a family who are always
looking out for her best interests.
boastful of
She is boastful of her son's achievements.
bored with
I didn't finish reading the book, for I was bored
with the plot.
brilliant at
He is really brilliant at calculating.
busy with
She can't come with us because she is busy
with her term paper.
capable of
You are capable of doing better work than this.
careful about
Be careful about your words even when you are
annoyed.
careful with
You must be careful with money in these
economic conditions.
careless about (not paying attention to}
She is often careless about her clothes;
especially when she is depressed.
careless of (negligent, thoughtless)
Some drivers are careless of the dangers of
driving fast.
clever at
She is quite clever at working out the most
difficult problems.
committed to
He is committed to honest work.
composed of
End of term parties are usually composed of
students, teachers and parents.
concerned about
People are concerned about the increasing air
pollution in Istanbul.
confident of
Ryan is confident of his safe driving skills.
confused about something
Anna was confused about the grammatical
structure, so she asked the teacher to clarify it.
(get) sth/sb confused with sth/sb else
Since they were identical twins, the teacher
was always getting Jason confused with Jacob.
connected with/to
A good mood is usually connected with good
health.
I think she is distantly connected with/to that
family.
ELS Q 671
conscious of
A good many parents are not conscious of the
importance ofreading to their children.
content with
The teacher seemed content with our exam
results.
convinced of
I'm convinced of his innocence.
coordinated with
When you are swimming, the movements of
your legs should be coordinated with your arms.
covered with/in
When I looked out of the window, I noticed that
everything was covered with snow.
crowded with
The city center is always crowded with people.
curious about
I'm curious about which party will win the
election.
engaged to
She is still engaged to Jonathan, and they are
thinking of getting married soon.
enthusiastic about
Jenny is very enthusiastic about coming to the
concert with us.
envious of
I'm envious of people who can speak three or
more languages fluently.
equipped with
Big offices are usually equipped with a burglar
alarm.
excellent at
My mother is excellent at knitting,
excited about
The children seem quite excited about going on
holiday.
exposed to
If hands and face are exposed to extreme cold,
they may get frostbite.
D
dedicated to
She loves her job; in fact, she is dedicated to it.
deficient In
You should eat vegetables and fruit regularly so
that your diet is not deficient in vitamins.
delighted with/at
The child was delighted with his new toy.
I'm delighted at allyou've done!
dependent on/upon
Because he nasn't got a proper job, he is still
dependent on his parents financially.
derived from
Most words in English are derived from Latin.
devoid of
She seems to be devoid of the skills required for
this job.
devoted to
She is devoted to her children.
different from/than
Your likes and dislikes are quite different
from/than mine.
disappointed with/at/by
really disappointed with her exam
She seemed really di
results.
discriminated against
People should not be discriminated against
because of the colour of their skin.
divorced from
According to the statistics, the number of
women divorced from their husbands is
increasing.
done with
Linda was so angry at her boyfriend's
behaviour that she swore that she was done
with him.
dressed in
She was dressed in a skirt, which was unusual
for her.
E
eager for
He seems eager for a quick recovery, so he is
doing whatever the doctor says.
efficient in
The production manager is really efficient in his
job.
67* Q ELS
faithful to
Dogs are known to be faithful to their owners.
familiar with
I'm not familiar with any of the books by that
author.
familiar to
The man in the corner seems familiar to me.
famous for
Turkish people are famous for their hospitality.
fed up with
The teacher was fed up with the boy's
disrespectful behaviour, so she sent him to the
principal's office.
filled with
The room was filled with excited people.
finished with
The waiter took my dessert dish away before I
was finished with the chocolate sauce.
fit for
Due to his poor health, he is not fit for the race.
fond of
generous about/with
The host was a bit too generous with the raki,
so we all became drunk.
good at
I'm not so good at playing cards.
kind to
She has always been kind to the people around
her.
known for (famous for)
Mr. Eames is known for his honesty.
good for
Taking regular walks is good for your heart.
known as
Mr. Eames is known as an honest man.
H
happy about
Tm very happy about your getting this job.
happy with
1 purchased my dishwasher two years ago, and
I'm still happy with it.
honest with
You should be honest with your clients.
hopeful of/about
She is hopeful of passing the university
entrance exam this year.
hopeless at
She is hopeless at cooking. She can't even cook
the simplest dishes properly.
hostile to
Since the scandal, the two families have been
hostile to each other.
j
identical with/to
What a coincidence! Your dress is almost
identical with mine.
Ignorant of
She is ignorant of the proper thing to do in
such circumstances.
Impressed with/by
We were greatly impressed with her diligence.
Inferior to
I don't think your work is inferior to anybody
else's in the office.
Indebted to
I'm indebted to my friends for the
encouragement they gave me for this job.
indifferent to
She seems quite indifferent to what is
happening around her.
Innocent of
She was found innocent of the charge.
Interested In
I've always been interested in folk music.
Involved In
He has recently been involved in a bribery case.
jealous of
She has always been jealous of her brother's
success.
K
keen on
He is very keen on football.
late for
You've been late for work twice this week.
limited to
The time given for the university entrance exam
is limited to three and a half hours.
lucky at
He is usually lucky at cards.
M
mad at (angry with)
Don't be mad at me! I was just trying to help
you.
mad about (very fond o/j
She is mad about pop music.
made of
Tables and chairs are usually made of wood, [if
there is only physical change in the raw
material}
made from
Paper is made from wood. (The raw material
changes chemically as well as physically.)
made out of
It's difficult to believe that this lovely vase was
made out of a bottle, (if you alter an item, and
use it with a different purpose)
married to
She is married to an American.
mindful of
You should be mindful of your responsibilities.
mistaken about
You are mistaken about the extent of her
capabilities.
N
nervous of/about
She is nervous about the job interview she will
have this afternoon.
notorious for
She became notorious for her extravagance.
O
obliged to
I'm obliged to you for being beside me during
all that trouble.
opposed to
I'm opposed to giving so many responsibilities
to a small childT
patient with
A teacher should be patient with his/her
students.
pleased about
She seems very pleased about being put in
charge.
ELS a 673
pleased with
I'm pleased with the progress you've made.
polite to
You should be polite to the customers.
popular with
She is very popular with her students.
prepared for
I'm buying these boots so that I'll be prepared
for the snow this winter.
proud of
She is rightly proud of her success.
provided with
The young should be provided with jobs after
graduation.
R
ready for
Everybody seems ready for the journey.
related to
Are you related to the headmaster; because
your surnames are the same?
relevant to
Your question isn't relevant to the subject we
are discussing.
remembered for
Audrey Hepburn is remembered for her classic
style and grace.
responsible for/to
I think air pollution in big cities is responsible
for the increase in respiratory diseases of late.
rich In
Vegetables and fruit are rich in vitamins.
right about
I was right about her low chances of getting the
job.
sad about
She was sad about losing the chance of giving a
party, having failed the exam.
satisfied with
Are you satisfied with your present job?
scared of
sick of
I'm sick of this ceaseless rain.
similar to
This scheme is quite similar to the one I
prepared.
skilful at
The Inuit people are known to be skilful at
using their harpoons.
slow at
The new secretary is quite slow at typing.
sorry for someone
I feel sorry for Sue, because she hasn't been
able to find a job yet.
. sorry
; 674 Q ELS
sorry about
something
Tm sorry about
rm
U
upset with/about
She was upset about the trouble she had
caused.
used to
She is not used to staying at home alone.
W
worried about
I'm worried about his being so withdrawn.
wrong about
Many people were wrong about their
predictions for the results of the election.
wrong with
I think something is wrong with Sue. She is in
the next room crying.
APPENDIX!
B
become of sb
believe in
belong in/to
benefit from
boast of brag
of
C
care about/for choose
between coincide with
collide with comment
on complain to
someone complain
about sth/sb
compliment on comply
with concentrate on
confess to sb/to sth
consist of contribute
to count on/upon
cover with crash into
NOTES:
deal with
decide on/upon
decide against/to
depend on/upon
derive from
despair of
die of
differ from/aboul/in/with
differentiate between
distinguish between
dream of/ about
drive into
lapse into
laugh at listen to live
on (money /food) long
for
object to
operate on
oppose to
emerge from
escape from
excel in /at
look over/through/into
at/for
look
look forward to
marvel at meet with
sb (AmE)
participate in
pay for/by
perish with
persist in pray
for/to
fight over/with
forget about
happen to/on
hear about/of/from
hide from
hope for
Q
R
recover from
refer to
rejoice in /at
rely
replyon/upon
to resign
from resolve on
/upon respond
to /with
result from
retire from
revert to
run into
search for shout at/to
speak to/with
specialize in submit to
subscribe to substitute
for succeed in suffer
from supply to
someone supply with
something
talk with/to someone
talk about something
tend to
think of/about
trade with sb
trade in sth
V
vote for/against
W
wait for worry about
worry over something
write to someone
yearn for
yield to
Bir eyi elde etmek iin mcadele ediyorsak fight for, bir eyden kurtulmak iin mcadele ediyorsak fight
against kullanlr. Ayn kullanm struggle, vote, go on strike gibi yaplar iin de geerlidir.
The government should fight harder against inflation.
The workers are going on strike for higher wages.
3. hear from/about/of
hear from, telefon, mektup vb. yoluyla birinden "haber almak' anlamndadr.
.--.'
I haven't heard from him since he left here.
hear about, bir olay "duymak" anlamndadr.
Have you heard about the accident that happened on the highway late last night?
hear of, "bir eyi duymak, yle bir eyin varlndan haberdar olmak" anlamnda kullanlr. I
badat heard of a singer by that name until you mentioned him.
ELS Q 675
APPEND IX 3
VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS
Bu gruptaki fiiller, kendilerinden sonra bir nesne (object) ile birlikte kullanlrlar.
They accused him of stealing the money. /She spent all her money on clothes.
(Key: sb: somebody sth: something)
refer sb/sth to sb
regard sb as remind
sb of/about rescue sb
from rob sb of sth
sentence sb to
separate sb/sth from
spend sth on stop sb
from suspect sb of
keep sb
sth
leave
sthfrom
for sb
leave somewhere for somewhere else D
let sb/sth into somewhere look
sth up
NOTES:
1. Provide, iki nesne alan bir fiildir. Bu nesnelerin cmle iindeki yerine gre with ya da for kullanlr.
"Kimin iin salandn" belirtiyorsak provide something for someone, ne salandn" belirtiyorsak
provide someone with something yaps kullanlr.
They provided useful information for me. /They provided me with useful information.
2. remind about, "bir konuda hatrlatma yapmak' anlamn verir.
Don't forget to rewind me about the meeting.
remind of, "bir eyi, birini artrmak' anlamnda kullanlr.
Her voice reminded me of my closest friend in high school.
3. shout to, birine sesimizi duyurmak iin "barmak" anlamndadr.
When I spotted Alice ahead, I shouted to her.
shout at, birine fkeyle "barmak" anlamndadr.
Sorry for my shouting at you last night, but I couldn't stop myself.
4. throw something to someone, birine bir eyi "tutmas iin atmak" anlamnda; throw something at
someone, birine "vurmak' iin bir ey atmak anlamnda kullanlr.
He threw the ball to me, but I couldn't catch it.
Don't throw stones at birds! It's cruel.
5. differentiate ve distinguish, from ve between ile kullanlr. Kullanlan preposion'a gre cmlenin szck
dizimi yledir:
As he is colour-blind, he finds it difficult to distinguish between green and blue. As
he is colour-blind, he finds it difficult to distinguish green from blue.
676 a ELS
........
APPEND IX 4
COMMON PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
along with (yam sra; ... ile birlikte)
He can speak Cantonese Chinese, along with
several other East Asian languages.
as for (...a gelince; ... konusunda ise)
My wife doesn't believe the new governor's
doing a good job, but as forme, I think he's
turned out not so bad after all.
as opposed to (...ya karlk; ... ile kyaslandnda)
Irish whiskey, as opposed to Scotch, is much
smoother and less bitter-tasting.
as regards (...e gelince; ... konusunda)
As regards your performance at the concert last
night, I think your solos were a bit too long.
at home In (somewhere) (bir konuda bilgili; (bir
yerde) kendini rahat hisseden)
Henry feels quite at home in the fast-paced
world of big business.
at (one's) leisure (bo zamanlarnda)
I won't need the book until next semester, so
you can take it and read it at your leisure.
at a loss (ne yapacan bilmez, arm durumda)
He's completely at a loss about how to solve his
marital problems, so he's asking for any advice
we might be able to give him.
at any rate (her naslsa; en azndan)
Housing prices'll pretty soon be going up
astronomically; at any rate, that's what the
experts are predicting.
at large (serbest; babo)
Having escaped from prison nearly two weeks
ago, the convicted rapist remains at large in the
city.
at the mercy of (...ran insafna kalm; ....nn elinde)
After the city had surrendered to Genghis
Khan, it suddenly found itself at the mercy of
the Mongol horde.
at variance with (...tie elimek; ...ile ters dmek)
One of the witnesses' stories is completely at
variance with the others'.
ELS a 677
678 o ELS
APPEND IX
5
MINI PHRASAL VERB DICTIONARY
(Note: The abbreviation (t.) is for transitive, (int.) for intransitive, sb for somebody, sth for something, BritE
for British English, AmE for American English, usu. for usually and esp. for especially.)
ACT
ADD
add up (int.)
a. make the desired, expected, or correct total
I think the waiter's made a mistake - the bill
just doesn't add up right.
b. seem reasonable or consistent; be in harmony
or accord
His story doesn't add up; I think he must be lying.
add up to (t.), signify; indicate
If we look at all the evidence, it can only add up
to one thing - murder.
ALLOW
ANSWER
BALANCE
BEAR
BEAT
ELS Q 679
BLOW
BOIL
BREAK
680 Q ELS
BRING
a.
BLOW
BOIL
BREAK
680 Q ELS
b.
BRING
bring in (I.)
a.
bring on ((.)
a.
BUILD
BUMP
BURN
BURST
BUY
CALL
CANCEL
CARRY
CATCH
a.
g.
CHANGE
CHECK
h.
CHEER
CLEAN
clean out (t.)
a.
CLEAR
ELS Q 683
CLOSE
COME
d.
ELS
685
COUNT
COVER
cover up (t.)
a. cover completely; enfold
A favorite method of covering up a wall-safe is
to hang a picture before it.
b. keep secret; conceal
The minister's staff tried very hard to cover up
his role in the savings and loan scandal.
CROSS
CRY
686 Q ELS
CUT
DEAL
DIE
DIG
dig In (int.)
a.
DO
a.
ELS Q 687
c.
d.
e.
DOUBLE
a.
DRAW
688 Q ELS
b.
DREAM
DRESS
dress down,
a. reprimand; scold (t) (esp.BritE)
We got dressed down pretty badly for smoking
in church.
b. dress informally or less formally (int.)
We always dress down when we go out on
Saturday nights. dress up
a. put on one's best or fanciest clothing; dress
relatively formally (int.)
He always used to dress up for his own
birthday parties.
b. dress up in/as (t.) dress in costume or in
another person's clothes:
"My sister's going to dress up in Victorian
c.
DRIVE
DROP
DRY
EAT
ENTER
FACE
FALL
ELS a 689
b.
be the obligation of
The burden of choosing who is to be sacked
has unfortunately fallen on me.
C. experience; encounter
As a result of Tom's gambling problems, his
family fell on hard times.
d. chance upon; come upon
Archimedes fell upon the idea of the principle of
displacement while stepping into the bath
one
day.
e. happen on a particular day or date
Easter fell on 11 April this year.
fall to work.
fall under (t.)
a. be the concern or responsibility of
The police can't do anything to you; what
you've done doesn't fall under their
jurisdiction.
b. be classified as; be included within
His new book falls under the heading of
dystopic novels.
FEED
FEEL
690 Q ELS
FILL
fill in (i.)
a, fill In for sb; substitute for
James couldn't come today, so I'll be tilling In
for him.
b. fill sb In on sth, (informal] supply sb with
information
Could you please flfl me in on what was said at
the meeting?
fill out (int.) become larger, fuller, or rounder, as the
figure
She's filled out quite a bit since she got
married.
FIND
b.
c.
FIRE
FTT
fit In
a. find the time to see sb or do sth (t.)
The doctor won't be able to
fit you in till next
Wednesday.
b. fit In with (t.) (for people) feel that you belong to
a particular group and are accepted by them
Transvestites are too often made to feel that
they cannot fit in with the rest of society.
c. fit In with (t.) (for activities or events) exist or
happen together in a way that is convenient
We're going to ile this weekend if the
weather's nice - how does that fit in with your
plans?
fit out or up (t.) furnish with supplies, equipment,
clothing, furniture, or other requisites; supply;
equip
My brother owns a camping supply store, so he
can fit us out for our trip.
FIX
b.
c.
FLOOD
FLY
he uewinto a rage.
FOLLOW
GAIN
GET
b.
surpass; outdo
She never let anyone get ahead of her in her
work as she was quite ambitious,
get along (BritE get on)
a. get along with (t.) like each and be friendly to
one another
He doesn't get along very well with his motherin-law.
b. get along in (t.) deal with a situation, esp.
successfully:
HO- do you think Michael is getting along in his
new job? get around/round (t.)
a.
ELS
691
get down
a. depress; discourage; fatigue (t.)
Watching the news really gets me down.
b. write sth, esp. sth that sb has said (t.)
He was talking so fast that his secretary
couldn't get it all down.
c. swallow (t.)
My throat was so swollen that it was difficult to
get the pills down.
d. (informal) relax and enjoy oneself completely;
be uninhibited in one's enjoyment, esp. when
dancing (int.)
She was really getting down at the party last
night.
e. get down to (t.) start doing sth seriously and
with a lot of attention and effort
Okay, let's get down to business.
get in
a. (also get Into) enter a car or a taxi
You can go and get into the car. I'll be there in
a minute.
b. (also get Into) (I.) arrive; come (int.)
She got in on the ten-o'clock train.
Our plane should get into the airport about
three o'clock.
c. (also get into) (t.) be chosen or accepted, as for
office, membership, etc.
I was hoping to attend the University of
Chicago, but couldn't get in. My father was
never able to get into political office, although
he tried a number of times.
d. (also get oneself in) become implicated in sth,
usu. slh bad or negative (i.)
If he keeps on borrowing money to pay off his debts,
he'll only be getting himself in deeper and deeper.
get into (t.)
a. become interested in an activity or subject;
start being involved in an activity
I didn't really get into literature until after I'd
graduated from high school.
b. what has got/gotten into sb: not understand
why sb is behaving differently than normal
He's acting very strangely these days. I wonder
what's gotten into him.
get it, (informal}
a. be punished or reprimanded
Stop doing that, or you're going to get iti
b. understand or grasp sth
She was talking about politics all night long, but I
just wasn't getting it. get off
a. leave a public vehicle
We'll get off the train at the next station and
continue our journey by bus.
b. escape the consequences of or punishment for
one's actions (int.)
The businessman arrested for embezzling
stockholders' money got off lightly in the end.
c. help sb escape punishment (t.)
Considering all the evidence against him, not
even the best lawyer in the world will be able to
get him off.
d. (informal) have the effrontery; do sth that one
has no right to do (I.)
Where does he get off ordering me around that's what I'd like to know.
get on a. enter a public vehicle
An old woman fell and broke her leg as she
was trying to get on the bus yesterday.
692 Q ELS
b.
d.
get
a.
b.
c.
GIVE
b.
expose or betray sb
The thiefs partner gave him away when the
police began to pressure him.
reveal (a confidence or secret, hidden motives,
true feelings, etc.), often without intending to
While she was chatting away, she
gave away
that there was going to be a surprise birthday
party.
give In
a.
take.
give out
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
GO
go about (I.)
a.
go against (t.)
a.
b.
go ahead
a.
b.
we
ELS Q 693
go along.
a. move forward; proceed; continue doing sth
(inl.)
Don't memorize every rule immediately - you'll
learn most of them as you go along.
b. go along to, go to a place or event, usu. without
much planning (t.) (esp.BrilE)
I may go along to the pub after work, I'm not
quite sure yet.
c. go along with sb (also come along with sb)
accompany sb (f.)
Can I go along with you to the party?
d. go along with sb/sth, agree; concur (t.)
He doesn't go along with my ideas about how to
make this country a better place. go around/round
a. be sufficient or enough for everyone in a group
(inl.)
There are twenty students and only ten seats,
so there are not enough seats to go around.
b. pass or circulate, as in transmission or
communication (int.)
Word's going around that he finally broke up
with Emma.
c. go around/round doing sth, spend your time
behaving badly or doing sth that is unpleasant
for other people
He's been going around telling everyone that
Emma is a liar and that she cheated on him.
d. go around with (t.) be often in the company of
sb
These days, he's going around with Linda quite a bit.
go at (t.)
a. assault; attack, either physically or verbally
(also, esp.BritE, have a go at)
She told him that she'd fallen for someone else,
and he just went at her.
b. (informal) start doing sth with energy and
enthusiasm (esp. BriUS)
There was a lot of work to do, but we went at it
straightaway.
c. have a go at: (informal) try doing sth (AmE)
Well, do you want to .have a go at (fixing) this
TV?
goby
a.
694 Q ELS
go for (t)
a. choose
Do you know yet what kind of car you are
going to go for?
b. make an attempt at; try to get
The team is going for its third straight
championship.
c. (for money) sell for a certain amount of money
The house went for $40,000.
d. favour; like; enjoy
I don't think I would really go for a life of
travel.
e. go for sb, assault; attack
The thief suddenly went for me with the knife
in his hand.
f. go for It, (informal) pursue a goal with
determination; do what you must do in order to
have or achieve sth
If you want to be a professional musician
someday, go for it - nothing's stopping you.
go In for (t.) adopt as your particular interest;
approve of; like
I don't really go in for most pop music - it's too
shallow and has no real originality.
go In with (I.) join in a partnership or union;
combine with
On the condition that we'd be sharing it in the
future, he agreed to go in with me on the cost
of a new boat.
go Into (t.)
a. describe, discuss, or examine sth in a detailed
way
I'd really rather not go into the subject of my
own personal religious beliefs.
b. undertake as one's study or work
She has decided to go into politics.
go off
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
go on
a.
continue (t.)
He went on working as hard as ever despite all
his personal problems.
b. happen or lake place (int.)
I couldn't understand what was going on.
c. use a piece of information to help you discover
or understand something (I.)
The detective had nothing to go on but a single
bootprint in the blood.
d. go on (and on) about sth: talk in an annoying
way about sth for a long time
Every time I see her, she goes on and on about
how wonderful her boyfriend is.
e. go on to do sth: do sth else in the future
After defeating his rival in the semi-final, he
went on to win the championship.
f. go on (with sth), start talking or doing sth
again after a short time
We took a short break and then went on with
the meeting.
go out
a.
b.
examine (I.)
He went over my essay and found quite a few
problems in its argument.
c. be thought of in a particular way; be effective
or successful (int.) (esp.AmE)
My presentation went over pretty badly - I think
I need a drink. go through
a. bear; experience, esp. a difficult or unpleasant
situation (t.)
I don't know if I'll able to go through another
funeral so soon after the last one.
b. carefully examine or search the contents of sth
or a collection of things in order to find sth (t.)
A customs officer went through all my luggage
looking for God knows what.
c. use or spend completely; use up (t.)
He went through his entire salary in a week.
d. (for laws, plans, proposals, etc.) be officially
accepted or approved
That new gun control law probably won't go
through because so many people in Congress
are so conservative.
e. go through with sth, persevere with sth to the
end; bring to completion, usu. for sth
unpleasant or difficult that you have planned
or promised to do
He was going to ask her out on a date, but he just
couldn't go through with it. go together (int.)
a. be appropriate or harmonious
The curtains and wallpaper don't go together at
all.
b. (informal) keep company; date; court
Ula and Burcu have been going together for
quite a long time now. go under (Int.) be
overwhelmed or ruined; fail
financially (int.)
He ran a successful used book store for almost
twenty years, but after the economic crisis, his
business went under.
go up (int.)
a. be in the process of construction, as a building
A new high-rise apartment building is going up
on Lake Shore Drive.
b. increase in cost, value, etc.
The price of cigarettes has gone up again.
c. go to a university at the beginning of a term
(BritE)
d. go up in flames, suddenly explode:
The explosion made the building go up in
flames.
GROW
HAND
b.
ELS Q 695
HANG
696 Q ELS
hang out
a. lean or be suspended through an opening (t.)
She was hanging out the window when the bird
landed on her shoulder.
b. (informal} loiter in public places (int.) (esp.AmE)
There wasn't anything to do Saturday
afternoon, so we just hung out.
c. hang out in/at, (informal} frequent a particular
place, esp. in idling away one's free lime (I.)
(esp.AmE)
Ula spends far too much time hanging out in
cafes.
d. hang out with sb, (informal) consort or appear
in public with sb (esp.AmE}
She's been hanging out with some strange
people lately. hangover
a. remain to be settled; be postponed (t./int.)
Let's just let the final decision hang over a
while, there's really no rush.
b. be imminent or foreboding; threaten (t.)
Death hung over the city in the form of
American bombers.
hangup
a.
b.
HAPPEN
HAVE
HELP
HIRE
HIT
HOLD
ELS a 697
c.
IDENTIFY
INTRODUCE
JUMP
KEEP
a.
698 o ELS
b.
d.
(also
KICK
b. (informal} relax
This weekend I'm planning to just kick back and
listen to music. kick in
a. contribute one's share, esp. in money (l./int.}
If you're buying a pizza, I could kick In a
couple bucks - I'm starving.
b. (informal) become operational; activate; go into
effect; start (int.)
Ireland's new anti-smoking law kicked In
earlier this year. kick off (l./inl.) initiate (an
undertaking, meeting,
etc.); begin
So, what time does the party kick off tomorrow
night? kick
out (informal}
a. (for machines, electricity, etc.) fail; give out,
esp. suddenly (int.)
KNOCK
a.
three times in
b.
a.
LAND
ELS
699
LAUGH
laugh at (/.)
LA Y
700 Q ELS
lay on (t.)
a. cover with; apply
You should lay some butter on the fish while it's
cooking.
b. strike blows; attack violently
When the striking dockworkers started
chanting slogans, the police laid on. layout
(.)
a. spread out in order on a surface; arrange;
prepare
The painter laid his brushes out on the ground
and began to look intensely at the horizon.
b. explain sth clearly, usu. in writing
He's just laid out some ideas about how we can
increase the profit margin next quarter.
c. ready a corpse for burial
He had been laid out in a bed of lavender
flowers. layover ((.)
a. be postponed until action may be taken
We'll have to lay over our decision until all the
facts are in.
b. lay over in, make a short or temporary stop, as
during a trip
I laid over in New Mexico for two days while on the
way to Arizona. lay up
a. put away for future use; store up
So far I've only laid up about $200 for the trip.
b. cause to be confined to bed or kept indoors;
disable
She was laid up for about a month last year
with a very bad case of the flu.
LEAD
LEAN lean
on (L)
a.
b.
c.
LEAVE leave
off (t.)
a.
LEND
LET
a.
let on (int.)
a. reveal one's true feelings
She was very worried about her health but
didn't let on.
b. pretend
Ula let on that he was glad to have finally
broken up with Burcu, but 1 could tell how hurt
he really was on the inside. let out
a. allow sb to leave somewhere, usu. by opening a
locked or closed door (t.)
Let the dog out, he needs to use the toilet.
b. release from confinement, restraint, etc.
((.)
The prisoners are only let out for one hour
each day, and they must, of course, stay within
the fenced prison yard.
c. enlarge (a garment, clothing, etc.) (t.)
These pants are a bit tight. Could you let them
out a little?
d. divulge or release information; make known
(int.)
The terrorists refused to let out the names of
their hostages.
e. terminate; be finished; end (int.)
I'll be so glad when school finally lets out for the
summer. letup (int.)
a. slacken; diminish; abate
The booming sales we've had so far this month
are sure to start letting up soon.
b. (for bad weather) cease; stop; improve
When the rain lets up, we can go out and play
some basketball.
c. let up on sb: treat less severely; be more
lenient with
The police, despite rumours to the contrary,
have not been letting up on political prisoners
lately.
L EE
lie In
a,
ELS Q 7O1
LISTEN
LIVE
LOCK
LOOK
70* a ELS
LOSE
MAKE
f.
MARK
MATCH
MEASURE
measure up
a.
b.
MELT
MISS
MOVE
move on (int.)
a. start doing a new activity
Having struggled with the same composition for
several hours, the composer decided to move
on.
b. move on to sth: change from one subject to
another while talking or writing
After discussing the economic aspects of the
workers' uprising in Barcelona, we moved on to
the social aspects.
OCCUR
ELS a 7O3
OPEN
OWN
PACK
PASS
704 Q ELS
b.
PAY
PICK
d.
n.
PLAY
ELS Q 7O5
POINT
POUR
PRESS
PROVIDE
PULL
7O6 Q ELS
PUSH
PUT
a.
a.
a.
ELS a 7O7
put In
a. put In for sth: apply for or request sth
He's going to put in for a transfer to a different
department, as he's had it with working in
Accounts Receivable.
b. put time, work, effort, etc. Into sth/dolng sth:
spend a lot of time, work, etc. doing sth
I had put so much hard work into that essay that I
was devastated when the computer virus
erased it.
put off (I.)
a. postpone; defer
As a result of the chairperson's illness, the
conference will be put off until next week.
b. make sb not like sb or sth, or not want want to
do sth
She immediately put me off with her snobbish
attitude.
c. get rid of by delay or evasion
The fugitive put the police off the trail by joining
the circus and disguising himself as a clown. put on
a. get dressed; to clothe oneself with an article of
clothing (I.)
It was a bit cold in the room, so 1 put on a
sweater.
b. pretend to have a particular feeling, or to
behave in a way which is not real or natural for
you (I.)
She's only putting It on, she's not really angry
with you.
c. inflict; impose (t.) (often passive)
He feels really put on at work these days
-they're giving all the more difficult projects to
him for some reason.
d. cause to be performed; produce; stage (t.)
They're putting on a performance of Samuel
Beckett's "Endgame" at the Mercury Theater
next Saturday; would you like to go?
e. (informal) tease sb, esp. by pretending the
truth of something that is untrue (t.)
I know for a fact that she was born in orlu, not
Morocco, so she must be puttingyou on.
f. act in a pretentious or ostentatious manner;
pretend to be more intelligent, refined, or better
than you actually are (int.) (also put on airs)
Pelin is always putting on airs just because
she's the daughter of a diplomat, an actress
and writes poems.
put oneself out: take pains; go to trouble or
expense
Whenever you visit her house, she puts herself
out quite a bit just to make sure that everyone
is comfortable. put
out (I.)
a. extinguish, as a fire, cigarette, etc.
b. annoy sb by words or actions (often passive)
She felt really put out when I missed our date,
even though I did call her to tell her I co-ildn't
come.
C. cause trouble or extra work for sb
Please don't buy any presents for the wedding;
I
really don't want to put you out.
d. publish
Soon, a new and complete translation of
Mikhail Bulgakov's "Master and Margarita" will
be put out in Turkey.
e. manufacture; prepare; produce
That factory puts out more cars than any other
in the country.
708 a ELS
f.
exert; apply
Despite putting out his best effort, Andre
Agassi failed to win Wimbledon again.
put over (t.), succeed in; accomplish
Because of the farmers' obstinacy and
resistance to change in that part of the
country, it'll be difficult to put over the new
land reform adjustments there.
put something over on sb: take advantage of or
deceive sb (also, esp.AmE, put one over on sb)
That car salesman really put one over on me.
put through (t.)
a. complete successfully; execute
In spite of working double and even triple time,
he was still unable to put through the project.
b.
RAIN
READ
REDUCE
RING
RISE
ROLL
roll In (informal)
RIDE
RUN
REFLECT
reflect on (t.)
a. think about; consider, esp. in order to learn a
lesson about sth you have done wrong
After reflecting on the incident, he made a
decision never to do such a terrible thing
again.
b. affect other people's opinion of sb or sth, esp.
in a bad way
The scandal reflected very badly on the
government.
REST
a.
ELS o 7O9
b.
a.
71O o ELS
t.
meet sb accidentally
My mother was always running Into people she
knew whenever we went out shopping.
c. amount to; total
The company's losses ran Into millions of
dollars.
d. succeed; follow
When you work in an office, one day just
seems to run Into the next without much
difference or change.
e. experience; encounter
The project has run into a few problems.
run off
a. leave quickly or unexpectedly (int.)
He ran off and forgot to take his coat.
b. create or perform rapidly or easily (t.)
According to rumour, Tatyos Efendi ran off
quite a few of his songs while drunk.
c. drive away; expel (t.)
He's got a lot of big dogs to run. trespassers off
his property.
d. print or otherwise duplicate (t.)
We need to run off 1000 copies of this by
tomorrow. run off with sth/sb
a. steal or borrow sth; take sth
Somebody ran off with my eraser and I need it
back.
b. elope with sb
King Edward VIII ran off with a wealthy
American divorcee. run on
a. continue without interruption (Int.)
The prime minister's speech seemed to run on
for hours.
b. (for machines) use sth in order to function (t.)
These days, most calculators run on solar
power.
runout,
a. end; expire (int.)
Before Liverpool could score another goal, time
ran out.
b. become used up (int.)
If you keep spending like this, your money'll run
out quickly.
c. drive out; expel (t.)
Nestor Makhno got run out of Russia by the
Bolsheviks and died of poverty and drink in
Paris. run out of sth: exhaust a quantity or
supply of sth
We've run out of milk, could you go and pick
some up? run out on sb: withdraw one's
support from or
abandon sb
He ran out on his wife and kids.
run over
a. hit and knock down, esp. with a vehicle
Too many animals get run over every day either
because drivers are not cautious enough or
because they just don't care.
b. go beyond; exceed
Despite having little real content, the prime
minister's speech still managed to run well over
the time limit.
c. repeat; review
Let's run over that song again and try to get it
right this time. run sth by sb: tell sb about sth
so that they can
give their opinion about it
I ran the proposal by my boss quite a few
times, but he just wouldn't accept it. run
through sth: repeat sth in order to practise it
or to make sure that it is correct
I'm not quite ready yet - I've got to run through
my speech a few more times.
SAVE
SEE
SELL
SEND
send forth
a. produce; bear; yield
Cherry trees send forth vc v beautiful, delicate
flowers.
b. emit or discharge
Lavender flowers send forth a lovely odour,
send up
a, expose the flaws or foibles of through parody,
burlesque, caricature, lampoon, or other forms
of satire
The film "The Life of Brian" hilariously sends
up the Christian religion.
b. (informal) sentence or send to prison
The famous country music singer Johnny Cash
was sent up when he was younger.
SET
ELS
7ix
set off
a. cause to become ignited or to explode (t.)
No one can be sure exactly who set off the
bomb that caused the riot in Haymarket
Square in Chicago in 1886.
b. intensify or improve by contrast (I.)
Her dress really sets off the color of her eyes.
c. begin a journey or trip; depart (int.)
We set off very early in the morning.
set on or upon (t.), make a person or animal attack
sb
That crazy old man sets his dogs an anybody
who comes near his house. set
out
a. begin a journey or course
The conversation grew boring, so we set out for
home.
b. start doing sth when you have already decided
what you want to achieve
Having told us what he believed, he set out to
prove that his beliefs were the right ones.
c. give all the details of sth, or explain sth clearly,
esp. in writing
His newest article sets out his controversial
arguments very clearly and concisely. set
sb/sth apart from sb/sth: cause to be noticed;
distinguish
Thelonious Monk's bizarre melodies set him
apart from other jazz composers. set to:
make a vigorous effort; apply oneself to
work; begin
We set to work right after lunch.
setup U.)
a. put sb into a high or powerful position
General Pinochet set himself up as the dictator
of Chile after deposing Socialist president
Salvador Ailende in 1973.
b. inaugurate; establish a government, a
company, a group, etc.
Atatrk set up the Turkish Republic on
October 29, 1923.
c. arrange for sth to happen
We need to set up a meeting for sometime next
week.
d. get all the necessary equipment ready for an
activity
Can you help me set up these amplifiers?
e. trick sb in order to make them do sth, or in
order to make them seem guilty of sth that
they have or have not done
The mafia boss, who had been set up by his
own son, got sent up to prison for twenty
years.
SETTLE
settle down
a. become established in some routine, esp. upon
marrying, after a period of independence or
indecision (int.)
After almost thirty years of living it up, Rey
finally decided to settle down, and he got
married and moved to the suburbs.
b. become calm or quiet (int.)
Will you kids settle down, please? Your mother
is trying to work!
c. settle down to sth/doing sth, apply oneself to
serious work
The office is so loud that it's difficult to settfe down
to work every morning. settle for (L), be satisfied
with
You should never settle for less than what you
think you are worth.
712 a ELS
SHAKE
SHOOT
SHOW
show off
a. show sth or sb you are proud of to other people
(I.)
SHUT
b.
isolate; separate
Because American Indian civilizations were
completely shut ojffTrom those of Africa, Asia,
and Europe, they developed in quite different
ways.
shut out (t.) stop sb or sth from entering a place or
from being included in sth
A good pair of sunglasses will not only shut out
sunlight, but also the dangerous ultraviolet
radiation coming from the sun.
shut up (l./inl.) (informal) stop talking or making a
noise, or to make sb do this An effective
military commander can shut his soldiers up
with no more than a glance.
SIGN
SINK
srr
SLEEP
SLIP
SORT
sort out
a. evolve; develop; turn out (Int.)
Things sorted out pretty badly for Mehmet in
the end.
b. successfully deal with sth, esp. a problem or
difficult situation (t.)
How am I ever going to be able to sort out this
mess?
sort through (t.) look at a number of things to
organize them or to find sth I'd sorted through
the files for hours before I finally found what I
was looking for.
ELS a
713
SPEAK
represent; symbolize
C.I.A. stands for "Central Intelligence Agency."
b. support a certain set of ideas
That candidate stands for the restriction of civil
rights, so you mustn't lend him your support.
c. (informal} tolerate; allow
I will not stand for such rude behaviour! stand
In for sb: do sth that sb else was going to do
because they cannot be there
When the president came down with
pneumonia, the Secretary of Defense stood in
for him and gave his speech. stand off or back
(Int.) keep or stay at a distance. stand on (t.) depend
on; rest on
The entire case stands on the reliability of the
only witness.
stand out (int.)
a. project; protrude; stick out
Our windowsill stands out quite far from the
glass.
b. be conspicuous or prominent
Her bright red curly hair makes her really
stand out in a crowd.
c. be better than other similar things or people
Her performance stood out from all the other
musicians' at the concert.
stand up (int.)
a. (for material, fabric, etc.) remain strong or
durable
Suede is lovely, but doesn't stand up very well.
b. (for ideas, information, etc.) be convincing or
prove to be correct
Rene Descartes' arguments don't stand up very
well if you really examine them. stand up
for (t.) defend the cause of; support
You should always stand up for your friends
and family. stand up to (t.) meet or deal
with fearlessly;
confront
I know he's your boss, but you can't let him
treat you that way - stand up to him!
SQUEEZE
START
SPELL
SPILL
SPIN
STAND
714 O ELS
a.
STAY
STICK
b.
STIR
stir up sth
a. cause arguments or bad feelings between
people, often intentionally
He really seems to enjoy stirring up trouble.
b. make sb remember events in the past
Hearing that song always stirs up memories for
STOP
STRIKE
SWEAR
SWITCH
switch off
a.
TAKE
ELS Q 7X5
c.
716 a ELS
d.
TALK
TEAR
b.
cancel or annul
TELL
THINK
THROW
b.
c.
ELS a 717
TIE
TOUCH
TRY
TURN
718 Q ELS
turn down
a.
turn off
a.
turn to U.)
a. apply to for aid; appeal to
As he couldn't afford the university fees
himself, he had to turn to the government for
loans.
b. change to (also turn into)
When the sun came back out, the ice turned to
water.
c. find a page in a book
Turn to page 221 and start reading, please.
d. start to do sth bad, esp. because you are
unhappy
After Arzu left hm, Ula got very depressed and
turned to drink and drugs. turnup
a. uncover; find (t.)
While I was looking through the attic, 1 turned
up these old photos.
b. be recovered or found (int.)
Your keys should turn up eventually, don't
worry.
c. intensify or increase (I.)
Towards the end of the match, Barcelona really
turned up the pressure, but still couldn't
manage to score a goal.
d. happen; occur (int.)
Stop worrying so much; there's really nothing
we can do but wait and see what turns up.
e. (informal} appear; arrive (int.)
He turned up at the last possible moment, so not
surprisingly, all the tickets had already been
sold out.
USE
use up (t.)
a.
b.
W ATT
walton (t.)
a. perform the duties of an attendant or servant
for
The waiter who waited on our table at the
restaurant last night was very clumsy.
b. supply the wants of a person, as serving a meal
or serving a customer in a store
Excuse me, sir, but is anyone waiting on you
yet?
WAKE
WALK
go on strike
If the manager doesn't answer their demands
soon, the workers are going to walk out.
b. leave or resign in protest
The meeting was a fiasco, so Anthony just
walked out. walk out on sb/sth: leave
unceremoniously; desert;
forsake
I can't believe that she walked out on her
family like that. walk sb through sth, guide or
instruct carefully one
step at a time
If the job seems a bit complicated at first, don't
worry, because I'll walk you through it.
WASH
WASTE
WATCH
watch out
a.
b.
WAVE
WEAR
ELS a 719
a.
WEIGH
weigh down
a.
WIPE
WORK
a.
WRITE
a.
UNTT l
EXERCISE l
EXERCISE 2
1.bound 2.arose S.founded 4.raised S.laid 6.grounded 7.risen S.sawn Q.wound lO.hanged
11.fallen 12.set 13.wounded 14.hung IS.bounded 16.ground 17.1aid 18.lay/saw 19-raised
20.fell 21.found 22.aroused 23.rose 24.sat 25.arose
EXERCISE 3
l.kept 2.arose S.crept 4.forgave S.lay G.held 7.forbade (forbid) S.laid 9.hid lO.fell 11.dug
12.felt 13-sprang 14.fed IS.slid
EXERCISE 4
1.fought 2.threw S.rode 4.bound S.froze 6.bet 7.tore S.grew 9.bore lO.shed ll.left 12.ate
13-dealt 14.sought IS.wound
:
EXERCISE 5
1.forecast 2.mislaid 3.flew 4.burst S.cost G.drew 7.shook S.fled 9.broadcast lO.mistook
ll.chose 12.ground IS.lit (lighted) 14.bent IS.led
EXERCISE 6
l.rang 2.1ost 3.wore 4.hurt S.hung 6.withdrew 7.shrank S.shone 9.spun lO.rose 11.forgot
12.bit 13.sold 14.wove IS.undertook
EXERCISE 7
1.climbed 2.saw 3.swore 4.bought S.played 6.missed 7.slipped S.felled 9.bled lO.struck
11.sawed 12.swept 13.fell 14.attended 15.F" "
EXERCISES
1.left/was raining 2. continued/was driving 3.arrived/was still raining 4.was going (went)/saw/was
overtaking/(was) coming/stepped/swerved/barely avoided S.was having/phoned 6.was
having/phoned 7.was/had/wore S.was trying/was playing 9.jogged/got lO.was jogging/met
11.saw/stopped/got out 12.saw/was driving IS.were driving/hit 14.did...turn/was distracting
IS.was taking (took)/burst/had to 16.heard/were coming/knew/had 17.was still hiding/rang/took
18.shot/shook/fell 19.were sitting (sat)/announced 20.seemed/told/were leaving/sulked 21.was
pouring/spilled 22.were looking
EXERCISE 9
EXERCISE 10
1.has been snowing/have...just noticed/have never seen/have seen 2.have been driving/have drive.
S.has always wanted 4.have been working/have only painted S.has received 6.has been
working/have already changed/has been 7.has been leaking/haven't been able to S.has just fixed
9.have been suffering lO.Have...been working 11.have repaired 12.have been killing/has lasted
IS.have shrunk/have only had 14.have been chopping IS.has been learning/hasn't had 16.has
offered/have been expecting 17.have thought/have been working (have worked) IS.have been
revising/haven't even gone 19.Have...been crying/have been peeling 20.have been running/have
gained 21.have been wanting/have resisted 22.have received/have been considering/have chosen
23.have been considering/has been trying 24.have been burning/have reached 25.have been
drinking/have only had
EXERCISE 11
EXERCISE 12
1.since 2.for S.for 4.slnce S.for 6-since 7.since S.since 9.for lO.for 11.for 12.for IS.since
14.since IS.since 16.since 17.for IS.since 19.since 20.since
EXERCISE 13
EXERCISE 14
EXERCISE 15
l.has only known/has already agreed 2.had announced/had been S.has only been 4.had never
walked S.had already made up G.had read 7.had all drowned S.hasn't acted 9.hadn't acted
lO.have given
EXERCISE 16
l.had been driving 2.were travelling S.was hanging 4.were chatting/was working S.had been going
6.had already been taking 7.had been strolling S.was sewing 9.had been flashing lO.had been
making
~. Ik w*m t
EXERCISE 17
1.have been working/have produced 2.had been working/had produced S.have just arranged/have
already made 4.has been/has been trying S.had been looking/have been 6.have really been
painting 7.had been counting/had been backing S.have confirmed 9.had been smoking lO.had
removed 11.have just sold 12.have checked/(have) updated IS.has been working (has worked)
14.have been monitoring/have announced IS.had been planning/had made
EXERCISE 18
EXERCISE 19
1.will...get (are...going to get)/is going to drive 2.will do 3.am going to buy/will get 4.is going to faint
S.will do 6. am going to repair 7.is going to fall (will fall) 8. are going to get/are going to come 9.will
make 10.will have/will do
EXERCISE 20
I.We won't be able to use the cold tap in the kitchen until the plumber replaces (has replaced) the
leaky pipe. 2.Once he has got written confirmation of the job offer in Germany, he's going to book his
flight. S.After the board has interviewed (interviews) all the candidates, they will announce the
results. 4.When she leaves school, she's going to take a year off to go travelling. 5.You'll have to
wash your hands before you eat dinner. 6.While you're getting some more petrol, I'll quickly go to the
supermarket. 7.The bus won't leave until all the passengers have got (get) on board. S.After he has
completed (completes) his apprenticeship, he's going to set up his own business. 9.While you're
washing up (wash up), I'll telephone the cinema to see what time the film starts. 10.As soon as I
come back from holiday, I'll start a diet.
EXERCISE 21
l.will not commence/arrive (have arrived) 2.will close 3.won't reserve/are 4.will check S.settles
(has settled)/will take 6.won't be/see 7.will contain/is 8-won't let/come (have come)/only allow
9.familiarizes (has familiarized)/will be lO.won't be able/check (have checked)
EXERCISE 22
l.will be playing 2.will be driving/will be sailing/will be feeling S.have improved (improve)/will have
to 4.will never learn/will be whizzing S.will see (will be seeing) 6.will drop/don't have (won't have)
7.get (have got)/will provide/will need (need) S.will be performing 9.will be working/will be working
lO.have undergone (undergo)/won't bother ll.won't open/have cleaned (clean) 12.won't be able/will
be welcoming/will present (will be presenting)
EXERCISE 23
l.will regret/run out 2. arrives/will have received S.will find/return/will have received 4. will
somehow manage/reach/will have removed S.will have risen 6.will pretend/asks 7.put/will have
saved 8.brings/will have already gone 9.will adapt lO.will have become 11.announces/will say
12.arrive/will have already broken
EXERCISE 24
l.will have sold 2. will be driving/will give 3. will... recognize/will be wearing 4. will be waiting/will
probably have gone S.will experience/will have settled 6.will be/will have been travelling 7.will be
congratulating S.will have been working/will have qualified 9.will take/will have been soaking/will
have been lO.will have extinguished 1 l.will be inspecting/will have been digging/will makefwill be
making) 12.will look
EXERCISE 25
l.until 2.by the time S.until 4.By the time 5.Until 6.until/by the time 7.by the time 8.until 9.By
the time lO.until 11.By the time 12.Until IS.by the time 14.until IS.until
EXERCISE 26
l.has just taken/was/announced/have been/will increase (will be increasing) 2.were intending (had
intended)/went/had arranged/cut/was doing/tried/put/was playing/are both/usually hurt/are
playing/were sitting/heard/hurried/had happened/had thrown/had hit/was trickling/nearly fain
ted/saw/took S.have been/doesn't know/knew/seem/were wearing/are wearing/is causing(has
caused) (has been causing)/will face(are going to face) 4.have always been
afraid/was/hear/immediately put/don't know S.has experienced/is/will experiencefwill be
experiencing) G.hadn't been sleeping/went 7.is going to exchange/will regret (will be regretting/is
going to regret) S.was blazing/came/took 9.will have expanded lO.has turned/will snow(is going to
snow) 11.is losing/will have lost 12.will be makingfwill make)/will have been sitting (will have sat)
13.last looked/had not yet commenced 14.immediately rang/reached/were already waiting 15.is
expecting/am/will have had 16.have been hiking/still have/join/will have been walking
17.store/bottle/has fermented (has been fermenting) IS.will not ignorefam not going to ignore)/will
say/treats 19.had only been driving/failed/was coming/had/stopped 20.were talking/don't
think/have seen 21.has had/went/caught/is suffering/has been coughing/sounds/will get(is going
to get) 22.has recently designed/runs/thinks/will be driving
EXERCISE 27
l.has been 2.hasn't rained 3.is suffering 4.will only last (is only going to last) 5.is 6.are keeping
(keep) 7.are storing (have been storing/have stored) 8.are using 9.is 10.faces 11.has developed
(develops) 12.called 13.said 14.have IB.were lying 16.announced 17.don't see (haven't seen)
EXERCISE 28
1.arrived (had arrived) 2.was opening (opened) 3.approached 4.asked S.was lighting (lit) 6.suddenly
held 7.overpowered S.tried 9.pushed 10.drove off 11.gave 12.1ost 13.woke up 14.was lying
IS.told (were telling) 16.found 17.had been working 18.offered 19.promised 20.threatened 21.gave
22.was feeling (felt) 23.just lay 24.fell 25.happened 26.had been sleeping 27.woke 28.saw
29.W111...excuse SO.don't feel (am not feeling)
EXERCISE 29
I) 1.invented 2.made (had been making) S.weren't 4.named S.inhabited 6.designed 7.comes
8.had gained 9.ceased (had ceased) 10.produces 11.is 12.bears 13.does not burst 14.spends
Et) a)resin b)adhesive cjwaterproof d)inhabit e)staggering fjcease gjdevote h)plant ^equivalent j)bear
k)shelf-life ^providing m)burst rOcollectively
IH) l.D 2.E 3.B
IV) 1.equivalent 2.burst 3-waterproof 4.devoted S.providing
EXERCISE 30
I) l.was 2.have burst 3.rose 4.still stands 5.is 6-escalated 7.has prompted (has been prompting)
S.has resulted 9.have made 10.actually happens 11.developed (has developed/develops)
12.continue (are continuing/have continued) 13-claims
) a)virtually b)untreatable c)companion d)escalate ejrelative flobscurity glprominence hjprompt
Ijbroad-ranging JJdramatic k^heralded IJincidence
HI) l.C 2.D 3.A
IV) 1.companion 2.virtually S.dramatic 4.prompted S.relative
EXERCISE 31
I) l.has felt 2.was 3.has created 4.has further strengthened S.also developed 6.has devoted
7.finished (had finished) S.organized 9.went lO.becamefhad become) 11.finally took 12.began
13.has visited 14.has crossed
) a)intense b)spell (attraction) c)unshakeable d)further e)solitary ^adolescence gjpassion h)reptiles
i)amphibians jjapparently kjinexhaustible l)enthusiasm mjstir up
Di) l.C 2.B 3.E
IV) 1.further 2.solitary 3.passion 4.apparently S.intense
EXERCISE 32
I) l.have been 2.have been living (have lived) S.means 4.1ived S.became 6.intruded (had intruded)
7.doubted S.had always lived 9.had found lO.is 11.came 12.had been living (had lived) 13.set
14.were IS.had not encroached IG.still exist 17.1ive IS.have succeeded 19.live 20.were 21.have
almost eliminated 22.now resemble 23.use
) a)mass b)isolated c)existence d)intrude e)territory fjremote g)ancestor hjhemisphere i)apparently
j)millennia kjinterior l)preserve m)primitive njinterference o)distinct p)assimilation qjintermarriage
r) eliminate s)resemble
IH) l.E 2.B 3.A
IV) 1.distinct 2.resembles S.assimilated 4.interior S.preserve
UNIT 2
EXERCISE 1
1.if I sat 2.repeating 3.if I switched/switching 4.if I didn't join S.lending 6.if I borrowed 7.not
smoking 8.if I stopped/stopping 9.if I kept lO.if I skipped
1.Could you tell me where the post office is?/Would you mind telling me the way to the post office?
2.Would you mind if I used your phone?/Could I possibly use your phone? 3.Would anyone mind if I
smoked?/May I smoke? 4.Would you mind if I borrowed that book?/Could I possibly borrow that
book? S.Could I/Can I open the window?/Would anyone mind if I opened the window? 6-Could you
possibly give me a hand?/Can you me a hand? 7.Would you mind if I ate my lunch while you
explain?/Could I keep eating while you explain? 8.1 wonder if you could tell me where the bank
is./Would it be possible for you to tell me how to find the bank? 9.Would it be okay if I went on the
skiing trip?/Do you think I could go on the skiing trip? 10.Would you mind if I drove it a little
first?/Do you think I could drive it around a little first?
EXERCISES
1.needn't/mustn't 2.mustn't S.mustn't 4.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) S.needn't (don't
have to/don't need to) 6-mustn't 7.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) S.don't have to (don't need
to/needn't) Q.mustn't lO.mustn't
EXERCISE 4
1.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) 2.must (have to) S.must (have to) 4.had to S.must (have to)
6.doesn't have to (doesn't need to/needn't) 7.have to S.mustn't Q.mustn't lO.doesn't have to
11.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) 12.don't have to IS.must 14.don't have to (don't need
to/needn't)/must (have to) IS.mustn't
EXERCISE 5
1.didn't need to buy (didn't have to buy) 2.didn't need to write (didn't have to write) S.needn't have
called 4.needn't have prepared S.didn't need to alter (didn't have to alter) 6.needn't have watered
7.didn't need to water (didn't have to water) S.didn't need to hire (didn't have to hire) Q.needn't have
bought 10.needn't have bought
EXERCISE 6
EXERCISE?
1.should have tried 2.shouldn't discriminate/should treat S.should be revising 4.shouldn't have
scolded S.shouldn't have been talking 6.should be driving 7.shouldn't expect S.should let
9.shouldn't have bought 10.should have been wearing 11.should be writing 12.shouldn't
settle/should bargain IS.shouldn't have been driving 14.should have left IS.should have
visited/shouldn't have been going
EXERCISES
l.You're supposed to read the instructions first. 2.You were supposed to read the instructions first.
S.You were supposed to come straight home./You weren't supposed to go to the cinema. 4.You
aren't supposed to wear (to be wearing) make-up in school. S.You were supposed to shut the
windows. 6.You were supposed to phone me./You weren't supposed to leave work without phoning
me. 7.You aren't supposed to smoke here. S.You aren't supposed to feed (to be feeding) the animals.
9.You weren't supposed to make any noise. 10.You weren't supposed to take it without eating
something first./You were supposed to eat something before taking it.
EXERCISE 9
1.could swim 2.was able to S.could 4.were able to S.could G.was able to 7.were able to S.could
hear 9.could go lO.were able to
EXERCISE 10
l.will be able to walk/is already able to take (can already take) 2.hasn't been able to walk 3.was able
to stop 4.had never been able to form S.can have S.was able to avert 7.can't find (isn't able to
findj/won't be able to go S.has been able to concentrate 9.won't be able to make/won't be able to
attend lO.can speak ll.were able to restore 12.were able to free 13.can play 14.couldn't
afford/was able to buy IS.was able to get
EXERCISE 11
l.must live 2.must be getting S.must have been driving 4.must be flying S.must not have been
watering (must not have watered) G.must have been sailing 7.must have told S.must be snowing
9.must have been playing lO.must have 11.must be 12.must have happened 13.must have been
expecting (must have expected) 14.must not have been expecting (must not have expected) 15.must
be approaching
EXERCISE 12
1.can't have broken 2.must be quarreling/might (may) get/may (might/could) adapt S.must not
have believed (must not believe) 4.must not want (must not have wanted) S.could
(may/might)...have done/must have set 6.must be/must be 7.must have failed/can't have
failed/must not have got/must be S.can't have forgotten Q.must be sleeping/can't be sleeping/must
not have returned 10.may (might/could) have been/couldn't (can't) have been/may (might/could)
have called (or may (might/could) have been calling) 11.must be coming 12.may (might/could)
be/can't be/must be 13.should (ought to) be able to 14.Could...be 15.may (might/could) get ( or
may (might/could) be getting)/may (might/could) award (or may (might/could) be awarding) 16.may
(might/could) be freezing 17.should (ought to) withstand IS.should (ought to) sell
EXERCISE 13
l.have 2.be doing/be sleeping S.not answer 4.not have raised S.gave 6.hadn't asked 7.not have
taken 8-didn't tease 9-hadn't mentioned lO.do (be doing)/walking (walk)
>
EXERCISE 14
I.He used to attend... 2.No change 3.No change 4.1n the past, women didn't use to have... 5-There
used to be a boy...who always used to laugh whenever he used to get... 6.No change 7.Many years
ago there used to be a small cotton mill...it had to close down. 8.No change 9.1n the days of the
wild frontier, spurs on boots used to serve... 10.Children used to work ... until trade associations
forced change.
UNIT 3
EXERCISE 1
l.is being mown 2.is mown S.was mown 4.was being mown S.has been mown B.had been mown
7.will be mown 8.is going to be mown 9.will have been mown
EXERCISE 2
l.are going to be planted by local people next weekend 2.was interviewed by the manager S.will be
explained by the vice-president at the meeting tomorrow 4.was being guarded by some soldiers
S.was crossed by Nils Nordenskjld, a Swede, in a ship called the Vega 6.has not been approved for
sale by the Food and Drug Administration/has already been tested on human volunteers by
scientists 7.were destroyed by the rainstorm last week S.are effectively cured by the antibiotic
penicillin 9.is looked after by volunteers lO.will have been provided with books by the school by the
end of the week 11.is still left around the campsite by the campers 12.have been searched by the
customs officers/will be passed IS.had not been stolen by grave robbers 14.is being plagued by a
teenage gang 15.will be paid compensation by the council
EXERCISES
l.are exposed to extreme cold 2.is provided with a pair of shoes by a private fund every year S.was
being vandalized by some youths 4.is being increased by 25 percent S.was written by George Eliot
G.was sent special delivery 7.was loved by people across the globe S.has been taken/will be brought
9.hadn't yet been received lO.has been loaded onto the plane 11.is watched by everyone 12.have
been destroyed since the beginning of the riots IS.had been beaten by Smith three times before in
the 100-metre race 14.hadn't been agreed to/hadn't been rejected IS.will have been collected/is
drawn
EXERCISE 4
1.Is that dictionary being used? 2.Which machines are being inspected today? S.How many species
of monkey are kept here? 4.Has our rubbish been collected? 5.Who was interviewed by the manager
yesterday? 6.By whom were the applicants interviewed yesterday? (Who/whom were the applicants
interviewed by yesterday?) 7.What has been agreed upon? 8.1s all the fruit going to be gathered
today? 9.What is going to be done? lO.By whom is your translation work done? (Who/whom is your
translation work done by?) ll.Who was influenced by Sally at the meeting? 12.By whom was Sally's
decision influenced at the meeting? (Who/whom was Sally's decision influenced by at the meeting?)
13.Are the windows cleaned regularly? 14. How much wheat is produced annually in this region?
IS.Has the crossword been done yet?
EXERCISE 5
l."I wish that in one instant you could be told of my safe arrival, but... 2.This sentence was written
by Samuel Morse in a letter to his mother in 1811, when he was 20. 3.No change 4.No change
(Cmle passive yaplabilir ama anlam doal olmaz.) S.However, he was allowed to go to London to
study art in 1811, after his work was praised by Gilbert Stuart. 6.When Samuel returned in 1815, he
found that Americans were not interested in buying paintings. 7.He realized that very little money
could be earned from painting portraits. S.Morse was inspired to invent the telegraph by a chance
conversation while he... 9.He was told by a fellow passenger about European experiments in
electromagnetism. 10.Morse remarked, "If the presence of electricity can be made visible in any part
of the circuit, I see no reason why intelligence cannot be transmitted by electricity." 11.No change
12.No change IS.Thus, years of work and study were required for him to perfect his device. 14.His
determination was greatly admired. IS.He was given practical help by the industrialist Alfred Vail, the
physicist Joseph Henry, and others. 16.1n 1837 a patent was applied for on The American
Electromagnetic Telegraph. 17....for his invention but was met with failure there as at home.
IS.Finally, in 1843, $30,000 was appropriated by the United States Congress in order to build a
line... 19.1n May 1844, the first message was flashed over this wire. 20.No change 21.Use was
quickly found for the telegraph by newspapers, railroads, and businesses. 22.After the Western
Union had been founded in 1856, wires were soon strung from coast to coast. 23.The problem had
been worked on by other men of science, but Morse's invention was the basis of the land telegraph
system. 24.The code of dots and dashes used in sending messages is still known as Morse code, in
honour of its inventor. 25.When Morse died in 1872, on April 2, public memorials were held across
the nation.
EXERCISES
l.For more than 4000 years, this sensuous cloth has been created by weavers from the strand of a
mere worm and it has reigned supreme as the queen of fabrics. 2.No change 3.In the sixth century,
according to legend, a supply of silkworms was brought back to the emperor Justinian by two
monks. 4.Silk cloth has been made into many items, such as clothing, tapestries, and accessories.
S.Traditionally, part of a Chinese woman's marriage dowry was formed by silk items, such as
bedcovers. 6.Much-needed work is still provided by silk production in several poor but labour-rich
countries. 7.Silkworms are raised by more than 10 million farmers in China today. S.About half a
million workers are employed by(in) silk fabric production. 9.No change 10.Silkworms are still fed
by the Empress of Japan on the palace grounds each spring. 11.Silk-making lessons are sponsored
by the Queen of Thailand in her palace. 12.Silk is even used for certain components of tennis-racket
strings, fly fishing lines, parachutes, and bicycle tires. 13.Silk has been used by surgeons to save
lives, as wounds are easily stitched by the fine thread. 14.A silk kite was used by Benjamin Franklin
during his famous experiments with electricity. 15-No change 16-Silk fibres are triangular, and so
light is reflected by them. 17.A pearly sheen is built up by layers of protein, making silk a luxurious,
sensuous fabric. 18-Its feel, its look, and even its smell are rejoiced in by designers. 19."Bombyx
mori", the most commonly cultivated silkworm, is raised domestically by farmers, but only where
there are mulberry leaves. 20.No change 21.A tougher, rougher silk is produced by wild silkworms
because they are more robust than their domesticated cousins. 22.Silk is also produced in Japan...
23.Though production techniques have been mechanized by the Japanese, many tasks are done by
hand in other countries. 24.1n India, the whole family is involved in the craft of silk-making. 25.An
unceasing trade from East to West has always been encouraged by the West's hunger for silk.
26.Two powerful civilizations -Rome and China - were linked by the silk trade route... 27.Although
silk is widely available today, mainly the rich and famous are adorned by silk gowns.
EXERCISE?
l.will be awarded a scholarship this year/will be awarded to ten students this year 2.were handed a
menu/was handed to us 3.was sent someone else's bill/was sent to him 4.are served to the
passengers/are served light refreshments 5.is going to be sent to us/are going to be sent a catalogue
6.were provided for the victims of the earthquake/were provided (with) tents 7.will be told the
decision/will be told to you 8.were sold burglar alarms/were sold to old people
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 9
l.be encouraged 2.distinguish S.have been repaired 4.speak/be translated 5.be sold G.have been
damagedfbe damaged)/be seen 7.be worn 8.find/have been thrown 9.be made/be washed 10.be
relied/have taken 11.receive 12.be learned/be picked 13.be sent 14.send(be sending) 15.be taken
EXERCISE 10
l.is locked 2.was locked 3.is situated 4.is creased 5.was blocked 6.wasn't interested 7.am
exhausted 8.were worried 9.was dressed lO.is dented 11.was...crowded 12.isn't insured IS.was
annoyed 14.is decorated/are all covered IS.are still damaged
EXERCISE 11
l.from 2.of 3.with 4.to 5.with/at(about) 6.from 7.of 8.to(with) 9.with 10.to 11.to 12.with
IS.with 14.for IS.against 16.with 17.with 18-for 19.on 20.to/in (with)
EXERCISE 12
l.B 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.E 6.A 7.D 8.E 9.B 10.E ll.D 12.D 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.B 17.D 18.B
19.A 20.C 21.C 22.B 23.B 24.E 25.D
EXERCISE 13
l.will get lost 2.got delayed S.get depressed 4.am getting concerned S.gets confused G.often get
involved 7.was getting dressed 8.will get promoted 9.always gets encouraged lO.got damaged
ll.gets embarrassed 12.got tired 13.will get better acquainted 14.are both getting excited IS.are
getting divorced
EXERCISE 14
l.B 2.C 3-D 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.E ll.E 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.C
EXERCISE 15
1. couldn't have been saved/anyone 2.Nothing could be done 3-hasn't been opened/anyone
4.couldn't be deciphered/anyone/nothing could be found out S.couldn't be dissuaded from handing
in his resignation/any 6.Nothing should be left unattended 7.been told nothing/been told anything
S.Nothing can be achieved 9.hasn't been lived lO.Nothing has been done yet
EXERCISE 16
1.likes being given 2.want/to be pulled down S.hate being cheated 4.expects/to be handed/are
expected to hand S.are not authorized to be signed/is authorized to sign company cheques 6.would
prefer her to be accompanied 7.dislike being interrupted S.need to be produced 9.is not permitted
to be taken lO.asked the company to be considered
EXERCISE 17
1.is believed that the whale possesses/is believed to possess 2.was believed by people long ago that
supernatural spirits controlled/were believed by people long ago to control S.was understood that
the two men had been helped/were understood to have been helped 4.is supposed that he has
left/is supposed to have left 5.is assumed that he is living/is assumed to be living
6.was alleged
that he had made/was alleged to have made 7.is estimated that he lost/is estimated to have lost
S.was observed that the firemen were having/were observed to be having 9.is assumed that the
couple were arguing/are assumed to have been arguing lO.is reported that five thousand homes
were destroyed/are reported to have been destroyed ll.it, expected that the company will sell/is
expected to sell 12.is acknowledged by critics that his latest book is/is acknowledged by critics to be
IS.fs said that he was/is said to have been 14.was known that he was/was known to be
EXERCISE 18
EXERCISE 19
a) l.is generally acknowledged 2.were based (are based) S.ventured (were venturing) 4.is believed
S.reached 6.were not nailed 7.were stitched S.was made Q.decided lO.agreed
11.covered
12. supplied IS.was built 14.was shaped (had been shaped) IS.were drilled (had been drilled)
16. were used (had been used) 17.was brought (had been brought) IS.was made (had been made)
19.was named 20.was launched
21. gathered 22. travelled 23. set 24.came 25.was loaded 26.were
sailing 27.had given (gave) 28.continued 29.arrived SO.had covered
b) l.E 2.E 3.C
EXERCISE 20
EXERCISE 21
a) l.is situated 2.was built S.was completed (had been completed) 4.became S.were built 6.served
7.began 8. saw (had seen) 9.was outraged 10.was thrown 11.hired 12. had designed 13-built (had
built) 14.were cleared IS.started (was started)
16. were involved 17.was completed (had been
completed) IS.could accommodate 19.was completed
20. were renovated 21. had been damaged
(were damaged) 22. were restored 23.is visited 24.are only admitted 25.serve
b) l.D 2.B 3.C
EXERCISE 22
a) l.have been 2.was devoted 3.won 4.was born S.gave 6.managed 7.began 8-grew 9.visited
10.was given 11.preferred 12.was encouraged (had been encouraged) 13.believed 14.were accepted
IS.awarded 16.marked 17.received IS.was even made 19.had been awarded 20.undertook
considered 22.is now displayed 23.are depicted 24.had ever been painted
b) l.E 2.A 3-D
UNTT4
EXERCISE 1
1.brings/can play 2.brought/could play S.had brought/could have played 4.give/won't resign
S.gave/wouldn't resign 6.had given/wouldn't have resigned 7.could have avoided/hadn't been
driving 8. were/wouldn't be 9.wouldn't contribute/didn't consider lO.require/will contact
ll.wouldn't be leaving (wouldn't leave)/liked 12.had found/wouldn't have suffered IS.would have
to/were 14.had learnt/would have made IS.is/will leave
21. is
EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 3
1.see/will ask 2.wouldn't have failed/had worked S.wouldn't have had/had been driving 4.would
make/weren't 5.would attend/didn't work (wasn't working) 6.had joined/wouldn't have got
7.were/wouldn't spend S.doesn't improve/will have to 9.would like/had lO.would have enjoyed/had
had 11. would like/had 12.hadn't resisted/might not have killed 13.hadn't chosen/would have been
sitting/might have been injured 14.don't have/can do IS.were/would be
EXERCISE 4
l.C 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.E 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.E 14.D 15.D 16.A 17.B 18.E
19.C 20.D 21.A 22.D 23.C 24.E 25.A 26.E 27.B 28.C 29.A 30.E
EXERCISE 5
I.You will never get fit unless you exercise regularly. 2.Unless you know what you're talking about,
you'd better keep quiet. 3.Unless you change your attitude, I'll stop being friends with you. 4.The
angry mother warned her children that unless they ate their green beans, they wouldn't be getting
any dessert. S.She couldn't have got the lead role unless she had impressed the judges. 6.Don't
interrupt me while I'm working unless it is absolutely necessary.
EXERCISE 6
I.She will take a postgraduate course at university even if she doesn't get a scholarship. 2.He didn't
write to me, but even if he had, I wouldn't have made an effort to get in touch. 3.We have to pay the
rent today even if it leaves us short of cash. 4.Even if they are unable to come to the party, we
should still invite them. S.They didn't offer him a company car, but even if they had, he would still
have quit. 6.Even if you apologize a thousand times, he will never forgive you.
EXERCISE?
l.If 2.unless 3.if 4.if S.unless G.if 7.unless 8.if 9.unless lO.unless
EXERCISE 8
l.in case 2.in case 3.if 4.in case S.If 6.1f 7.1n case 8.if 9.if lO.in case
EXERCISE 9
I.I wouldn't have to attend tomorrow's meeting if I'd attended the one last week. 2.1f he wasn't so
unpopular with his colleagues, he'd have been invited on the trip to Cappadocia. 3.1f they'd treated
the waste properly, the North Sea wouldn't be so heavily polluted now. 4. If you'd thought about your
decision carefully, you wouldn't be regretting it now. S.If he didn't make so many silly mistakes, he'd
have been given the promotion he wanted. 6.1f we'd taken the meat out of the freezer before leaving
for work, we could have steak for dinner. 7.1f my father hadn't worked so hard all his life, he
wouldn't be able to afford a pleasant retirement now. S.If he had any taste, he wouldn't have worn a
yellow shirt and a purple tie to the interview. 9.If the buyer for our house hadn't changed his mind,
we wouldn't still be living here. 10.If she'd let anyone discourage her, she wouldn't be successful
now.
EXERCISE 10
1. You handed your project in late, and now the teacher is deducting five percent from your grade.
2. Elephants are an endangered species because so many of them have been killed for their ivory
tusks. S.He's not a bit reasonable like his father, so he caused the firm to become insolvent. 4.1
didn't study hard for the exam, and now it seems very difficult to me. S.You are reprimanding
(reprimand) your daughter for her faults all the time, so she didn't develop (hasn't developed) a close
relationship with you. 6.Local people campaigned for two years, and now cyclists are able to use this
separate cycle path. 7.The winter snow hasn't thawed completely, so we can't take a different route
down into the valley. S.You didn't allow your sister to use your computer, and now she's sulking in
her room. 9.Because they gave him encouragement and opportunities, their son made rapid
progress. 10.We can't take a walk along the coast because the wind is blowing very strongly.
10 Q EL
EXERCISE 11
l.Were I him, I wouldn't spend so much on one thing. 2.Were the weather not so cold today, we
would spend the day outside. 3.Had the skiers not ignored the clearly posted avalanche warning
signs, seven members of the group would still be alive. 4.Were it not really important for him, I
wouldn't swap shifts with Jamie. 5.Were the railway authorities to improve the conditions on long
distance trains, more people would travel on them. 6.Should you not follow your doctor's orders, you
may face unpleasant side effects. 7.Were they more interested in their children's achievements, the
children would try harder. S.Should you want any alterations to the advertisement, please contact us
before the end of the week. 9.Had the ancestors of the f"""o nations not fought, there wouldn't be such
passionate hostility today between the Turks and the Greeks. lO.Had the boy scouts been given
proper supervision, the accident wouldn't have happened. 11.Were he to take his work more
seriously, his staff might do the same. 12.Had I known that you were in the hospital last week, I
would have visited you.
EXERCISE 12
l.would be 2.would have hit S.would visit 4.hadn't won 5. would have completed/wouldn't be
running 6.would have gone/didn't have 7.don't make S.hadn't been bombed 9.would have refused
10.finish/can leave 11.must be/wouldn't attract (wouldn't be attracting) 12.wouldn't be/had been
defeated IS.were led/would have 14.wouldn't be considering (wouldn't consider) IS.could have
played 16.Had...known/wouldn't have offered 17.(Should...need 18. would... do/broke
EXERCISE 13
1.could have been/would have really enjoyed 2.weren't S.hadn't taken (wouldn't take) 4.would stop
S.were/would end G.were (was) sittingfwas sitting)/drinking/watching 7.had telephoned S.had
brought 9.would stop/would...like/pulled lO.hadn't interrupted (hadn't been interrupting) 11.could
have seen 12.had IS.hadn't rejected 14.didn't contain 15.were/could be 16.were (was) coming
17.were set (had been set) IS.would stop
EXERCISE 14
l.are baking 2.will be (is going to be) S.had happened (has happened) 4.is going to snow 5.were
snowing 6.had been hit 7.didn't believe 8.were/had (have) 9.were lO.had climbed 11.did (has
done/had done) 12.are 13.had been punched 14.had marched (had been marching) IB.will not
have completed 16.had been chosen
UNIT 5
EXERCISE 1
l.what the purpose of his visit is 2.where I left my keys S.how long you have been learning English
4.how she knows my address 5.Why they chose him as the new chairman 6.What they are talking
about 7.what can be done in this situation S.what you can do in this situation 9.how many people
have come to the party so far lO.Who helped him to escape from jail 11.who she went on holiday
with 12.when we will be able to pick up our tickets 13. whom the police interviewed about the
incident 14.whose signature this is IS.where the customer file could be 16.how he copes with so
many children in the class 17.how long this has been going on 18.how long it took her to knit this
cardigan 19.When they will move into their new house 20.whose jacket you are wearing
EXERCISE 2
2.How much deposit do they require?/how much deposit they require S.How long is the longest ski
run?/how long the longest ski run is 4.What is temperature measured with?/what temperature is
measured with S.How much was raised at the school fund-raiser?/How much was raised at the
school fund-raiser 6.How often does Alice come to the office?/how often Alice comes to the office
7.How did you get my phone number?/how you got my phone number S.Where did they suddenly
run off to?/where they suddenly ran off to 9.How long did their holiday last?/how long their holiday
lasted 10.Who is the man standing behind our literature teacher?/who the man standing behind
our literature teacher is 11.Whose father is the man talking to the teacher?/whose father the man
talking to the teacher is 12.Whom(Who) did she go to the party with?/whom (who) she went to the
party with IS.What are the foreign representatives going to do after the meeting?/what the foreign
representatives are going to do after the meeting 14.When is their golden wedding anniversary
party?/when their golden wedding anniversary party is 15-Which sweater did she end up
buying?/which sweater she ended up buying 16.How many people does she have to look after apart
from her son?/how many people she has to look after apart from her son 17.How tall is that
building?/how tall that building is 18-By whom was "rung Lear" written? (Who/Whom was "rung
Lear" written by?)/whom (who) "King Lear" was written by 19.Which one is the best of all?/which
one is the best of all 20.Whose fault was it that the project wasn't prepared in time?/whose fault it
was that the project wasn't prepared in time
EXERCISE 3
1.Whether (or not) they can explore the whole universe someday (or not) 2.whether (or not) he is
enjoying his new job (or not) 3.if (whether) the shop can deliver the sofa by Friday (or not) 4.if
(whether) it gets very cold there in the winter (or not) 5. Whether (or not) they are going to accept the
offer on the house (or not) 6.if (whether) they were given enough time to complete the project (or not)
7.Whether (or not) he got the promotion (or not) S.whether (or not) they should apply a long time in
advance (or not) Q.whether (or not) he is going to request a transfer (or not) 10.Whether (or not) she
spoke to the manager today (or not)
EXERCISE 4
l.what they were doing in the warehouse 2.if (whether) the invitations have been sent out yet
S.which hospital they have taken the injured boy to 4.How many children the school has in each
class 5.Why he left the company 6.if (whether) the film version of the book will be successful
7.Whether (or not) he has made up his mind about his major at university 8.who/whom Veronica
married 9. if (whether) Sarah was at work today lO.What they were talking about 11.which car they
bought in the end 12.if (whether) he has a valid excuse for not coming to work yesterday 13.where
she picked up such silly ideas 14.if (whether) this could be the end of their relationship IS.How
much money Richard has made with his new business
EXERCISE 5
l.How 2.What S.How much 4.What on earth (What in the world) S.How 6.What 7.How much
8.When on earth (When in the world) Q.How on earth (How in the world) lO.How ll.Who on earth
(Who in the world) 12.Where on earth (Where in the world) 13.What 14.Why on earth (Why in the
world) IS.How much
EXERCISE 6
EXERCISE?
l.E 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.E 9.A 10.C
EXERCISE 8
l.(that) she had got his letter just as she was getting (had been getting) ready to phone him 2.he
didn't have a clue what he was talking about 3.she was bored and there was nothing on TV 4.{that)
future generations must find alternatives to fossil fuels 5.he had stayed in Saudi Arabia for three
years, so he could speak Arabic fluently 6.the incident hasn't been reported properly by the
newspapers 7.she had left Turkey two years before S.she had paid a fortune for that blouse and it
had faded after just one wash 9.she had forgotten to pick up his suit from the dry-cleaner's
lO.(that) she is having a very enjoyable time there 11.(that) he might be a bit late for the meeting the
next day 12. (that) -we had to (must/would have to) start right away if we wanted to complete our
term papers in time 13.they would probably go to the beach this week 14.(that) she was going to
help her mother that night IS.(that) it must be very difficult to live in a cold climate 16.he wanted
to view the house for sale in Castle Road 17.they expected that house to sell very quickly IS.in that
case, he had to (would have to/must) view it that day if that was possible 19.he could view it the
following day because the owner would have brought them the keys by then 20.he would meet him
outside the property with the keys at 9 a.m. if that was convenient for him .
.
EXERCISE 9
1.if/whether I had seen my teacher the day before 2.if/whether she might use our telephone
3.if/whether it was raining (had been raining) heavily when she had left for work 4.how many rolls I
would like 5.if/whether he had found the book he had been looking for 6.who is responsible for
organizing the meeting 7.if/whether she had a good recipe for chocolate cake S.how long Mrs. Evans
had been waiting for a reply 9.who the woman standing behind me was lO.when I had last checked
the oil in my car 11.why his wife had abandoned him 12.if/whether you are experiencing any pain
13.if/whether he could tell him how much it cost 14.which charities are helping with the relief effort
15-how much longer they were going to produce cars at a loss
EXERCISE 10
1.to wait there until I came back 2.to wash his hands before he sat at the table 3.to put their toys
away after they had finished playing with them 4.not to accept the job if I considered it to be
unprofitable S.not to make too much noise while the baby was sleeping 6.to take good care of
myself while I was away 7.to find myself a better job 8.to wear sunglasses if the sun was really
strong 9.not to leave with the rest of the class/to stay behind lO.not to worry/(to) be happy 11.to
look in his rear view mirror before pulling out 12. to put all our litter in the bins 13.not to worry
about making grammar mistakes during open discussions 14.not to expect drivers to stop at
pedestrian crossings in Rome IS.to empty the contents into a cup, (to) add water, and (to) stir well
EXERCISE 11
1. shouted/to stop talking/said that we had to show some respect for our fellow classmates
2.asked/if (whether) I could post that letter/he wanted her to receive it by the weekend 3.told/that
they would provide some drawing materials/(that) it was better to take our own 4.told/(that) the
queue was too long/they would have sold out of tickets before we got to the counter 5.told/not to
look up lots of words/(to) try to guess the meaning from the context 6.asked/why she thought his
plant was dying/if (whether) it needed more water 7. told/(that) my hair looked lovely/asked/where I
had got it done 8.warned/not to walk about after dark/it was dangerous around the city 9.told/to
be quiet/asked/what they were talking about anyway 10.told/not to stick their fingers in the
cages/the birds sometimes pecked people's fingers ll.told/(that) he didn't have enough cash with
him/asked/if (whether) they accepted credit cards 12.told/not to withdraw too much money from
our bank account/we wouldn't be paid for another couple of weeks 13.asked/if (whether) I was sure
my information was accurate/said/she had never heard of such nonsense 14.asked/what he
thought the problem with the car was/if (whether) it needed a service 15.said/that pen wasn't
hers/that she thought it was Alice's
EXERCISE 13
I.I think so 2.I'm afraid not 3.1 hope not 4.1'm afraid so 5.1 expect not (I don't expect so) 6.1t
appears so 7.1 think so 8.1 expect so 9.1 suppose so 10.1 don't think so 11.I'm afraid so 12.It
doesn't appear so 13.lt seems so 14.1 think so 15.1'm afraid not
EXERCISE 14
1.doesn't it 2.will you S.shall we 4.have you 5.do they 6.haven't you 7.do they S.mustn't there
9.mustn't it lO.can you (or would they) 11.can she 12.must you 13.did they 14.was it IS.didn't
there 16.wasn't she 17.does she 18-have they 19.will you 20.wouldn't he
EXERCISE 15
l.C 2.B 3.E 4.D 5.D 6.E 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.D
UNTT6
EXERCISE 1 (sample answers)
1. Buying second-hand clothes 2.Working night shifts 3. Crawling 4.Trying to change her mind
5. Learning about different cultures 6. Reading in dim light
S.having to learn to live without much peace and quiet 4.1earning the language and culture
b) S.learning to think in English rather than in their own language B.learning to play several
musical instruments 7. preserving traditional Turkish culture against American cultural influence
S.never really having any privacy
EXERCISE 3
EXERCISE 4
EXERCISES
EXERCISES
l.By eating some fruit 2.By gliding on currents of air and resting from time to time 3.By not
spending anything on luxury items 4.By throwing him a rope from a helicopter 5.By burying itself
in the sand
.;
,
,
, , : . : :
;...
.
EXERCISE 7
l.Try to do this without looking up any words in the dictionary 2.You shouldn't ski in sunny weather
without wearing sunglasses 3.He lied to his friends without thinking of the consequences 4.The
doctor worked 15 hours without taking a break 5. My brother rides his bike without holding onto the
handlebars
EXERCISES
1.rehearsing 2.with her homework S.with their shopping 4.with the restorations S.showing
EXERCISE 9
1.to/being treated/of/putting 2.from/taking S.being given (having been given) 4.being hit S.being
told 6-being promoted (having been promoted) 7.of/having been involved (being involved)/stealing
8.in/organizing 9.about/not being paid (not having been paid) 10.of/inviting (having invited)
11.being read 12.being (having been) encouraged 13-being exposed 14.of/running IS.on/being
transferred 16.of/transferring 17.of/letting 18-having been trained 19.gazing 20.putting/of/saving
21.selling 22.being involved (having been involved) 23.changing 24.about/not being invited (not
having been invited)/to/being lied (having been lied) 25.of/lifting
EXERCISE 10
l.was a great surprise for him to be picked for the national team 2.will be wonderful to have a few
days off next week 3.is unwise to get into the habit of borrowing money 4.can do more harm than
good to overexert yourself when exercising 5. takes time and effort to produce something worthwhile
EXERCISE 11
l.for you to have a full medical check-up 2.of him to go fishing on the lake in thick fog S.for you to
buy holiday insurance for your trip to Egypt 4.for her to use a computer to correspond with her
brother in Australia 5.of me to lie in the sun for an hour without any protection 6.of the director to
reprimand the manager in front of all the staff 7.for the weather to be awful in May 8.of him not to
inform anyone about where he was going mountain-climbing on his own 9. of her not to offer to help
us lO.for them to receive death threats
EXERCISE 12 (sample answers)
'
l.is to write, play and record music 2.should be to help those who need help as much as I can, and
to treat others always with respect 3.is to obtain a doctorate degree and teach English and American
literature 4. not to do very much at all but relax 5. to help his patients as much and in as humane a
way as he/she can 6.is to acquire good study and work habits and to try and do the best that I can
EXERCISE 13
l.to do 2.doing 3.to do 4.to do S.doing 6-doing 7.to do S.doing S.doing lO.doing 11.doing
12.to do 13.to do 14.to do IS.to do IG.doing 17.doing 18-doing 19.to do 20.to do 21.doing
22.doing 23.to do 24.to do 25.doing 26.doing 27.to do 28.to do 29.doing SO.to do 31.to do
32.to do 33.doing 34.to do 35.to do 36.doing 37.to do 38.doing 39.to do 40.doing 41.to do
42.to do 43.to do 44.to do 45.doing 46.to do 47.to do 48.doing 49.to do SO.to do
EXERCISE 14
EXERCISE 15
1.drinking/to drink 2.to start/to borrow 3.borrowing/to get 4.not to enroll 5.to post/to mail
6.meeting (having met) 7.rolling S.putting 9.to stop/worrying/try (to try)/to forget lO.feeling
11.picking 12.to continue/writing (to write) IS.to pour/walking (to walk) 14. to inform IS.speaking
(to speak)/to listen IG.complaining 17.washing (to be washed) IS.to inform 19.to qualify
(qualifying) 20.camping/staying 21.to wait 22.rejecting/accepting 23.hurting (to hurt)
24.getting/commuting 25.to eat 26.receivlng/writing 27.to upset/to apologize 28.worrying (to
worry)/getting/to check
EXERCISE 16
l.to hear about the rent their landlady was asking for 2.to be told that he had to work in another
city 3.to discover that their house had been broken into 4.to leave on a business trip next week 5.to
find out that he had been found innocent of the charge 6.not to be injured in the accident 7.to get
his wallet back intact 8.to see how quickly he recovered 9.not to let his sarcastic remarks hurt her
lO.to be chosen as the best performing department
EXERCISE 17
l.to be listening 2.to have been opened 3.to have had 4.to have 5.to have been spying 6.to help/to
be doing 7.to be sounding (to sound/to have sounded)/to be called 8.to be (to have been) given/to
have accomplished 9.to have been working (to have worked) lO.to have lost/to have found
EXERCISE 18
l.to look (for looking) 2.for the spelling 3.to look 4.to let S.for some fresh air 6.for essential
company calls/to make (for making) 7.to call 8.to connect (for connecting) 9.to find lO.for making
11.for guests 12.to keep (for keeping)
EXERCISE 19
l.is too ridiculous for anyone to believe 2.are too poor to feed themselves S.isn't strong enough to get
over this shock easily 4.was too weak to beat his opponent 5.is reliable enough for me to share my
secrets with 6.is mature enough to be left to look after himself 7.was too noisy for me to concentrate
on my work 8-isn't clean enough for us to drink 9.doesn't get a high enough salary to be able to
afford a winter holiday lO.is too complicated for anyone to understand
EXERCISE SO
1.aren't strong enough 2.is too shallow 3.is too short 4.isn't simple enough S.isn't loud (strong)
enough 6.is too shy (timid)
EXERCISE 21
EXERCISE 22
1.your brother to be older 2.the army to have no power over the government S.our expenses this
month to be above our income 4.1s estimated to be worth over
10,000 5.to have harmful sideeffects 6.him to be not guilty of the charge 7.him to be the manager S.her to have too little work
experience 9.to have a serious design flaw lO.hunting with dogs to be barbaric and inhumane
EXERCISE 23
l.feel 2.examined 3.to stay 4.straightened B.look 6.made 7.design/to produce S.polished 9.to
10. to look ll.burnt 12.to do IS.checked 14.broken IS.keep
EXERCISE 24
l.B 2.E 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.E 7.E 8.A 9.C 10.B ll.C 12.E 13.B 14.E 15.D 16.A 17.B 18.E
19.A 20. C
UNTT7
EXERCISE 1
l.B 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.A 9.B 10.B ll.A 12.B 13.A 14.A 15.A 16.A 17.B 18.A 19.B
20.B 21.A 22.A 23.A 24.B 25.A
EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 3
l.E 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.E 10.A 11.B 12.E 13.C 14.C 15.E 16.E 17.D 18.B
19.A 20.D 21.B 22.E 23.B 24.B 25.C
EXERCISE 4
a) l.b 2.f 3.d 4.h 5.a 6.c 7.j 8.e 9.g 10.1
b) l.D 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.E
EXERCISES
a) l.e 2.h 3.a 4.j 5.d 6.c 7.b 8.f 9.1 lO.g
b) l.C 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C
EXERCISE 6
a) l.d 2.h 3.a 4.g 5.b 6.1 7.c 8.m 9.e lO.o ll.i 12.J 13.n 14.f 15.k
b) l.C 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.E 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.E 10.C
EXERCISE 7
l.B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.E 6.E 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.A ll.C 12.E 13.B 14.D 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.A
19. A 20. D
EXERCISE 8
l.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.B 9.E 10.A ll.C 12.E 13.C 14.E 15.B 16.C 17.E 18.A
19.B 20.A
EXERCISE 9
l.so foggy that all the flights had to be cancelled 2.playing their music so loudly that I had to ask
them to turn it down S.such an ambitious person that she'll do whatever is needed to succeed
4.such terrible news that we didn't know how to break it to our parents 5.so hard to persuade me
that I had no choice but to accept what they wanted
6. such great demand that we had to wait in
wait
EXERCISE 10
j v-, --
; ,^ '*
a) I.It was such a long film that I had to leave the cinema before it finished 2.1t's such a delicious
dessert that I think I'll order another helping S.She earns such a lot of money that she doesn't know
how to spend it 4. Such a lot of people are unemployed that it's becoming harder and harder to find
a proper job 5.We were given such a little time on the exam that I didn't even get a look at the last
two questions
b) l.There were so few members that the meeting could not be held 2.So many students are taking
the university exam that it's becoming increasingly important to be well-prepared for it S.The trip
was so badly organized that I returned home rather tense instead of being relaxed
4. Her house is so
far from the station that I'm afraid we'll have to take a taxi
5.1 waited for him in the cafe for so long
that I was furious when he never came
EXERCISE 11
l.more crowded 2.more often S.easier 4.more easily S.more difficult G.worse 7.worse S.better
9.better lO.farther (further)
11.further 12.Less/more IS.more quietly 14.quieter IS.earlier
EXERCISE 12
1.later 2.harder S.better/worse 4.elder S.older 6.younger 7.cheaply S.lately 9-practical
lO.nearly/better 11.further 12.newer/better IS.newly/good 14.simpler/confused
15. simply
/ helpful
EXERCISE 13
1.heavier and heavier 2.more and more unbearable S.worse and worse 4.bigger and bigger S.easier
and easier G.more and more crowded T.less and less S.more and more complicated 9.More and
more lO.more and more
EXERCISE 14
l.The more I got to know him, the more interested I became in his ideas 2.The further I carried the
box, the heavier it seemed to become S.The more he worried about his problem, the less capable he
became of coping with it 4.The deeper they went into the forest, the more frightened they felt S.The
more money we save now, the more we'll have to spend on our summer holiday 6.The bigger the
waves got, the more pleasure we derived from surfing 7.The harder we work, the faster our business
will expand S.The more students we get to enrol in our courses, the more teachers will be required
EXERCISE 15
1.didn't work as much as I wanted them to 2.take us as long to get home as it did last night S.use
to do such a large volume of business as they are doing now 4.didn't offer him such a high wage as
(as high a wage as) he had expected S.use to have such a big house as (as big a house as) they do
now 6.wasn't as enthusiastic about the play as tonight's audience is
EXERCISE 16
1.three times as big as this book 2.was half as big as the new stadium is/is twice as big as the old
stadium was S.twice as far as I walked yesterday/half as far as I usually do 4.ten times as much
money on the curtains for her new house as Mary did
5. twice as much clothing as a normal
washing machine/half as much clothing as the new Dyson does 6-three times as big as the kitchen
EXERCISE 17
l.distance/as/longer/than/heavier 2.1arge S.price/less 4.badly S.many 6.1ater
7.as/dangerous/as
S.a lot/heavier/usually 9.such/eagerly/studying/as lO.much/better/than
11.as/far/as 12.
often/little 13.so/well/dressed/that 14.such/high/that/earlier/expected
15.such/low 16.such
a/as/many/as 17.so/heavily/that IS.hardly/such/irritating 19.well/few
20.so/upset/so/sarcastically
EXERCISE 18
c;
EXERCISE 19
l.like 2.As 3.as 4.As S.such as (like) G.such as (like)/as 7.1ike 8.as/llke 9.as lO.as ll.like
12.1ike IS.such as (like) 14.as IS.like
.
-,....,.
EXERCISE 20
l.E 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.C ll.D 12.E 13.B 14.A 15.E 16.C 17.D 18.E
19.B 20.B
UNITS
EXERCISE 1
I.I want to see the person who/that deals with customer complaints 2.1 can't think of a remedy
which/that will soothe your nerves 3.The reporter who/that had been given an assignment in a
trouble spot in Africa was reluctant to go 4.She couldn't pick the apples which/that were beyond
reach S.The church which/that stands on top of the hill is visible from miles around 6.I'm sure I've
met the lady whc/that is getting out of that car over there somewhere before 7.1 dislike people
who/that undermine the work of others 8.Why did you buy a car which/that is older than your
previous one
.
EXERCISE 2
I.I wonder what happened to the child who/whom/that/- a cyclist ran over in the park this morning
2.Some of the guests who/whom/that/- we'd invited to the party didn't turn up S.The epidemic
which/that/- they have been trying to bring under control for months has spread all over the area
4.1 wrote to the French couple who/whom/that/- I met on holiday S.The house which/that/- we
were hoping to buy is no longer for sale 6.The film which/that/- I didn't let my son watch was not
suitable for children 7.Have you met the person who/whom/that/- they appointed to head of the
department? 8.1 don't like the music which/that/- our neighbours play very loudly all day long
EXERCISES
l.The picture in which Sally was very interested had already been sold (which/that/- Sally was very
interested in...) 2.1 want to introduce you to the woman with whom I'm thinking of doing business
(who/whom/that/- I'm thinking of doing business with) S.The candidate for whom I voted was
elected (who/whom/that/- I voted for...) 4.The theory on which he based his argument didn't seem
very sound (which/that/- he based his argument on...) S.The woman for whom this dress was
designed was extremely wealthy (who/whom/that/- this dress was designed for...) 6.The waitress at
whom the manager shouted is always getting in trouble (who/whom/that/- the manager shouted
at...) 7.The illness from which our boss is suffering seems to be very serious (which/that/- our boss
is suffering from...) S.The period from which this church dates was marked by conflict between
Vikings and Christians (which/that/- this church dates from...)
EXERCISE 4
l.This is the man in whose car I took you to the hospital (whose car...in) 2.You should have
apologized to the woman on whose foot you stepped while dancing (whose foot you stepped on...) 3.A
company whose financial backing isn't secure is likely to suffer in the current economic climate 4. He
is the author whose work I most admire S.These are the birds whose habitat is threatened by the
development of the new shopping centre 6.Do you know if this is the hotel whose swimming pool is
open to non-guests 7.What's the name of the mythological figure whose touch turned things to gold
S.The candidate to whose ideas I am strongly opposed won by a small margin (whose ideas I am
strongly opposed to...)
EXERCISE 5
l.This is the hall where/in which the conference will be held (which/that/- the conference will be
held in) 2.1s that a photograph of the church where/in which you got married (which/that/- you got
married in) 3.1 can't remember the name of it, but we went to that area where/in which the early
Christians dug underground cities (which/that/- the early Christians dug underground cities in)
4.This is the very spot where/on which a big explosion occurred yesterday (which/that/- a big
explosion occurred on yesterday) S.I know a small restaurant where/in which you can have a nice
dinner enjoying the magnificent Bosphorus view (which/that/- you can have a nice dinner in...)
G.Istanbul is a city where/in which you can meet people from all over Turkey (which/that/- you can
'
' ,
EXERCISES
1.1980 is the year when/in which/that/- the last military coup in Turkey took place 2.They haven't
yet fixed the date when/on which/that/- they'll get married 3.1 forgot the time when/at which/that/her plane would land 4.6th August 1945 is the date when/on which/that/- an atomic bomb was
dropped on Hiroshima S.Half past four is the hour when/at which/that/- the caretaker always
collects the rubbish 6.11th September 2001 is the date when/on which/that/- terrorists destroyed
the World Trade Center
EXERCISE 7
l.C 2.B 3-D 4.C 5.E 6.C 7.A 8.A 9.C 10.D ll.E 12.D 13.B 14.C 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C
19.A 20.A
EXERCISES
l.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.D 6.E 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.A ll.D 12.D 13.A 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.D 18.B
19.A 20.C
EXERCISE 9
l...on Friday evening, when/on which we'll all be at Tony's.... 2... 6 a.m., when/at which I have to
wake up... 3...on December 5, 1791, by which time he had composed... 4...from Monday to
Wednesday, during which time I did... 5...on Valentine's Day, when/on which they thought it'd be...
EXERCISE 10
l....in England, one of which will be finding accommodation 2.Yaar Kemal, most of whose books
have been translated into many languages, is one of... 3...two jumpers, neither of which really suited
him 4....about 1,000, nearly all of which he then gambled away again 5....two assistant managers,
both of whom are efficient in their work 6... a book on strategy, some of whose chapters were
extremely boring (a book on strategy, some chapters of which were extremely boring)
EXERCISE 11
I.He is rather bad-tempered, which makes him a difficult person to work with 2.He broke two
glasses while he was washing up, which was very careless of him 3.1'm having a few days off next
week, which I'm really looking forward to 4.He hasn't been eating much lately, which I am really
concerned about 5.He didn't offer to help his parents, which was a little selfish of him 6.She
handed in her resignation after her quarrel with the manager, which didn't surprise me at all
EXERCISE 12
l.D 2.B 3.E 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.C 12.E 13.C 14.B 15.E 16.A 17.B 18.D
19.D 20.B 21.A 22.E 23.B 24.E 25.B 26.A 27.D 28.D 29.D 30.E
,,,
EXERCISE 13
l.The woman sitting at the comer table seems... 2.The students wanting to postpone the exam
were... 3.Only those having their identity cards with them will be... 4."Roots", written by Alex Haley,
is... S.Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon 6.The fence surrounding their house is
not so high 7.The children, very excited about going on holiday, helped... 8.Mrs. Smith, our next
door neighbour, is very much interested in... 9....pictures on TV showing the pieces of the comet...
lO.Mr. Jacobs will be the one in charge of the office during... 11.She, once a famous star, is now...
12.1 have a lot of letters to write 13....children, not knowing the danger, play in sewage waters 14.His
first book, published in 1975, didn't get... 15....a house overlooking the sea rather than a large one
16.Students not interested in grammar can prepare... 17.relieved to get further news concerning the
accident IS.The villagers, expecting a good harvest, were all distressed... 19.The twins, wearing
identical bright red jackets, really stood out... 20....to find someone to look after our dog
EXERCISE 14
l.D 2.C 3.C 4.E 5.C 6.E 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.E ll.C 12.B 13.A 14.A 15.D 16.B 17.D 18.C
19.C 20.D 21.E 22.A 23.B 24.B 25.C 26.E 27.D 28.E 29.B 30.E 31.D 32.D 33.B 34.C
35.E 36.A 37.D 38.A 39.C 40.D
EXERCISE 15
FRANZ KAFKA
1.- 2.which/that 3.- 4.who 5.- G.where 7.which S.where 9.where lO.when ll.whose
12.where 13.- 14.- 15. which 16. which/that 17.which 18.- 19. which
ANTTOCH
l.which 2.which 3.- 4.whose S.which 6-which 7.- 8.which/that 9.where lO.which/that
ll.who 12.which/that 13.wh.ich 14. which/that 15. where
WORLDWIDE FAME with ONE BOOK
l.who 2.which S.who 4.who 5.which/that/- 6.when/that/- 7.which/that 8.- 9.- lO.who 11.12.which/that 13-which 14.which IS.which
EXERCISE 16
l.A 2.A 3.E 4.D 5.C 6.D 7.E 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.E 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.E 16.A 17.A 18.D
19.B 20.E
, - -.:
UNIT 9
EXERCISE 1
1.Pearls form in oysters 2.Puppies like to sleep in baskets S.Balls are more popular with boys than
they are with girls 4.Obstinate and slow, asses are symbols of stubborn stupidity S.Devices
operated by electricity or gas and found in homes are called home appliances 6.Dentists work in
surgeries 7. Gases can be poisonous 8. Dresses made by designers are usually very expensive 9.
Factories shouldn't be located near residential areas 10. Oranges are rich sources of vitamins
EXERCISE 2
1.ashes 2.faces 3-flashes 4.catches S.trays G.pies 7.glories S.classes 9.branches lO.voices
11.suffixes 12.prizes IS.edges 14.combs IS.talks 16.speeches 17.taxes 18-taxis 19.spices
20. spies
EXERCISE 3
1.selves 2.phenomena S.children 4.policernen S.deer G.geese 7.roofs S.tattoos 9.feet lO.fish
11.beliefs 12.1eaves IS.wolves 14.coats IS.cows 16.pianos 17.boots IS.housewives 19.cities
20. oases
EXERCISE 4
1. letters/postcards/brochures/packages/- 2.-/-/shirts/3.=
/things/cookbooks/booklets/advertisements/magazines/works
4.-/teachers/classrooms//computers/books 5.-/patrolmen/boxes/guns/grenades/landmines
G.jokes/stories/tricks/7.1akes/hills/valleys/- S.children/storms/-/- 9.-/essentials/-//luxuries/televisions/cars/holidays/- 10.areas/nations/-/cities/cars/people ll.screws/nails/12.-/grapes/peaches/apricots/plums/strawberries
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 6
l.the bottom of the stairs 2.today's football match S.the fifth floor of the building 4.your father's
name S.your brothers' names 6.the front page of today's newspaper 7.this year's crops S.twenty
minutes' walk 9.the government's economic policy (the economic policy of the government) lO.the
name of the film (the film's name) 11.the name of the man who came yesterday 12.the keys of my
father's car (my father's car keys) IS.the children's department 14.Jack's brother's wife 15-the
career of the person talking to the manager 16.the horse's saddle 17.the horses' saddles IS.the
committee's decision (the decision of the committee) 19.my sister's son's birthday (the birthday of
my sister's son) 20.eight hours' journey
*n ~i F.I.S
/-
EXERCISE?
l.An/an/a/a 2.An/a 3.-/a 4.a/a 5.-/- 6.-/a/a/a 7.an/a/a/- 8.-/a/a 9.an/-(a)/- 10.a/a/a
3.a/- 14.an/-/a 15.-/a 16.an/-
EXERCISE8
(-) 10.some/a
-(
EXERCISE 9
EXERCISE 10
l.much accommodation 2.many machines S.much machinery 4.many sheep S.much luck 6.many
teeth 7.much homework S.many assignments 9. much progress lO.much deterioration 11. many
individuals 12.many people (many persons) IS.many words 14.much vocabulary IS.many views
16.much scenery 17.many cases IS.many situations 19.many bushes 20.much grass (many
grasses) 21.much equipment 22.much advice 23.many suggestions 24.much poetry 25.many
poems 26.many poets 27.much literature 28.many novels 29.much mail SO.many letters
EXERCISE 11
1.- 2.- 3.of 4.- 5.of 6.of 7.of 8.of/- 9.- 10.-/of 11. of 12.of
EXERCISE 12
1. a little 2. little 3. a few 4. a few 5. few 6.1ittle 7.1ittle S.few 9. a few lO.a little 11. a few 12. a few
13.a little 14.1ittle 15.a little
EXERCISE 13
l.of 2.- 3.- 4.of 5.of 6. of 7.-/of &.-/- 9.of/of 10.-/of ll.of 12.of IS.of 14.of 15.-
EXERCISE 14
l.whole 2.whole S.all 4.whole S.all 6-whole 7.A11 8-all 9.whole lO.whole 11. all 12.whole
IS.whole 14.A11 IS.all
:
EXERCISE 15
l.(of) 2. (of) 3.- 4.of/of/- 5. (of) 6. (of) 7. (of) 8. (of) 9.of 10.-/of ll.of 12. (of) IS.of 14.- 15.-
EXERCISE 16
1. either 2.none S.neither 4.both/either 5.A11 6.both 7.Neither S.Both 9.A11 lO.Neither
ll.None/either 12.both IS.either 14.all 15-both 16.neither 17.all 18.Neith.er
EXERCISE 17
l.each 2.Each/was 3.were/each 4.member/is
8.Each/has 9.Each/wants lO.Do/each/have
EXERCISE 19
1. their own 2.her own S.themselves 4.her own/herself S.itself 6.himself (herself/themselves)
7.myself S.himself 9. his own lO.our own 11. yourselves 12.yourself IS.my own 14.her own 15herself
EXERCISE 20
l.is 2.is (are) 3.is 4.is 5.is 6.are 7.are 8.1s 9.are 10.1s ll.is 12.are 13.is 14.is IS.are 16.is
17.is (are) 18.1s (are) 19.is 20.are 21.is 22.are 23.1s (are) 24.1s 25.are 26.are 27.1s 28.1s 29.1s
(are) SO.are 31.1s (are) 32.are 33.1s 34.1s 35.are 36.1s 37.are 38.1s 39.1s 40.is 41.are 42.1s
43.are 44.are 45.1s 46.are 47.are 48.1s 49.are 50.1s
EXERCISE 21
l.was 2.1s 3.have/is 4.are S.are 6.have/have 7.were/was 8.have 9.was lO.was ll.is
12.1ive/have 13-was 14.was IS.does 16.was 17.have/are 18.was 19.has/is 20.have
EXERCISE 22
l.the others 2.other/others/others S.another (some other) 4.another S.another 6.Others 7.another
S.others 9.each other (one another) lO.other 11.others 12.the other IS.another/other 14.others
15-the other 16.the others/other 17.others 18-the others 19.another 20.each other (one
another)/the other
EXERCISE 23
l.E 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.E 9.C 10.D ll.D 12.C 13.E 14.D 15.B 16.E 17.E 18.D 19.C
20.A
UNTT 10
EXERCISE 1
l.The country has been suffering from both political unrest and an economic crisis 2.Both body
sprays and electrical devices are effective against mosquitoes S.Both Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo lived during the Italian Renaissance, a period known for its creative activity 4.The
building we choose for our cafe must be both close to the shopping area and reasonably priced
5.Cutting down large areas of tropical rain forest destroys not only the habitat of wild animals but
also the homeland of native Indian tribes 6.Honey is delicious not only on its own but also when
added to puddings 7.The protection of the environment is essential not only for people today but
also for future generations S.Not only did she inherit a vast fortune upon her father's death, but she
also became the sole authority to run his companies (She not only inherited a vast fortune but also
became the sole authority...) 9.She was neither efficient nor keen enough to take charge of the office
lO.The solution satisfied neither the management nor the union 11.Neither the actors nor the play
itself was good enough to hold the audience's attention 12.This football player neither panics under
pressure nor argues with the referee 13.The manager must either employ a new assistant or train
one of the existing staff for the position 14.1 will either lend you my car for the day or drive you to
the conference myself 15.I'll either meet you at the airport myself or send someone, if I can't make il
16.1 might have left my umbrella either at work or on the bus
EXERCISE 2
l.were 2.have 3.is 4.are 5.is 6.causes 7.do 8.is 9.are lO.knows ll.was 12.know 13-were
14.1s IS.have
EXERCISES
l.had been introduced (were introduced) 2.met/hadn't yet got 3.is/will have saved 4.had
saved/was S.had the race started/crashed 6.was locking (locked)/had left 7.had they bought/died
8.was looking/found/had put 9.had she finished/telephoned/weren't able to (wouldn't be able to)
lO.reaches/will have been discussed ll.have obtained/are going to (will) start/am planning
(plan)/setup 12.were taken/were/happened 13.had she joined/was bought 14.was getting
(got)/was getting (got)/hardly had 15.will not confirm/have undergone (undergo)/will be employed
EXERCISE 4
l.aJSince there were strong currents in the river, I decided not to swim b)There were strong currents
in the river; therefore, I decided not to swim c)The currents in the river were so strong that I decided
not to swim dJThere were such strong currents in the river that I decided not to swim e)I decided not
to swim, for there were strong currents in the river fJDue to the strong currents in the river, I
decided not to swim gJThere were strong currents in the river, so I decided not to swim h)As a
consequence of the strong currents in the river, I decided not to swim l)There were strong currents
in the river; consequently, I decided not to swim j)Owing to the fact that there were strong currents
in the river, I decided not to swim
2.a)He drove so fast that he had an accident b)His driving too fast resulted in his having an accident
c)His having an accident resulted from his driving too fast d)As a result of his driving too fast, he
had an accident e)He drove too fast; therefore, he had an accident fJOn account of his driving too
fast, he had an accident g)The reason for his having an accident was his driving too fast h)He had
an accident because he drove too fast IJAs he drove (was driving) too fast, he had an accident j)His
having an accident was a result of his driving too fast
EXERCISES
1.Because of 2.Because 3.so 4.Due to S.Owing to the fact that 6-resulted in 7.therefore 8-because
9.because of/for lO.As 11.because/because 12.as a consequence of 13.for 14.result from IS.thus
EXERCISE 6
I.We should book our rooms well in advance so that we won't have any difficulty when we get there
2.We had our car checked before we left on vacation so that it wouldn't cause us any trouble on the
way S.They're taking out a special insurance policy so that their possessions will be covered while
they are overseas 4.They took out a special insurance policy so that their possessions would be
covered while they were overseas 5. He disconnected his telephone so that he wouldn't be disturbed
during the film 6.The professor has taken a break from lecturing this term so that she can do some
research for her book
EXERCISE?
1.Despite its being cheap, I won't buy this material because... 2.She failed to give up smoking in
spite of her repeated attempts S.Even though she has some bad qualities, she is... 4.Although I
offered to help him, he insisted on... S.Despite the rough road, he kept... 6.1n spite of his
unsuccessful performance, the audience applauded... 7....many beneficial advantages, though there
are claims that it diminishes creativity 8.1n spite of having been warned twice before, she still
keeps... 9....this year, although the weather conditions have been continuing to be unfavourable for
some time 10. Despite the enormous number of books the library has, Keith couldn't find...
EXERCISE 8
1.Despite 2.Despite 3-Although 4.though 5.1n spite of 6.1n spite of T.despite S.Although 9.1n
spite of lO.Despite 11.though 12.Although 13-Despite 14.Even though 15.though
EXERCISE 9
l.No matter how famous the actor is, the film's plot... 2....: whatever you buy for her, she never
shows any sign of appreciation S.However many hours we work, we never seem... 4.No matter how
fast we run, we won't... 5.No matter how important the case was, no one dealt... 6....by coach,
however much discount the airlines may be offering 7......whoever tries to persuade me S.Whichever
subject you choose to study at university, you'll have to... 9.. ..in this room regardless of where you
place it 10.Whenever I call on my father, he is...
EXERCISE 10
I.He has been punished several times before; nevertheless, he keeps doing the same naughty thing
again and again 2.They had been rehearsing for weeks; nonetheless, they were all extremely nervous
on the opening night 3.1n spite of having a responsible job with a high salary, she feels discontented
4.Despite being intelligent and having a good sense of humour, he has very little self-confidence
S.Even though he has a speech impediment, he sings beautifully
EXERCISE 11
l.a)Though they cultivated the land very well, they couldn't get good crops b)Despite cultivating the
land very well, they couldn't get good crops c)They cultivated the land very well, but they couldn't get
good crops anyway d)They cultivated the land very well; however, they couldn't get good crops e)In
spite of the fact that they cultivated the land very well, they couldn't get good crops fJThey cultivated
the land very well, yet they still couldn't get good crops g) They cultivated the land very well; even so,
they couldn't get good crops
2.a)Talented as he is, he has never become a success b)Much as he is talented, he has never become
a success c)Although he is talented, he has never become a success d)He is talented; nevertheless,
he has never become a success e)In spite of being talented, he has never become a success f)He is
talented, but he still has never become a success ) He is talented; all the same, he has never
become a success
EXERCISE 12
1.indifferent 2.weak S.scarce 4.fresh 5.intentionally (on purpose) G.rare
EXERCISE 13
l.Some people live in extravagant affluence in some parts of the world; however, in other parts, some
starve to death 2.The accommodation at the hotel was awful. On the other hand, the service was
superb S.Some people have an optimistic view of life; however, others are rather pessimistic 4.Sea
fishing requires a boat, which is expensive even to rent. On the other hand, fishing from the
riverbank costs very little S.Scuba diving requires some very expensive equipment. On the other
hand, snorkeling, which is just as enjoyable, requires only a snorkel and some flippers
EXERCISE 14
l.On the contrary 2.On the other hand 3.On the contrary 4.on the other hand 5.On the other
hand 6. On the other hand
r
EXERCISE 15
l.B 2.E 3.A 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.E 8.E 9.E 10.C ll.A 12.B 13.B 14.D 15.C 16.C 17.B 18.E
19.A 20.C 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.E 25.C 26.B 27.B 28.C 29.C 30.C 31.A 32.C 33.D 34.B
35.C 36.A 37.E 38.A 39.C 40.A 41.D 42.A 43.E 44.A 45.D
EXERCISE 16
l.Not having read the report myself, I am unable... 2.When loading these boxes, make sure that...
3.1f detected early enough, this disease can... 4.Before sealing the envelope, she checked... S.She fell
asleep while listening to the lecture 6.Upon opening his wallet, he realized... 7.You should write your
name at the top of the page before answering any of the questions S.Having driven through a red
light, he wasn't at all surprised... 9.No seats being left on the flight, we were obliged... lO.Since
starting his own business two years ago, he has... ll.Although not so popular as it used to be, stamp
collecting is... 12.Never having seen (Having never seen) an elephant before, the children were... 13Being amphibians, frogs can live... 14.1f not brought under control, this flood could destroy...
IS.When (Upon) receiving a new credit card, you should... 16.There being heavy congestion at that
time of day, we decided... 17.Unless supported after treatment, alcoholics often suffer relapses 18Until made compulsory by law, wearing a seatbelt had... 19.When asked who the job had been given
to, the manager... 20.Although much less stressful than mine, my sister's job provides...
EXERCISE 17
l.As it was expired, I was unable... 2.When he reached the top of the hill, the view completely
overwhelmed him 3.As the driver was terribly drunk, the car went... 4.As he has never looked after
his teeth properly, more than half of them are already decayed 5.As I had opened the oven door too
often, the cake I was baking... 6.While he was stroking his neighbours' dog, it bit him 7.After I had
examined the pattern carefully, the dress seemed... S.While I was explaining the future perfect
continuous, the janitor came in... 9.As he had greedily eaten everything in the fridge, there was
nothing left... lO.After she had reported her car stolen, the train seemed...
9 A V.1JR
EXERCISE 18
I.I don't like the way you are acting, nor will I tolerate it any longer 2.Not until farming had been
discovered, about 10,000 years ago, could civilization really begin to develop S.She told her son that
under no circumstances must he give chocolate to his baby sister,... 4.1 certainly wouldn't want to
live in a big metropolitan city, were I (to be) given the choice S.Only if she can find someone to give
her a lift home will she be able to come to the party 6.So complete was the destruction of books
ordered by the Chinese emperor Shih Huang Ti in the 3rd century BC that almost nothing remained
7.Not one finger have you lifted to help me around the house since we got married 8-Hardly ever
have they come to any of the events we've invited them to 9.Had we not gone to the party last night,
we certainly wouldn't... lO.Down the street (menacingly) came the police tank (menacingly), and awa}
ran the protestors 11.She claims that only once in her life has she drunk alcohol, but... 12.Barely
had the orchestra begun their performance of the Beethoven symphony when someone... IS.Should
you get to the meeting early tomorrow, could you please inform... 14.Nowhere in the world is there a
greater diversity of languages than on the island of New Guinea, which is... 15-Such an
embarrassment was it last night that never again will I be able to show my face at their house
16.Only after I had read the instruction manual thoroughly was I able to get the stereo working
17.1rish author James Joyce left Ireland forever in the early 20th century, as did his compatriot and
friend, Samuel Beckett, about 30 years later IS.No sooner had Mr Loman stepped in the door than
his wife slapped him across the face 19.Seldom does one get the chance to see two legendary
musicians performing together on the same stage 20.My mother and fnther have never been out of
the United States, and neither have any of their friends
EXERCISE 19
l.C 2.B 3.D 4.E 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.C 12.C 13.B 14.E 15.D 16.D 17.C 18.A
19.E 20.B
UNTT11
EXERCISE 1
1.on/in 2.in 3.at 4.at/in 5.on 6.on 7.in/on 8.at 9.at (on) lO.at 11.in 12.on 13.in 14.on
IS.on 16.on/at 17.at/on 18.at/at 19.in 20.On
EXERCISE 2
1.during 2.while S.during 4.during S.while 6.during 7.while S.While
EXERCISE 3
1.until 2.by 3.by 4.until S.until 6.by 7.until 8.by
EXERCISE 4
EXERCISE 5
1.to/from/past 2.around S.out of 4.along (by) S.below 6.opposite (near)/out of/across 7.at/to/on
S.around 9.outside (outdoors)/inside (indoors) lO.against 11.on/in/on/between 12.beyond
(behind) 13.in/from/to/in/above 14.across/through (across) 15-through
EXERCISE 6
l.between 2.to S.for 4.for 5.to 6.between 7.with 8.of 9.to lO.for 11.of 12.towards (toward)
13-in 14.for IS.to
.
EXERCISE 7
l.k 2.e 3.b 4.a 5.d 6.f 7.q 8.j 9.n lO.h ll.m 12.g 13. 14.c 15.r 16.p 17.1 18.o
EXERCISES
l.h 2.b 3.0 4.a 5.n 6.c 7.g 8.m 9.1 lO.j 11.k 12. 13.f 14.e 15.d
EXERCISE 9
l.u 2.g 3.e 4.o 5.1 6.w 7.b 8.i 9.v lO.r ll.y 12.h 13.q 14.x 15.a 16.J 17.s 18.c 19.k 20.t
21.n 22.m 23.f 24.d 25.p
.
.
EXERCISE 10
l.on 2.in 3.in 4.on 5.in 6.on
.
. ' '
EXERCISE 11
l.on 2.for S.for 4.on S.for 6.on
EXERCISE 12
l.i 2.d 3.p4.k5.f 6.r 7.a 8.g 9.m lO.j ll.q 12.b 13.c 14.1 15.h 16.n 17.o 18.e
EXERCISE 13
ajunder b)by c)at djunder ejwithout flat g)by h)at IJwithout j)at (at the) kjunder IJfrom m)at
n)for o)by
EXERCISE 14
l.by far 2.under the influence 3.by no means 4.at last S.under control 6.at (the) most 7.from time
to time 8.without fail 9.without delay lO.At first 11.at length 12.at least 13.under guarantee 14.for
the time being 15-by mistake
EXERCISE 15
a)by blunder cjunder d)from e)for flat g)at h)by flwithout J)for kjunder ^without m)at njfor
o)by
EXERCISE 16
l.by heart 2.by accident 3.at random 4.at times 5.at any rate 6.under pressure 7.under age
8.without doubt 9.for short 10.without warning 11.for a change 12.for instance IS.under the
impression 14.from now on IS.by all means
EXERCISE 17
l.c 2.o 3.h 4.k 5.1 6.i 7.d 8.n 9.f lO.j ll.b 12.e 13.g 14.m 15.a
EXERCISE 18
l.of 2.to S.with 4.to S.with 6.for 7.to 8.to 9.to lO.of ll.to 12.for 13-to 14.to IS.at 16-for
17.about IS.on 19.with/for 20.of 21.about 22. to/for 23.of 24.of 25.in
EXERCISE 19
l.like 2.in S.about 4.to 5.in 6.for 7.on S.from 9.with lO.to 11.to/about 12.of IS.into 14.from
IS.of 16.for 17.from IS.against 19.for 20.from 21.at 22.to 23.about 24.to/for 25.of
EXERCISE 20
l.from 2.for S.into 4.into/of 5.as 6.to 7.in 8.at 9.to lO.at ll.for 12.for IS.of 14.for IS.of 16from 17.from IS.on 19.from 20.to 21.for 22.at 23.about 24.on 25.into
EXERCISE 21
l.f 2.k 3.h 4.e 5.a 6.c 7.b 8.1 9.g lO.d ll.j 12.1
EXERCISE 22
l.lost count of 2.playing a trick on S.taking advantage of 4.make sense of S.taking part in (going to
take part in) 6.have...confidence in 7.keep an eye on 8.Pay attention to 9.put...pressure on lO.take
charge of 11.caught sight of 12.take...pleasure in
EXERCISE 23
l.d 2.f 3.e 4.a 5.k 6.c 7.i 8.1 9.b lO.h ll.g 12.J
EXERCISE 24
1.have a look at 2.Take no notice of S.takes...pride in 4.caught a glimpse of 5-take care of 6.set
fire to 7.making...recovery from S.paid a compliment to 9.made contact with lO.has...effect on
11.take your mind off 12.make room for
*"
;
EXERCISE 25
6.D 7.D 8.B 9.E 10.C 11.C 12.E 13.E 14.D 15.C 16.D 17.A 18.B
23.A 24.E 25.B 26.E 27.D 28.C 29.D 30.C 31.A 32.E 33.C 34.B
39.C 40.D 41.E 42.D 43.A 44.B 45.B 46.D 47.C 48.C 49.E 50.E
55.B 56.B 57.D 58.C 59.B 60.D
EXERCISE 26
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5. C 6.B 7.D 8.E 9.C 10.D LA 12.A 13.E 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.B 18.D
19.A 20.C 21.C 22.D 23.B 24.A 25.E 26.B 27.C 28.E 29.D 30.B
U N I T1 2 '," .
'
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EXERCISE l
"V. ,, : .'
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.......
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EXERCISE 2
1.closing down 2.1et down S.slow down 4.being knocked down S.settled down G.turn down 7.cut
down 8-laid down 9.turned...down lO.bringing down 11.get...down 12.broke down
EXERCISES
l.have worked out 2.put...out S.worn out 4.set out S.broken out 6.1et out 7.1eft out S.make out
9.ran out lO.come out 11.pick out 12.went out
EXERCISE 4
EX ER CISES
M>
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' ";':
'
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'
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i:
1.handed down 2.died out 3.been pulled over 4.count against 5.tell...apart 6.stand up for
7.gave...away 8-catch up on 9.done away with lO.put...across 11.get through 12.set back
EXERCISE 6
1.put forth 2.thinks back on S.waited on 4.lay off 5.were wiped out 6.is hanging over 7.put...up
S.made for 9.saw through lO.was kicked out 11.touched down 12.shut off
EXERCISE 7
l.D 2.E 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.E 10.A ll.E 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.D 16.B 17.C 18.D
19.E 20.B
EXERCISE 8
l.C 2.E 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.B 9.E 10.B ll.B 12.D 13.E 14.E 15.C 16.D 17.A 18.A 19.E
20.E 21.D 22.B 23.B 24.E 25.E 26.B 27.D 28.D 29.E 30.C 31.E 32.E 33.D 34.B 35.D 36.A
37.C 38.E 39.E 40.A 41.B 42.C 43.D 44.A 45.B 46.C 47.C 48.D 49.A 50.E 51.D 52.A 53.B
54.C 55.C 56.D 57.C 58.D 59.C 60.C
EXERCISE 9
l.D 2.A 3.D 4.E 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.E 9.E 10.B 11.C 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.B 16.C 17.E 18.E
19.C 20.B 21.B 22.B 23.C 24.E 25.C 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.E 30.C 31.A 32.C 33.B 34.B
35.C 36.D 37.D 38.C 39.D 40.C 41.C 42.E 43.E 44.A 45.A 46.D 47.E 48.B 49.E 50.B
51.A 52.A 53.D 54.C 55.A 56.D 57.D 58.E 59.C 60.C
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A 88. D
79.
89.
D 60. A
A 70. D
C 80. C
87.
94. E
95. A 96. B 97. D 98. E
104. A 105. B 106. C 107. E 108. E
99. D 100. A
109. B 110. D
:XV>4'v> ; ,'
1. B
11. E
3. B
13. A
23. D
4. A
14. B
24. E
5.
15.
25.
A 6. E
E 16. C
21. C
2. E
12. D
22. C
31. D
32. A
33. C
34. D
41. A
51. D
42. B
52. E
43. E
53. D
61. E
62. D
71. C
81. D
72. B
82. C
91. A 92. C
101. B 102. E
B 90. C
10. A
B 26. C
7. C
17. B
27. A
8.
18.
28.
E 9. D
D 19. A
A 29. B
35.
D 36. E
37.4 D 38.
B 39. E
40. C
44. A
54. C
45.
55.
C 46. D
A 56. B
7. E
57. E
48.
58.
C 49. D
D 59. B
50. B
60. C
63. A
64. E
65.
A 66. C
67. D
68.
B 69. A
70. E
73. A
83. B
74. D
84. C
75.
85.
C 76. B
C 86. A
77. E
87. B
78.
88.
A 79. E
D 89. B
B 99. C
80. A
90. E
97. A 98.
107. D 108. E 109. C
20. E
30. D
100. C
110. A
TEST YOURSELF 9
1. E
2. E
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. D
7. C
8. E
9. D
10. D
11. B
21. A
12. D
22. C
13. A
23. E
14. E
24. D
15. C
25. E
16. B
26. A
17. D
27. B
18. A
28. B
19. B
29. C
20. C
30. E
31. D
32. A
33. B
34. C
35. D
36. E
37.4 A
38. B
39. E
40. C
41. C
42. B
43. A
44. B
45. C
46. D
7. E
48. C
49. D
50. A
51. B
61. A
52. E
62. C
53. D
63. E
54. E
64. A
55. A
65. B
56. C
66. C
57. B
67. A
58. E
68. B
59. B
69. E
60. D
70. D
71. C
72. B
73. A
74. D
75. C
76. E
77. E
78. A
79. D
80. C
81. D
91. D
82. E
92. C
83. A
93. B
84. A
94. E
85. D
95. B
86. B
96. D
87. C
97. A
88. C
98. E
89. A
99. C
90. B
100. D
104. C 105. E
106. E
107. B 108. D
109. E
110. C
101. B
102. A 103. A
|S* -
TEST YOURSELF 10
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. E
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. E
9. D
10. A
11. B
12. E
13. E
14. D
15. A
16. C
17. B
18. B
19. D
20. E
21. E
22. B
23. C
24. A
25. B
26. C
27. D
28. A
29. C
30. C
31. D
32. A
33. A
34. C
35. D
36. E 37.4 A
38. B
39. E
40. E
41. A
51. B
42. C
52. A
43. E
53. D
44. B
54. E
45. C
55. E
46. D
56. C
7. E
57. B
48. C
58. D
49. C
59. A
50. B
60. C
61. A
62. D
63. B
64. A
65. A
66. C
67. D
68. B
69. A
70. E
71. C
81. E
72. E
82. D
73. A
83. C
74. D
84. C
76. B
86. E
79. D
89. B
80. A
90. B
92. C
102. B
77. C
87. A
96. B 97. D
106. C 107. B
78. A
88. D
91. D
101. B
75. B
85. B
95. A
98. C 99. A
108. A 109. D
100. E
110. B
93. E
94. E
103. C 104. D 105. E
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. E
5. C
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. D
10. E
11. C
21. E
12. D
22. B
13. B
23. C
14. B
24. D
15. E
25. B
16. C
26. A
17. D
27. C
18. A
28. E
19. E
29. A
20. D
30. B
31. D
41. A
32. A
42. B
33. E
43. D
34. C
44. E
35. D
45. C
36. E 37.4 A
46. B
7. E
38. B
48. C
39. E
49. C
40. C
50. A
51. B
52. A
53. D
54. E
55. A
56. A
57. B
58. D
59. B
60. C
61. E
71. C
62. D
72. E
63. C
73. A
64. A
74. D
65. A
75. C
66. C
76. B
67. D
77. E
68. E
78. A
69. A
79. E
70. B
80. D
81. E
82. D
83. D
84. C
85. B
95. A
86. A
87. A
88. D
89. B
90. E
98. E 99. D
108. A 109. C
100. A
110. B
94. D
104. E 105. E
96. C 97. B
106. D 107. E
..,*...;
r
1. B
C
11.
2. C
12. A
3. B
13. C
4. E
14. B
5. A
15. B
6. D
16. E
7. C
17. D
8. D
18. A
9. E
19. B
10. E
20. D
21. E
31. A
22. C
32. E
23. A
33. D
24. D
34. C
25. B
35. D
26. C 27. E
36. A 37.4 A
28. A
38. B
29. D
39. C
30. D
40. A
41. D
42. B
43. E
44. A
45. C
46. D
7. E
48. C
49. A
50. B
51. B
52. A
53. D
54. E
55. E
56. A
57. B
58. E
59. D
60. C
61. E
71. D
81. E
91. A
62. E
72. B
82. C
92. C
63. B
73. A
83. D
93. E
64. A
74. D
84. B
94. E
65.
75.
85.
95.
66. C
76. B
86. D
96. A
67.
77.
87.
97.
D
E
A
B
68. B
78. A
88. D
98. C
69. B
79. E
89. B
99. E
70. E
80. D
90. B
100. C
106. E 107. D
108. B
109. C
110. A
A
C
E
D
11. C
12. D
13. A
14. B
15. E
16. E
17. D
18. A
19. B
20. D
21. E
31. D
22. B
32. A
23. C
33. E
24. D
34. C
25. B
35. D
26. B 27. A
36. A 37.4 B
28. A
38. B
29. D
39. E
30. C
40. E
41. A
42. B
43. D
44. A
45. C
46. C
7. E
48. C
49. A
50. B
51. B
53. D
54. E
55. C
56. A
57. B
58. E
59. D
60. A
61. C
52. E
62. D
63. E
64. A
65. A
66. B
67. D
68. B
69. A
70. E
71. C
81. E
91. A
72. A
82. C
92. C
73. B
83. A
93. E
74. D
84. C
94. B
75. E
85. B
95. D
76. B
86. D
96. E
77. C
87. A
97. A
78. A
88. D
98. C
80. B
90. C
100. E
101. D 102. E
103. B
79. E
89. B
99. C
108. E 109. B
104. B 105. A
106. C 107. D
110. C